As early as 1259, the Chinese invented gunpowder to launch projectiles, bamboo sticks for the first barrel "gun" ─ "spears." The basic shape: the preceding is a crude bamboo; expansion of the middle part of the powder room, the outer wall of the hole a little fire; posterior segment is holding a stick. Zhu its launch in order to stick to the left hand hold iron pipes, hand ignition, issued a loud bang, shot rock or projectile, unburned powder spray gun up to two to three meters of gas. This original can play real guns, only psychological deterrent, first of all, because the ratio of raw materials gunpowder problems, the thrust is quite limited, probably less than one hundred meters range, and because the shooting mode is very stiff, do not possible use of modern "3.1" Sight way, and then because of its barrel of bamboo, in shot after about four to five times, the last paragraph of bamboo barrel because of burning gunpowder explosion would rather become very fragile, fell to the ground will be broken, even worse, because when shooting altogether bombing bore bore pressure is too high, where the support of live bamboo as an explosion, fire rarely successful, so only psychological deterrent. To the Yuan Dynasty, first gunpowder ratio is readjusted, resulting in the same volume of gunpowder, which triggered an explosion in the same space than the original pressure airflow pressure increased by about three times, that is, the acceleration of the projectile into the original three times, muzzle velocity into the original 1.732 times; And with this relative, bamboo regulation barrel was replaced iron pipe, can withstand the chamber pressure greatly improved, so that, due to the power of the value in use of firearms , range and improved durability while much improved, because the bullets, mainly stones and pellet-based, so this new musket was named "stone fire arrows." However, because of its large size, and very heavy, is not a substitute bows excellent equipment. Contemporaries, the early Yuan Dynasty also produced the pistol, which although easy to carry, but the power and range are low, poor, basically worthless tactical. Matchlock As for Western Europe, there are similar weapons in the mid-fourteenth century Italy, it is called "fire door gun", in fact, after substantially similar "matchlock", but size and weight are far better than the latter, and lethality matchlock almost seems, therefore, primarily a defensive weapon for the castle fortress. Cavalry was also equipped with guns, Germany Lancers have had with "fire door gun" playing the French horror. Cavalry with muskets shorter, smaller, first time shooting a gun with a rope tied around the neck, saddle support a "Y"-shaped shelf Jiazhu barrel, a wooden chest armor against the rear of the right hand ignition. By the early fifteenth century, appeared on the battlefield of the smaller handheld guns, the original "fire door gun" wooden grip has been redesigned, when soldiers shot can lean on the shoulder, rather than stand in the bracket or on the ground, thus, define the rifle was formally identified as: shoulder-fired a long-barreled gun man. Moreover, in the modern craftsmen bore guns into a mechanical device capable of controlling the ignition. However, only in the case of such weapons at close range, Luanqiang volley to play a greater power. The fifteenth century, a small place on the battlefield Japan splendor "matchlock (Arquebus) finally appeared. Initial matchlock ignition mechanism is a simple form" C "shaped hook, which is fixed at the butt end of a side, the other end of a slow burning tucked matchlock. matchlock is the result of potassium nitrate or other chemical twine twist into drug treatment, to the late, is also useful collodion (cellulose nitrate) pulled into a wire and soaked in castor sesame oil, hemp rope twisted together, the Arab region and even the use of "burning water" (oil) production soaked rope lanyard. projectile made using iron or lead, in general, because lead is soft and easily deformed, so when loading and hit target, has considerable benefits, otherwise, when loading the projectile, the need to iron shot into the muzzle, with a wooden hammer to send bombs hit the stick, pushing iron bombs into the breech, very time-consuming. matchlock at launch, The metal hook finger to push the fire door, so matchlock ignition point gunpowder, continue to ignite the propellant so that the shooter can while aiming to push aside the matchlock ignition. matchlock smoothbore technology used, but because it is the former bore single projectile filling and dispensing drugs and to promote, so its very slow rate of fire, about 30 seconds serve, and is the result of advanced training musketeers. Moreover, exposed matchlock very easy to be blown off or rainfed off, shooting is very prone to failure, the Gunners need to use Huozhe Zi go directly to the ignition wire, so the failure to re-shot after shot is also very troublesome. With the development of technology, the need to go directly to the ignition Huozhe Zi problem is satisfactorily resolved, the Western European craftsmen in the rear of the gun adds a trigger driven by a small torch, this small torch in combat has been burning when I need to shoot, you pull the trigger to make a small torch forward movement, touch matchlock stuck to the front, and a small torch with a cloth soaked in castor oil group bunched up, above the fire burning easily extinguished. As a result, arquebusiers after the failure would not have to re-shoot fight Huozhe Zi, range up a lot of convenience. This new type of trigger firing matchlock caliber is generally 15-20 mm, diameter ratio is generally 40 to 45 mm, while the maximum range is generally 60 to 80 meters, which was introduced to Japan in 1543. "Musket" guns - before and after birth in 1500 in Nuremberg, Germany treasure region spiral rifled matchlock trigger firing, also known as "rifle" (Rifle), due within engraved rifling effectively enhance the accuracy of the gun, also increased the length of the barrel, to the force of the movement of ammunition carried out after a good guide, that is, its maximum range has increased, reached the 200 meters much! Moreover, this also has a matchlock sighting device according gates of sight and, therefore, the accuracy is greatly improved. In short, the gun industry can be described as a revolution too, but unfortunately, due to various reasons, this did not rifled matchlock can be widely adopted, only the Bundesbank in Prussia, Austria and Bavaria, three of the more powerful nations It was formally equipped troops, which is the German federal these three nations to fully suppress one of the reasons Hanover and other small countries, as well as "deterrence" in Italy, France and other major countries. But it is clear that this type rifled matchlock was not introduced to Japan until after the birth of the flintlock, Japan was carried guns replacement. After two guns in the field of technology and constantly undergoing revolution, one firing technology, the other is munitions technology. The former development, first in the late 16th century, Europe has invented a "spark ignition" approach. Technical principle is to put a "fire" or a short section of a small tube matchlock, gunmen fire ignited only when a gun, not because of the gun are lit with a matchlock and at night to expose. "Fire" type of matchlock gun was later issued a pioneer in the tunnel. The flintlock in shortly after the seventeenth century by a French invention. Its basic structure as play guns, namely the use of flint hammer sparks on impact, igniting gunpowder. Flintlock average diameter of about 13.7 mm, since no formula after the invention loading guns, so this was the ammunition loading technology to do a very high demand, according to the previous method of loading, when loading projectiles, projectile need to put to muzzle, with a wooden hammer to send bombs hit the stick, pushing the bullet into the chamber, which is very time consuming, on the battlefield, it means a waste of life. Later, Pennsylvania-week firearms division created a method to speed up loading using oil dip pieces of linen or buckskin wrapped projectile, muzzle loading, reducing the friction. This approach not only speed up the loading speed, and played a role in the breath, the accuracy will be improved, the range also increased. If we say that marks the end of the era of purely mechanical ignition technology, the ensuing explosion ignition technology is the beginning of the era of instant ignition flintlock appear. First performed explosive ignition technology provocation test was a man named Alexander Fuxi Si Scottish pastor. Fuxi Si started using containers loaded Leigong powder. Later, the mercury fulminate powder spread between two pieces of paper. Produced a further roll "fire hat", this invention greatly accelerate the rate of fire arms.
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19th Century
In 1808, the French mechanical engineering applications benefit package paper fire hats, and using a needle to get angry, 1821, Birmingham Richards invented a fire using a paper hat "to detonate bombs." Later, it was press-fit "bomb" on a long piece of paper or linen automatic ammunition by firing hammer. As a result, more refined firing the gun, to the 19th century, acupuncture firing the gun was born. It first appeared in 1840, is a German invention of Dresser, Dresser, acupuncture is also known as firing a gun. Its technical features are: the back-end loaded ammunition from the barrel and hit with a needle angry. This weapon first by the Prussian military equipment, in the Kingdom of Prussia unified three wars, its shine, so Dan and France Cavalry smell gun discoloration. Development of technology and synchronized firing loading technology development. In 1840, the Opium War, the British standard is former famous BROWNBESS bore charge of smoothbore musket flint, not the British captain sent Maastricht · Ferguson in 1776 invented a successful breech-loading RIFLE gun, the "Ferguson" breech-loading rifle is the basis for Ferguson to attend the British captain in 1776 repression of the American Revolutionary War, the first charge of the Kentucky-style bore rifled in the United States to Fu matchlock on the successful development, the British had produced 100 new gun, equipped with a team led by his own team of a hundred people, the effective range of up to 200 meters, the highest rate of fire of six rounds per minute, but his own battle death, this gun until 1853 and no promotion in the British army. And later, in 1860, the United States first successful design of mechanical Pente 13.2 mm gun, creating a magazine of its kind. This gun butt there is a spring barrel straight for the bomb bay. Bullets can thus blow blow into, automatic transmission into the breech. Pente gun appeared to make rifles entered a new stage.
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First and Second World War
After the First World War, countries have been actively developing various pistols, revolvers, pistols, submachine guns, rifles manual, semi-automatic rifles, automatic rifles, sniper rifles and machine guns. Period has appeared many new firearms, such as the Soviet Mosin - Nagant rifle, the German Mauser Kar 98k rifle, MG34, MG42, the U.S. M1 Garand rifle, M1 carbine, Browning automatic rifle, the British Lee - Enfield rifle, Bren light machine gun and so on. To the late World War II, there was automatic rifles and assault rifles, such as in 1944 appeared on the battlefield StG44 German 7.92 mm assault rifle, is characterized by firepower, lightweight, when compared continuous shooting guns easy to control, which is the world's first assault rifle, developed countries also had a significant impact of firearms. WWII German StG44 StG44 assault rifle assault rifles
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1950s
AK-47 after the war, the Soviet Union developed the famous AK-47, the United States has developed a M14 and M60 machine guns, automatic rifles, the Vietnam War, submachine guns and automatic rifles have become the main battle weapon, like a 1960s U.S. military equipment M14 7.62 x 51 毫米automatic rifles, wartime display big mouth girth assault rifle bullets are not suitable for use, and subsequently developed the famous small-caliber M16, the Soviet Union also launched a small caliber of the AK-74, this time the world is also divided into NATO and the Warsaw Pact caliber as standard to design a variety of firearms and ammunition. Modern When P90 personal defense weapon in the world of small-caliber bullets as standard firearms and ammunition, they also began to improve in firearms design, including improved bolt mode of operation, the development of new ammunition, the installation of a variety of accessories, such as the quality of firearms gradually improved. But because the relationship between environmental awareness to firearms as a hunting tool has to be eliminated gradually trend, and for reasons of security, personally owned firearms are only certain countries become unique culture. And because security reasons, special non-lethal ammunition to do riot, or for the protection of dignitaries and for non-frontline soldiers in self-defense purposes (such as personal defense weapon, PDW) firearms have come out.
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Future
XM29 OICW invention missiles in the twentieth century, creating high-tech precision-guided weapons, the gun can not be controlled after launch, there will be debate on its role, but small arms yet can replace missiles. In some military technology and the vast majority of laboratory science fiction story, although there have been similar names and appearance of firearms, but the new principle of different weapons, such as laser guns and rail guns. But it was actually developed some while back, continuing the use of firearms principle, but with high-tech and new structures, such as Metal Storm, shell bombs, gunpowder liquid propulsion, electric guns, ideal for individual combat weapons, firearms visible well developed, the development of space. The picture shows the former Soviet Union produced an assault rifle ak-47.
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Gun common vocabulary
Calibre [caliber] Inner diameter of the barrel, just snapping imaginary sun bore diameter of the cylinder wall can be stuffed when you define. Usually measure the distance between two opposite walls of the bore to determine the sun, which is the bore diameter. Cam [Cam] Within the structure to perform the bolt is rotated, tilted, or configuration of the displacement parts, for example, to travel in the back seat of the barrel pistol Colt M1911A1 pull the cam that is separate from the sleeve, and if In M16 rifle bolt interlock bolt head is responsible for turning the seat to complete atresia, cam lock bolt and the corresponding chutes. Cannelure crimping groove [] Bullet or shell casings around the outer wall of a trench. Cartridge [bullet] Rifle or handgun ammunition used, usually containing the warhead (bullet), shells (case), charge (charge), primer (primer) in four parts. Shotgun ammunition called shotgun (shell). Case [bullet] Metal or plastic, is located behind the warhead to accommodate charge. [Center position] Tap the target when aiming aiming at the center of the target circle. The advantage of this is that the target need not worry about orientation of the distance difference, and can quickly targeted. The disadvantage is that the door will block the sight and according to some of the targets. See "six o'clock" (six o'clock hold). [Clip] Basically a clip refers to the use made of a metal frame or metal bars, the number of rounds in a row constitute or staggered for guns with ammunition for use. After filling in accordance with whether to become a part of the Barrel, but also can be divided into en block clip and stripper clip. The former is a metal frame used to hold bullets, filling the entire frame even when the bullets in the magazine squeezed together, become part of guns. When run out of bullets, empty cartridges will automatically jump or fall from the bottom of the magazine. Its disadvantage is that most of the use of this design in the use of guns can not be loaded in half the new bullet clip, and often will not run out in front of the bullet clip removed, resulting in a lot of trouble. This device invention in the 19th century by 曼尼契, more common in the 曼尼契 style bolt-action rifle, but the U.S. M1 semi-automatic rifle Grant, also the use of such systems. [Collimator] Be used for optical sight bore zero (bore sight) tool. It will be installed at gunpoint from a pipe at the top of the display you can see the barrel axis projection point to a distance, and then based on this image, adjust the level of the left and right optical sight, if necessary, use shims (shim) to fill high around the base level. Collimator optical sight through the bore or to go to zero after the actual range to zero, but because they have the barrel axis and optical sight roughly aligned, the actual zero easier. Its advantage is to save space, you can use indoors. Sometimes called the chamber re_set_ter (boresighter). Comb [Post] cheeks The upper edge of the rear bracket, archer aiming cheek when shooting site. [Crosshair] A line of sight of the type used in the optical sight, two thin lines at right angles to rendezvous together. The actual shape, line thickness, and so on with each manufacturer has a different design. [Cartridges] Revolver ammunition parts to accommodate the wheel, there are a number of breech chamber, each bore bullet chambers loaded, it will rotate with the barrel sequence alignment. [Bars] Bomb To hold back the latch on the outside of the cartridge revolver tilting allows the cartridge to pull out after pressing the back shell loading. [Delay] recoil A variant of the gas kick, when the shells due to the gas pressure back pressure on the bolt, the bolt back the use of mechanical principles to action delayed for some time, so that the safety of the breech pressure dropped to recoil before continuing the rest of the action. As a result, the weight of the bolt can be greatly reduced, elastic recoil spring can reduce it. German HK's G3 series rifles and MP5 series submachine guns were delayed recoil use the scroll wheel mode of action. [Liang] sight All shooters eye can see horizons within the optical sight, the eye surface furthest distance from the eyepiece, in millimeters (mm) or inches, is a sight caused by structural properties of the lens. Generally greater the magnification sight, the shorter the good sight. The longer the good line of sight, the shooter does not have to be eye to the eyepiece more, use more comfortable; And because there is a recoil of firearms, eyes too close to the eyepiece is also a risk of injury, especially when the shooter is wearing glasses or use a strong When recoil guns. So generally _select_ed optical sight, good sight longer is better. How to determine if they are in a good position eye sight? Or whether the correct position relative to the sight? See below. [Vision] When the optical sight to view a scene from the width of said wider range can be observed while the larger, to the moving target tracking is more easy. Usually greater the magnification, the smaller the field of view. [Hider] Mounted on the muzzle muzzle Blazing dispersed device for the purpose of avoiding interference in dark environments are shiny visual impact shooter Blazing aim. Its principle is that the combustion exhaust gas discharged from the muzzle to cool, it is not burning flame and the outside air contact. [Body] Pistols and Revolvers on the basic structure, other parts such as bolt, barrel, cartridges, etc. are applied on it. [Gun] Grip on the gun used to operate various parts, including fenders, hand guard, grip, after care (buttstock), etc., which is made of wood or plastic; equivalent to the generalized "butt." [Trajectory] Warhead flight path. [Tripod] For carrying heavier firearms tripod platform, typically used by medium or heavy machine guns. [Adjustment knob] Knob to adjust the level of around zero on the optical sight, named for its shape turret. Usually outside the protective plastic cover, removing the need to adjust the front, rear adjustment screw on the plastic cover to prevent malfunction scale. Knob scale generally 1/4 MOA expressed more sophisticated with fine sight to 1/8 MOA's. Every turn a tick, feel or hear a "click" sound, so there is a ring called a tick (click). [Variable magnification sight] Can adjust the magnification of the optical sight, the most common general hunting variable magnification sight of 3-9X40, meaning magnification between 3-9 times, the objective lens diameter of 40 mm.
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Encyclopedia
qiangxie Firearms small arms Generally refers to the use of propellant gas energy emission warheads, less than 20 mm caliber barrel firing weapons. Mainly used to launch bullets against exposure animate targets and thin-walled armored targets. It is the primary infantry weapon, but also a wide range of equipment in the armed services, arms, and applied to security, hunting and sports competitions aspects. Firearms generally be divided into pistols, rifles, submachine guns, machine guns, shotguns and special guns. According to the degree of automation, firearms have fully automatic, semi-automatic and non-automatic three. Fully automatic firearms available propellant gas energy or other additional energy sources, automatic loading and firing; semi-automatic firearms to achieve self-loading, but not firing; rather than automatic firearms only single, refilled done manually by firing again . States are now equipped with military firearms automatic or semi-automatic firearms, mostly, can achieve automatic filling, automatic weapons belong. Common civilian firearms have shotguns and sporting guns, and more non-automatic or semi-automatic firearms. Tactical and technical performance properties of Moroto firearms, usually based on the trajectory parameters evaluated, the effective range, rate of fire fighting, size and weight Moroto. Trajectory parameters include caliber, bullet weight and muzzle velocity. The decision by the bullet weight and muzzle velocity of the bullet muzzle energy is one of the main signs of the power of firearms. Caliber firearms can be divided into three types, typically 6 mm or less is called a small diameter, 12 mm or more for large diameter, between the ordinary diameter therebetween. Effective range is able to obtain reliable results when shooting firearms maximum distance to common goals, reflecting the long-range nature of firearms. Combat rate of fire is under combat conditions firearm projectiles per minute averages, reflecting the rapid-fire guns, size, and weight reflect firearms mobility. Structure and working principles of modern automatic firearms generally barrel, receiver, aiming devices, automatic machine agencies, consisting of transmitter institutions, insurance agencies and gun rack (or grip, butt) and other components, as well as some firearms bayonets, guns port device and other auxiliary components. Automatic machine for the agencies to achieve continuous shooting, including atresia, recoil, ammunition, firing and back shell organizations. The role of the various components of firearms are: ① the barrel to give the bullet muzzle velocity, angle and fired. ② casing is installed and connected to the base member of each part of the whole gun. ③ main portion of the bolt locking mechanism assembly for transmitting the moment the tail against the cartridge case from the barrel, closing the chamber. Firing bolt assembly is driven by the work of the agencies automaton active parts, often called the active parts. Some parts of firearms activities also include other components, such as barrel. ④ recoil institutions to use part of the recoil spring stored energy propellant gas, make the activity parts into place after the recoil recoil. ⑤ for the bomb mechanism for loading with the turn of bullets into the bomb delivered to the location, and then sent to the chamber. Loading a magazine with bomb chain usually has two types. ⑥ firing, launch and insurance institutions are usually the main part of the piece. Firing mechanism with the firing pin hit the primer, for transmission; firing mechanism for controlling the firing mechanism, the implementation to be hit, launch or transform shooting mode (single shot, firing or burst); insurance agencies to ensure safety. ⑦ back shell casings or bullets mechanism for the extraction from the chamber, and thrown the gun away. ⑧ aiming device used to determine the angle and fired the gun body, so that the projectile hit the target (see sights). ⑨ gun rack (or grip, butt) to support the frame, in order to manage, and implement targeted shooting. When bursts of automatic firearms, hand pull the trigger, the bullet hit bottom stylus burning fire, fired the bullet in the bore under the influence of propellant gas, and promote the activities of mechanical recoil, in order to complete the unlock, shell, shell throwing, Ramming, such action to be hit, while compressing the recoil spring; mechanical recoil in place after the event, in the recoil spring recoil force to promote completion into bombs, atresia, firing and other actions, then they start shooting next cycle. Semi-automatic firearms after Shoots bombs, followed by automatic withdrawal shells, loading and latching, but the firing mechanism is controlled by the state to be hit, can not automatically be issued, subject to relax and re-buckle cited trigger in order to achieve transmit again. Non-automatic firearms, no automatic unlocking device and the recoil mechanism, back shell and the filling is done manually, only single. Automata energy agencies generally work from within the bore propellant gas. According to the energy transfer mode, automatic principle often used in three ways: After a short barrel recoil barrel and bolt recoil use energy to complete the automatic cycle operation (Fig. 1a). After launch recoil barrel and bolt together at a distance, the lock bolt in this process. Because after unlocking the bolt recoil energy is often insufficient
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