Plant (Plants) is the biosphere in a category. Generally have chlorophyll, no nerves, no feeling. Sub-algae, fungi, ferns and seed plants, seed plants are divided into gymnosperms and angiosperms are ferns, bryophytes, algae. 30 more than a million.
With the Sun Bus "DIY Plant pet store business plan," the introduction of plants can also be used as pets. Through high-tech training, the incentives to plant new varieties also have arisen, such as finger-sized roses, plants can grow seedlings of different words, these new varieties of plants around us that the birth. Become portable pet love life.
Origin
Feature
Plant with the capacity of photosynthesis - that it can make use of solar energy and the animals do not possess chlorophyll, the use of water, minerals and carbon dioxide production of food. After the release of oxygen, the remaining glucose - the energy rich material, as an integral part of plant cells.
Plant chlorophyll contains magnesium.
Plant cell walls and nuclei are obvious, its cell wall composed of glucose polymers - cellulose composition.
The ancestors of all plants are single-cell non-photosynthetic organisms, which eat the bacteria, the two formed a mutually beneficial relationship: The photosynthetic bacteria survive in plant cells (ie within the so-called symbiosis). Finally bacteria into the chloroplast transformation, it is a presence in all plants but are not viable organelles.
Plants usually do not exercise because they do not need to search for food.
Most of the plants are angiosperms door, there is a flowering plant, which also includes a variety of trees.
Plant was born in relying on the sun
All the time the sun light and heat transmission to Earth, with the sun, the earth's plant to conduct photosynthesis. The leaves of most plants are green because they contain chlorophyll. Chlorophyll only use the energy of sunlight to synthesis of various substances, a process called photosynthesis. According to calculations, the whole world green plants generate about 400 million tons per day of protein, carbohydrate and fat, at the same time, but also to release the air nearly 500 million tons of oxygen, man and animals provided sufficient food and oxygen.
Most plants
The longest land plants
Tropical forests in Africa, the growth of the towering giant trees and flowers and herbs, but also trip you fall down the "ghost cable", which is wound around a tree into numerous circle of white cane.
White cane, also known as Calamus, Yunnan, China has produced. Rattan chair, rattan bed, rattan blue, rattan shelves, are white made from rattan as raw material.
White rattan stems generally very small, as crude small small handless winecup mouth, and some even more detailed. It was a bunch of the top long feathery leaves, leaf length spikes. The upper part of the stem until the stem tip long and strong, also covered with large, sharp bend down the hard thorns. It is like a barbed whip, wind sway, a run into a big tree trunk on the tightly cling to tightly, and soon a bunch of has a bunch of new leaves grow. Then it continued to climb down the tree trunk, while the lower leaves are gradually falling. After the climb the big tree tops white cane, or he kept long, but has nothing of climbing, and so it was getting started for a long stem falling to a tree as a pillar in the trees around the wound into numerous cycle circle.
White cane from the root to the top, up to 300 meters, higher than the world's tallest eucalyptus is also twice as long as it.
The highest tree
If you hold a high degree of competition in the world community of trees, then only the Australian eucalyptus almonds, are eligible to win.
Almond Eucalyptus are generally up to 100 meters, of which one, up to 156 meters, the trunk-line roller, there is as high as 50 floors. Has been measured in human trees, it is the highest one. Birds singing in the top of the tree, the tree sounds like a buzz, like mosquitoes.
Around the base of this tree up to 30 m, trunk straight, up was significantly thinner, dense branches and leaves students in the top of the tree. Ye Zaisheng very strange, usually the surface of the leaf is overturned, and it is the side of the overturned, the same as hanging from a tree, and the projection of the sun parallel to the direction. This looks odd to adapt to climate dry, the sun strong environment and reduce direct sunlight to prevent excessive water evaporation.
China's tallest hardwood tree ─ ─ tree Shorea and dyke
China's famous tropical forests in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, in the 70's found a great trees, it was beautiful gesture, towering tree trunks, trees ten feet tall on top of it people can not look up to see the tree top, even the high sensitive measuring device does not help here. Therefore, people call it heaven tree. Local Dai people call it the "umbrella tree."
Shorea is generally up to 60 meters. It had a measured and analyzed and found very fast growth of Shorea, a 70-year-old Shorea as high as 50 meters. Individual or even as high as 80 meters, diameter generally 130 centimeters, maximum to 300 cm. The rare earth giant trees, Kekeji stands in the upper valley rain forest, generally above the second tree more than 20 meters, really through Jiuxiao, piercing blue sky of the spirit!
Are Shorea Dipterocarpaceae, Liu An is. Liu An is the family of 11 members, mostly living in Southeast Asia. Shorea only grows in the Yunnan Province of China, is a Chinese specialty of the rare species. Shorea tall, straight, leaves alternate, with pinnate venation, yellow flowers arranged in panicles, radiate bursts of fragrance. The fruit hard. General growth of Shorea 700-1000 m in the valley rain and mountain rainforest, forming a separate community type, display unusual natural landscape. Therefore, the academic community see it as a sign of the tropical rain forest tree species.
Shorea good material, rapid growth, high productivity, a look on the tree trunk volume up to 10.5 cubic meters per plant, average annual growth 0.085 cubic meters, with 2-3 times the forest other species. Therefore, it is worth promoting good species. At the same time, it is rich in rubber wood, flowers contain essential oils, and many other unknown elements, pending further analysis of our research and use.
Because Shorea has such a high scientific value and economic value, but it has a very narrow distribution range, it is listed as a protected plant in China.
Shorea and a very pro's "twin brothers", known as the dyke tree. It is a variant of Shorea, also in the 70s found in Guangxi. This dyke tree very similar appearance with his brother, also extremely large, often up to 60-65 meters, light sticks have more than 30 meters under the high. The material hard, decay resistance, and planing surface is smooth and beautiful texture, with high economic value and scientific value. Qingtian tree growth was found only in Guangxi Longgang Nature Reserve, so the same strict protection.
The shortest tree
Why Zhang Bugao alpine plants do? Where the temperature is very low, thin air, the wind was big, direct sunlight, so that only those little plants to adapt to this environment.
The thickest of the trees
In Europe, such an interesting legend: the ancient Arab kings and queens, a leading Baiji troops to the Mediterranean island of Sicily, Mt Etna tours, suddenly pouring rain, Baiji troops quickly to a shelter under a large chestnut tree rain shadow just cover them. Therefore, the king Fengyun large chestnut named "Baiji big chestnut."
In 1972, according to foreign reports, the Etna in Sicily hillside, does one called "100 horse tree" of the big chestnut, trunk circumference of 55 meters or so much as take more than 30 staff in hand, can be surrounded it. Department of a large hole under the tree, chestnut of people have taken there as a dormitory or warehouse use. This is indeed the world's most thick trees.
Chestnut chestnut fruit is a favorite food for people, it is rich in starch, protein and sugar, high nutritional value, whether raw, fried, cooking, cooking cooking are desirable, not only sweet and delicious, but also There Spleen Bugan, strong body of medical effect.
Volume of the largest trees
Plants on Earth, some are small in size, some very large individuals. Like the California redwood, tall and fat, is the tree in the "giant", they are called the God of the world.
This tree is about 100 meters tall, the tallest tree 142 meters, 12 meters in diameter, trunk circumference of 37 meters, take two dozen adults to grip it. It is almost as thick as up and down, it has survived 3500 years of the. People from the lower part of a hole in the trunk can be by car, or to walk side by side the four horseman. Even after the tree cut down, people have to use a long ladder to climb up the trunk. If the tree trunk hollowed out, people can walk in 60 meters, and then Sam Cha from the tree out of the hole. It's stumps, large enough to be a small stage.
Almond Eucalyptus Although higher than redwood, but it is a lanky, on the volume it is not as big as the giant cedar, so redwood is the world's largest tree size. Volume of the earth no longer had much larger plants.
Redwood have greater economic value, are sleepers, telegraph poles and building on good material. Redwood wood fire is not easy, the role of a fire.
The largest tree crown
As the saying goes, "trees are good shade." Do you know what the largest number of trees for shade? This should be a number of Bangladesh banyan, its crown can cover about 15 acres of land, there is one and a half football fields.
Dense tree foliage is not only Bangladesh, but it can take root from the branches down. Some of these roots hanging in the air, absorb moisture from the air and nutrients, called "aerial roots." Most aerial roots to the ground, bar-be buried in nutrient absorption and support play a role in the branches. Vertical aerial roots, resembled the trunk, the largest banyan tree can have more than 4,000 root, from a distance looked like a forest. Therefore, the local people called this tree as "One tree forest." Reportedly had a 67 thousand troops in a large banyan tree over Xiasheng cool. Local people, Bangladesh is still the old banyan tree, the start of a bustling, crowded markets. Nothing is again the world's largest crown of.
The highest hedge
In the house, gardens, orchards, etc. around the circle of trees planted, like the wall, this is called the hedge, or called hedges.
People often beautiful hibiscus flowers, covered with long thorns of citrate orange, evergreen privet and autumn maple and other trees triangle YE as hedges. Hibiscus, Citrus medica orange is Zhang Bugao shrubs, privet, maple although able to grow taller, but planting too close, often cutting, it is generally only 5-6 meters. In Scotland, as a hedge with a beech tree, the tree after pruning, there are still 25 meters high, some as high as 30 meters. This is the highest in the world of hedge.
The lightest wood tree
Growth tropical forest in the Americas light wood, also known as basa wood, is the fastest growing trees, is one of the world's lightest wood. This evergreen tree, tall tree. Leaves as the Indus, five yellow and white petals as the flower, fruit cracking like cotton. China has long been introduced in southern Taiwan. 1960, in Guangdong, Fujian and other places are also widely cultivated, and grow quite well.
Balsa wood, only 0.1 grams per cubic centimeter, the volume of water with one-tenth of the weight. We make use of aspen matches sticks much better than three and half times its weight. Although the light texture of its timber, but the structure is very strong, therefore, is the aviation, marine, and other valuable materials, special processes. Local residents have long used it as a raft, between the islands. My vacuum flask with it's cork.
Hard than steel but also the tree
You may not think there will be a kind of tree than the iron and steel also hard, right? This is called iron birch tree. Bullets in this wood, as in the thick steel plate on the play, as motionless.
This valuable tree, 20 meters high, trunk diameter 70 cm, life span of about 300-350 years. Bark Chenganhongse or near black, with white spots above the clouds. The leaves are oval. It's producing areas, are not widely distributed in southern Korea and the Korean border with China, the Soviet Union in the southern coastal area there are some.
Iron birch wood hard, hard times than oak, more than double the ordinary hard steel, is the world's most hard wood, people use it as a metal substitute. Soviet Union had manufactured iron birch bowls, bearings, used in the speedboat. Iron birch features some wonderful, because it is extremely dense texture, so the water go out into the sinking of a place; even if its long immersion in water, its inside still remain dry.
Most afraid of burning trees
When you go big forest, far can see that the "prohibition of fireworks" wooden sign. Because the trees can burn a single spark can burn large areas of forest. However, in the South China Sea area, grows a pine tree called, with its timber made of pipe, and even spend months and years of smoke fire, also burning is not bad. When you use a hair wrapped around the pipe stem, and with the matches to burn, the hair actually burning continuously. Because of the heat capacity of rosin particularly strong, with its hard wood, in particular high temperature, so afraid of fire.
"Bleeding" of the tree
Trees in general, in the injury, the outflow of sap is colorless and transparent. Some trees such as rubber trees, trees, etc. can milk out of white latex, but you probably do not know, some trees can escape out of "blood" to.
China's Guangdong, Taiwan area, grows a perennial vine, called Kirin cuneata. It is usually like a snake wrapped around other trees. The stems can be up to 10 meters. If we cut off or cut a hole in it, there will be like "blood" as the resin flows out into the blood coagulation after massive dry things. This is a very valuable medicine, called "Dragon Blood" or "Kirin dried up." After analysis, Dragon's blood contains tannin, reducing sugar and resin material, treat muscles pain, and have scattered gas, to pain, chills, menstrual blood effect.
Kirin Sargentodoxa palm genus Calamus. The leaves pinnate, leaflets lanceolate to linear, there are three longitudinal pulse. Fruit ovoid, bright yellow scales outside. In addition to the stem, the fruit can also be outflow of blood resin.
Coincidentally. Tropical rain forests of Xishuangbanna in China also grows a very common tree, called the Dragon's Blood tree, when it was injured, the resin will be out of a kind of purple, the injured part of the red, this piece of necrosis stained wood In Chinese medicine, also known as "Dragon Blood" or "Kirin dried up" and produced by Kirin cuneata "Dragon Blood" has the same effect.
Dragon's Blood tree is a tree belonging to Liliaceae. Though not too high, about 10 meters, but the trunk is unusually thick, often up to 1 meter. It was a long ribbon with white blades, sharp tip, like a sharp sword, Mimicengceng to plug in the tree top down.
In general, monocots grow to a certain level can not continue the growth of the bold. Although Dracaena are monocots, but it was able to stem the parenchyma cells to keep dividing to make bold and lignified stems year after year, while the formation of trees. Dracaena originating in the Atlantic, the Canary Islands. The world total of 150 species, only five kinds of China, growth in Yunnan, Hainan Island and Taiwan. Dracaena or longevity of the trees, the longest up to more than 6000 years old.
It was quite clever, in China Yunnan and Guangdong, there is a tree called annatto. If it is broken or cut branches will flow like the "blood" as the juice. Moreover, the seeds are bright red, fleshy skin, do the red dye, so called mahogany.
Annatto is Bixaceae mahogany case. For the small evergreen tree, generally up to 3-4 meters, and some can be 10 meters. The leaf size, shape and similar to sunflower leaves. Petiole very long, reddish brown in the surface of leaf with a small spot. Interestingly, the variety of colors, with red, white, and also rose color, very beautiful. Even fruit is red mahogany, and its outside is a soft, dense thorn, which harbors many dark red seeds.
Annatto red fruit flesh around the seeds can be used as a red dye to stain infected candy can also be used in the textile, such as the cotton textile dyeing. The seeds can also be used as medicine for the convergence of antipyretic. Bark tough, rich in fiber, can be made into strong rope. Curiously, such as mutual friction of its timber, is also very easy to fire it!
Trees in the old birthday
As the saying goes: "Life is rarely live to 70," even if the longevity of people living to a hundred years. However, a number of people live longer than the age of trees, is negligible.
The life of many trees are over a hundred years. Apricot, persimmon trees can live 100 years. Oranges, orange, chestnut can live to three hundred years. Cedar can live a thousand years old. Nanjing, a Six Song has 1400 years of history, but it is not old. Qufu Sabina or 2400 years ago, antique it. Alishan, Taiwan red cypress, much as 3000 years of history. This is my life now the longest living tree, but not really in the world.
Oldest surviving tree is growing in the United States, foxtail pine, and some have more than 4,000 years old. Giant Sequoia can live 5,000 years to 6,000 years.
The world's oldest tree, to calculate the Canary island of West Africa's a Dracaena. 500 years ago, the Spaniards determined it long live about 8000-1. This is the world's trees in the old birthday. Unfortunately, a typhoon in 1868 destroyed.
The most short-lived seed plant
In nature, plants propagated by seed variety, have longevity, but also short-lived. Woody plants than herbaceous life much more. Flora's "old birthday", are out of the woody plants in. Herbaceous plants in general, usually a few months to 10 years life expectancy.
The length of plant life, and they are closely related to living environment. Some plants in order to make their own harsh, harsh environment to survive, after long and hard "training", training the rapid growth and ability to flower and seed quickly.
There is a Luo combined with the plant, grows in cold Pamirs. Where the summer is very short, just a little warmth to the room in June, together with Romania germinate and grow in a hurry. After a month, it only grew 23 Vine, I hastened flowering, the frost was completed before the arrival of the life course. Its life so short, but still capable of months.
Growth must be the shortest life in the desert short-lived flowers, it can only live a few weeks. Desert medium to long term drought, short-lived chrysanthemum seeds, a little rain at the time, they quickly sprout growth, flowering, drought came in time before the rush to complete its life cycle, otherwise it would "break were peerless" .
Tops the fastest growing plants
Growth in China's Yunnan, Guangxi and Southeast Asia full sunlight, in the year length is 3.5 meters. In the Seventh World Forestry meeting, known as the "miracle tree." Light wood grown in Central and South America, grows faster than the full sunlight, it can be a long year and 5 meters high. However, the absolute growth rate of woody plants to be bamboo title. It from a bamboo shoot to grow into, as long as two months, as high as 20 meters, about six seven-storey building that high. Growth peak time, day and night to a 1 meter rise. Therefore, it is "springing" argument.
Comparison of the growth of bamboo in particular, it is a steadily lengthening. How many festivals and bamboo shoots over rough, long into the bamboo there are that many festivals and more coarse. Once the bamboo grow into, not grow high. All trees grow in the young shoots sharp, bold stretch slowly, after several decades to several centuries, it will slowly grow taller bold.
The slowest growing trees
Natural tree growth rate, is really varied, and some amazingly, some surprisingly slow. For example, the Kalahari desert in the Soviet Union, there is a 名叫尔威兹加 tree, being short, the entire crown is round, and if looked from the front, like a small round table on the sand. It increased very slowly, and 100 years long 30 cm high. If and bamboo growth rate compared to the truth ox car chase. Erweizijia trees 333 years longer to reach the height of the growth of bamboo a day.
Erweizijia why it is so slow growing trees do? In addition to its other nature, desert, water scarcity, drought, wind and large, this is an important reason.
The largest flower
Southeast Asia, large flowers and is the world's largest, diameter 90 cm. It gives off a very unpleasant taste, but fly very like it.
Warm-blooded plants
No matter how the external environment, plant flowers, always maintain a constant temperature, such as GE taro flower temperature of about 38 degrees, while the outside temperature of 20 degrees, the temperature is maintained at 40 degrees, this ability is to put their flowers as a miniature environment which will attract insects to enhance pollination probability.
The plant sacred and mysterious figures in the harmony of the United States?
Poker on the "Plum Blossom" is not a plum, not even flowers, but the clover. In Western history, clover is a very symbolic meaning of plants representative of the first leaf is said to hope that the confidence of the second leaf on behalf of the third leaf for love, and if you find a four leaf clover, on the will be the best of luck, to find happiness. In the field looking for four leaf clover, is a game of Western children, but hard to find, it is estimated that every 10 000 Shamrock, will appear a four-leaf mutant.
Yes, they are the Fibonacci numbers. Fibonacci (1170-1240) is a medieval Italian mathematician, he is not the number of petals in number, but in solving a problem about rabbit breeding, obtained in this series. Assuming you have one male and one female one pair of newborn rabbits, they grow to the size of a month when Kaishi mating in the second month at the end of Cituzichan Xia Ling Yi on rabbit, a month later after they have begun Fan Zhi, Ru Ci so continue. Female breeding rabbits at the beginning of each monthly production during the next pair of rabbits, assuming that no rabbits die, how many total in the year of the rabbit?
In the end, the first mate a pair of rabbits, but has only one pair of rabbits; at the end of February, a female rabbit gave birth to a pair of rabbits, a total of two pairs of rabbits; at the end of March, the oldest female rabbits gave birth to a second pair of rabbit , a total of three pairs of rabbits; in the end of April, the oldest female rabbits gave birth to the third pair of rabbits, two months past lives of the female rabbit gave birth to a pair of rabbits, a total of five pairs of rabbits; ... ... such and such calculation, if the rabbits on, respectively: 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55,89, 144, ... to see the law yet? Starting from the number 3, each number is the number of and the first two.
Plants seem to Fibonacci fascinated. Not only flowers, but also leaves, branches, fruit, seeds, etc. morphological characteristics, can be found in Fibonacci numbers. Phyllotaxis is the arrangement of leaves on stems, the most common is the alternate sequence, that is, only students in each section on a leaf, interaction and health. Take a leaf as a starting point for any upward to connect with the line leaves the point at all, you can see it is a spiral, twisting, until the top of the other leaf of a point at the leaves coincided with the start point at the coincidence, as the end point. From leaf to leaf from the end of the stem between the number of weeks of spiral wound, known as phyllotaxis weeks. The leaf of different species may be different weeks, between the number of leaves may be different. Such as elm leaf sequence Week 1 (that is, around the stem and 1 week), 2 leaves; mulberry leaf sequence Week 1, 3 leaves; peach phyllotaxis weeks 2, 5 leaves; pear, leaf sequencing weeks 3, 8 leaves; apricot, phyllotaxis weeks 5, 13 leaves; loose leaf sequencing weeks 8, 21 Ye ... ... with a formula that (around the stem of the week number of elements, number of leaves for the denominator), respectively, 1 / 2, 1 / 3, 2 / 5 , 3 / 8, 5 / 13, 8 / 21, ... ... these are the most common formula of the leaf, it is estimated that about 90% of plants belong to this type of phyllotaxis, and they are all composed by the Fibonacci numbers.
If you observe a sunflower chrysanthemum, will find its seeds arranged in two groups formed together with embedded spiral, one clockwise, one group is counter-clockwise. Then count the number of these spiral, although the different species of sunflower will be different, but the number of two _set_s of spiral lines are generally 89 or 34 and 55,55 and 89 and 144, of which the first number is the number of clockwise line the latter number is anti-clockwise line number, and each figure is the Fibonacci sequence in the adjacent two numbers. Look at the pineapple, pine cones on the scale arrangement, although not so complicated Sunflower faceplate, there are two similar spiral, the number is usually 8 and 13. Sometimes this spiral is not so obvious, will require careful observation notes, such as cauliflower. If you take a cauliflower look carefully, you will find on the cauliflower florets arranged in two groups also formed a spiral, and then count the number of spiral lines, is not also the two adjacent Fibonacci numbers, such as clockwise 5, 8 counter-clockwise? Break off a small flower down and then look closely, it actually is composed of smaller flowers, but also arranged into two spiral lines, the number is between two consecutive Fibonacci numbers.
Why are plants so the number of partial 爱斐波纳契? This is another, more ancient, early in ancient Greece was that people took note of it and even to worship another "mystery" figure the. Assumed to have a number of φ, it has the following interesting mathematical relationship:
φ ^ 2 - φ ^ 1-φ ^ 0 = 0
Namely: φ ^ 2-φ -1 = 0
Solutions to this equation, there are two solutions:
(1 + √ 5) / 2 = 1.6180339887 ...
(1 - √ 5) / 2 = - 0.6180339887 ...
Note that the fractional part of the two numbers are identical. Positive solution (1.6180339887 ...) is known as the number of gold or gold ratio, usually expressed with φ. This is an irrational number (no decimal infinite loop, unable to use the scores to represent), and is the most irrational of irrational numbers. Is also an irrational number, pi π with 22 / 7, the natural constant e with 19 / 7, √ 2 with 7 / 5 can be approximated very accurately out, while φ is not possible to score single-digit denominator to do accurate rational approximation.
Number of gold have some wonderful mathematical properties. It is exactly equal to the reciprocal of the fractional part of it, that is 1 / φ = φ-1, sometimes also referred to as the reciprocal of the number of gold, gold ratio. If the point of a line AB with the C partition, so that AB / AC = AC / CB, then this ratio is equal to the number of gold, C points, known as the Golden Section. If an isosceles triangle the apex angle is 36 degrees, then it's high and the bottom line than the equivalent number of gold, this golden triangle known as the triangle. If a rectangle's aspect ratio is the number of gold, then cut out a rectangle from the side of the square of its width, the remaining small rectangular aspect ratio or the golden few. This rectangle known as the golden rectangle, it can cut down the infinite ways to get a smaller and smaller golden rectangle one, but if the gold rectangle on the angle of the arc connected with, the formation of a logarithmic curve. Common newspapers, magazines, books, paper, identity cards, credit cards are close to gold with a rectangular shape, the shape of people said that this looks very comfortable. Indeed, in our lives, the number of gold everywhere, architecture, art, daily necessities, like used in the design of it, because it makes us feel that beauty and harmony.
So what gold and Fibonacci numbers have anything to do with it? According to the above equation:
φ ^ 2-φ -1 = 0,
Available:
φ = 1 + 1 / φ
= 1 + 1 / (1 + 1 / φ)
= ...
= 1 + 1 / (1 + 1 / (1 + 1 / (1 +...)))
According to the above formula, you can use this calculator calculate φ: Enter 1, to take reciprocal, add 1, and to take reciprocal, add 1, and take the countdown, ... ..., you will find more and more close to the sum of φ. Let us express the above points and the decimal approximation steps:
φ ≈ 1
φ ≈ 1 + 1 / 1 = 2 / 1 = 2
φ ≈ 1 + 1 / (1 +1 / 1) = 3 / 2 = 1.5
φ ≈ 1 + 1 / (1 +1 / (1 +1)) = 5 / 3 = 1.666667
φ ≈ 1 + 1 / (1 +1 / (1 + (1 +1))) = 8 / 5 = 1.6
φ ≈ 1 + 1 / (1 +1 / (1 + (1 + (1 +1)))) = 13 / 8 = 1.625
φ ≈ 1 + 1 / (1 +1 / (1 + (1 + (1 + (1 +1 ))))) = 21/13 = 1.615385
φ ≈ 1 + 1 / (1 +1 / (1 + (1 + (1 + (1 + (1 +1 )))))) = 34/21 = 1.619048
φ ≈ 1 + 1 / (1 +1 / (1 + (1 + (1 + (1 + (1 + (1 +1 ))))))) = 55/34 = 1.617647
φ ≈ 1 + 1 / (1 +1 / (1 + (1 + (1 + (1 + (1 + (1 + (1 +1 )))))))) = 89/55 = 1.618182 ...
Found yet? Above the molecular fraction, the denominator is adjacent Fibonacci. The original ratio of two adjacent Fibonacci numbers is approximately equal to φ, the greater the number, the more close, when the infinity, the ratio is equivalent to φ. Fibonacci numbers are closely linked to gold together. Hi 爱斐波纳契 number of plants, the number of gold is actually like. Why is this? Could it be some kind of what arrangement is God wants the world is full of beauty and harmony?
Plant branches, leaves and flowers have the same origin, are from the shoot tip meristem followed by budding, differentiation comes. The direction of sprout growth in front of a bud in a different direction, rotating a fixed angle. If you want full use of space to grow, new shoots of growth direction should be possible with the old buds from far. Then the best perspective is how much? We can write this angle 360 ° × n, where 0 Translated by Google
A large class of organisms. Most have chlorophyll, through photosynthesis, using inorganic manufacturing organic nutrients. Points lower plants (including algae, fungi, lichens, etc.) and higher plants (including bryophytes, ferns and seed plants, etc.). Known about 400,000 kinds.
Translated by Google
zhí wù
植物 zhí wù
Constitute a large number of any organism plant kingdom, its typical features are: its mobility without exercise capacity, does not have the quick reaction force exercise; the lack of obvious nerves and sense organs (although the stimulation of special instructions induction); with constitute the cell wall of cellulose; have a unique nutrition system, namely the synthesis of carbohydrates through photosynthesis, chloroplasts, without the direct absorption of organic nutrients and sexual and asexual showed a clear generational trend
Translated by Google
故植物中之
Therefore, the plants. - Ming Liu Ji "sincerity Bo Wen-Cheng Liu of public Collection"
Translated by Google
曰植物
曰植物
Yue plant. - Cai "picture"
Translated by Google
百谷草木等的总称
100 Valley vegetation such as the general term. A category of biological. Such multi-cell organisms have a cell wall. Generally have chlorophyll, mostly as inorganic nutrients, no nerves, no feeling. "Zhou Tai Situ local officials": "First of forests and their animals should hair thing, the plant material should soap, hair and the side of its people." Han Heng "Xijing fu": "Plant Health Sri Lanka, Sri Lanka only animals . "Songmei Yao Chen," and Wang Jingyi Wing pumila ":" plant a Ficus pumila, enough things have lizards, solid knowledge of different classes, but also the many friends and the wall. "Yang Shuo," the edge of Lake Dianchi Primula ":" trunk Lian (a cactus plants) are mostly plants. "
Translated by Google
The concept and types of plants
植物的概念和种类
Plants (plants) is in a large class of biological. Generally have chlorophyll, no nerves, no feeling. Sub-algae, mosses, ferns and seed plants, seed plants are divided into gymnosperms and angiosperms. More than 30 million.
Translated by Google
Origin
Dating back 2.5 billion years ago (Proterozoic), the earliest history of Earth's plants are fungi and algae, followed by algae was very busy. Until four hundred thirty-eight million years ago (Silurian), green algae, aquatic environment free from the shackles of the first landing ground, evolved into ferns, for the first time, add ground green. Three hundred and sixty million years ago (Carboniferous), fern species, is replaced by Lycopodium class, wedge leaf, ferns and seed ferns, the formation of swamp forests. The main plants in the Paleozoic rich two hundred forty-eight million years ago (Triassic) are almost all gone extinct, and gymnosperms began to rise, evolution, the pollen tube, and completely free of dependence on the water to form a dense forest. One hundred forty-five million years ago (Cretaceous) angiosperms (flowering plants) began to appear, in the rapid development of late, instead of the gymnosperms, the angiosperms form a continuation of present era. Modern types of pine, cypress, even as dawn redwood, red cedar, are produced in this period.
Translated by Google
Features
植物 特点
With the photosynthetic capacity of plants - that it can make use of light and animals do not have chlorophyll, the use of water, minerals and carbon dioxide production of food. After the release of oxygen, the remaining glucose - the energy rich material, as part of plant cells. Plant chlorophyll contains magnesium. Obvious plant cell wall and nucleus, the cell wall by the glucose polymer - cellulose composition. The ancestors of all plants are single-cell non-photosynthetic organisms, they devour the bacteria, the two formed a mutually beneficial relationship: The photosynthetic bacteria survive in plant cells (the so-called symbiosis.) Finally, transformation of bacteria into the chloroplast, it is a presence in all plants are viable but not organelles. Plants usually do not exercise, because they do not need to search for food. Most belong to angiosperm plants, there are flowering plants, which also includes a variety of trees.
Translated by Google
Most plants
The longest land plants Tropical forests in Africa, the growth of towering giant trees and plants, but also trip you stumble and fall "ghost plan", which is wrapped around the tree into numerous circle of white cane. White cane, also known as Calamus, Yunnan, China has produced. Rattan chair, rattan bed, rattan blue, rattan shelves, are white made from rattan as raw materials. White rattan stems usually very thin, thick as a small handless winecup mouth, and some even more detailed. It grows on top of a bunch of feathery leaves, leaf length of spikes. The upper part of the stem until the stem tip long and strong, also covered with large, sharp spines bent down. It is like a barbed whip, the wind, hit a tree, hold on tightly cling to the trunk, and soon a bunch and a bunch of new leaves grow. Then it continued to climb down the tree trunk, while the lower leaves will drop off. After the big climb the top of the tree white cane, or he kept long, but has nothing to climbing, so it was falling more and go out into a long stem to the tree as a pillar around which is wound into the tree many circles circle. White cane from the root to the top, up to 300 meters, the world's tallest eucalyptus than twice as long as it has. The tallest tree If a high degree of industry competition organized by the World tree, then only the Australian eucalyptus almonds, are eligible to be first. Almond Eucalyptus are generally up to 100 meters, of which one, up to 156 meters, the trunk soared as high as a fifty story building. Has been measured in human trees, it is the highest one. Birds singing in the treetops, in the trees sounds like the hum of mosquitoes, the same. Around the base of this tree up to 30 m, trunk straight, up significantly thinner, dense branches and leaves students in the top of the tree. Ye Zaisheng very strange, the general surface of the leaf is overturned, and it is the side of the air, like hanging from a tree, as the direction parallel to the projection of the sun. This strange appearance is to adapt to the dry climate, strong sunlight, the environment and reduce direct sunlight to prevent excessive water evaporation. China's tallest hardwood trees and Shorea ─ ─ Atlas Tree China's famous tropical forests in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, in the 70's found a great trees, it was beautiful gesture, towering tree trunks, standing tall above the million trees, people can not look up to see it the tree top, even the high sensitive measuring device does not help here. Therefore, people call it heaven tree. Local Dai people call it the "umbrella tree." Shorea is generally up to 60 meters. It had a measurement and analysis, we found very fast growth of Shorea, a 70-year-old Shorea, as high as 50 meters. Individual or even as high as 80 meters, diameter generally 130 centimeters, maximum 300 centimeters. The rare earth giant trees, Keke stands in the rain forests of the upper valley, higher than the second layer of trees generally more than 20 meters, I really have through highest heaven, piercing blue sky spirit! Shorea is Dipterocarpaceae, Liu An is. Liu An is the family, a total of 11 members, most of them live in Southeast Asia. Parashorea only grows in Yunnan, China, is the specialty of the rare species in China. Look on the tall, straight tree, leaves alternate, pinnate veins, yellow flowers arranged in panicles, emitting bursts of fragrance. The fruit hard. General Growth Parashorea 700-1000 m in the valley rain and mountain rainforest, forming a separate community type, showing the unique natural landscape. Therefore, the academic community see it as a sign of the tropical rain forest tree species. Parashorea excellent material, rapid growth, high productivity, a trunk of Shorea volume up to 10.5 cubic meters per plant, average growth 0.085 m3, is 2-3 with times of other species in the forest. Therefore, it is worth promoting good species. At the same time, it is rich in rubber wood, flowers contain essential oils, and many other unknown components, pending further analysis of our research and use. Parashorea with such as a high scientific value and economic value, and its distribution range and extremely narrow, so is listed as a protected plant in China. There is also a very Parashorea pro's "twin brothers", named Atlas tree. It is actually a variant of Shorea, also in the 70s found in Guangxi. This Atlas tree shape is very similar to his brother, also extremely tall, often up to 60-65 meters, light sticks have more than 30 meters under the high. The material hard, corrosion-resistant and strong, and smooth planing surface, texture and beautiful, with high economic value and scientific value. Atlas Tree only found growing in nature reserves in Guangxi get post, so the same is strictly protected. The shortest tree Why not grow alpine plants it? Where the temperature is very low, thin air, wind and large, direct sunlight, so that only those little plants can adapt to this environment. The thickest tree In Europe there is such an interesting legend: the king and queen of ancient Arabia, a leading Baiji troops, to the Mediterranean island of Sicily, Mount Etna tour, suddenly pouring rain, Baiji troops quickly to avoid a big chestnut tree, the tree just give them rain shade cover. Therefore, the king named to The big chestnut "Baiji big chestnut tree." In 1972, according to foreign reports, in Sicily's Mount Etna on the hillside, there are indeed called a "hundred horse tree," the big chestnut tree, trunk circumference as much as 55 meters or so, be over 30 staff in hand, can be surrounded it. Department has a big hole under the tree, where people have taken chestnut or warehouse used as dormitories. This is indeed the world's most thick trees. Chestnut chestnut fruit is a favorite food for the people, it is rich in starch, protein and sugar, high nutritional value, whether raw, fried, cooking, cooking cooking are suitable, not only sweet and delicious, but also There Spleen Bugan, strong body of medical effect. Volume of the largest tree Plants on the planet, and some individuals is very small, some very large individuals. Like the California redwood, tall and fat, is a tree in the "giant", so also known as Sequoia. The tree is about 100 meters tall, the tallest tree, 142 meters, 12 meters in diameter, trunk circumference of 37 meters, take two dozen adults to hold it. It is almost as thick from top to bottom, it has lived for 3,500 years the. People from the lower trunk of a hole, you can by car, or to walk side by side the four horsemen. Even after the tree cut down, people have to use the long ladder to climb up the trunk. If the tree trunk hollowed out, people can go into sixty meters, from the tree branches of a tree hole in the crotch out. It's stumps, large enough to be a small stage. Almond Eucalyptus Although higher than redwood, but it is a lanky, giant sequoias of the volume it is not as big, so size Sequoia is the world's largest trees. Volume of the earth no more plants than it was. The economic value of Sequoia is large, the sleepers, poles and building on the good material. Sequoia fire wood is not easy, there is the role of fire. The biggest tree crown As the saying goes, "trees are good shade." Do you know what the largest number of trees for shade? This is a banyan tree to the number of Bangladesh, its crown can cover about fifteen acres of land, there is one and a half football fields. Bangladesh is not only leafy banyan tree, and it can take root from the branches down. Some of these roots hanging in the air from the air to absorb water and nutrients, called "aerial roots." Most aerial roots reach the ground, buried in the bar, play to absorb nutrients and support the role of the branches. Vertical aerial roots, resembled the trunk, the largest banyan tree roots can have more than 4,000, from a distance looked like a forest. Therefore, this banyan tree, also known locals as the "One tree forest." It is said that there was a six or seven thousand troops in a large banyan Xiasheng too cold. Local people, Bangladesh is still an old banyan tree, the start of a bustling, crowded market. There is nothing in the world again, this was a big canopy. High hedges In the house, gardens and orchards around the trees planted on the lap, as if the wall, this is called the hedge, or called hedges. People often beautiful hibiscus flowers, covered with long spines of citrate orange, evergreen privet and autumn maple and other trees triangle YE as hedges. Hibiscus, Citrus orange is not grow shrubs, privet, triangle Maple although able to grow taller, but planting too close, often cutting, it is generally only 5-6 meters high. In Scotland, with the beech trees as hedges, pruning trees after this, there are still 25 meters high, some up to 30 meters. This is the world's highest hedge. The lightest wood tree Growth tropical forest in the Americas, light wood, also known as basa wood, is one of the fastest growing trees, but also the world's lightest wood. The evergreen tree, tall tree. Leaves as the Indus, five yellow petals of white flowers such as hibiscus, fruit dehiscence like cotton. China has long been introduced in southern Taiwan. 1960, in Guangdong, Fujian and other places are also widely cultivated, and grow very well. Balsa wood, only 0.1 grams per cubic centimeter, the same volume of water one-tenth of the weight. We do have to match sticks with the Topol three and half times more than its weight. Although its light texture of wood, but the structure is very strong, therefore, is the aviation, marine, and other valuable materials, special processes. Local residents have long used it as a raft to travel between the islands. China cork thermos with it. The tree than steel but also hard You may not think there will be a tree hard than iron, right? This is called iron birch tree. Bullets in this wood, as playing in the thick steel plate, as motionless. This valuable trees, 20 meters high, trunk diameter 70 cm, life is about 300-350 years. Bark dark red or nearly black, with white spots above the clouds. The leaves are oval. It's not broad areas, mainly in southern Korea and the Korean and Chinese border regions, the Soviet Union along the south coast there are some. Iron birch wood hard, hard times than oak, more than double the ordinary hard steel, is the world's most hard wood, people use it as a substitute for metal. The Soviet Union had manufactured iron birch bowls, bearings, used in the speedboat. There are some wonderful iron features birch, because of its texture is very dense, so one sank into the water; even if it is a long soak in the water, its inside still dry. Most trees are not afraid of fire When you go when the forest, far can see the "No Fireworks" wooden sign. Because trees easily catch fire, a single spark can burn large areas of forest. However, in the South China Sea area, grows a tree called the pine, with its timber made of pipe, the smoke fire even spend months and years, but also burn is not bad. When you use a hair wrapped around the pipe stem, and with the match to burn, the hair actually burning continuously. Because pine is particularly high heat, coupled with its hard wood, in particular high temperature, so afraid of fire. "Bleeding" of the tree General trees, after the injury, out of the sap is colorless and transparent. Some trees such as rubber trees, trees can milk out of a white emulsion, but you probably do not know, some trees can escape out of "blood" to. China's Guangdong, Taiwan area, the growth of a perennial vine, called the unicorn blood vine. It is usually like a snake wrapped around the other trees. Its stems can be up to 10 meters. If it is cut off or cut a hole, there will be like the "blood" as the resin flows out of the blood dry condensed into something massive. This is a very precious Chinese medicine, called "Blood" or "Kirin dried up." After analysis, Blood contains tannin, reducing sugar and resin material, treat bones and muscles pain, and a casual air, to the pain, chills, pass through the blood effect. Unicorn blood rattan palm Calamus genus. The leaves pinnate, leaflets lanceolate to linear, there are three longitudinal veins. Fruit ovoid, outside the bright yellow scales. In addition to the stem, the fruit can also be outflow of blood samples of the resin. Coincidentally. Tropical rain forest in Xishuangbanna, China also grows a very common tree, called the Dragon's Blood tree, when it is injured, will be out of a purple resin, the injured part of the red, this piece of necrosis stained wood , in Chinese medicine, also known as "Blood" or "Kirin dried up" and produced by Kirin cuneata "Blood" has the same effect. Dracaena trees belong to the lily family. Though not too high, about 10 meters, but the trunk is unusually thick, often up to 1 meter. It was a long ribbon with white blades, sharp tip, like a sharp sword, and fell Mimicengceng _insert_ed in the top branches. In general, monocots grow to a certain level can not continue to grow the bold. Although Dracaena are monocots, but it was able to stem the parenchyma cells to keep dividing to make bold and woody stems year after year, and the formation of trees. Dracaena originating in the Atlantic Canary Islands. There are 150 species worldwide, of only 5 species, grown in Yunnan, Hainan and Taiwan. Dracaena or longevity of the trees, the longest up to over six thousand years old. It so happened, Yunnan and Guangdong in China and other places there is a tree called annatto. If it is broken or cut branches will flow like the "blood" as the juice. Moreover, its seeds have a bright red fleshy skin, do the red dye, so called mahogany. Annatto is a mahogany wood case families. For the small evergreen tree, generally up to 3-4 meters, and some can be 10 meters or more. The leaf size, shape and sunflower leaves similar. Petiole very long, red and brown in a small surface of leaf spots. Interestingly, the variety of colors, with red, white, there are rose-colored, very beautiful. Even fruit is red mahogany, and its outside is a soft, dense thorn, many hidden inside the dark red seeds. Annatto red fruit flesh around the seeds can be used as red dye to stain infected candy can also be used in textile, cotton and other textiles for the staining. The seeds can also be used as medicine for the convergence of antipyretic. Bark tough, rich in fiber, can be made into strong rope. The strange thing is, if the friction between the wood, but also very easy to fire it! Longevity of trees in the old As the saying goes: "Life seventy rare ancient times," even if the longevity of people live to a hundred. However, the age and longevity than some trees, is negligible. The life of many trees are more than a century. Apricot, persimmon trees can live a hundred years. Mandarin, orange, chestnut can live to three hundred. Cedar can live a thousand years old. Nanjing, a Six loose more than a thousand four hundred years of history, but it is not old. Qufu cypress or two thousand four hundred years ago, antique it. Alishan, Taiwan red cypress, as much as three thousand years of history. This is the life of our country's longest living tree, but not really in the world. Oldest surviving tree is growing in the United States, bristlecone pine, and some have more than 4,000 years old. Giant Sequoia can live 5,000 years to 6,000 years. The world's oldest tree, to calculate the Canary island of West Africa's a Dracaena. Hundred years ago, the Spaniards determine its Long live about 8000-1. This is the birthday of old trees in the world. Unfortunately, a hurricane in 1868 destroyed. The most short-lived seed plants In nature, plants propagated by seed variety, with longevity, but also short-lived. Woody plants than herbaceous life much longer. Flora of the "old god of longevity", are out there in the woody plants. Herbaceous plants in general, usually a few months to ten years of life. Plant life span, and their living environment. Some plants to make their own in the harsh, harsh environment to survive, after a long and hard "exercise" to practice the rapid growth and rapid flowering and fruiting ability. There is a plant called the Law together with the growth in cold Pamirs. Where the summer is very short, just a little warmth to June, together with Romania germinate and grow in a hurry. After a month, it was twenty-three dendrites grow to bear fruit quickly, before the arrival of the frost to complete the process of life. Its life is so short, but still capable of the monthly rates. Growth must be the shortest life expectancy in the short-lived in the desert daisy, it can only live a few weeks. Desert long-term drought, short-lived seeds chrysanthemum, slight rain in the time to quickly sprout growth, flowering, in time before the drought came, the rush to complete its life cycle, or it would "break were Marie" . Upward growth of the fastest growing plants Growth in China's Yunnan, Guangxi and Southeast Asia group blooms a year to 3.5 meters tall. In the Seventh World Forestry Conference, known as the "miracle tree." Growth in Central and South America, light wood, trees and flowers grow faster than the group that it can grow year high of 5 meters. However, the absolute growth rate of woody plants to be bamboo title. It from the bamboo shoots to grow into, as long as two months to up to 20 meters, about six or seven buildings that high. Growth peak time, day and night can be increased by 1 meter. Therefore, the "mushroom" argument. The growth of bamboo rather special, it is a steadily lengthening. The number of sections and multiple shoots thick bamboo grown there are that many festivals and more coarse. Once the bamboo grown, not taller. The growth of all the trees, the bud tip in the young, bold stretch slowly, after several decades to several centuries, it will slowly grow taller bold. Slowest tree growth The rate of natural growth of trees is really varied, and some surprisingly fast, and some awfully slow. For example, in the Soviet Union in the Kalahari Desert, there is a tree called the Galway Z., tall is short, the entire crown is round, and if looked from the front, like a small round table on the sand. It was very slow increase of 100 years length 30 cm. If the growth rate and compared to bamboo, the truth cow chasing cars. Galway Z. tree 333 years to reach the height of the growth of bamboo a day. Galway Z. tree growth and why it is so slowly? In addition to its nature outside the rare desert rain, the weather was dry, windy, which is an important reason. Largest flower Large plants in southeast Asia is the world's largest, diameter 90 cm. It gives off a very unpleasant taste, but fly very like it. Warm-blooded plants No matter how the external environment, plant flowers, always maintain a constant temperature, such as GE taro flower temperature is about 38 degrees, while the outside temperature reached 20 degrees, the temperature is maintained at 40 degrees, this ability is to put their flowers as a miniature environment to attract insects to enhance pollination risk. The plant sacred and mysterious figures in the harmonious beauty? Poker on the "plum" is not a plum, not even flowers, but the clover. In Western history, clover is a very symbolic meaning of plants, representative of the first leaf is said to hope that the confidence of the second leaf on behalf of the third leaf represents love, and if you find a four leaf clover to will have bad luck, to find happiness. In the field looking for four leaf clover, is a game of Western children, but hard to find, it is estimated that each of clover plants, there will be a four-leaf mutant. Yes, they are the Fibonacci numbers. Fibonacci (1170-1240) is a medieval Italian mathematician, he is not the number of petals in number, but in solving a problem about rabbit breeding, obtained in this series. Suppose you have a pair of one male and one female rabbit born, they grow to the size started mating month in the second end of the month, the female rabbit gave birth to another pair of rabbits, a month after they started breeding, so so continue. Female rabbits at the beginning of each monthly production during the next breeding rabbits, assuming that no rabbits die, how many total in the year of the rabbit? In the end, the first mating pair of rabbits, but there is only 1 on the rabbit; in late February, female rabbits birth to rabbits, 2 rabbits; in late March, the oldest female rabbits gave birth to a second pair of rabbits , 3 rabbits; in late April, the oldest third of the female rabbit gave birth to rabbits, two months of pre-existence of the female rabbit birth to rabbits, a total of 5 rabbits; ... ... such and such calculations go, the rabbit log are: 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55,89, 144, ... see the law of it? Starting from the number 3, each number is the number and the previous two. Plants seem to Fibonacci hooked. Not only flowers, but also leaves, branches, fruit, seed morphology, etc., can be found in Fibonacci numbers. Phyllotaxis is the arrangement of leaves in the stem, the most common is the alternate leaf arrangement, that each section had only one leaf on, interactive and students. Take a leaf as arbitrary starting point, all the leaves up with a line connecting points of the students, you can find it is a helix, spiral, until the top of the other leaf is just the starting point of birth point leaves the students point of coincidence, as the end point. From the beginning to the end leaves the spiral wound between the stem and leaves of the number of weeks, known as phyllotaxis weeks. The leaf sequence of different species may be different weeks, between the number of leaves may be different. Such as elm, leaves Xu weeks 1 (that is around the Jing 1 week), 2 leaves; Sang, Ye Xu Zhou 1, 3 leaves; peach, leaf Xu Zhou 2, 5 leaves; pear, leaf Xu weeks 3, 8 leaves; apricot, phyllotaxis weeks 5, 13 leaves; loose leaf arrangement weeks 8, 21 Ye ... ... with the formula (around the stem of the weekly number of molecules, the number of leaves as the denominator), respectively, 1 / 2, 1 / 3, 2 / 5 , 3 / 8, 5 / 13, 8 / 21, ... ... these are the most common leaf arrangement formula, it is estimated that about 90% of plants belong to this leaf arrangement, and they are all composed by the Fibonacci numbers. If you observe the chrysanthemum sunflower, you will find the composition of its seeds arranged in two _set_s of spiral phase embedded together, one clockwise, one group is counterclockwise. Then count the number of these spiral lines, although different species of sunflowers will be different, but the number of these two groups is generally spiral 34 and 55,55 and 89 or 89 and 144, of which the first number is the number of lines clockwise the latter figure is counterclockwise lines, and Fibonacci numbers are each in two adjacent numbers. Look at the pineapple, pine cone scales on the order, although not so complex Sunflower faceplate, there are also two similar spiral, the number is usually 8 and 13. Sometimes this spiral is not so obvious, you need to look closely will notice, such as cauliflower. If you take a serious look cauliflower, you will find on the cauliflower florets arranged in spiral lines also formed two groups, and then count the number of spiral lines, is not also the two adjacent Fibonacci numbers, such as clockwise 5, 8 counter-clockwise? Broke off a flower down another look, and it is actually composed of smaller flowers, but also arranged into two spiral lines, the number is two adjacent Fibonacci numbers. Why are plants so the number of partial 爱斐波纳契? This is another, more ancient, ancient Greeks were the people to worship it noted that even another "magic" numbers related. Assume a number of φ, it has the following interesting mathematical relationship: φ ^ 2 - φ ^ 1-φ ^ 0 = 0 Namely: φ ^ 2-φ -1 = 0 Solve this equation, there are two solutions: (1 + √ 5) / 2 = 1.6180339887 ... (1 - √ 5) / 2 = - 0.6180339887 ... Note that the fractional part of the two numbers are identical. Positive solution (1.6180339887 ...) is called the golden ratio or golden number, usually expressed by φ. This is an irrational number (no decimal infinite loop, can not be expressed with a fraction), and is the most irrational of irrational numbers. Is also an irrational number, pi π with 22 / 7, the natural constant e with 19 / 7, √ 2 with 7 / 5 can be expressed very accurately approximated, and the denominator of φ is not possible to do the score for the single-digit precision rational approximation. Gold has some wonderful few mathematical nature. It is exactly equal to the reciprocal of the fractional part of it, that 1 / φ = φ-1, sometimes also referred to as the countdown to the number of gold, gold ratio. If the point of a straight line ab divided by c, so that ab / ac = ac / cb, then the ratio is equal to the number of gold, c point is called the golden section points. If an isosceles triangle the angle is 36 degrees, then it's high and the bottom line than the equivalent number of gold, this golden triangle known as the triangle. If a rectangle's aspect ratio is the number of gold, then cut out a rectangle from the side of the square of its width, the remaining small rectangular aspect ratio or golden number. This rectangle known as the golden rectangle, it can cut down the infinite ways to get the gold one smaller rectangle, and if the gold rectangle diagonally connected with the arc, the formation of a logarithmic curve. Popular newspapers, magazines, books, paper, identity cards, credit cards are close to the gold with a rectangular shape, this shape is said to make people look very comfortable. Indeed, in our lives, the number of gold everywhere, architecture, art, everyday items used in the design like it because it makes us feel that beauty and harmony. So what gold and Fibonacci numbers have anything to do with it? According to the above equation: φ ^ 2-φ -1 = 0, Available: φ = 1 + 1 / φ = 1 + 1 / (1 + 1 / φ) = ... = 1 + 1 / (1 + 1 / (1 + 1 / (1 +...))) According to the above formula, you can use this calculator calculate φ: type 1, and to take reciprocal, add 1, and to take reciprocal, add 1, and to take reciprocal, ... ..., you will find more and more close to the sum of φ. Let us use to represent fractions and decimal approximation of the above steps: φ ≈ 1 φ ≈ 1 + 1 / 1 = 2 / 1 = 2 φ ≈ 1 + 1 / (1 +1 / 1) = 3 / 2 = 1.5 φ ≈ 1 + 1 / (1 +1 / (1 +1)) = 5 / 3 = 1.666667 φ ≈ 1 + 1 / (1 +1 / (1 + (1 +1))) = 8 / 5 = 1.6 φ ≈ 1 + 1 / (1 +1 / (1 + (1 + (1 +1)))) = 13 / 8 = 1.625 φ ≈ 1 + 1 / (1 +1 / (1 + (1 + (1 + (1 +1 ))))) = 21/13 = 1.615385 φ ≈ 1 + 1 / (1 +1 / (1 + (1 + (1 + (1 + (1 +1 )))))) = 34/21 = 1.619048 φ ≈ 1 + 1 / (1 +1 / (1 + (1 + (1 + (1 + (1 + (1 +1 ))))))) = 55/34 = 1.617647 φ ≈ 1 + 1 / (1 +1 / (1 + (1 + (1 + (1 + (1 + (1 + (1 +1 )))))))) = 89/55 = 1.618182 ... Found yet? Above the molecular fraction, the denominator is adjacent Fibonacci numbers. The original ratio of two adjacent Fibonacci numbers is approximately equal to φ, the larger the number, the more close, when the infinity, the ratio is equivalent to φ. Fibonacci numbers are closely linked to gold together. Hi 爱斐波纳契 number of plants, in fact, like gold number. Why is this? Are there any plans somewhere, that God wants the world is full of beauty and harmony? Plants, branches, leaves and flowers have the same origin, are from the shoot tip meristem followed by budding, differentiation came. Sprouts in front of the direction and growth of a bud in a different direction, rotating a fixed angle. To take full advantage of the growth of space, the direction of sprout growth should be possible with the old buds from far. Then the optimum angle is how much? We can write this angle 360 ° × n, where 0 <n <1, because the sides, and an angle is the same (just different from the direction of rotation), for example n = 0.4 and n = 0.6 is actually the same results, so We only need to consider 0.5 ≤ n <1 the situation. If the new shoots to sprout from the previous old far as possible, should grow to its opposite, ie n = 0.5 = 1 / 2, but then the first two shoots with old buds in the same direction, the first three shoots with the first one shoots in the same direction, ... ..., that is, there is only around 1 week to overlap, and a total of only two growth direction, the middle of the space wasted. If 0.6 = 3 / 5 it? Around 3 weeks to overlap, and a total of only five directions. In fact, if n is a proper fraction p / q, it means that overlap around the p week, a total of q a growth direction. Obviously, if n is able to use a fraction of the irrational number, it will "right" is much more. What kind of irrational numbers _select_ed it? Pi π, the natural constant e and √ 2 is not a good choice because they are respectively the fractional part of 1 / 7, 5 / 7 and 2 / 5 is very close to, that is, are around 1, 5 and 2 weeks to overlap were a total of only 7, 7 and 5 directions. So conclusion is, the more irrational irrational number the better, more "rational." As we have already mentioned, the most irrational of irrational numbers is the number of gold φ ≈ 1.618. In other words, n the best value ≈ 0.618, which shoots the best rotation angle is about 360 ° × 0.618 ≈ 222.5 ° or 137.5 °. Man's best friend ╠ ╠ ╠ plant food Luo Siqi Aging is a complex biological phenomena, the aging process involves a lot has yet to explain the biological effects. However, in recent years, scientific research has confirmed that free radicals as culprit. Body by radiation, the sun, cigarettes, gas and other pollution, in the free radicals produced during metabolism, these free radicals cause a variety of damage to the body, one for the destruction of the cell wall and the genetic material, changing the body's biological compounds. Scientists believe that free radicals are cancer, heart disease, cerebrovascular recession (such as Alzheimer's disease) and cataract and other diseases of the accomplice. Free radicals accumulate, the body slowly failure, is the aging process. Fortunately, the body's self-defense capabilities to fight against free radicals, produce antioxidants, such as the police general caught the free radical, stop the damage. Some of this army of its own antioxidant production, and some plant foods can be added. So scientists have advised you: eat smart, live healthy. Adelaide, Australia, nutrition, gastrointestinal health and cancer prevention program director 伊沃夫德雷 Austi doctors said: vitamin a, c, e, b-carotene, copper, manganese, zinc and selenium are all antioxidants They have two functions, minerals such as manganese, zinc can inhibit the production of free radicals, and vitamins a, c, e and b-carotene, such as scavenger is to remove free radicals. Two two-pronged effect, coupled with living a normal life, quit smoking less alcohol to retard aging. Plant foods are the natural enemies of human aging Fruits and vegetables At least two servings of fruits a day to eat five vegetables, is the number one anti-aging weapon. Green leafy vegetables such as cabbage, broccoli, spinach, etc., rich in antioxidants. Orange and yellow vegetables such as carrots, cucumbers, sweet potatoes, corn with a large number of B carotene. Red vegetables such as tomatoes, red peppers, amaranth (red root material) also contain antioxidants, anti-aging. All kinds of cabbage cancer, eat more useful. Citrus fruits such as orange, grapefruit, tangerines, etc., containing vitamin c is well known. Also, eat melons. Beans, beans and legumes (including soy beans and various legumes) containing phytoestrogens can be beauty and maintain radiant. Soy also contains isoflavones, antioxidant, anticancer. A variety of nuts and seeds nuts and seeds are rich in vitamin e, it is fat-soluble vitamin, antioxidant effect is very strong. Eat almonds, walnuts it. Spices and garlic, coriander, mint leaves, garlic, inhibit cancer. Garlic better protect brain cells, reduce the speed of brain degeneration. Prevention of Alzheimer's disease, to eat garlic by. Wild rice than brown rice good for mixing in some of the brown rice, red rice and wild rice, good for the skin. Especially wild rice, which is actually a grass seed, it contains antioxidants and vitamin e. In addition, also pay attention to cooking oil, animal oil should not be used again, to switch to vegetable oil it, and vegetable oils, olive oil and canola oil is best. Australian nutritionist has designed a anti-aging diet, six-day meals are pursuing three high and one low policy, that is, high calcium, high-fiber, high-carbon hydrate, low fat. Fruit itself is a drug Fresh fruit contains a variety of essential vitamins, carbohydrates, protein, fat, crude fiber and minerals and other nutrients. Treatment with fruit, not only "medicine" becomes delicious, and will not damage the body's physiological balance. The following are examples of fruits and therapy, we may wish to reference. Diabetes Daily consumption of 200 grams of pineapple, pear, cherry, bayberry and other fruits, coupled with appropriate exercise can control diabetes in general. These fruits contain pectin, alter insulin secretion, decreased the patient's blood sugar, the fruit of the cellulose also can delay gastric emptying time, so groceries stay longer in the small intestine, preventing the digestion Grocery mucosal proliferation and delay glucose absorption. Also, patients with diabetes due to loss of vitamin diuresis can also be supplemented by fruit. Coronary heart disease In addition to drugs and low-fat diet, the fruit has been taken as a treatment for coronary heart disease. It was found that large doses of niacin to decrease the role of blood lipids, high doses of vitamin c is a lower blood cholesterol and improve blood circulation, the role of protecting the vessel wall. Orange, grapefruit, peach, apricot, plum, strawberry, jujube and other fruits are rich in niacin and vitamin c, so the consumption of these fruits help to treat coronary heart disease. In addition, the fruit of the crude fiber contains lignin, a cholesterol-lowering effect produced. The unsaturated fatty acid in olive, you can treat Hyperlipoproteinemia. The main method of treatment of heart failure, is the implementation of low sodium high potassium diet, generally require patients to a daily consumption of salt soy sauce, no more than 2 grams or less than 10 ml. However, it is sometimes difficult to achieve because some foods contain more sodium compounds (eg base). And most fruits are little sodium, potassium lot; 100 grams of potassium up to 199 mg of orange, while only 1.4 mg sodium; 100 grams of apples and potassium 100 mg sodium 1.4 mg. Therefore, the fruit is to protect the blood vessels and prevent coronary heart disease medicine. Liver disease The liver is the carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins and hormone metabolism in vital organs. Liver illness, such as acute and chronic viral hepatitis, cirrhosis and liver cancer, liver cells cause damage to cause human metabolic disorders. Multivitamin supplement for the treatment of liver diseases, the main measures, such as vitamin b have control and protection of liver fatty degeneration of the role of the liver, vitamin c liver cells can enhance resistance to disease, and promote liver regeneration. These vitamin intake from fruits, fruits can be converted into nicotinic acid, niacin and coenzyme amines a, also have therapeutic effects on the liver. In addition, the fruit of the carotene in the body into vitamin a, to add to bile acid metabolism in patients with disorders due to a lack of vitamin a, at the same time, it will not fruit, resulting in excessive carotene vitamin a poisoning. Watermelon, orange, beak pear, grapefruit, dates, bananas, litchi, apple, are commonly used to treat liver diseases of fruit. Severe hepatic coma patients, because liver cells have been largely destroyed, in addition to fruit, but also need to treat a variety of vitamins. Habitual constipation Constipation is often caused by intestinal dysfunction, if the consumption of more fruits containing cellulose, such as bananas, apples, oranges, etc., all can promote bowel movements and treatment of constipation. The elderly, can eat some cooked fruits and vegetables, drink hot water before breakfast, to promote bowel movements caused by the gastrocolic reflex, if combined with moderate exercise, treatment will be better. Burn Burn patients vitamin demand for larger, which can increase the vitamin a proliferation of fibroblasts and in vivo light proline content, the ability to enhance wound healing. In addition, vitamin c can also promote wound healing. Also, because burn patients plasma and urine of vitamin c, thiamin, niacin and riboflavin are lower, therefore in particular need to supplement, and these are available from the fruit intake. 【Plants, "pulse"】 In recent years, some botanists in the study of plants found in the trunk thickening speeds, they all have their own unique "Emotions", also has obvious regularity. Plants have similar human stem the "pulse" a strange phenomenon of a shrinking beat, maybe some people will ask, plants of the "pulse" how it was? Originally, every sunny day, the sun rises in the east just when the plants begin to shrink the trunk, has been extended to sun_set_. In the night, the trunk to stop contractions, begin to swell, and can last well into the next morning. This small plant on the night of the beating of crude a day, again and again, but each beat, slightly larger than the contraction of the total expansion. Thus, the gradual enlargement of the trunk so grown up. However, the encounter rain, tree trunks, "Pulse" is almost a complete stop. During rainfall, the trunk continued day and night is always thicker, until the rain cleared and the trunk begins to shrink again before it can be regarded as plant "pulse" of a "pathological" features. The pulse of this strange phenomenon is caused by motion of water plants. Through accurate measurements, scientists found that when plant roots absorb water and leaf transpiration of water, like a long time, basically the trunk thickness changes will not occur. However, if the absorption of moisture over the transpiration of water, the trunk will thicken the contrary, when the tree will shrink in the water. Knowing this, plant the "pulse" it is easy to understand. At night, stomata are always closed, which greatly reduces the transpiration of water, so the tree thickening. And during the day, the majority of plant stomata are open, water transpiration increased, the trunk will tend to shrink. There are many woody plants have this phenomenon, however, the "pulse" phenomenon is particularly evident also comes as a number of fast-growing broadleaf species. 】 【Photosynthesis Photosynthesis of green plants on earth the most common and largest of the reaction process, in organic synthesis, accumulation of solar energy and clean air, to keep atmospheric oxygen content and stability in the carbon cycle and play a significant role, is the basis for agricultural production, in theory and practice are of great significance. Leaf photosynthesis is the main organ of photosynthesis in chloroplasts is an important organelle. Chloroplast pigments of higher plants, including chlorophyll (a and b) and carotenoids (carotene and lutein), which distributed in the photosynthetic membrane. Chlorophyll absorption and fluorescence phenomena, that it can absorb solar energy, excited by the light. Biosynthesis of chlorophyll formation in light conditions, is well received by genetic constraints, but also by light, temperature, mineral nutrition, water and oxygen and other effects. Including the light reactions of photosynthesis, photosynthetic carbon assimilation of two interrelated steps, including the primary reaction light reaction and electron transfer and photophosphorylation in two stages, where the former for the absorption of light energy, transmission and conversion, the conversion of light energy into electrical energy, which will be transformed into electrical energy atp and nadph2 (collectively referred to assimilation force) two active chemical energy. Active and stable chemical energy into chemical energy is accomplished through the process of carbon assimilation. Carbon assimilation are c3, c4 and cam three ways, according to the different carbon assimilation pathway, the plant is divided into plant c3, c4 plants and cam plants. But c3 way common to all plants, the main form of carbon assimilation, its fixed co2 is rubp carboxylase enzyme. c4 means and cam means are nothing but co2 fixed in different ways, finally to be in plants release co2 again, starch synthesis pathway in c3. c4 means and cam means are fixed co2 pep carboxylase enzyme, its affinity is greater than rubp co2 carboxylase, c4 way to play the role of co2 pump; cam means is characterized by a nocturnal stomatal opening, and fixed co2 absorption the formation of malic acid, daytime stomatal closure during the night to form malic acid decarboxylation by the release of co2, c3 way through the formation of sugar. This is the formation of long-term adaptive evolution. Photorespiration of green cells to absorb co2 o2 release process, the substrate is an intermediate product rubp c3 means the formation of glycolic acid and oxygen. Approach is followed by the acid in the chloroplast, peroxisome and mitochondria carried out. c3 apparent photorespiration plants, c4 plants photorespiration is not obvious. Photosynthetic rate of plant varieties by plant species, growth stage, such as accumulation of photosynthetic products vary, but also by light, co2, temperature, moisture, mineral elements, o2 and other environmental conditions. The impact of environmental factors on photosynthesis is not isolated, but are related to the interaction. Within a certain range, more suitable for a variety of conditions, the photosynthetic rate is faster. Light use efficiency of plants is still very low at present. Crop yield with the theoretical value of existing so different yield potential. To improve energy efficiency, it should reduce the energy loss caused by light leakage, etc. and improve the energy conversion rate, mainly through the appropriate increase in photosynthetic area, photosynthetic time to extend and improve the photosynthetic efficiency, and reduce economic output coefficient of consumption of photosynthetic products. Improve the photosynthetic performance is the fundamental way to increase crop yields. 】 【Plant respiration Respiration is an important component of higher plant metabolism. Close relationship with the plant's life activities. Respiration of living cells to continue to break down the material for a variety of plants provide the energy needed for life activities and synthesis of important organic raw material, but can also enhance plant resistance to disease. Respiration is the hub of plant metabolism. According to whether aerobic respiration, aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration is divided into two types. Under normal conditions, aerobic respiration is the main form of higher plants to breathe, but in special tissue hypoxia and anaerobic respiration of plants can be to maintain the metabolism. Respiratory metabolism of a number of channels through its long-term evolution of plant diversity is a form of adaptability to the changing environment. emp-tca cycle oxidative decomposition of organic matter in plants, the main way, and ppp and other channels in the respiratory metabolism also plays an important role. Complete oxidation of respiratory substrate, the final release of co2 and produce water, while the energy of the substrate into the active form of the activation energy atp. emp-tca cycle, only a small amount of co2 and atp formation. The vast majority of energy is also stored in the nadh and fadh2 in. These substances through the respiratory chain electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation, the part of the energy stored in the atp, this is the main storage form of respiration to release energy. Respiratory Metabolism in Plants by many factors both inside and outside. Respiration affect the activities of the plant life, and therefore crop cultivation, breeding and seed, fruit and vegetable, tuberous roots, the storage and keeping fresh tubers are closely related. Humans can use knowledge of respiration, respiratory rate adjustments to make it better for the production of services. Plant means the plant and animal biology corresponding to the other stakeholders. Is the difference between animals and plants in the formation of long-term evolutionary process. But for small organisms, the difference between them is sometimes not obvious. Trend as the evolution of plants, by way of cell stacking (piling pattern) formed by ontogeny, cell wall formation, photosynthesis and chlorophyll by an independent system, independent of nutrition metabolism is the main type of establishment, and in Based on this and other non-sports is a secondary feature. It is estimated that the existing plant species around about 300,000 kinds, which accounted for more than half of the vegetable kingdom fungi, due to its lack of attention to this important feature of chlorophyll, while the plant is divided into two clusters, and some believe that the whole biosphere can be divided into animals, fungi, plants the three groups (f.a.bar-keley, 1937). Regard to the classification system, based on previous seed plants (flowering plants) as the classification of focus, was subsequently transferred to the so-called hidden flowering plants. Now put the plant kingdom is divided into 10 ╠ 13 doors, seed plants just to be one of them. But even today, the door to an important position and its content, differences of opinion among scholars, the animal kingdom than the situation even more significant. In general, the first half of the 20th century to Engler (h.g.a.engler) classification system is most popular, the latter half of Zeyi Pasture (a.pascher) classification system gradually dominant.
Translated by Google
Rare and Endangered Plants in China
中国珍稀濒危植物
中国珍稀濒危植物
】 【Adiantum Generic】 【adiantum reniforme l. var. Sinense yx ling 【Chinese】 Adiantum scientific name 【Branch】 adiantaceae maidenhair fern families do not Endangered Endangered category】 【【】 two levels of protection 【Status】 Wanxian and Shizhu only found in Sichuan, due to road excavation for medicinal purposes, are few in number, into endangered County, Sichuan Province】 【distribution Wanxian Wuling, Xinxiang, a small da mountain, fir floors, Shizhu 【Elevation (M) the average temperature】 【】 【】 【Annual precipitation neutral soil a bit more alkaline ph value】 Born】 【ecological characteristics of temperature and humidity without shaded rock crevice Mianbao or grass on the soil Flowering】 【7】 【fruit 8-9 】 【Scientific value of a study regarding the genetic relationship and geographic distribution of flora are of great value such as 】 【Economic value of the whole plant to heat and detoxifying, diuretic Tonglin drugs, but also for the appreciation 】 【Protection measures for the protection of designated point of origin, and were cultivated Reproduction】 【ramets or spores 】 【Original Angiopteris Generic】 【archangiopteris henryi christ et gies. 【Chinese】 original Angiopteris scientific name 【】 Angiopteridaceae divisions Division Angiopteris Endangered Endangered category】 【【】 two levels of protection 【Status】 remaining southeast of Yunnan, Yin Senlin shrinking size, habitat change, facing endangered Distribution of provincial and county】 【Jinping, Pingbian 【Elevation (M) the average temperature】 【】 【】 【Annual precipitation values of soil ph】 4.5-5.5 【Type】 red soil red soil red soil or The lower slopes of terrain features】 【edge of the valley 【Features】 ecological habitats wet seasonal rain forest 7-8 flowering】 【】 11 【fruit 】 【Scientific value of the evolution of the fern flora of origin of valuable Economic value】 【shade ornamental plants 】 【Protection measures have been designated nature reserves, need to quickly improve the management system Reproduction】 【spores; cultivation recruits Requirements of】 【cultivated a warm damp environment _select_ion Fern】 【off Generic】 【phyllitis japonica kom. 【Chinese】 off fern scientific name 】 【Divisions aspleniaceae Aspleniaceae Rare and endangered category】 【【】 two levels of protection 【Status】 exists only in the south and west of Changbai Mountain, Jilin, scattered distribution 】 【Distribution of Jilin Province Changbai Korean Autonomous County, _set_ security, Fusong, Huadian 【Description】 distribution of the Soviet Union, Korea, Japan 【Type】 cool weather, wet 【Elevation (M) the average temperature】 【】 Annual precipitation】 【946】 【acidic soil ph values 【】 Dark brown forest soil type soil Ecological characteristics】 【mountain deciduous forest humus layer, hi damp 【】 【Flowering fruit Period Scientific value】 【fill gaps in the geographical distribution of plant geography of flora learn valuable 【】 Ornamental plants of economic value Protection of conservation measures】 【origin, find out the existing number of protected areas Zairu 】 【Reproduction reproductive spores meristematic 】 【Light leaf fern 【】 Cystoathyrium chinense ching scientific name 【Chinese】 light leaf fern scientific name 】 【Divisions athyriaceae Athyriaceae Endangered Endangered category】 【【】 two levels of protection 【Status】 Yinsen Lin harvesting, habitat changes, the number of rare and endangered County, Sichuan Province】 【day fully distributed Erlang duck to Group rock Ping Niu 【Type】 climate all year round wet and foggy, rain, sunshine less 【Elevation (M) the average temperature】 【】 Annual precipitation】 【1800-2000】 【soil ph value 4.5-5.5 【Type】 mountain yellow soil and mountain yellow brown soil 】 【Topographic features of mountain in the west 【Features】 shady forest ecosystem Community Characteristics】 【subtropical mountain evergreen and deciduous broadleaved mixed forest Companion species】 【Package oak Ke lithocarpus cleistocarpus rehd. Et wils. Bian thorn cone castanopsis platyacantha rehd. Et wils. Involucrata davidia involucrata baillon Hong Hua betula insignis franch. Utilis betula utilis d.don 7-8 flowering】 【】 【fruit 9 The study of scientific value】 【ferns hybridization and the phylogenetic value of the Section 】 【Protection measures to protect the country of origin to try to breed cultivated Reproduction】 【ramets or spores 】 【Alsophila 【Scientific name
Translated by Google
Plant definition:
Photosynthesis of plants is the ability of terrestrial multicellular eukaryotes. But many more cells are capable of photosynthesis of algae organisms, and plants are the most important difference is that the aquatic and terrestrial. Under such a definition we can; plant is more suitable for terrestrial life, photosynthetic eukaryotic cells, from the root, stem, leaf composition, surface cuticle, stomata, conducting tissue, and estrogen and / or male with asci, ascospores in the distribution in the embryo development. Important difference between these plants and algae that is very different, so the algae in the five sectors included in the system of native biological. On the other hand, algae and plants have much in common, whether it really should belong to different sectors, there are controversial. Common English translation: plant plant; vegetation plants (general); botany (Botany); greenery (green)
Translated by Google
The concept and types of plants
Plant (Plants) is in a large class of biological. Generally have chlorophyll, no nerves, no feeling. Sub-algae, ferns, bryophytes and seed plants, seed plants are divided into gymnosperms and angiosperms. More than 30 million. Plants dating back 2.5 billion years ago (Proterozoic), the earliest history of Earth's plants are fungi and algae, followed by algae was very busy. Until four hundred thirty-eight million years ago (Silurian), green algae, aquatic environment free from the shackles of the first landing ground, evolved into ferns, for the first time, add ground green. Three hundred and sixty million years ago (Carboniferous), fern species, is replaced by Lycopodium class, wedge leaf, ferns and seed ferns, the formation of swamp forests. The main plants in the Paleozoic rich two hundred forty-eight million years ago (Triassic) are almost all gone extinct, and gymnosperms began to rise, evolution, the pollen tube, and completely get rid of the
Translated by Google
Plant growth by the sun
All the time the sun light and heat transmission to Earth, with the sunlight, the plants on the planet to carry out photosynthesis. The leaves of most plants are green because they contain chlorophyll. Chlorophyll only use the energy of sunlight to synthesis of various substances, the process called photosynthesis. It is calculated that each day the whole world green plants can produce about 4 million tons of protein, carbohydrate and fat at the same time, but also released into the air nearly 500 million tons more than the oxygen, provides sufficient human and animal food and oxygen.
Translated by Google
Photosynthesis
植物的光合作用
植物的光合作用
植物的光合作用
Photosynthesis of green plants on earth the most common and largest of the reaction process, in organic synthesis, accumulation of solar energy and clean air, to keep atmospheric oxygen content and stability in the carbon cycle and play a significant role, is the basis for agricultural production, in theory and practice are of great significance. Leaf photosynthesis is the main organ of photosynthesis in chloroplasts is an important organelle. Chloroplast pigments of higher plants, including chlorophyll (a and b) and carotenoids (carotene and lutein), which distributed in the photosynthetic membrane. Chlorophyll absorption and fluorescence phenomena, that it can absorb solar energy, excited by the light. Biosynthesis of chlorophyll formation in light conditions, is well received by genetic constraints, but also by light, temperature, mineral nutrition, water and oxygen and other effects. Including the light reactions of photosynthesis, photosynthetic carbon assimilation of two interrelated steps, including the primary reaction light reaction and electron transfer and photophosphorylation in two stages, where the former for the absorption of light energy, transmission and conversion, the conversion of light energy into electrical energy, which will be transformed into ATP energy and NADPH2 (collectively referred to assimilation force) two active chemical energy. Active and stable chemical energy into chemical energy is accomplished through the process of carbon assimilation. Carbon assimilation with C3, C4 and CAM in three ways, according to the different carbon assimilation pathway, the plant is divided into C3 plants, C4 plants and CAM plants. But the C3 pathway is common to all plants, the main form of carbon assimilation, and a fixed CO2 is the RuBP carboxylase enzyme. C4 pathway and CAM CO2 fixation pathway is but in different ways, and finally again in plants have CO2 released from the C3 pathway involved in synthesis of starch. C4 pathway and CAM CO2 fixation pathway of the enzyme is PEP carboxylase, the affinity of its CO2 than RuBP carboxylase, C4 pathway plays a role in CO2 pump; CAM is characterized by means of stomatal opening night, fixed CO2 absorption and the formation of malic acid, daytime stomatal closure during the night to form malic acid decarboxylation by the release of CO2, C3 pathway through the formation of sugar. This is the formation of long-term adaptive evolution. Photorespiratory O2 uptake in green cells the process of release of CO2, which is the C3 pathway substrate RuBP and oxygen intermediate formation of glycolic acid. Approach is followed by the acid in the chloroplast, peroxisome and mitochondria carried out. C3 plants have significant photorespiration, C4 plants photorespiration is not obvious. Photosynthetic rate of plant varieties by plant species, growth stage, such as accumulation of photosynthetic products vary, but also by light, CO2, temperature, moisture, mineral elements, O2 and other environmental conditions. The impact of environmental factors on photosynthesis is not isolated, but are related to the interaction. Within a certain range, more suitable for a variety of conditions, the photosynthetic rate is faster. Light use efficiency of plants is still very low at present. Crop yield with the theoretical value of existing so different yield potential. To improve energy efficiency, it should reduce the energy loss caused by light leakage, etc. and improve the energy conversion rate, mainly through the appropriate increase in photosynthetic area, photosynthetic time to extend and improve the photosynthetic efficiency, and reduce economic output coefficient of consumption of photosynthetic products. Improve the photosynthetic performance is the fundamental way to increase crop yields.
Translated by Google
Plant respiration
植物的呼吸作用
植物的呼吸作用
Respiration is an important component of higher plant metabolism. Close relationship with the plant's life activities. Respiration of living cells to continue to break down the material for a variety of plants provide the energy needed for life activities and synthesis of important organic raw material, but can also enhance plant resistance to disease. Respiration is the hub of plant metabolism. According to whether aerobic respiration, aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration is divided into two types. Under normal conditions, aerobic respiration is the main form of higher plants to breathe, but in special tissue hypoxia and anaerobic respiration of plants can be to maintain the metabolism. Respiratory metabolism of a number of channels through its long-term evolution of plant diversity is a form of adaptability to the changing environment. EMP-TCA cycle oxidation and decomposition of organic matter in plants, the main way, the PPP and other channels in the respiratory metabolism also plays an important role. Complete oxidation of respiratory substrate, the final release of CO2 and produce water, while the energy substrate ATP into the active form of the activation energy. EMP-TCA cycle, only a small amount of CO2 and the formation of ATP. And most of the energy stored in NADH and FADH2 is also in. These substances through the respiratory chain electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation, the part of the energy stored in ATP, which is the major storage form of respiration to release energy. Respiratory Metabolism in Plants by many factors both inside and outside. Respiration affect the activities of the plant life, and therefore crop cultivation, breeding and seed, fruit and vegetable, tuberous roots, the storage and keeping fresh tubers are closely related. Humans can use knowledge of respiration, respiratory rate adjustments to make it better for the production of services. Plant means the plant and animal biology corresponding to the other stakeholders. Is the difference between animals and plants in the formation of long-term evolutionary process. But for small organisms, the difference between them is sometimes not obvious. Trend as the evolution of plants, by way of cell stacking (piling pattern) formed by ontogeny, cell wall formation, photosynthesis and chlorophyll by an independent system, independent of nutrition metabolism is the main type of establishment, and in Based on this and other non-sports is a secondary feature. It is estimated that the existing plant species around about 300,000 kinds, which accounted for more than half of the vegetable kingdom fungi, due to its lack of attention to this important feature of chlorophyll, while the plant is divided into two clusters, and some believe that the whole biosphere can be divided into animals, fungi, plants the three groups (F.A.Bar-keley, 1937). Regard to the classification system, based on previous seed plants (flowering plants) as the classification of focus, was subsequently transferred to the so-called hidden flowering plants. Now put the plant kingdom is divided into 10-13 door, seed plants just to be one of the door. But even today, the door to an important position and its content, differences of opinion among scholars, the animal kingdom than the situation even more significant. In general, the first half of the 20th century to Engler (H. G. A. Engler) classification system is most popular, the latter half of Zeyi Pasture (A. Pascher) classification system gradually dominant.
Translated by Google
Plants, "Pulse"
In recent years, some botanists in the study of plants found in the trunk thickening speeds, they all have their own unique "Emotions", also has obvious regularity. Plants have similar human stem the "pulse" a strange phenomenon of a shrinking beat, maybe some people will ask, plants of the "pulse" how it was? Originally, every sunny day, the sun rises in the east just when the plants begin to shrink the trunk, has been extended to sun_set_. In the night, the trunk to stop contractions, begin to swell, and can last well into the next morning. This small plant on the night of the beating of crude a day, again and again, but each beat, slightly larger than the contraction of the total expansion. Thus, the gradual enlargement of the trunk so grown up. However, the encounter rain, tree trunks, "Pulse" is almost a complete stop. During rainfall, the trunk continued day and night is always thicker, until the rain cleared and the trunk begins to shrink again before it can be regarded as plant "pulse" of a "pathological" features. The pulse of this strange phenomenon is caused by motion of water plants. Through accurate measurements, scientists found that when plant roots absorb water and leaf transpiration of water, like a long time, basically the trunk thickness changes will not occur. However, if the absorption of moisture over the transpiration of water, the trunk will thicken the contrary, when the tree will shrink in the water. Knowing this, plant the "pulse" it is easy to understand. At night, stomata are always closed, which greatly reduces the transpiration of water, so the tree thickening. And during the day, the majority of plant stomata are open, water transpiration increased, the trunk will tend to shrink. There are many woody plants have this phenomenon, however, the "pulse" phenomenon is particularly evident also comes as a number of fast-growing broadleaf species.
Translated by Google
Most plants
The longest land plants Tropical forests in Africa, the growth of towering giant trees and plants, but also trip you stumble and fall "ghost plan", which is wrapped around the tree into numerous circle of white cane. White cane, also known as Calamus, Yunnan, China has produced. Rattan chair, rattan bed, rattan blue, rattan shelves, are white made from rattan as raw materials. White rattan stems usually very thin, thick as a small handless winecup mouth, and some even more detailed. It grows on top of a bunch of feathery leaves, leaf length of spikes. The upper part of the stem until the stem tip long and strong, also covered with large, sharp spines bent down. It is like a barbed whip, the wind, hit a tree, hold on tightly cling to the trunk, and soon a bunch and a bunch of new leaves grow. Then it continued to climb down the tree trunk, while the lower leaves will drop off. After the big climb the top of the tree white cane, or he kept long, but has nothing to climbing, so it was falling more and go out into a long stem to the tree as a pillar around which is wound into the tree many circles circle. White cane from the root to the top, up to 300 meters, the world's tallest eucalyptus than twice as long as it has. Record the length of the white cane as high as 400 meters. The tallest tree If a high degree of industry competition organized by the World tree, then only the Australian eucalyptus almonds, are eligible to be first. Almond Eucalyptus are generally up to 100 meters, of which one, up to 156 meters, the trunk soared as high as a fifty story building. Has been measured in human trees, it is the highest one. Birds singing in the treetops, in the trees sounds like the hum of mosquitoes, the same. Around the base of this tree up to 30 m, trunk straight, up significantly thinner, dense branches and leaves students in the top of the tree. Ye Zaisheng very strange, the general surface of the leaf is overturned, and it is the side of the air, like hanging from a tree, as the direction parallel to the projection of the sun. This strange appearance is to adapt to the dry climate, strong sunlight, the environment and reduce direct sunlight to prevent excessive water evaporation. China's tallest hardwood trees and Shorea ─ ─ Atlas Tree China's famous tropical forests in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, in the 70's found a great trees, it was beautiful gesture, towering tree trunks, standing tall above the million trees, people can not look up to see it the tree top, even the high sensitive measuring device does not help here. Therefore, people call it heaven tree. Local Dai people call it the "umbrella tree." Shorea is generally up to 60 meters. It had a measurement and analysis, we found very fast growth of Shorea, a 70-year-old Shorea, as high as 50 meters. Individual or even as high as 80 meters, diameter generally 130 centimeters, maximum 300 centimeters. The rare earth giant trees, Keke stands in the rain forests of the upper valley, higher than the second layer of trees generally more than 20 meters, I really have through highest heaven, piercing blue sky spirit! Shorea is Dipterocarpaceae, Liu An is. Liu An is the family, a total of 11 members, most of them live in Southeast Asia. Parashorea only grows in Yunnan, China, is the specialty of the rare species in China. Look on the tall, straight tree, leaves alternate, pinnate veins, yellow flowers arranged in panicles, emitting bursts of fragrance. The fruit hard. General Growth Parashorea 700-1000 m in the valley rain and mountain rainforest, forming a separate community type, showing the unique natural landscape. Therefore, the academic community see it as a sign of the tropical rain forest tree species. Parashorea excellent material, rapid growth, high productivity, a trunk of Shorea volume up to 10.5 cubic meters per plant, average growth 0.085 m3, is 2-3 with times of other species in the forest. Therefore, it is worth promoting good species. At the same time, it is rich in rubber wood, flowers contain essential oils, and many other unknown components, pending further analysis of our research and use. Parashorea with such as a high scientific value and economic value, and its distribution range and extremely narrow, so is listed as a protected plant in China. There is also a very Parashorea pro's "twin brothers", named Atlas tree. It is actually a variant of Shorea, also in the 70s found in Guangxi. This Atlas tree shape is very similar to his brother, also extremely tall, often up to 60-65 meters, light sticks have more than 30 meters under the high. The material hard, corrosion-resistant and strong, and smooth planing surface, texture and beautiful, with high economic value and scientific value. Atlas Tree only found growing in nature reserves in Guangxi get post, so the same is strictly protected. The shortest tree Why not grow alpine plants it? Where the temperature is very low, thin air, wind and large, direct sunlight, so that only those little plants can adapt to this environment. The thickest tree In Europe there is such an interesting legend: the king and queen of ancient Arabia, a leading Baiji troops, to the Mediterranean island of Sicily, Mount Etna tour, suddenly pouring rain, Baiji troops quickly to avoid a big chestnut tree, the tree just give them rain shade cover. Therefore, the king named to The big chestnut "Baiji big chestnut tree." In 1972, according to foreign reports, in Sicily's Mount Etna on the hillside, there are indeed called a "hundred horse tree," the big chestnut tree, trunk circumference as much as 55 meters or so, be over 30 staff in hand, can be surrounded it. Department has a big hole under the tree, where people have taken chestnut or warehouse used as dormitories. This is indeed the world's most thick trees. Chestnut chestnut fruit is a favorite food for the people, it is rich in starch, protein and sugar, high nutritional value, whether raw, fried, cooking, cooking cooking are suitable, not only sweet and delicious, but also There Spleen Bugan, strong body of medical effect. Volume of the largest tree Plants on the planet, and some individuals is very small, some very large individuals. Like the California redwood, tall and fat, is a tree in the "giant", so also known as Sequoia. The tree is about 100 meters tall, the tallest tree, 142 meters, 12 meters in diameter, trunk circumference of 37 meters, take two dozen adults to hold it. It is almost as thick from top to bottom, it has lived for 3,500 years the. People from the lower trunk of a hole, you can by car, or to walk side by side the four horsemen. Even after the tree cut down, people have to use the long ladder to climb up the trunk. If the tree trunk hollowed out, people can go into sixty meters, from the tree branches of a tree hole in the crotch out. It's stumps, large enough to be a small stage. Almond Eucalyptus Although higher than redwood, but it is a lanky, giant sequoias of the volume it is not as big, so size Sequoia is the world's largest trees. Volume of the earth no more plants than it was. The economic value of Sequoia is large, the sleepers, poles and building on the good material. Sequoia fire wood is not easy, there is the role of fire. The biggest tree crown As the saying goes, "trees are good shade." Do you know what the largest number of trees for shade? This is a banyan tree to the number of Bangladesh, its crown can cover about fifteen acres of land, there is one and a half football fields. Bangladesh is not only leafy banyan tree, and it can take root from the branches down. Some of these roots hanging in the air from the air to absorb water and nutrients, called "aerial roots." Most aerial roots reach the ground, buried in the bar, play to absorb nutrients and support the role of the branches. Vertical aerial roots, resembled the trunk, the largest banyan tree roots can have more than 4,000, from a distance looked like a forest. Therefore, this banyan tree, also known locals as the "One tree forest." It is said that there was a six or seven thousand troops in a large banyan Xiasheng too cold. Local people, Bangladesh is still an old banyan tree, the start of a bustling, crowded market. There is nothing in the world again, this was a big canopy. High hedges In the house, gardens and orchards around the trees planted on the lap, as if the wall, this is called the hedge, or called hedges. People often beautiful hibiscus flowers, covered with long spines of citrate orange, evergreen privet and autumn maple and other trees triangle YE as hedges. Hibiscus, Citrus orange is not grow shrubs, privet, triangle Maple although able to grow taller, but planting too close, often cutting, it is generally only 5-6 meters high. In Scotland, with the beech trees as hedges, pruning trees after this, there are still 25 meters high, some up to 30 meters. This is the world's highest hedge. The lightest wood tree Growth tropical forest in the Americas, light wood, also known as basa wood, is one of the fastest growing trees, but also the world's lightest wood. The evergreen tree, tall tree. Leaves as the Indus, five yellow petals of white flowers such as hibiscus, fruit dehiscence like cotton. China has long been introduced in southern Taiwan. 1960, in Guangdong, Fujian and other places are also widely cultivated, and grow very well. Balsa wood, only 0.1 grams per cubic centimeter, the same volume of water one-tenth of the weight. We do have to match sticks with the Topol three and half times more than its weight. Although its light texture of wood, but the structure is very strong, therefore, is the aviation, marine, and other valuable materials, special processes. Local residents have long used it as a raft to travel between the islands. China cork thermos with it. The tree than steel but also hard You may not think there will be a tree hard than iron, right? This is called iron birch tree. Bullets in this wood, as playing in the thick steel plate, as motionless. This valuable trees, 20 meters high, trunk diameter 70 cm, life is about 300-350 years. Bark dark red or nearly black, with white spots above the clouds. The leaves are oval. It's not broad areas, mainly in southern Korea and the Korean and Chinese border regions, the Soviet Union along the south coast there are some. Iron birch wood hard, hard times than oak, more than double the ordinary hard steel, is the world's most hard wood, people use it as a substitute for metal. The Soviet Union had manufactured iron birch bowls, bearings, used in the speedboat. There are some wonderful iron features birch, because of its texture is very dense, so one sank into the water; even if it is a long soak in the water, its inside still dry. Most trees are not afraid of fire When you go when the forest, far can see the "No Fireworks" wooden sign. Because trees easily catch fire, a single spark can burn large areas of forest. However, in the South China Sea area, grows a tree called the pine, with its timber made of pipe, the smoke fire even spend months and years, but also burn is not bad. When you use a hair wrapped around the pipe stem, and with the match to burn, the hair actually burning continuously. Because pine is particularly high heat, coupled with its hard wood, in particular high temperature, so afraid of fire. "Bleeding" of the tree General trees, after the injury, out of the sap is colorless and transparent. Some trees such as rubber trees, trees can milk out of a white emulsion, but you probably do not know, some trees can escape out of "blood" to. China's Guangdong, Taiwan area, the growth of a perennial vine, called the unicorn blood vine. It is usually like a snake wrapped around the other trees. Its stems can be up to 10 meters. If it is cut off or cut a hole, there will be like the "blood" as the resin flows out of the blood dry condensed into something massive. This is a very precious Chinese medicine, called "Blood" or "Kirin dried up." After analysis, Blood contains tannin, reducing sugar and resin material, treat bones and muscles pain, and a casual air, to the pain, chills, pass through the blood effect. Unicorn blood rattan palm Calamus genus. The leaves pinnate, leaflets lanceolate to linear, there are three longitudinal veins. Fruit ovoid, outside the bright yellow scales. In addition to the stem, the fruit can also be outflow of blood samples of the resin. Coincidentally. Tropical rain forest in Xishuangbanna, China also grows a very common tree, called the Dragon's Blood tree, when it is injured, will be out of a purple resin, the injured part of the red, this piece of necrosis stained wood , in Chinese medicine, also known as "Blood" or "Kirin dried up" and produced by Kirin cuneata "Blood" has the same effect. Dracaena trees belong to the lily family. Though not too high, about 10 meters, but the trunk is unusually thick, often up to 1 meter. It was a long ribbon with white blades, sharp tip, like a sharp sword, and fell Mimicengceng _insert_ed in the top branches. In general, monocots grow to a certain level can not continue to grow the bold. Although Dracaena are monocots, but it was able to stem the parenchyma cells to keep dividing to make bold and woody stems year after year, and the formation of trees. Dracaena originating in the Atlantic Canary Islands. There are 150 species worldwide, of only 5 species, grown in Yunnan, Hainan and Taiwan. Dracaena or longevity of the trees, the longest up to over six thousand years old. It so happened, Yunnan and Guangdong in China and other places there is a tree called annatto. If it is broken or cut branches will flow like the "blood" as the juice. Moreover, its seeds have a bright red fleshy skin, do the red dye, so called mahogany. Annatto is a mahogany wood case families. For the small evergreen tree, generally up to 3-4 meters, and some can be 10 meters or more. The leaf size, shape and sunflower leaves similar. Petiole very long, red and brown in a small surface of leaf spots. Interestingly, the variety of colors, with red, white, there are rose-colored, very beautiful. Even fruit is red mahogany, and its outside is a soft, dense thorn, many hidden inside the dark red seeds. Annatto red fruit flesh around the seeds can be used as red dye to stain infected candy can also be used in textile, cotton and other textiles for the staining. The seeds can also be used as medicine for the convergence of antipyretic. Bark tough, rich in fiber, can be made into strong rope. The strange thing is, if the friction between the wood, but also very easy to fire it! Longevity of trees in the old As the saying goes: "Life seventy rare ancient times," even if the longevity of people live to a hundred. However, the age and longevity than some trees, is negligible. The life of many trees are more than a century. Apricot, persimmon trees can live a hundred years. Mandarin, orange, chestnut can live to three hundred. Cedar can live a thousand years old. Nanjing, a Six loose more than a thousand four hundred years of history, but it is not old. Qufu cypress or two thousand four hundred years ago, antique it. Alishan, Taiwan red cypress, as much as three thousand years of history. This is the life of our country's longest living tree, but not really in the world. Oldest surviving tree is growing in the United States, bristlecone pine, and some have more than 4,000 years old. Giant Sequoia can live 5,000 years to 6,000 years. The world's oldest tree, to calculate the Canary island of West Africa's a Dracaena. Hundred years ago, the Spaniards determine its Long live about 8000-1. This is the birthday of old trees in the world. Unfortunately, a hurricane in 1868 destroyed. The most short-lived seed plants In nature, plants propagated by seed variety, with longevity, but also short-lived. Woody plants than herbaceous life much longer. Flora of the "old god of longevity", are out there in the woody plants. Herbaceous plants in general, usually a few months to ten years of life. Plant life span, and their living environment. Some plants to make their own in the harsh, harsh environment to survive, after a long and hard "exercise" to practice the rapid growth and rapid flowering and fruiting ability. There is a plant called the Law together with the growth in cold Pamirs. Where the summer is very short, just a little warmth to June, together with Romania germinate and grow in a hurry. After a month, it was twenty-three dendrites grow to bear fruit quickly, before the arrival of the frost to complete the process of life. Its life is so short, but still capable of the monthly rates. Growth must be the shortest life expectancy in the short-lived in the desert daisy, it can only live a few weeks. Desert long-term drought, short-lived seeds chrysanthemum, slight rain in the time to quickly sprout growth, flowering, in time before the drought came, the rush to complete its life cycle, or it would "break were Marie" . Upward growth of the fastest growing plants Growth in China's Yunnan, Guangxi and Southeast Asia group blooms a year to 3.5 meters tall. In the Seventh World Forestry Conference, known as the "miracle tree." Growth in Central and South America, light wood, trees and flowers grow faster than the group that it can grow year high of 5 meters. However, the absolute growth rate of woody plants to be bamboo champion (Poaceae). It from the bamboo shoots to grow into, as long as two months to up to 20 meters, about six or seven buildings that high. Growth peak time, day and night can be increased by 1 meter. Therefore, the "mushroom" argument. The growth of bamboo rather special, it is a steadily lengthening. The number of sections and multiple shoots thick bamboo grown there are that many festivals and more coarse. Once the bamboo grown, not taller. The growth of all the trees, the bud tip in the young, bold stretch slowly, after several decades to several centuries, it will slowly grow taller bold. Slowest tree growth The rate of natural growth of trees is really varied, and some surprisingly fast, and some awfully slow. For example, in the Soviet Union in the Kalahari Desert, there is a tree called the Galway Z., tall is short, the entire crown is round, and if looked from the front, like a small round table on the sand. It was very slow increase of 100 years length 30 cm. If the growth rate and compared to bamboo, the truth cow chasing cars. Galway Z. tree 333 years to reach the height of the growth of bamboo a day. Galway Z. tree growth and why it is so slowly? In addition to its nature outside the rare desert rain, the weather was dry, windy, which is an important reason. Largest flower Large plants in southeast Asia is the world's largest, diameter 90 cm. It gives off a very unpleasant taste, but fly very like it. Warm-blooded plants No matter how the external environment, plant flowers, always maintain a constant temperature, such as GE taro flower temperature is about 38 degrees, while the outside temperature reached 20 degrees, the temperature is maintained at 40 degrees, this ability is to put their flowers as a miniature environment to attract insects to enhance pollination risk.
Translated by Google
Rare and Endangered Plants in China
】 【Adiantum Generic】 【Adiantum reniforme L. var. Sinense YX Ling 【Chinese】 Adiantum scientific name 【Branch】 Adiantaceae maidenhair fern families do not 【Category】 Endangered Endangered 【】 2 level of protection 【Status】 Wanxian and Shizhu only found in Sichuan, due to road excavation for medicinal purposes, are few in number, into endangered County, Sichuan Province】 【distribution Wanxian Wuling, Xinxiang, a small da mountain, fir floors, Shizhu 【】 Neutral soil a bit more alkaline PH value Born】 【ecological characteristics of temperature and humidity without shaded rock crevice Mianbao or grass on the soil Flowering】 【7 8-9】 【fruit 】 【Scientific value of a study regarding the genetic relationship and geographic distribution of flora are of great value such as 】 【Economic value of the whole plant to heat and detoxifying, diuretic Tonglin drugs, but also for the appreciation 】 【Protection measures for the protection of designated point of origin, and were cultivated Reproduction】 【ramets or spores 】 【Original Angiopteris Generic】 【Archangiopteris henryi Christ et Gies. 【Chinese】 original Angiopteris scientific name 【】 Angiopteridaceae divisions Division Angiopteris 【Category】 Endangered Endangered 【】 2 level of protection 【Status】 remaining southeast of Yunnan, Yin Senlin shrinking size, habitat change, facing endangered Distribution of provincial and county】 【Jinping, Pingbian 】 【Soil PH value 4.5-5.5 【Type】 red soil red soil red soil or The lower slopes of terrain features】 【edge of the valley 【Features】 ecological habitats wet seasonal rain forest Flowering】 【7-8 】 11 【fruit 】 【Scientific value of the evolution of the fern flora of origin of valuable Economic value】 【shade ornamental plants 】 【Protection measures have been designated nature reserves, need to quickly improve the management system Reproduction】 【spores; cultivation recruits Requirements of】 【cultivated a warm damp environment _select_ion Fern】 【off Generic】 【Phyllitis japonica Kom. 【Chinese】 off fern scientific name 】 【Divisions Aspleniaceae Aspleniaceae Rare and endangered category】 【【】 two levels of protection 【Status】 exists only in the south and west of Changbai Mountain, Jilin, scattered distribution 】 【Distribution of Jilin Province Changbai Korean Autonomous County, _set_ security, Fusong, Huadian 【Description】 distribution of the Soviet Union, Korea, Japan 【Type】 cool weather, wet Annual precipitation】 【946】 【acidic soil PH value 【】 Dark brown forest soil type soil Ecological characteristics】 【mountain deciduous forest humus layer, hi damp Scientific value】 【fill gaps in the geographical distribution of plant geography of flora learn valuable 【】 Ornamental plants of economic value Protection of conservation measures】 【origin, find out the existing number of protected areas Zairu 】 【Reproduction reproductive spores meristematic 】 【Light leaf fern 【】 Cystoathyrium chinense Ching scientific name 【Chinese】 light leaf fern scientific name 】 【Divisions Athyriaceae Athyriaceae Endangered Endangered category】 【【】 two levels of protection 【Status】 Yinsen Lin harvesting, habitat changes, the number of rare and endangered County, Sichuan Province】 【day fully distributed Erlang duck to Group rock Ping Niu 【Type】 climate all year round wet and foggy, rain, sunshine less 1800-2000 annual precipitation】 【 】 【Soil PH value 4.5-5.5 【Type】 mountain yellow soil and mountain yellow brown soil 】 【Topographic features of mountain in the west 【Features】 shady forest ecosystem Community Characteristics】 【subtropical mountain evergreen and deciduous broadleaved mixed forest Companion species】 【Package oak Ke Lithocarpus cleistocarpus Rehd. Et Wils. Bian thorn cone Castanopsis platyacantha Rehd. Et Wils. Involucrata Davidia involucrata Baillon Hong Hua Betula insignis Franch. Utilis Betula utilis D. Don Flowering】 【7-8 9】 【fruit The study of scientific value】 【ferns hybridization and the phylogenetic value of the Section 】 【Protection measures to protect the country of origin to try to breed cultivated Reproduction】 【ramets or spores 】 【Alsophila Generic】 【Alsophila spinulosa (Wall. ex Hook.) Tryon Chinese scientific name】 【Cyathea 】 【Divisions Cyatheaceae Cyatheaceae 【Category】 endangered the level of protection of the endangered 【1】 【Status】 Yin Senlin reduced vegetation cover, habitat drying, coupled with deforestation and cultivation of stem orchid for drug class, declining plants Distribution】 【Fuzhou, Fujian Province, County, Anxi; Taipei, Taiwan; Guangdong Hill, emerging; Hainan Qiong in; Longsheng; Guizhou Ceheng, Chishui; Yunnan, Quang Nam, Gongshan; Sichuan, Jiangsu, Qionglai; Motuo 【Description】 distribution in southeastern Fujian Province, southern; northern Guangdong; south; Guizhou, south and north; Yunnan, south-east, west; Sichuan, southern, central; south-eastern Tibet, Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines, southern Japan 【Type】 climate humid subtropical monsoon climate, warm in winter, spring early summer heat, autumn rain, humidity, clouds and more sunshine less obvious wet and dry seasons 【】 Acidic soil PH value 【】 Valley wet sloping terrain features Stream ecological characteristics】 【sunny thickets or in forest edge 【Features】 dozens of communities into one hundred lines or constitute a dominant community 【】 【Flowering fruit Period 【】 Is the study of scientific value and plant species, geographical distribution between the formation of an ideal object Watch for the economic value】 【 】 【Protection measures focus on protected areas in Sichuan, for breeding research, expanding the distribution area 【】 Tissue-culture propagation methods 【Requirements】 suitable for cultivation of good fertile sandy loam permeable breathable 【Pen】 tree Generic】 【Sphaeropteris lepifera (Hook.) Tryon 【Chinese】 grass fern scientific name 】 【Divisions Cyatheaceae Cyatheaceae 【Category】 rare and endangered 【】 2 level of protection 【Status】 originally only found in Taiwan, Xiamen University, ravine near the water tank there was one, habitat is not concealed, and easily damaged, but not understory seedlings Youzhu Distribution of provincial and county】 【Taipei, Taiwan, Ilan, Taoyuan, Nantou, Hualien, Pingtung, Taitung; Xiamen 【Description】 distribution of Xiamen University, ravine near the water pool, the Philippines, Japan 【Type】 spring weather and more rain, frequent typhoons and rainstorms in summer, autumn and winter, drier and more sunny, arid habitats 【】 Valley topography, the south west slope, slope 15 【】 Air humidity ecological characteristics, land moist environment Broad-leaved forest community characteristics】 【cemetery, deep groove erosion by rain, high of about 15 meters, 70% coverage Companion species】 【Acacia Acacia confusa Merr. 【】 4,10 flowering 】 【Scientific value of the mainland and Taiwan on the flora of a meaningful relationship 】 【Economic value of ornamental plants 【Observe the development cycle protection cases to determine indicators of the ecological factors, expanding cultivation Reproduction】 【spores; tip tissue culture Fern】 【Yulong 【】 Sorolepidium glaciale Christ scientific name 【Chinese】 Yulong fern scientific name 】 【Divisions Dryopteridaceae Dryopteridaceae 【Category】 rare and endangered 【】 2 level of protection 【Status】 production Tibet, Yunnan and Sichuan provinces adjacent to the mountains, scattered snow line in the ice near the edge and Distribution of provincial and county】 【Bomi; Yunnan, Lijiang, Zhongdian; Sichuan, Muli, Inagi 【Description】 distribution in eastern Tibet; northwestern Yunnan; southwestern Sichuan Mountain climate type】 【calorie deficiency, strong radiation, wind strength, temperature difference between day and night, adverse weather cold 【Features】 rocky terrain, cliffs and scree gravel composition, that is the lot along the Alpine glaciers 【Features】 alpine cold desert ecological zone 】 【Scientific value of the unity of form and function ferns a good material 【】 Mountaineering expedition staff protection measures do not capture a large number of
Translated by Google
Plants - Use
Thousands of plant species to be planted to beautify the environment, provide shade, adjust the temperature, reduce speed, reduce noise, provide privacy and prevent soil erosion. People will be placed in the indoor cut flowers, dried flowers and indoor plants, outdoor is _set_ lawn, shade trees, view trees, shrubs, vines, perennial flowers and plants, herbs and flower imagery is often used in art, architecture, nature, language, photography, textiles, coins, stamps, flags and armbands on top. Types of living plants, including green carving art, bonsai, flower arrangement and trees wall. Ornamental plants sometimes influence the historical, such as tulip mania. Plant billions of dollars a year tourism industry, the basic, including the botanical gardens, historic gardens, national parks States, tulip flower fields, rain forests and colorful autumn leaves in the forests have to travel. Plants also provide the basis for the spiritual life of human needs. Daily paper is to use plant-based. Some have fragrant substances plants were made into the human perfume, fragrance, and other cosmetics. Many musical instruments are made of by the plant. The flowers and other plants is a human living space decorated with ornamental plants.
Translated by Google
Oil-producing plants
1, Euphorbiaceae plants. Euphorbia oil similar to petroleum fuels can be made, Croton Euphorbiaceae are made of liquid fuel for diesel engines. 2, leguminous plants. Pakistan is suffering with one of them. Dr. Calvin Chemistry, University of California, found in Brazil, Pakistan in pain with drill holes on the trunk, you can out of oil, the flow of oil each hole 3h, to get the oil 10L ~ 20L. This oil can be used directly in diesel engines. It is estimated that, 1hm2 bitter plant with Pakistan 50 barrels of oil per year. 3, other woody plants. Such as oil palm, tung oil Southeast Asia, Australia, kapok and other broad-leaved. U.S. scientists try to grow, planting 1hm2 Euphorbia oil a year can be harvested at least 25 barrels of bio-oil, these creatures made of clean fuel oil by improving its cost is lower than the natural oil; Brazil to try to grow oil palm, after 3 years results of oil production, oil production per hectare 10000kg.
Translated by Google
Plant foods are the natural enemies of human aging
Fruits and vegetables At least two servings of fruits a day to eat five vegetables, is the number one anti-aging weapon. Green leafy vegetables such as cabbage, broccoli, spinach, etc., rich in antioxidants. Orange and yellow vegetables such as carrots, cucumbers, sweet potatoes, corn with a large number of B carotene. Red vegetables such as tomatoes, red peppers, amaranth (red root material) also contain antioxidants, anti-aging. All kinds of cabbage cancer, eat more useful. Citrus fruits such as orange, grapefruit, tangerines, etc., containing vitamin C are well known. Also, eat melons. Beans, beans and legumes (including soy beans and various legumes) containing phytoestrogens can be beauty and maintain radiant. Soy also contains isoflavones, antioxidant, anticancer. A variety of nuts and seeds nuts and seeds are rich in vitamin E, which is fat-soluble vitamin, antioxidant effect is very strong. Eat almonds, walnuts it. Spices and garlic, coriander, mint leaves, garlic, inhibit cancer. Garlic better protect brain cells, reduce the speed of brain degeneration. Prevention of Alzheimer's disease, to eat garlic by. Wild rice than brown rice good for mixing in some of the brown rice, red rice and wild rice, good for the skin. Especially wild rice, which is actually a grass seed, it contains antioxidants and vitamin E. In addition, also pay attention to cooking oil, animal oil should not be used again, to switch to vegetable oil it, and vegetable oils, olive oil and canola oil is best. Australian nutritionist has designed a anti-aging diet, six-day meals are pursuing three high and one low policy, that is, high calcium, high-fiber, high-carbon hydrate, low fat. Fruit itself is a drug Fresh fruit contains a variety of essential vitamins, carbohydrates, protein, fat, crude fiber and minerals and other nutrients. Treatment with fruit, not only "medicine" becomes delicious, and will not damage the body's physiological balance. The following are examples of fruits and therapy: Diabetes Daily consumption of 200 grams of pineapple, pear, cherry, bayberry and other fruits, coupled with appropriate exercise can control diabetes in general. These fruits contain pectin, alter insulin secretion, decreased the patient's blood sugar, the fruit of the cellulose also can delay gastric emptying time, so groceries stay longer in the small intestine, preventing the digestion Grocery mucosal proliferation and delay glucose absorption. Also, patients with diabetes due to loss of vitamin diuresis can also be supplemented by fruit. Coronary heart disease In addition to drugs and low-fat diet, the fruit has been taken as a treatment for coronary heart disease. It was found that large doses of niacin to decrease the role of blood lipids, high-dose vitamin C is a lower blood cholesterol, and improve blood circulation, the role of protecting the vessel wall. Orange, grapefruit, peach, apricot, plum, strawberry, jujube and other fruits are rich in niacin and vitamin C, so the consumption of these fruits help to treat coronary heart disease. In addition, the fruit of the crude fiber contains lignin, a cholesterol-lowering effect produced. The unsaturated fatty acid in olive, you can treat Hyperlipoproteinemia. The main method of treatment of heart failure, is the implementation of low sodium high potassium diet, generally require patients to a daily consumption of salt soy sauce, no more than 2 grams or less than 10 ml. However, it is sometimes difficult to achieve because some foods contain more sodium compounds (eg base). And most fruits are little sodium, potassium lot; 100 grams of potassium up to 199 mg of orange, while only 1.4 mg sodium; 100 grams of apples and potassium 100 mg sodium 1.4 mg. Therefore, the fruit is to protect the blood vessels and prevent coronary heart disease medicine. Liver disease The liver is the carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins and hormone metabolism in vital organs. Liver illness, such as acute and chronic viral hepatitis, cirrhosis and liver cancer, liver cells cause damage to cause human metabolic disorders. Multivitamin supplement for the treatment of liver diseases, the main measures, such as vitamin B prevention and treatment of fatty liver degeneration and the role of protecting the liver, vitamin C can enhance the disease resistance of liver cells and promote regeneration. These vitamin intake from fruits, fruits can be converted into nicotinic acid, nicotinic acid amines and coenzyme A, also has therapeutic effects on the liver. In addition, the fruit of the carotene in the body into vitamin A, can be added bile acid metabolism in patients with disorders due to a lack of vitamin A, also will not be excessive carotene in the fruit caused by vitamin A poisoning. Watermelon, orange, beak pear, grapefruit, dates, bananas, litchi, apple, are commonly used to treat liver diseases of fruit. Severe hepatic coma patients, because liver cells have been largely destroyed, in addition to fruit, but also need to treat a variety of vitamins. Habitual constipation Constipation is often caused by intestinal dysfunction, if the consumption of more fruits containing cellulose, such as bananas, apples, oranges, etc., all can promote bowel movements and treatment of constipation. The elderly, can eat some cooked fruits and vegetables, drink hot water before breakfast, to promote bowel movements caused by the gastrocolic reflex, if combined with moderate exercise, treatment will be better. Burn Burn patients vitamin demand for larger, of which vitamin A can increase the fiber cell proliferation and in vivo light proline content, the ability to enhance wound healing. In addition, vitamin C can also promote wound healing. Also, because burn patients in the plasma and urine vitamin C, thiamine, niacin and riboflavin are lower, therefore in particular need to supplement, and these are available from the fruit intake.
Translated by Google
Center of origin theory of plant
Since the 19th century, many botanists have conducted extensive surveys of plant and the plant geography, paleontology, ecology, archeology, linguistics and history and other multidisciplinary research, has summarized the world's cultivated plants presented The center of origin theory. 1. Decarie Doyle centers of origin of cultivated plants Usually that Decarie Doyle was the first study of world scholars the origin of cultivated plants. He passed botany, history, and linguistics aspects of the geographical origin of cultivated plants, published the "World's Plant Geography" (1855), "the origin of cultivated plants" (1882) These two books. In his "Origin of Cultivated Plants" (1882), a book of 247 kinds of cultivation of plant research, which originated in the Old World 199 species, accounting for more than 88% of the total. He pointed out that these crops were domesticated first place may be China, South-West Asia and Egypt, tropical Asia. 2. Vavilov centers of origin of cultivated plants doctrine 3. Boji Er's View of the Origin of cultivated plants Boji Er (IH Burkill) in the "people's habits and the origin of cultivated plants" (1951), the systematic research of the plant with the clan of human activities, habits and migration and the process of domestication, demonstrated a variety of Old World origin of cultivated plants that Vavilov methodological main drawback is the "all evidence obtained from plants cultivated plants were not asked." He made the origin of plant domestication and cultivation of some important ideas, such as the "domestication of the origin of natural origin and the new caused by the difference between. "to the domesticated," to isolate the value is absolutely important. " 4. Darlington centers of origin of cultivated plants Darlington (CD Darlington) from the chromosome analysis method using cytological origin of cultivated plants, and in accordance with the views of many people, the world centers of origin of cultivated plants in the region designated as 9 and 4 sub-regions, namely (1) Southwest Asia; (2) the Mediterranean, with the European sub-region; (3) Ethiopia, Africa and Asia Region Middle School; (4) Central Asia; (5) India - Myanmar; (6) Southeast Asia; (7) China; (8) Mexico, with North America (based on the increase in the Vavilov a center) and the United States and Asia region; (9) Peru, with Chile and Brazil - Paraguay subregion. In addition to increasing the division of his sub-areas outside of Europe, and, basically similar to the division of Vavilov. 5. Zhukovsky major gene centers of cultivated plants Ru Minkowski (Л. М. Жуковский) 1970 species of different crops was proposed small geographic center of more than 100 genes as many as he thought such a small variation of the center of crop breeding species has important value in use. He will also determine the eight Vavilov centers of origin of cultivated plants covered area to be expanded and an increase of 4 centers of origin, so that it can include all types of cultivated plants have been found. He said the center of origin of the 12 centers for large genes. The 12 major gene centers (Figure 1-2). Centers or large gene variant regions, including crop diversification of native origin and secondary origin. In 1979 the Dutch breeders Chak Man (AC Zeven) Edited with Ru Minkowski's "center of cultivated plants and their related Dictionary of Plants", the centers of diversity by the inclusion of 12 families, 2 167 297 cultivated plants and related plants. In this book, that the center of origin in the 12 to East Asia (China - Burma), the Near East and the U.S. Third District is the cradle of agriculture, the largest contribution to the origin of cultivated plants. However, the 12 "center" covers too wide, including almost two poles on the planet than all other land. 6. The origin of cultivated plants classified Harlan Harlan (JR Harlan, 1971) that in some parts of the world (such as the Middle East, China, North and Central America) took place with the Vavilov centers of origin of domesticated model line, while in other regions (eg Africa, Southeast Asia and South America - East Indies) domestication occurred in the pattern does not match with the center of origin. He according to the diffusion characteristics of domesticated crops, the cultivated plants were divided into 5 categories. Plants is characterized by the ability of photosynthesis - that it can make use of solar energy and the animals do not have chlorophyll, the use of water, minerals and carbon dioxide production of food. After the release of oxygen, the remaining glucose - the energy rich material, as part of plant cells. It is believed that the ancestors of all plants are single-cell non-photosynthetic organisms, they devour the bacteria, the two formed a mutually beneficial relationship: The photosynthetic bacteria survive in plant cells (the so-called symbiosis.) Finally, transformation of bacteria into the chloroplast, it is a plant usually do not exercise because they do not need to search for food.
Translated by Google
The plant sacred and mysterious figures in the harmonious beauty?
Yes, they are the Fibonacci numbers. Fibonacci (1170-1240) is a medieval Italian mathematician, he is not the number of petals in number, but in solving a problem about rabbit breeding, obtained in this series. Suppose you have a pair of one male and one female rabbit born, they grow to the size started mating month in the second end of the month, the female rabbit gave birth to another pair of rabbits, a month after they started breeding, so so continue. Female rabbits at the beginning of each monthly production during the next breeding rabbits, assuming that no rabbits die, how many total in the year of the rabbit? In the end, the first mate of a pair of rabbits, but there is only one pair of rabbits; in late February, female rabbits birth to rabbits, 2 rabbits; in late March, the oldest female rabbits gave birth to a second pair of rabbits , 3 rabbits; in late April, the oldest third of the female rabbit gave birth to rabbits, two months of pre-existence of the female rabbit birth to rabbits, a total of 5 rabbits; ... ... such and such calculations go, the rabbit log are: 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55,89, ... see the law yet? Starting from the number 3, each number is the number and the previous two. Plants seem to Fibonacci hooked. Not only flowers, but also leaves, branches, fruit, seed morphology, etc., can be found in Fibonacci numbers. Phyllotaxis is the arrangement of leaves in the stem, the most common is the alternate leaf arrangement, that each section had only one leaf on, interactive and students. Take a leaf as arbitrary starting point, all the leaves up with a line connecting points of the students, you can find it is a helix, spiral, until the top of the other leaf is just the starting point of birth point leaves the students point of coincidence, as the end point. From the beginning to the end leaves the spiral wound between the stem and leaves of the number of weeks, known as phyllotaxis weeks. The leaf sequence of different species may be different weeks, between the number of leaves may be different. Such as elm, leaves Xu weeks 1 (that is around the Jing 1 week), 2 leaves; Sang, Ye Xu Zhou 1, 3 leaves; peach, leaf Xu Zhou 2, 5 leaves; pear, leaf Xu weeks 3, 8 leaves; apricot, phyllotaxis weeks 5, 13 leaves; loose leaf arrangement weeks 8, 21 Ye ... ... with the formula (around the stem of the weekly number of molecules, the number of leaves as the denominator), respectively, 1 / 2, 1 / 3, 2 / 5 , 3 / 8, 5 / 13, 8 / 21, ... ... these are the most common leaf arrangement formula, it is estimated that about 90% of plants belong to this leaf arrangement, and they are all composed by the Fibonacci numbers. Why are plants so the number of partial 爱斐波纳契? This is another, more ancient, ancient Greeks were the people to worship it noted that even another "magic" numbers related. Assume a number of φ, it has the following interesting mathematical relationship: φ ^ 2 - φ ^ 1-φ ^ 0 = 0 Namely: φ ^ 2-φ -1 = 0 Solve this equation, there are two solutions: (1 + √ 5) / 2 = 1.6180339887 ... (1 - √ 5) / 2 = - 0.6180339887 ... Note that the fractional part of the two numbers are identical. Positive solution (1.6180339887 ...) is called the golden ratio, usually expressed by φ. This is an irrational number (no decimal infinite loop, can not be expressed with a fraction), and is the most irrational of irrational numbers. Is also an irrational number, pi π with 22 / 7, the natural constant e with 19 / 7, √ 2 with 7 / 5 can be expressed very accurately approximated, and the denominator of φ is not possible to do the score for the single-digit precision rational approximation. So what gold and Fibonacci numbers have anything to do with it? According to the above equation: φ ^ 2-φ -1 = 0, Available: φ = 1 + 1 / φ = 1 + 1 / (1 + 1 / φ) = ... = 1 + 1 / (1 + 1 / (1 + 1 / (1 +...))) According to the above formula, you can use this calculator calculate φ: type 1, and to take reciprocal, add 1, and to take reciprocal, add 1, and to take reciprocal, ... ..., you will find more and more close to the sum of φ. Let us use to represent fractions and decimal approximation of the above steps: φ ≈ 1 φ ≈ 1 + 1 / 1 = 2 / 1 = 2 φ ≈ 1 + 1 / (1 +1 / 1) = 3 / 2 = 1.5 φ ≈ 1 + 1 / (1 +1 / (1 +1)) = 5 / 3 = 1.666667 φ ≈ 1 + 1 / (1 +1 / (1 + (1 +1))) = 8 / 5 = 1.6 φ ≈ 1 + 1 / (1 +1 / (1 + (1 + (1 +1)))) = 13 / 8 = 1.625 φ ≈ 1 + 1 / (1 +1 / (1 + (1 + (1 + (1 +1 ))))) = 21/13 = 1.615385 φ ≈ 1 + 1 / (1 +1 / (1 + (1 + (1 + (1 + (1 +1 )))))) = 34/21 = 1.619048 φ ≈ 1 + 1 / (1 +1 / (1 + (1 + (1 + (1 + (1 + (1 +1 ))))))) = 55/34 = 1.617647 φ ≈ 1 + 1 / (1 +1 / (1 + (1 + (1 + (1 + (1 + (1 + (1 +1 )))))))) = 89/55 = 1.618182 ... Found yet? Above the molecular fraction, the denominator is adjacent Fibonacci numbers. The original ratio of two adjacent Fibonacci numbers is approximately equal to φ, the larger the number, the more close, when the infinity, the ratio is equivalent to φ. Fibonacci numbers are closely linked to gold together. Hi 爱斐波纳契 number of plants, in fact, like gold number. Why is this? Are there any plans somewhere, that God wants the world is full of beauty and harmony? Plants, branches, leaves and flowers have the same origin, are from the shoot tip meristem followed by budding, differentiation came. Sprouts in front of the direction and growth of a bud in a different direction, rotating a fixed angle. To take full advantage of the growth of space, the direction of sprout growth should be possible with the old buds from far. Then the optimum angle is how much? We can write this angle 360 ° × n, where 0 <n <1, because the sides, and an angle is the same (just different from the direction of rotation), for example n = 0.4 and n = 0.6 is actually the same results, so We only need to consider 0.5 ≤ n <1 the situation. If the new shoots to sprout from the previous old far as possible, should grow to its opposite, ie n = 0.5 = 1 / 2, but then the first two shoots with old buds in the same direction, the first three shoots with the first one shoots in the same direction, ... ..., that is, there is only around one week to overlap, and a total of only two growth direction, the middle of the space wasted. If 0.6 = 3 / 5 it? Around 3 weeks to overlap, and a total of only five directions. In fact, if n is a proper fraction p / q, it means that overlap around the p week, a total of q a growth direction. Obviously, if n is able to use a fraction of the irrational number, it will "right" is much more. What kind of irrational numbers _select_ed it? Pi π, the natural constant e and √ 2 is not a good choice because they are respectively the fractional part of 1 / 7, 5 / 7 and 2 / 5 is very close to, that is, are around 1, 5 and 2 weeks to overlap were a total of only 7, 7 and 5 directions. So conclusion is, the more irrational irrational number the better, more "rational." As we have already mentioned, the most irrational of irrational numbers is the number of gold φ ≈ 1.618. In other words, n the best value ≈ 0.618, which shoots the best rotation angle is about 360 ° × 0.618 ≈ 222.5 ° or 137.5 °.
Translated by Google
English Expression
n.: wort, botanical, those found in a particular environment, plants in general, living organism that is not an animal, which grows in the earth and usu has a stem, leaves and roots, go to seed, in seed, dry rot, plant life, half hardy, freeze out, a bulbous plant, vegetation, vegetal, vegetable, taxonomy, pubescence, greenery, foliage, flora, botany
v.: plant
adj.: vigorous, succulent
French Expression
n. flore
nf. plante
nf. végétation
Thesaurus
botany, the plant kingdom greenery, greenery, vegetation
tree