With a common language, geographical, economic life and performance of the common cultural stability of the common psychological community. Is that people in the formation of a certain historical stage of development. Such as primitive peoples, ancient peoples and modern nation, modern nation. Customary to refer to the geographical basis of a country or region of the People Community, such as the Chinese, the Arab nation and so on.
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mín zú
Refers to the history of the formation, and at different stages of social development, all kinds of people in the community
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No. 3
Refers to the history of the formation, and at different stages of social development, a community of various people. Such as: primitive peoples; ancient people; modern nation; the Chinese nation.
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No. 4
Tezhi history of the formation of a common language, common geography, common economic life and performance of the common culture of the common psychological quality of people's community. Such as: minorities; multi-ethnic country.
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National concept
Classics in ancient China, used to express something like "nation" concept of word, number of no less than dozens of both "people", "family", "race" and "Department", "class" and monosyllabic words, but also "Min" and "species" and "people group", "people types", "tribal", "Ministry" and "race" and other two-syllable words, only that no "people", "family" word who put together and used as the word. (Hanjin Chun, Li Yifu, 1984:36) The earliest known use of Chinese "nation" who, seen in the Western missionaries in 1837 compiled the "Eastern Western Monthly Statistics Biography" laid down <Joshua drop Canaan Country > article. 2 (side-dimensional rules, 2002:2) hereby Wang Tao and Kang after the series "Strong of" in, respectively, have used the term. (SOUTH ,1985:8-9) However, the "nation" is widespread in China, it is a matter of late as the early twentieth century, at which point the user generally, but slightly above the language of no precedent connection, but borrowed from the Meiji Japanese intellectuals put together "the people", "Family," the word nation in order to translate the term into the Western New Chinese words. In other words, I practice today with the "nation" is indeed a translation of terms, is the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, in the West, Japan and other systems of different cultures Translingual (translingual) the particular cultural practice product. (Liu, 1995) "...... Broad consensus that: As a frequent modern scholarship on the "national" terms and concepts rooted in the West. This is the modern people to explore and interpret "national" terms and concepts are mostly start with the Western " nation, one of the reasons the term talking about. Modern English, French, German the meaning of "nation" in the terminology "people", "nation", "nationality", "race", "ethnic group", "yolk" and so on, most of them originated in the Greek, Ancient Italian and Latin. English "people" word (the modern meaning of including people, peoples, nations, human, civil, people, race, Lebanon, the people, etc.) from the Latin "populus" is used. Western linguists generally believed that the Latin "populus" word comes from the Etruscan language has been lost (Italy Ancient Midwest Mandarin). The Etruscan etymological relationships has never been clear solution, which can not be resolved out in Latin "popu-lus" comes from the word Ho Ho Etruscan language meaning. "Populus" the original meaning of the word is "shake, shaking, rustling, rustle," and Greek "pallo" noisy, noisy, rustling, rustle) synonymous; and "popu-lus" extended meaning refers to " people, people, people "generally refers to" public square in ancient Rome meeting in the shade people. " ...... 【From Huang Xianfan manuscripts Gan Wenjie, Gan Wenhao order "of Western" national "origin of the term, evolution and the similarities and differences between (a)", Guangxi Social Science, 2008, 1 (Total 151)】 Because there is no traditional Chinese expression of sufficient relevance "nation" concept vocabulary, Chinese and foreign academic circles in modern China ever had before called "nationalism" of the political / cultural concept, then also can not help each hold a speech, no less than the competition between . Generally speaking, most scholars of Chinese scholars under the "Zuo Zhuan", "not my race, its heart will be different," anti-Yan Yi Xia a class of words, that the Chinese people and culture of ethnic self-identification (self-identification) to establish very early, the Chinese nationalist ideology of the historical origins can be traced back Qin; which nationalist ideology since the late Qing Dynasty, "is not a direct translation from the West NATIONALISM word to" but "an era of awareness and response" , its impact remains but is useless, "the contents of the traditional national thought has been extended" only. (Wang Ermin, 1970:209,229; Li Qi, 1980:21) However, as pointed out by Learning Bibliography, "race" posed by the concept of "foreign Differences", not as modern "nation" concept of deep rejection of external fixation the strict boundaries of closed (hard boundary), but because of potential vary, drifting flexible boundaries (soft boundary). "Zuo Zhuan" on the course of "not my race, its heart will be different," saying, but they also understand that declared "into the barbarians are barbarians, into China is China," the faith, In other words, this mingled with the original concept of the rub of "race" and "culture" two different meanings and what is more dominant, depending on the Han and other ethnic groups depending on the relative strength of forces. Ontario, the ancient Han Chinese regime is strong, often based on cultural strengths and weaknesses as a distinction between Chinese and Foreign standards; the other hand, the potential decline of the world quarter, instead emphasizing the origin of the tradition is to "Jian Yi Xia of the anti-." (Luo Zhitian ,1998:35-60) In this context, race, is at best a highly ambiguous and difficult to clearly define the concept. Since the concept of race is also the inherent ambiguity, tend to Chinese nationalism of the theorists of spontaneous, often deliberately highlight the traditional Chinese preference for "national consciousness" in the inclusive culture of relatively strong side, and even regarded as a "prototype a "(proto) cultural nationalism. 3 (Yu Ying-shih ,1988:18-21) 【Overview】 National (ethnic group / ethnogenesis / ethnos ● nation ● people ● race) Nation is that people in a certain stage of historical development the formation of a common language, common territory, common economic life and performance of the common features of national culture on the stability of the common psychological community. "Nation" is widely used. But different occasions, expressed its meaning is different. One is the broad sense, refers to people in the history of the formation, at different historical stages of the various communities, such as primitive peoples, ancient peoples, modern nation, modern nation, indigenous peoples, and even clan, tribe also be included . Or to a country or a region of all ethnic groups, such as the Chinese, the Arab nation and so on. The other is narrow ethnic, national bourgeoisie and the socialist nation that, referring to the various specific national community. If the English people, Germans, French people, the Han, Mongolian, Manchu, Hui, Tibetan and so on. China has always been a unified multi-ethnic country. For thousands of years, there have been active in many different periods of national history on the stage. After a long-term differentiation, integration and development and change, and ultimately the formation of today's ethnic Han and 55 coexist. Communist Party of China has always attached great importance to ethnic and national problems, whether in leading the Chinese people for national independence, national liberation, revolutionary war, or peace-building during the socialist period, and always solve our national problems, respect, solidarity and common development and prosperity to help people of all nationalities as the new democratic revolution, socialist revolution and socialist construction is an important part. And in the long process of revolution and construction to the guidance of Marxism, founded and developed the theory with Chinese characteristics, ethnic and national policy, the land of China established an unprecedented, ethnic equality and unity of the socialist national family. Chinese Communist Party's national policy include: the policy of national equality and national unity, ethnic regional autonomy policy, minority areas of social reform policies, minority population policy, accelerate the development of minority economic development policies, training and use minority cadres policy, respect and the development of minority language policy, customs policy of respect for minorities, freedom of religious belief, and so on. To publicize and implement the party's national theory and national policy, the State Council, NPC, CPPCC National Committee and local governments have established committees Ethnic Affairs department in charge of national affairs. Established in the three ethnic minority groups in more than 150 ethnic autonomous areas. In Beijing and other places to establish a National Press, "Chinese national" magazine, "National Illustrated" Social Class and many other national press, publishing and advocacy organization, published a large number of excellent books and newspapers. In Beijing and other places are 13 national research institutes and many other national teaching and research institutions, training a large number of areas for the construction of national talent, the emergence of a large number of scientific research. From a global perspective, as a large multi-ethnic country's ruling Communist Party of China's national theory and national policy is the most scientific and perfect China's ethnic problems are handled best. 56 ethnic equality, fraternity, unity and mutual assistance is the most stable ethnic relations and solid. We have reason to believe that, under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, the Chinese nation's future will be more brilliant, brilliant! National】 【 It developed over a long period in the history of the formation of a stable community. No such word in ancient China, only "family, race" and other forms to express the same or similar meaning. A variety of western Indo-European language of the "nation", many derived from the Greek ethnos, which means relying on the historical, linguistic or ethnic ties, are considered as the overall population. After the Meiji Restoration in Japan, Chinese language borrowed the "people", "family" should be translated in the Nation in Western languages the word, and in the late 19th century early 20th century came to China, as China's national democratic revolution, the rise of movement is generally use. National has a wide narrow two-righteousness. Refers to people in general or the history of the formation, at different historical stages of the various communities (such as primitive peoples, ancient peoples, modern nation, modern nation, etc.), or as a generic term for all peoples within the region (such as the American nation, African nation, the Arab nation, etc.), or as a general term for all ethnic groups within multi-ethnic country (such as Chinese.) Refers specifically to a narrow period in the rise of capitalism in 1913 to Stalin's definition of nation: "nation is that people in the history of the formation of a common language, common territory, common economic life and common culture is reflected in the quality of the common psychological stable community of people. " At present, about the size of the world more than a thousand ethnic 2, in which China has 56, including the Han Chinese and 55 ethnic minority groups. Minority】 【
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Chinese
The standard of Chinese national dress with beautiful China's ethnic Han Chinese in general. "Chinese" word, and "China" and "Chinese" the same, both family names, country names, such as multiple meanings. Historically been specifically refers to the Han, to modern times, used to refer to include the history of living in China at that time all the nations. After the founding of the People's Republic, through national recognition, including the Han Chinese and Mongolian, Manchu, Korean, nationality, Daur, Ewenki, Oroqen, Hui, Dongxiang, Tu, Salar, Bonan, Yugur , Uygur, Kazak, Kirgiz, Xibe, Tajik, Ozbek, Russian family, Tatar, Tibetan, Monba, Lhoba, Qiang, Yi, Bai, Hani, Dai, Lisu, Wa, Lahu family, Naxi, Jingpo, Blang, Achang, Pumi, Nu, De'ang, Dulong, Jino, Miao, Buyi, Dong, Shui, Gelao, Zhuang, Yao, Mulam, Maonan , Jing, Tujia, Li, She, Gaoshan 56 people. A total of 129,533 people, most of which the Han population, with 115,940 people, 91.59% of the total population. Minority 10 643 million, only 8.41% of the total population (2000 census data). Han Chinese in Taiwan, 98% of the total population; Han Chinese in Hong Kong and Macao respectively, 95% of the total population and 97%. Minority 10 643 million, only 8.41% of the total population (2000 census data). From the distribution, the Han inhabited central China, all over the country, mainly in ethnic minority border areas. 56 ethnic groups live in harmony, forming a mixed Han Chinese as the main large and small _set_tlements in the situation.
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Ancient peoples
That existed before in history and now no longer exists in the nation, or nation before capitalism, including the original of any nation, slave society and feudal society, the national people, collectively known as the ancient nation. "Ancient peoples," the reference is relative to the "modern nation" is concerned, usually in accordance with the ancient and modern history of the stage to division.
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National culture
In the long history of various ethnic groups in the development process created with the national characteristics, which reflect the national culture, history and social life, including material culture and spiritual culture. Usually refers to the spiritual and cultural aspects, including language, literature, science, art, philosophy, religion, customs, and festivals. When the national community in human history, form and different from other kinds of people since the type of community, culture does not always show the same even for the vastly different culture. Creation of any culture and culture are all rooted in ethnic and national society, there is no fertile ground for national social life, culture will not by the root. Culture of the nation and to the formation of national society, as it provides the most extensive material and spiritual basis as well as other aspects, and its internal structure and integrity of the whole external face of the implementation of Minzu distinguish function. The internal structure of the national culture, there are a wide variety of backgrounds, stage, class, grade, various interest groups as well as language, religion, etc., may lead to the existence and development of culture, but as long as a nation or ethnic community still exists, it will always have a common national culture.
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Folk Music
Narrow sense of Chinese folk music refers to the Han Chinese music, referred to as "folk music." China's ethnic minorities have more music but the style and content, such as Tibetan music and Mongolian music, Zhuang music. Han Music Other songs on behalf of music jasmine, shepherd songs, orchids, Chinese cabbage, Autumn Harvest, go dig potatoes Jiangzhou, Su Wu sheep, Golden Hill of Beijing, Beijing has a Golden Sun, Feng Yang Song, Drum, Shouqiu, scilloides sweet and fragrant and so red. Tibetan Music Tibetan singing and dancing is a nation, a vast and beautiful melodies of their songs, sweet and agreeable. Music can be divided into Tibetan Buddhism and folk music. Music is the most famous Buddhist monks to sing the tune without the words sing. Tibetan folk song resounding loud and clear, it sounds like there is blue sky and the vast plateau weather, melodious tunes, but also a five-voice based. Dance form of "fruit harmonic", "fruit Zhuo" (pot Zhuang) and so on. Some elements of Tibetan music has been absorbed by the Han Chinese and Western music. Han mimic some of the Tibetan songs and wrote some of the characteristics of music such as "Fair Park", "Qinghai-Tibet Plateau," a class song. In recent years, Tibet, Tibetan songs into the other musical elements. In addition to the famous Tibetan singer and main concert only once Dolma song Han Chinese, there Rongzhongerjia, Yadong, Joan Snow Dolma in Tibetan areas such as a large number of high profile singer. Regular drama, is now performed a traditional Tibetan order mining opera "King Gesar." Music Man Northeast China and Beijing, the Manchu of the _set_tlements. Man is the most famous folk instrument from the Bajiao Gu Qing Dynasty. Man's Lullaby "long bar" and other works are well-known, often in modern Chinese remake. Mongolian Music Mongolian folk songs into "long-tune folk songs" and "short-tune folk songs." "Long Tune" There are many meaningless word homonym elongated style of singing, a prairie Kongkuo style. Is the most distinctive dances and musical instruments, is a pull-string instrument, the piano of a horse carved column usually decorated, so this name. Zhuang Music Guangxi Zhuang folk inhabited the home, often young men and women singing in antiphonal style, some people even said Zhuang singing time than a person's life to speak a long time. Zhuang and Han folk music style similar to the basic order pentatonic based. Antithesis lyrics obvious format, content Zeyi symbol, metaphor and other techniques statements to the exchange-based life, and sometimes the lyrics are referring to the Chinese classical stories and allusions. Zhuang music can be in the movie musical "Sister Liu" in the glimpse into the wonderful. Dai music Dai's and South Asia to Burma, Thailand's musical style is similar to mildly mellow tunes, typical musical instruments is Hulusi and foot drums, playing Hulusi unique sound is a Dai style of music. Naxi ancient music Lijiang Naxi Naxi ancient music is in the middle of playing old music, is said to be passed from the Central Plains during the Ming Dynasty, because the original local transport facilities, and few outside contacts, and always original handed down, there are only a group of old band can play, is building the successor, is the living fossil of the 14th century music by the music industry attention. Dong Music Dong "Great Song" is the only system using acoustic folk songs, the basic for the female a cappella, voice by voice chorus with a very harmonious, in the international sensation, and has won numerous awards. Uighur Music Arab music is basically Uygur music style, very focused rhythm, hand drums can play dozens of different rhythms, musical instruments, mostly played for both the immediate and thermal tile just that Seoul, the largest being Tamboura. The traditional Uygur music "Twelve Muqam" all-inclusive, the source of many folk music. Tajik music Tajik music and have a greater difference between Han Chinese music, good use of chromatic, mildly changing the melody, like Eagle high-Ming, Lei Zhenbang most typical is the composer for the movie "the tip of the visitors," with songs full use of Tajik folk melody. Korean Music Korean music and North Korea, South Korea's music is basically the same, the main instruments are drums and gayageum long. Gayageum similar to the ancient Chinese zither, the zheng smaller than modern, playing the law are not the same, sit cross-legged knee is placed on the shells. Music has its own unique style of melody.
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National formation
② slave to form said. That the nation was formed in the slave society, slave society, or earlier than the period of military democracy. ③ the formation of the feudal society said. That the nation was formed in the feudal society. ④ says the formation of capitalist society. That the nation was formed in periods of rising capitalism, did not previously exist in this nation.
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National identity
① that constitute a nation should have a common language, common territory, common economic life and in the quality of the four basic psychological characteristics. Have the basic characteristics of each specific content, among them are interrelated, interdependent and mutually conditioned. Because of historical, realistic and the formation of the nation's own reasons for the development of various features of the specific performance of each nation in a different degree. ② all nationalities in the political, economic, cultural arts, language, customs, religious beliefs, psychological and other characteristics. In the long historical development of the formation, and with the social development, natural environment and living conditions change constantly changing.
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National Economy
Especially from the ethnic point of view with certain ethnic characteristics or economic. From its meaning, it has double nationality and economic factors. It is not a nation and the economy or the concept of merging the two phenomena and added together, it is an objective phenomenon, common in the nation on the basis of economic life, a concept formation. Every nation has its own economic ties and economic life. Therefore, any kind of national economy will have associated with the nation some of its features. In China, over the past more commonly refers to the minorities. Historically, the ruling class oppression and exploitation at home and abroad and other factors, the economy is backward minorities. After the founding of new China, the party and the country has been the strong support and assistance to minority areas develop their economies and culture as the main task of national work. Today, the ethnic minority areas of economic and social landscape, people's living standards have changed dramatically.
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National assimilation
A nation (or part) due to the impact of the loss of another national characteristic of this nation, to accept the characteristics of other nations, as part of other nations into the social phenomena and social processes. According to the reasons for national assimilation, method, process, nature, and the natural assimilation of forced assimilation into two types. Forced assimilation, is the loss of the characteristics of the nation, to accept other cultures and characteristics of the change process is the use of coercive means, and privileges by virtue of violence to achieve social phenomenon. Natural assimilation, refers to all ethnic groups get along in the long-term interaction and mutual influence, such as production labor, lifestyle, cultural practices, aesthetic sense, and so are very natural change, even change the characteristics of this nation, on a voluntary choice, the natural process of adaptation into the phenomenon of another nation.
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National Integration
① means the world's national identity of all nations, after long-term growth, based on the commonality of integration, ethnic differences could eventually disappear. This is the inevitable trend of historical development of mankind. However, national integration is a long, natural, slow historical process, not overnight, overnight. ② refers to the relatively backward nation (or part) in the long-term social and economic life, cultural exchange, the impact of advanced nations due to progressive loss of the national identity, national integration and advanced social phenomenon, that is "natural assimilation" phenomenon.
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National Spirit
Refers to the national character of the positive and good parts, or national morality and the essence of national culture. Basic content has two levels, relative to the nation and the existence of national society in terms of material substance, the alleged existence of the national spirit. Existence, including its existing national spirit spiritual outlook, mainly in the human psyche and its accumulation on different levels, therefore, it is the meaning of national psychology communicate with each other. Second, the narrow use of the national spirit, especially in the established background of ethnic and national society and national culture, national character, positive and full of certainty in the value of the part, which is the heritage of national culture good psychological inheritance, is a national and spirit of survival and development of national social pillar. And the specific content of the national society and national culture and history of the development process. Every nation has its own national spirit, the spirit of this nation have some core values, became a source of centripetal force.
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Ethnic differences
That the performance between different ethnic groups in the political, economic, cultural, language and way of life, customs and other differences. Ethnic differences in the long process of historical development gradually formed, which with the national and ethnic changes in the development of society, but will not disappear in the short term, as long as national existence, national differences are bound to exist.
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Ethnic Relations
Between national political, economic, cultural and other aspects of mutual relationships. Is a sociology and political science with a broad concept of meaning. In the complex social organism, the various social relations (class relations, ethnic relations, and other various substances between the various social groups, political, moral and legal relations, etc.) are intertwined and mutually conditioned. Generally speaking, the social system and the implementation of different policies, ethnic relations also will have a different nature and content. From a historical development, the development of ethnic relations exhibit two different trends: ① in private ownership and under the conditions of class society, the exploitation of the reactionary ruling classes in order to protect their reactionary rule, always stirring up ethnic conflicts, instigated the national killing each other in order to implement its national policy of oppression and exploitation, which resulted in inequality between nation and nation, the relationship is not unity; ② in a socialist society, the elimination of the exploiting classes and private system of production, elimination of the produce the material basis of national oppression, ethnic relations between the various ethnic groups are basically into the relationship between working people. In China, all ethnic groups under the leadership of the party, has been the basis of common fundamental interests, the formation of a unity, equality, mutual socialist ethnic relations.
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Ethnic Issues
Inter-ethnic relations, mainly in the political, economic, cultural, language, customs, religion and so on. It is a multi-ethnic country, or in the relations between different countries, social problems often encountered, is the nation's activities, contacts contacts of the problem. As long as the national existence, there will be ethnic international community, will inevitably produce a national problem. Because the national characteristics of their own to make people divided into different ethnic groups at the same time it involves both the internal mechanisms of the formation of national issues, national characteristics lead to ethnic differences, ethnic and national differences in the presence of different ethnic produce. Moreover, the nation will be a long historical presence, the persistence of national differences will also allow long-standing national problem. Only in the different historical conditions and background, the performance of the national question form and content vary it. Such as ethnic discrimination, oppression, ethnic exploitation, slavery, ethnic, national and ethnic disputes, social and national issues of class struggle is the main content. In the multi-ethnic socialist country, the elimination of the exploiting classes and private ownership of production, elimination of the root causes of national oppression, to achieve national equality and national unity, the inter-ethnic relations have undergone fundamental changes. But the legacy of history among various nationalities in the political, economic, and cultural inequalities still exist in fact and has become the main cause of other ethnic problems.
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Ethnic minority groups
For nationalities live together, in terms of diaspora, means living in the same nation are concentrated area, can be understood as common national territory, constitutes one of the basic characteristics of the nation. Any nation in history has its own survival, reproduction and development environment - neighborhood, and with social development and inter-ethnic communication range continues to expand, there is also a mixed ethnic minority groups, or scattered _set_tlements with other nations to form the main body of the Han Chinese of all ethnic groups live together large and small _set_tlements in the distribution. Now in the national autonomous areas are established on the basis of neighborhood.
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Autonomous areas
On the basis of ethnic communities in the exercise of regional ethnic autonomy in the administrative area. Sub-regions, autonomous prefectures and autonomous counties (banners). According to 1990 statistics, China has established 154 ethnic autonomous areas, there are five autonomous regions, 30 autonomous prefectures and 119 autonomous counties (banners). There are three basic forms: ① the basis of an established ethnic minority groups in ethnic autonomous areas. Such as the Tibet Autonomous Region, Sichuan Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture; ② to two or more of the ethnic communities established on the basis of the ethnic autonomous areas. Such as Hunan Province, and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province, Dai Shuang Wa Lahu Autonomous County Blang; ③ to the basis of a larger ethnic minority groups, including a number of different levels of other smaller ethnic minority groups and to establish national autonomous areas. Such as the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, also including Autonomous Prefecture and Autonomous County and so on. No matter what form of ethnic autonomous areas, there are a number of Han and other minorities. This is a form of historical development, but also the inevitable trend of historical development. Autonomous areas vast territory and abundant resources, accounting for 64.3% of the total area of the country, the PRC can not be an important part of the separation.
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"National Illustrated"
China's State Ethnic Affairs Commission organized a comprehensive publication. Founded in February 1955, bimonthly, each of 24 surface. 1957, to issue, the size gradually increased to 44 now face. July 1960 to 12 January and October 1966 ~ December 1973 folded twice, in January 1974 to resume publication. In addition to the domestic issue, but also to the world issued more than thirty countries and regions. Existing Han, Mongolian, Tibetan, Uygur, Kazak and Korean versions of six ethnic languages. Mainly used with photographs, text, supplemented by the form, focusing on people of all nationalities under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, regional politics, economy, culture, education, health and other areas of scientific achievements and new people, new things, new fashion, about each excellent national history, culture, customs, scenery of the ethnic minority areas, buildings, monuments and so on. Thereby promoting the unity of various nationalities and cultural exchanges.
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National Institute of
China, specialized training of minority cadres and professional and technical personnel of institutions of higher learning. National Institute of the first "National Institute of Yan'an" established in Yan'an in 1941. After the founding of the Chinese Communist Party under the "Common Program of the CPPCC," the spirit on the training of minority cadres and 1950 Chief sixtieth session of the Government Administration Council "training ethnic minority officials on trial" requirement, has _set_ up a Northwest Institute for Nationalities, Central Institute for Nationalities (November 30, 1993 changed its name to "Central University"), Central Institute for Nationalities, Southwest University for Nationalities, Yunnan Institute for Nationalities, Qinghai Institute for Nationalities, Guangxi Institute for Nationalities, National Institute of Guangdong, Guizhou Institute for Nationalities, Tibet Institute for Nationalities, Northeast National University (now known as Dalian Nationalities University), ETHNIC College (now University of Northern Peoples), the Central National Management Institute, Hubei Institute for Nationalities. National Institute adhere to train minority cadres and professional and technical personnel policy, the main recruiting minority students. Mainly for national problems, national economy, national history, folk art, native language, national literature and other aspects of teaching and research. In addition to undergraduate colleges and universities with faculties of ordinary families, but also with the Department of cadres training, preparatory classes. For decades, the nation trained a large number of regional talents for the nation region's economic development and social progress made important contributions. 【】 National Institute of National Press 【】 Republic of China under the leadership of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, and published comprehensive books published in minority institutions. January 15, 1953 in Beijing. Its main tasks include: Mongolian, Tibetan, Uygur, Kazak, Korean and other minority languages translation and publication of classics of Marxism-Leninism and the party and state policies, laws; publication of political theory, science education, minority economic, historical, literature, art, health, cultural heritage, books, etc. books. Now, some of the more populous ethnic minority provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions have also established a national publishers of all sizes, whose main task is the text published in the local general types of books. 【"Chinese nation"】 】 【Ethnic Affairs Commission Referred to as "Ethnic Affairs Commission" in charge of ethnic affairs department. The State Council, NPC, CPPCC National Committee and local governments are _set_ting. Among them, the State Ethnic Affairs Commission of the PRC State Council department in charge of national affairs. 1949, then known as the Central People's Government, Ethnic Affairs Commission, referred to as "Central Affairs Commission." "Cultural Revolution" period, the Central Ethnic Affairs Commission of the establishment was canceled. In 1978, under the Fifth Republic of China National People's Congress decided the first meeting, the establishment of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission of the PRC. Ethnic Affairs Commission is the first Director of the Central Li Weihan, the second director of a Ulanhu (Mongolian). Formerly Director of State Ethnic Affairs Commission Yang Jingren (Hui), after Ismail • Amat (Uygur), Li Dezhu now (Korean). Its main tasks and responsibilities are: implementation of the Chinese Communist Party and the country's national policies and regulations related to ethnic affairs, resolutions, orders, management of national minority affairs; implementation, management, implementation of the policy of regional ethnic autonomy; supervision and inspection of all levels of local People's Government to implement the Party's ethnic policy and the protection of national minorities on equal rights, strengthening national unity and direction; to handle the maintenance and development of equality, unity and mutual assistance on matters of socialist ethnic relations; National Policy of Education in conjunction with relevant departments to check national implementation of policies to enhance national unity, safeguarding the unification; with the relevant departments to help the ethnic minority areas to accelerate political, economic and cultural all-round development; and ethnic minority areas of research, concluded national work experience; guidance to the provinces, cities, Ethnic Affairs Commission of the autonomous operations; leadership, management, national institutes and scientific research related to national work, translated and published work; assist relevant departments in training minority cadres.
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Policy of ethnic equality and national unity
Marxist-Leninist Communist Party of China used to solve China's ethnic problems and the general policy of general principles. Marxist view that the nation: ① has advanced and the backward nations, large and small of the points, there is no high or low, good or bad. The working people of all ethnic groups are the driving force to promote the development of history, human history and culture have made due contributions to the development; ② ethnic issues (ethnic relations) the development of the two historical trends requirement to uphold the equality, unity, in order to benefit national development and prosperity; ③ oppressed peoples of other nations is not free, not liberated. Only the elimination of all oppressed proletariat (including national oppression), only the liberation of all mankind, and finally to liberate themselves; ④ the proletariat and working people of all ethnic solidarity and joint struggle of the proletariat revolution, the basic guarantee for the victory. Similarly, the nation's unity is the cause of socialist construction and the basic guarantee for the victory, in a unified multi-ethnic country in particular. Thus, the Chinese Communist Party and the state always adhere to the ethnic equality and unity, and regarded it as the general policy of national policy. The contents of all ethnic groups involved in the political, economic, cultural, and other fields of social life, embodied in the Constitution, laws and regulations under category, administrative regulations, orders, directives decision. Also safeguard measures taken in real life, the national policy re-education. Ethnic equality and national unity is a dialectical relationship between, ethnic equality is a prerequisite for national unity and the basis for national unity is the result of national equality, but also to further the promise of equality for national real. The so-called ethnic equality refers to all ethnic groups, regardless of size, strength, social life and communication links in the mutual relations, in the same position, have the same rights, refers to all ethnic groups in the social status of all aspects of life, treatment and power, the interests of equality; national unity refers to the different ethnic groups in social life and communication links of harmony, friendship and coordination, joint. There is no equality between nations, we can not have real national unity. 】 【Policy of regional ethnic autonomy Marxist-Leninist Communist Party of China used to solve the basic policy of China's ethnic problems, but also one of the country's major political systems. Refers to national unity under the leadership of ethnic minority areas or areas where ethnic minorities are more concentrated, the establishment of autonomous agencies, the implementation of regional ethnic autonomy, with managerial and decide on the internal affairs of nations and the region's legal authority to nation and is entitled to the actual situation of the region's autonomy to implement state policy decrees. China's regional ethnic autonomy, the first principle of national unity, any exercise of regional ethnic autonomy areas are an integral part of national territory, organs of self-government at all levels, while the central government level, the grassroots organs of state power. Secondly, the ethnic regional autonomy and self-government authorities, national regional autonomy under the Constitution and a series of provisions, enjoy a certain autonomy. Third, China's regional ethnic autonomy, not only autonomous, but also in regional autonomy, is a combination of national and regional autonomy. Development and implementation of this policy, reflects the party and the country fully respects and protects the minority nationalities to administer the internal affairs of the spirit of the right, reflecting the party and the state insist on ethnic equality, the principle of unity and common prosperity. Its advantages and positive role is to: ① It protects the legitimate rights and interests of minorities, but also to promote unity among all ethnic groups. Flexibility of the system of regional ethnic autonomy, ethnic minority people to satisfy their own masters, to manage their own wishes and requirements of internal affairs; ② It can fully mobilize the enthusiasm of the socialist minority peoples, ethnic minority areas to accelerate economic and cultural undertakings development; ③ It is beneficial to resist foreign aggression and subversion and safeguard the independence and prosperity of the country, but also conducive to consolidating the unity of the motherland and the people's democratic dictatorship. 【】 Minority areas of social reform policies Refers to the party and the government in 1951, in minority areas of democratic reform and socialist transformation. After the founding of new China, capitalism is still in the minority in all the previous stages of social development. Lifting them out of class oppression and embarked on the socialist road, we must abolish the feudal landlord economy, land tenure, serfdom and slavery, and other forms of personal attachment and extra-economic exploitation, social reforms. Chinese Communist Party and the People's Government in minority areas to take a cautious social reforms and steady advance of the policy, the distinction between different nationalities in different situations in different regions, the implementation of different policies, methods and steps. Areas of social development the same degree and most of the Han ethnic minority areas, and Han has taken the same region of the method and procedure. In the feudal serfdom, slavery region, to take the peace negotiations reform. Retains a strong residue of the primitive system of ethnic minorities, mainly to help them develop production and culture, so that they direct transition to socialism. The reform of minority pastoral area, has taken a more gentle than the way agricultural areas, namely, the implementation of the redemption of the livestock owners and "regardless, no fighting, no designated class" and "Mu Gong, animal husbandry, the main two benefits" policy. With the completion of democratic reforms, minority areas has been conducted, agriculture, animal husbandry of the socialist transformation. Largely gone from mutual aid groups, elementary to advanced social development process. In the multi-ethnic mixed areas, in addition to establish a single national co-operatives, it also has two or more organizations of farmers to participate in national national Yonhap. In the farming and pastoral areas, there are single people or members of different nationalities with a coalition of farming community. To the end of 1956, the socialist transformation of rural areas outside of Tibet has completed slightly later in the rural pastoral areas completed. Then the private business sector and the city began the socialist transformation of handicrafts. At that time, in addition to ethnic minority areas outside the cities and towns in Tibet, almost all or most of the private business sector implemented a public-private partnerships, part of the implementation of the cooperatives. Policies】 【minority population Party and the state in different historical periods, according to demographic and ethnic minority population of ethnic minorities to develop population policies: ① actively implement the "population boom" to encourage fertility policy (50's to 70's). Mainly to encourage and enhance fertility and reduce mortality, increase the population, control the population decline. ② exploration, brewing ethnic family planning policy (1971-1981 years). In ethnic minority areas, to help develop population policy. For the protection of women, children's health, but also to actively promote, universal maternal and child health, birth control and other scientific knowledge, many children, spacing density, there are a couple of birth control requires guidance and support. ③ the minority should also carry out family planning policy. February 1982, "the CPC Central Committee and State Council on the instructions of reproductive work do a better job," pointed out: "For ethnic minorities, but also to promote family planning, the requirements may be relaxed some. Specified by the autonomous areas and the relevant provinces regional development based on local conditions, the Standing Committee or the next higher level people's government for approval and implementation. "
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Distribution of China's 56 ethnic groups
Mongolians are mainly distributed in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, the rest distributed in Xinjiang, Qinghai, Gansu, Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces. 480.6849 million population (of the 1990 census.) Hui mainly in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region and Gansu, Qinghai, Henan, Xinjiang, Yunnan, Hebei, Anhui, Liaoning, Jilin, Shandong and other provinces and Beijing, Tianjin and other cities. 860.2978 million population (of the 1990 census), ranking third in fifty-five ethnic minorities. Tibetans live in Tibet and Qinghai, the main Haibei, Huangnan, Golog Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture and other Hercynian Mongolian, Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Gansu's Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture and the Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County, Sichuan Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture, Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture and wood, earth, and the Tibetan Autonomous County of Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in Yunnan Province. Population 4.59 million (1990 fourth census). "Uighur" is the Uighur claimed, which means "unity" or "union." Tianshan Mountains, Xinjiang Uygur are concentrated in the south of Kashgar, Khotan and Aksu area, Korla region, the rest scattered in the Tianshan Mountains to the north of the Ili and other places, a few live in Taoyuan in Hunan, Changde and other places. Population 7.21 million (1995). Are now mainly inhabited by the Miao in Guizhou province southeast of Guangxi Miao Shan, Hainan and Guizhou, Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guangxi and other provinces of the border zone. Population of 7.398 million (1990 fourth census), in fourth place in the minority. Yi has a population of over 6.57 million (of the 1990 census.) Distributed in Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou Province and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. Zhuang is one of the largest minority ethnic population, mainly live in Guangxi, Yunnan Wenshan, Guangdong Hill, in Guizhou Province, Hunan Ganghwa also have a distribution. Population of 1,700 million (2005). Buyi southwest China a large minority. Before liberation, the Buyi people known as the "Chung family," "Mito", "Yizu", "soil side", "local", "around home" and so on. In 1953, Guizhou Province, after consultation with representatives from around the Buyi, formally unified with the "Buell" as the name of the nation. Buyi are concentrated in Guizhou province Guizhou, Southwest Guizhou Buyi and Miao Autonomous Prefecture and two in Guizhou, Yunnan, Sichuan Province, part of the region. Population of over 2.54 million (of the 1990 census.) Korean mainly distributed in northeast China's Jilin, Liaoning and Heilongjiang provinces, a few scattered cities in Inner Mongolia and China. Population is 192.0597 million (1990 fourth census). China's Korean is the seventh century by migration over the Korean peninsula. Manchu mainly in Northeast China, Liaoning Province most. In addition, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Shandong, Xinjiang and other provinces, autonomous regions including Beijing, Chengdu, Lanzhou, Fuzhou, Yinchuan, Xi'an and other cities have a few scattered Manchu. A population of 9,821,180 (of the 1990 Census). 55 ethnic minorities in China, ranked second only to Zhuang. Dong Qin and Han Dynasties from the "Luo Yue." Wei, these tribes were generally call "bureaucratic", Dong or "bureaucratic" part. Are mainly distributed in Liping, Guizhou Province, from the River, Rongjiang, Tianzhu, Jinping, Hunan Sinko, Jing County, channels, and Guangxi, Sanjiang, Longsheng counties. Yao are mainly distributed in Guangxi, Hunan, Yunnan, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Hainan and other provinces in the mountains, is a typical southern Chinese mountain people. Bai people mainly live in the Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture of Yunnan Province, the rest distributed over Yunnan, Guizhou and Sichuan Liangshan Bijie. Majority living in Hunan Tujia Yongshun, Yongsan, Baojing, Guzhang and Hubei Laifeng, Icheon, Hefeng, Xianfeng, area and Sichuan Yi En. According to historical records, the Hani and Yi, Lahu equivalent from the ancient Qiang, is mainly distributed in Yunnan and Inner Mongolia Leshan, southwest area between Ailao new level, the town of sources, ink Jiang, Yuan River, Red River counties. Mainly in the Xinjiang Kazak Kazak Autonomous Prefecture of Ili, Altay, Tacheng and Mori, Autonomous County and Urumqi and other places, a few distributed in Gansu and Qinghai Ake race. Dai mainly live in Dai Autonomous Prefecture of Yunnan Province, the West double-satisfied, Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture and Gengma, Menglian other places, the rest scattered in the new flat, Yuan Jiang and other more than thirty counties. Li Tong even live in the town of Hainan Island, Baoting, Lok East, East, Qiongzhong, white sand, Lingshui, Changjiang, Huan County in Lisu first living in Sichuan, Yunnan, along the junction of the Jinsha River, after the war and other reasons, and gradually moved to the Nu River region _set_tled in western Yunnan. Nu River in Yunnan Province, inhabited mainly Lisu Autonomous Prefecture and Weixi Lisu Autonomous County, the rest scattered in Lijiang, Baoshan, Diqing, Dehong, Dali, Chuxiong state, county and Sichuan Xichang, Yanyuan, Muli, Johnson and other counties. Wa distributed in the west and southwest of Yunnan Province, west of the Lancang River and Nu Nu Shan mountain range east of the southern section. She claimed "Mountain Ha", which means customers living in the mountains, the legendary She's a native of Chaozhou, Guangdong. Mainly located in Fuan, Fujian, Zhejiang Jingning, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Anhui and other provinces, mixed with the Han majority. Gaoshan ethnic minorities of Taiwan Province collectively, including the Bunun, Rukai people, Paiwan people, Puyuma people, Shao people, the Atayal, Yami, Cao people, Ami, Saisiat more than ten people groups. Lahu mainly in the southern Yunnan Lancang, Menglian, double Jiang, Meng Hoi, West Union and other counties. Aquarium self-proclaimed "water", meaning water people. As early as the Qin and Han ago, the Lingnan region and the southeast coastal areas inhabited by many tribes, it is one of the test aquarium called "Luo Yue" the tribe to develop. People in the Qing Dynasty called "water house MILLER", "water house", officially named after the liberation of aquarium. Now mainly live in the Sandu Shui Autonomous County of Guizhou Province, and the remaining segments in Dushan, Libo, Duyun, Rongjiang counties and northern Guangxi, financial security, Nandan, Central River and other places. Dongxiang is half of the fourteenth century by the _set_tlement of many different ethnic groups in Togo, a combination of ingredients, mainly for the Hui Muslims and Mongolians. Live in Gansu Province, more than half of them living in the Gansu Dongxiang Nationality Autonomous County. The rest of the county and in areas in and political Linxia County. Gansu, Lanzhou, Dingxi, and Xinjiang, Ningxia, there are distribution. Mainly inhabited by the Naxi in Lijiang Naxi Autonomous County, the rest distributed in Weixi, Zhongdian, Ninglang, Deqin and Sichuan salt edge, Yanyuan, Wood Lane and other counties in Tibet Chi Kang. Jingpo from the Tang Dynasty "seek Biography" evolved as part of the tribe. More recent literature known as the "mountain", also called the "Big Mountain", "hill", "Dasan", "Naniwa", claiming "Nouns," "_set_ tile," "La phase," "Long Mindanao", the main live in the Dehong Autonomous Prefecture of Yunnan Province, the mountain counties, a few living in the Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture Mountain horse, Gulang, post room and Gengma, Lancang, and other counties. Kirgiz mostly live in southern Xinjiang Kizilsu Kirgiz Autonomous Prefecture, and the remaining distributed in Wushi, Aksu, Sha East, Yingjisha, Taxkorgan and other places, there are still some living in Fuyu County in Heilongjiang Province. Tu mutual assistance are concentrated in Qinghai Province, people and Chase counties, the rest scattered in the club, sources and Tianzhu doors and other places. Daur mainly live in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and Heilongjiang Province, a few living in the Tacheng County. Mulam, in their native language, "Mu Lao" is the word "mother" means. Mainly inhabited by Rochester, and other counties in Guangxi, the rest scattered in the vicinity of Rochester Yishan, Liu slope, are security and other places. Qiang is now mainly live in western Sichuan Maowen the rest scattered in Wenchuan, Li County, Blackwater, Songpan and other places. Blang ethnic minority is one of the ancient Chinese. Mainly live in western Yunnan Province, Jinghong County, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture and the Lincang area Menghai double Jiang, Wing Tak, Yunxian, Gengma, think spear Lancang region, Mexico River counties. Salar mainly live along the Yellow River in Qinghai Province is located in Xunhua region. Maonan mainly live in Guangxi Province, the middle and lower Nanshan District, the rest distributed in Guangxi Hechi, Nandan, Yishan, are security and other places. Gelao that in ancient China, "Liao people," scattered in the western Guizhou Province, woven gold, western Guizhou, six, Guanling, more than 20 counties, a few distributed in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Yunnan Longlin County Wenshan Zhuang Quang Nam Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Wenshan, Fu Ning, Ma customs, and other counties. Xibe native prairie and the Nen River Valley Hulunbeier. West moved to the middle of the 18th century Qapqal Xinjiang and other places, now mostly living in the Xinjiang Autonomous County and Huocheng, Gongliu counties, Shenyang in the northeast, open the original, Yixian, North Township, Xinmin, Fengcheng, Fuyu, eastern Inner Mongolia and Heilongjiang Province has scattered the Nen River Valley. Most live in Achang Dehong Autonomous Prefecture of Yunnan, Longchuan, Luxi counties. The rest distributed in Yingjiang, Longling counties. The Pumi ethnic origin belongs to China's ancient nomadic Qiang branch of the Northwest, "Pumi" means white. Nu River in Yunnan Province, living mainly Lisu Autonomous Prefecture of Lanping Bai Pumi Autonomous County, Lijiang Lijiang Naxi Autonomous County, Yongsheng County and Ninglang Yi Autonomous County; there are still some living in the Muli Tibetan Autonomous County in Sichuan Province and Yanyuan . Although Europa Tajik ethnic characteristics, but from ancient times, their lives and breeds on the land of China. Sixty percent of Take Ke tribe now live in the Xinjiang Autonomous County, and the remaining distributed in the sand east, Zep, Yecheng and skin Hill County. Nu is one of Yunnan's ancient people, mainly in the Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture Fugong, Dulong Autonomous County, Lanping Bai and Pumi Autonomous County, Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Weixi Lisu Autonomous County and other places . Located in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Yining Ozbek, Tacheng, Kashi, Sha East, Yecheng, Urumqi and other places. Russians gradually from the 18th century Tsarist Russia from the south to China's ethnic minorities in Xinjiang and other places. Ruled in Xinjiang during the feudal warlord, known as the "naturalized family." After the founding of the People's Republic, renamed the Russian family. Mainly scattered in Xinjiang Ili, Tacheng, Altay and Urumqi and other places, Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang, a small amount of distribution. Evenki tribe are mainly located in Heilongjiang Province in northeast China and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Nehe County. De'ang southwest border is the oldest existing residents in one of the nation, far away in the second century BC to the West Bank live in the Nu River. Luxi County in Yunnan Province inhabited and the town of Taishan, Kang Jun, Lane, etc., scattered in Dehong, Baoshan, Simao and Lincang area. Bonan due to customs and beliefs of Islam and of Muslim come first, also known as the "security back." 1950 under the will of the people of this nation, naming Bonan. Bonan mainly in Gansu Province in northwest China Dongxiang-Salar Autonomous County Jishishan Bao'an home in the river, along the column _set_. Hexi Corridor of Gansu Province Yugur live in the Sunan area, the rest live in the Jiuquan area Fort Wong. Jing mainly live in is known as "Jing Mishima," said Jiang Ping, Guangxi Zhuang Nationality Autonomous County town of Man Mei, Wu head, the heart of three mountains on the island, the rest distributed in Tan Ji, Hong Hom, Hang Wang and Chin County. Tatars (Tatar) are mainly distributed in Xinjiang, Yining, Tacheng, Urumqi and other cities. Originally known Tatar. "Tatar," the term originally meant "cottage." Dulong has been referred to as "ornamental cap" and "music" and "Luo", "Song Luo" and so on. According to the national aspirations of liberation, name the Dulong. Now mainly live in Gongshan Dulong River Valley of Yunnan Province. Oroqen mainly distributed in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Hulunbeier Dong Autonomous County, Buteha flag, Morin Dawa Daur Autonomous Banner and Heilongjiang, Huma, XunKe, Aihui, Jia Yin, and other counties. Hoche mainly distributed in northeast China's Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang, Wusuli and along the Songhua River. A few scattered huachuan, ylang ylang, Fujin three counties and the Jiamusi City. Monba are concentrated in Tibet Medog, Linzhi, Cona counties. Lhoba mainly in southeastern Tibet, Luo Yu region, a small number of _set_tlements in Millington, Medog, Zayu, Takako, Long County area. Jino _set_tlements in Jinghong County, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture and the surrounding rural areas keno. 56 Han ethnic groups in China's most populous nation, population 1.042 billion (1990 census 4), is the world's most populous nation. Han was formerly known as "Chinese" in the Central Plains residents, after the gradual assimilation with other ethnic, fusion, the Han Dynasty, known as the Han Chinese. Song】 【name of the ethnic Han, Manchu, Zhuang Lisu mountain Pumixibo possession Jingpo South by Uighur Gelaomulao Mao Qiang Mongolia Uzbekistan Russia Jingdong Bao An Dulong Township Hani Yi Miao Dai Achang Oroqen Yugur Korea Hezhen Ewenki soil water Deang anger Keno Brown Tatar White House back to earth off the bus Daur She Lei Kazakhstan, Tajikistan Lahu Wa Yao Sarah Naxi Fifty-six of National Dong memba Kirghiz
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WORLD
By the national statistics there are still some complications, such as the simultaneous existence of the world has many types of people in communities, with national, tribal, tribal groups, and even tribes, clans and so on, meaning there is no ethnic people unified understanding, it is not a unified statistical standards; while some countries and regions have not yet carried out a census and so on, so the lack of ethnic composition of the world the full survey material. (According to the Soviet Academy of Sciences Institute of Ethnology, 1975 statistical material, the size of the world's different about 2,000 people, more than a billion people are at a 7 (Han, Hindustan, the United States, Russia, Bangladesh, Japan, Brazil nation), accounting for about 42% of the total population;). Population of 5,000 million to 1 million of 9 (Germany, Bihar, Italy, Java, Mexico, Tailu solid, English, Korean and other ethnic groups), accounting for 12.5% of the world's population. The global population of more than 10 million people in more than a national total of about 550, the total number of 9.9% of the total population. Some less populous nation hundreds or dozens of people only. (Such as India's Andaman and Domingo family than the family, Indonesia, Tuo Wala tribe, etc.). In addition, national and sometimes also refers to the history of the formation, at different stages of social development, people of various communities, such as primitive peoples, ancient peoples and modern nation and so on. There are also other, more extensive usage, such as the Chinese, the Arab nation and so on. Most Han Chinese, most are the Zhuang ethnic minority, there are 1,617.88 million
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Encyclopedia
minzu National nation People in the history of the formation of a common language, common territory, common economic life and common culture, common psychological stability of the social community. Formed the material basis and the most important national symbol is a common economic life, that people's daily production, distribution, exchange and consumption activities. Common area, common language, common cultural and psychological characteristics are fundamental symbol of the nation. Common area is a necessary condition for a common economic life, the common language is a tool for people in close contact, and a common cultural and psychological characteristics, reflects the common spirit of a nation. Nationality and class are closely linked. The national community in a class society, the nation split into two opposing internal basic class. Dominant ethnic oppression of other peoples, mainly in the dominant nation on the other peoples of the exploiting classes in the masses of working people's oppression and exploitation. Caused by the capitalist system of inequality within nations and ethnic inequalities. At the international level, oppressed nations and the relationship between the oppressed nations, mainly the exploitation of oppressed nations in the class of the oppressed nations of the masses of working people in slavery. Elimination of class exploitation of socialism and class oppression, thus eliminating the inequalities between peoples and nations within the root, and establish the unity, harmony, equality and cooperation of the new socialist ethnic relations, and began to gradually close all ethnic groups historical process. As mankind enters the communist society, to achieve a high degree of economic and cultural development, the gradual integration of all ethnic groups into a new and higher social community, nation will eventually attributed to extinction. Marxism in the treatment of ethnic issues persist the proletarian internationalism against the narrow-minded nationalism. (Yang Yanjun)
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English Expression
n.: folk, folklike, people, peoples, race, emergent year, nation, nationality, nation, race, tribe or community, group of people with a common culture, history, language, descent, etc, ethnic group
French Expression
n. nation, nationalité, ethnie
Thesaurus
country, country, son, minister, liege, territory, territory blood, communal, blood, origin, tribe, demos, persuasion folk Community Minzu Village Folk Neighborhood minority town Minzu Subdistrict
Related Phrases
China
history
China
the Chinese people
become book containing listsof words and phrases grouped according to their meanings
folkway