Mapping is a general term for measuring and drawing. Determination of mapping studies and projections of the ground geometry, the Earth shape and gravity field, thus measuring the Earth's surface morphology and artificial nature of the geometric distribution facilities, preparation of maps of various scales of the theory and technology disciplines. Surveying and Mapping and the development of the World Ancient Times, there is use of Surveying and Mapping and field margin management, after finishing the Nile flood legend. 7th century BC, Guan Zhong in his book "pipe", a book is a collection of early maps 27. 5 3rd century BC to the world, China has made use of the first magnet guide tool "Ian" records. 130 BC, the early Western Han Dynasty have a "topographic map" and "garrison map" for the current map of the earliest discovered.
Brief History of Surveying and Mapping has a long history. Mapping technology originated in the ancient water and agriculture. Ancient Egypt Nile flood every year, the need to re-land boundaries, survey work began. 21th century BC, China Yu flood control on the use of simple tools to measure distance and level measurement. 3rd century BC, Eratosthenes of Alexandria in the two observations by way shadow, first calculate the circumference of the Earth meridian, but also measure the curvature of the earth the size of the initial form of measurement. 724 Palace of Tang Dynasty in China, said Zhang, who then in the (line) under the direction of Cai in this first experimental Henan Hua County, about 300 km of the meridian arc length. And in Hua County, Kaifeng, fugou, Shangcai the same time measuring the shadow length of the projection of the meridian arc length of 1 ° latitude, this is the first time in the world measured in radians. 1617 W. Snell Dutch first arc of triangulation measurement method, to overcome the direct measurement of the arc length on the ground difficult. I. Newton in 1687 under the British mechanics theory, the earth is slightly flat ellipsoid poles. C. Huygens in 1690 the Netherlands also made the earth a little flat in the flat bipolar sphere. After the French were in South America and northern Europe as evidenced by the curvature measurement. Over half a century of controversy over the shape of the earth. AC Clairaut published in 1743 in France "shape of the earth theory", laid the shape of the earth using physical methods of the theory. United Kingdom in 1849 by Sir GG Stokes made measurements of surface gravity geoid shape theory. Britain and the Soviet Union in 1945, Luo Jian, MS created the Gaussian shape of the theory of the Earth's natural surface, and put forward the "geoid" concept. 50 years since the 20th century, mapping technology towards the development of electronic and automation. Various electromagnetic range finder 1948 appears to overcome the difficulties of the amount of distance, the measured value and the conductor applications. About the same time, computer available, speeding up the measurement of computing speed, changing the surveying instruments and methods, analytical methods appeared instrument, analytical methods to promote the technology. In 1957 the first artificial earth satellite launch is successful, the Surveying and Mapping and opened up a space satellite geodesy and photogrammetry new areas. Very long then developed interferometric techniques, inertial measurement technology, the Surveying and Mapping and adding a new means of measurement. Subject branches Surveying and Mapping and the main research object is the Earth and its surface morphology. Formation in the development process geodesy, general surveying, photogrammetry, engineering surveying, marine surveying and cartography and other branches. Geodesy research and determination of the shape, size, and the Earth gravity field, and the geometric location of the ground point of the theory and methods. Study of general surveying the Earth's surface measurement and control of the local area topographic mapping theory and methods. Local area means for mapping in the region, you can disregard the curvature of the Earth and treat it as graphic processing, without affecting the mapping accuracy. Study of photogrammetry camera or other sensors measured object image information collected through processing and analysis to determine the measured object's shape, size and location, and determine the nature of the theory and methods. Mapping large areas of surface morphology, mainly in aerial photogrammetry. Engineering surveying in engineering construction design, construction and management of all stages of survey work in the theory, technology and methods. Construction for the project to provide accurate measurement data and large scale maps, location and reasonable protection of works, by design, construction and effective management. Mapping of ocean water and seabed marine measurement and mapping of the theory and technology. For the ship navigation safety, marine construction projects to provide protection. Cartography of the map and the preparation of the theory and methods. Map maps appeared in ancient times, when human beings engaged in the production and military activities on the needs of the map. BC, archaeologists have dug up before the 3rd century to the 25th century painted or carved on the pottery, copper or other materials on the map. According to written records, maps have been used in China Spring and Autumn Period Lands, military, and tombs and so on. 3rd century BC scholar Eratosthenes of Alexandria was first drawn on the map latitude and longitude lines. 168 years, the Western Han Dynasty of China on the map drawn on silk (1973 Mawangdui unearthed in Changsha in Hunan Province), has taken note of a scale and orientation. 150 C. Ptolemy in ancient Greece, "written by Geography Guide" book, presented a map projection. 265 years, the Chinese Western Jin Pei six drawings show summed up the principle of the body drawing, drawing with standards from the map, laid the theoretical basis of ancient Chinese cartography. 17th century, some Western countries use geodetic triangulation method, according to the results of field measurements to draw national scale topographic maps, topographic maps are accurate these position, scale and high precision. Chinese Qing Emperor Kangxi forty to fifty-seven years (1708 ~ 1718) to complete the "Huang Yu full map", is the first time in Chinese history, the results of field measurements to draw the topographic map. The rise of the early 20th century method of aerial photogrammetry, with photo-color off_set_ printing technology, promote the development of cartography. 60 years after the 20th century, computer-aided mapping cartography positive direction.
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Mapping Wikipedia
Determination of mapping studies and projections of the ground geometry, the Earth shape and gravity field, thus measuring the Earth's surface morphology and artificial nature of the geometric distribution facilities, preparation of maps of various scales of the theory and technology disciplines. Surveying and Mapping and the development of the World Ancient Times, there is use of the Nile flood mapping Xuezhi Korea after finishing the legend of field margins. 7th century BC, Guan Zhong in his book "pipe", a book is a collection of early maps 27. 5 3rd century BC to the world, China has made use of the first magnet guide tool "Ian" records. 130 BC, the early Western Han Dynasty have a "topographic map" and "garrison map" for the current map of the earliest discovered. Branch of photogrammetry Subject General Surveying Geodesy Engineering Surveying Spectroscopy surface features Remote Sensing Technology Ocean Mapping Cartography Brief History of Surveying and Mapping has a long history. Mapping technology originated in the ancient water and agriculture. Ancient Egypt Nile flood every year, the need to re-land boundaries, survey work began. 21th century BC, China Yu flood control on the use of simple tools to measure distance and level measurement. 3rd century BC, Eratosthenes of Alexandria in the two observations by way shadow, first calculate the circumference of the Earth meridian, but also measure the curvature of the earth the size of the initial form of measurement. 724 Palace of Tang Dynasty in China, said Zhang, who then in the (line) under the direction of Cai in this first experimental Henan Hua County, about 300 km of the meridian arc length. And in Hua County, Kaifeng, fugou, Shangcai the same time measuring the shadow length of the projection of the meridian arc length of 1 ° latitude, this is the first time in the world measured in radians. 1617 W. Snell Dutch first arc of triangulation measurement method, to overcome on the ground difficult to directly measure the arc length. I. Newton in 1687 under the British mechanics theory, the earth is slightly flat ellipsoid poles. C. Huygens in 1690 the Netherlands also made a little earth is flat the flat polar sphere. After the French were in South America and northern Europe as evidenced by the curvature measurement. Over half a century of controversy over the shape of the earth. AC Clairaut published in 1743 in France "shape of the earth theory", laid the shape of the earth using physical methods of the theory. United Kingdom in 1849 by Sir GG Stokes made measurements of surface gravity geoid shape theory. Britain and the Soviet Union in 1945, Luo Jian, MS created the Gaussian shape of the theory of the Earth's natural surface, and put forward the "geoid" concept. 50 years since the 20th century, mapping technology towards the development of electronic and automation. Various electromagnetic range finder 1948 appears to overcome the difficulties of the amount of distance, the measured value and the conductor applications. About the same time, computer available, speeding up the measurement of computing speed, changing the surveying instruments and methods, analytical methods appeared instrument, analytical methods to promote the development of technology
cartology