Sino-Japanese War (sometimes referred to as "resistance"), a narrow sense refers to the Chinese against Japanese aggression during World War II war (began July 7, 1937 and ending August 15, 1945), that is internationally called "The Second Sino-Japanese War"; broadly refers to World War II East Asia, Southeast Asia, the war against Japanese invasion; as Japan's invasion of East Asia, Southeast Asia, the fighting spread to South Asia and the Pacific, Japan, known as the Greater East Asia War.
In this paper, China's Anti-Japanese War, the War in other countries and regions see: War on the Korean Peninsula, Myanmar Anti-Japanese War, the Philippine War, Sino-Japanese War in Malaya, Singapore, Sino-Japanese War, the Battle of Hong Kong
Sino-Japanese War
Sino-Japanese War, also known as the Japanese invasion of China, is that in the 1930s to the 1940s, due to the illegal invasion of the Japanese Empire, the Republic of China caused by the war, the main battlefield in China, before the war in Europe in World War II and during the finally ended with the victory of China.
The war in different regions have different names. Most of the Chinese Government and the Republic of China called for the eight-year war, the Sino-Japanese war, etc., referred to as Japanese, the Chinese Communist Party and the government called the People's Republic of China People's Anti-Japanese War, Japan, China and Japan called War (Japanese: Japan Zhan dispute ) or Shina Incident (Cina things Bian), the majority of Western countries called for the second Sino-Japanese war (the Sino-Japanese War as "the first Sino-Japanese War").
Shiming
Traditionally, Chinese people called "War" general allegations "Sino-Japanese War." Chinese in habits in different places have their respective countries or regions in the same period against the Japanese aggression Zhanzhengchengwei "War", Bing Jiang Shi Wei Qi and the Chinese Anti-Japanese War One, Huo Zuoweitamen in general. "Chinese Anti-Japanese War" in mainland China, also known as "eight-year War of Resistance" (from July 7, 1937, "Marco Polo Bridge Incident," the Chinese top leaders on July 31 Chiang Kai-shek issued "book of all soldiers," declared Anti-Japanese War began to date), but in other parts of the world are generally referred to as "14 years of resistance" (on September 18, 1931, "September 18 Incident" date). The war in Japan, known as "Sino-Japanese War." Japan also used the "Pearl Harbor" before the Chinese Anti-Japanese War as the so-called "China Incident" or the so-called "Japan-China Incident" because the Japanese Empire and the Republic of China has not formally declared war on each other, so "technically" is not a war. "Pearl Harbor" after the outbreak of Sino-Japanese War, Japan was seen as "Greater East Asian War" (including the Second World War in the Pacific war, China and India and Burma battlefield battlefield) part.
Prelude to war
From the Sino-Japanese War to the September 18 Incident
1894 Sino-Japanese War ended with the defeat of China, China and Japan signed the Treaty of Shimonoseki, the Japanese use of the treaty of indemnity from China won the silver 230 million of which 80% used for the development of military, from the Japanese aggression against China began to strengthen. In 1900, because the Boxer Incident, problem, one of Japan as the main eight-and occupied Tianjin, Beijing, and the use of "Boxer Protocol" in Beijing, Tianjin cantonment area heavily. 1904 to 1905, Japan won the Russo-Japanese War, the Russian fortress built Lushunkou captured and devastated at the Battle of Tsushima the Russian Baltic Fleet, wrested from the Russians in northeast China's privileges, and more to strengthen Japan ambitions. 1910, Japan and South Korea blend, more so in Japan North Korea as a springboard for aggression against China. In 1914, the First World War, Japan declared war on Germany, German forces invaded the Jiaozhou Bay, then take Shandong. 1915, signed with Yuan Shikai, "21" and completely replace the privilege of Germany in Shandong. In 1928, the Japanese nationals in order to protect the name of the National Revolutionary Army tried to stop the Northern Expedition, the shelling of South City, and the occurrence of fighting the Northern Expeditionary Army in China, resulting in Jinan Massacre, the killing of members of the Chinese Foreign Ministry, Shandong representations such as 16 hours Tsai people. Finally, Chiang Kai-shek after the surface of the main officers to punish the war, Japanese troops out of Jinan.
July 23, 1931, the eve of the Manchurian Incident, Chiang Kai-shek issued a "Notice to the National Compatriots", called "stabbing outside Home Safe," "it is not first off Red bandits, to restore the vigor of the nation, you can not exteriors; not Guangdong, the first to level against the complete reunification of the countries, is not resisting foreign aggression. "
Formidable enemy, Chiang Kai-shek did not think to resist foreign aggression, is still advocating "stabbing outside Home Safe" big civil war, to suppress anti-Japanese people warm, crazy implementation of the "non-resistance policy." Communist China took the opportunity to step up development in Hunan and Jiangxi and other places to establish more "Soviet", and is expanding. November 7, 1931, the Chinese Communist Party in the Soviet Union created the National Day in the Central Soviet of the Chinese Soviet Republic (the capital is located in Ruijin, Jiangxi Province). Since then, Chiang Kai-shek continued attacks against Soviet counter-revolutionary "besieged", attempting to destroy the Red Army, to establish one-party dictatorship of the reactionary regime.
Incident two months, the Japanese occupation of Northeast China, many major cities, except in the Department of Heilongjiang was Ma Zhanshan such strong resistance, the did not suffer significant losses. September 18 Incident, the Chinese people spontaneously organized a large number of Northeast Northeast Anti-Japanese Volunteer aggression against the Japanese militarists, the resistance has been related in sympathy and solidarity with the people. Some Chinese scholars as the September 18 incident into a Sino-Japanese War began. February 1932, the establishment of Manchukuo in northeast Japan, the nominal leader of the puppet government last emperor Pu Yi Qing. This regime is the Japanese Imperial Army has, to date their occupation of northeast Man Goodwill Ambassador for an excuse to continue the aggression.
National Government is facing "the Japanese north, south of the military, diplomatic echoes, while advancing," the critical situation. Soldiers have their own way around, do not listen to the central dispatch, Shandong Han Fu and Liu Zhen-year drainage, Shaanxi Yang and Ma Qing Yuan, Sichuan, Liu Xiang and Liu Wenhui, the clash, Chiang pains, "mediator", in fact, take the opportunity to expand the site.
Japan intensified its invasion of
Japan's warlords in northern China's military operations did not stop, and troops moved into the Great Wall line, invaded Rehe, Chahar provinces, known to history as the "Great Wall Incident." January 1933, Japanese troops occupied the Shanhaiguan, started off in the Chinese attack. Chengde Rehe attack the provincial capital, just over 10 days will come to fall, the national army stationed in Rehe mainly ministries of the Northeast Army Wan Fulin, poor sense of resistance. Army stationed in the Northwest Pingjin Sung Che-yuan led his troops against the 29th Army, Central Army 17th Corps Xu Tingyao rate his troops three divisions north war. May the same year, the Japanese warlords to the Chahar offensive, and was occupied by police north city of Toulon, however, Feng Yuxiang and Ji Hongchang soon launch the organization Anti-Japanese Allied Army Chahar After five days of fighting, the back Doren, and have successfully driven out of Chahar Japanese warlords to ensure the basic stability of fighting the Great Wall line. 29 Army, 17 Army and other forces although fought valiantly, the mounting well-equipped Japanese and the puppet "Manchukuo" forces, the Great Wall Japanese defeat. May 31, China and Japan signed the "Tanggu Agreement", the National Revolutionary Army out of Rehe and Jidong, Japan opened the door leading north.
December 1933, Fujian Cai Tingkai, the CP and the 19 Army organizations "Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of China", and the Red Army signed the "Anti-Japanese cease-fire agreement," trying to save the critical situation, known to history as "Fujian Incident." However, Chiang Kai-shek collusion Japanese and puppet troops to quell the bloody suppression of the armed revolution, combined with the CCP leaders have pursued the "Left" policy of closed doors, the ultimate failure of the Fujian Incident, Chiang Kai-shek withdrew 19 Army of the designation, 19 Route Zhezhi known in the world history of this anti-Japanese forces ended.
June 9, 1934, Nanjing, the Japanese Consulate General Registry for personal reasons, running away to hide, want to commit suicide. Consulate threatened "by the Chinese government fully responsible, if not survival of the hope that the Japanese side will withdraw the diaspora to launch self-defense." Military police sent to Japan and Shanghai, Nanjing, Japanese warships gathered in Shimonoseki river. As a consulate in the anti-Japanese organizations, the Chinese intelligence collection personnel to provide reliable information Zhanchang Lin, Section Chief of the Metropolitan Police Department investigated a cave Zhao Shirui found in possession of Purple Mountain this, and put down the incidents, known to history as "possession of the incident."
May 1935, Japan and China Garrison Army claimed that pro-Japanese newspaper in Tianjin, "Manchurian Morning" club president over white Huan, "national rights report," club president Hu Sipu killed, the ROC government as soon after the false grounds by the Chinese Government assistance to enter the Northeast Volunteer "Tanggu Agreement" in the non-armed region (in fact at the time as an independent armed Northeast Volunteer), once again sent troops to the south. Chiang Kai-shek in order to avoid the situation further, for the Great Yingqin pro-Japanese and Japanese Umezu, Yoshijiro sign a "Ho-Umezu Agreement", in some cases to meet the Japanese requirements, guarantee "against 全国 一切 anti-Japan organizations and activities". In the same year in September, Japanese public opinion again called for "five provinces in North China (Chahar, Suiyuan, Hebei, Shanxi, Shandong) self-government." In response to this situation, October 4, 1935, the Japanese Cabinet adopted Keisuke Okada, "to encourage North autonomous case" published "to encourage North autonomous case", fostering the establishment of local traitors Yin Ju-keng Jidong anti-communist Government, to prevent "red." Known to history more than "North China Incident", which is increased by the Sino-Japanese national contradiction a sign of China's social contradictions.
Second KMT-CPC cooperation
January 29 sports activities of students in Beijing on December 9 the same year, the Peking students under the leadership of the Communist Party's propaganda against the illegal government to be established in Japan, "Hopei-Chahar Political Committee" start the parade. Tens of thousands of students shouted slogans near Beijing, requested that the National Government to stop the civil war, the joint anti-Japanese. Government Affairs Committee Hopei head slated Song Zheyuan crushed the student movement. Under such circumstances, the Commission announced the extension of the establishment of the Chief Hopei, and greatly improves the Communist Party in China, especially in North China's reputation. Most of the student movement became the backbone of the Eighth Route Army and the Chinese Communist emerging companies, including Jing Huang, Li Chang, Gu Jingsheng, Song Li and so on.
But Chiang Kai-shek still insist on "stabbing outside Home Safe," the intent and the relevant transferee to withdraw troops within the northeast and northwest of the continuing siege of Communist revolutionary base in northern Shaanxi - and I hope non-loyalists fighting the army and the Communist Party will suffer. In this case, the military generals Zhang Xueliang and Yang decided to accept the West's joint anti-Japanese Communist Party claims. December 1936, Chiang Kai-shek personally came to Xi'an "supervise operations", December 12, Zhang and Yang launched the Xi'an Incident shocked the world, the implementation of the Chiang Kai-shek "soldier admonished." Pro-Japanese Yingqin think the time has come to actively advocate crusade Zhang Yang, Yu Zhi Chiang Kai-shek to death to win the country's highest ruling power. If so, the country will be more large-scale civil war broke out, which is the Japanese want to see. The incident last the KMT, the Communist Party and other forces of the negotiations, be _set_tled peacefully, the two parties also reached agreement on the establishment of anti-Japanese national united front, as the future one of the key factors affecting Sino-Japanese War. After the Xi'an Incident, the Red Army, the Northeast Army, Northwest Army of the Trinity League is the collapse of Chiang Kai-shek. Zhang was detained Chiang, Yang was forced to go abroad, the Northeast Army was transferred to Lanzhou, Henan, Anhui, etc., have been completely dismantled. Red Army south from northern Shaanxi, occupied the area around Xi'an. Zhou Enlai, Ye Jianying, Bo Gu, and the KMT Central Committee on behalf of the CPC Central Committee began to launch negotiations on cooperation. A large number of prisoners during the civil war in the decade of the Communist political prisoners were released, most notably is the Bo and Tao Zhu. CPC Central Committee Liu Shaoqi sent to Tianjin guide the work of the Northern Bureau, Liu quickly opened the united front the situation in North China, called on students to support Song Zheyuan Pingjin Japanese. Chiang Kai-shek began to speed up the war's political, military and economic preparations, including the area in Shanghai to Nanjing to build a three defense fortifications, a large number of German imports of equipment arm of the Central Army.
China's fight (in July 1937 -1,938 10 months)
Marco Polo Bridge Incident
In 1937, the night of July 7, the Marco Polo Bridge Incident broke out. A time when Japan Fumimaro Konoe Cabinet. Japan and China Garrison Army excuse for a soldier missing and demanded to search the county seat of Wanping southwest Beijing. China's defenders refused this request. Japanese warlords then shot fired Menghong Beijing Marco Polo Bridge, the Chinese defenders to attack the city. Also said that according to "Boxer Protocol" stationed near the Japanese warlords Wanping exercises were the National Revolutionary Army of the shooting, and offensive to the Chinese defenders. Fired the first shot is a comprehensive Japanese 29th Army Ji Xingwen group.
Supreme Commander of the Republic of China Chiang Kai-shek has issued a statement in Lushan
Frontline Expand
Republic of China government _set_ a "space for time, turned small victories" of great principles, in order to attract the Japanese aggression into the Japanese it is difficult to focus on the many rivers in the southeastern mountains and rivers, mountains and rivers used to off_set_ many of the terrain Japanese equipment training advantage, try to destroy the Japanese army's effective strength, training and equipment to prevent the Japanese advantage in favor flat play the North China Plain with the Japanese army, and expand the battlefield, the enemy dispersed forces to fight for part of the initiative in the war, Chiang Kai-shek decided to start a war in Shanghai. China National Revolutionary Army into the Shanghai area posing as security team. Japanese Zeyi concessions in the name of defending the occupation outside the concession area. August 13, conflict broke out.
Hainan by the Japanese bombing of the railway station
In August 1937 the Japanese sent the Shanghai Expeditionary Force (after three months increased to 50 million), began to Shanghai attack; Republic of China are the central forces were deployed and a large number of elite troops inland provinces (but Chiang Kai-shek and commander of these forces poor relations, so equip very poor. The participants, including Sichuan army, Yunnan, Guangxi Province, Kwangtung, Hunan, etc.) Total 70 million people, bloody battle with the Japanese for three months, smashing his "death in March of China" The strategy, namely the Battle of Shanghai. Battle Command glaze Shanghai commander of the first Feng third theater, after Chiang Kai-shek personally serve. November 20, the Chinese National Revolutionary Army after the injuries of 25 million people, forced to retreat, since the fall of Shanghai; due to issue evacuation orders too hasty defense fortifications behind the transfer of mistakes, coupled with the initial resistance is extremely low quality of military training led to the withdrawal turned into defeat. On the same day, the ROC government immediately announced that the capital and all government agencies move to provisional capital from Nanjing to Chongqing, the military operations center is to move to Wuhan Wuhan battle until after the move to provisional capital of Chongqing. Although the second Battle of Shanghai in China is a tactical failure, but success in the strategic but will attract the Japanese in China's southeast, to the Japanese main force into the terrain of many mountains and rivers, consumed very large, leading to the Japanese without power occupation of all of China. Shanghai National Revolutionary Army of durable resistance, shield the party and government organs, schools and the transfer of a large number of industrial and commercial enterprises in the Mainland, to retain the strength for the war.
1937 Nanjing, Japanese army atrocities
In Shanghai was about 40 000 casualties in the Japanese army, in the same year, occupied Nanjing on Dec. 13, as Wu Jiang Tang Shengzhi soon abandoned the cities and fled, so the fall of Nanjing city in 4 days. Japanese to continue for several months as the destruction of the Nanjing massacre of Chinese people morale 手段, since the eve of war the Chinese National Revolutionary Army to escape the methods of all blocked, and the results indirectly lead to about 300,000 innocent Chinese people by Japanese troops brutally killing (Far East International Military Tribunal Statistics 26 million). Nanjing massacre ordered the Japanese Shanghai Expeditionary Force (later renamed Central China Expeditionary Force) commander is Iwane Matsui, the most serious killing Division, headed by Gu Shoufu sixth.
In the same year in September, Japan to win the rich coal resources in Shanxi, the army sent more than 10 million to start attacking. National Government should be organized and conducted by the Taiyuan Campaign, as it was then not far from the Chinese Communist Party headquarters in Yan'an. According to the KMT-CPC cooperation agreement in September, the Communist Party were ordered to send the 18th Army National Revolutionary Army to help the second theater of Lin Biao, commander of Division 115 of Executive Yan Xishan defense.
By the end of 1937, after the fall of Nanjing, the Republic of China has pushed against the National Government. But because the governor of Shandong Han Fu-Ju funk, resulting in the fall of the Yellow line of defense, Shandong most of the fall, remaining at key points of the thoen Lunan, Taierzhuang. So, January 14, 1938, Chiang Kai-shek be shot.
Of the Yellow River burst
19 May the Japanese occupation of Xuzhou, June 6 will be occupied Kaifeng in Henan Province. June 9, Chiang Kai-shek ordered population exploded in the garden south of the Yellow River dam, the history of the Yellow River burst its banks. Although this temporarily blocking the Japanese south, but also led to massive flooding of the Yellow River downstream, resulting in the death of millions of people directly or indirectly die of famine, caused by knowledge of local dissatisfaction with the KMT. Chiang Kai-shek large amount of funds allocated post-war restoration of the Yellow River levee, known to history as "The Yellow River owned by it", that is to restore the old course. Participation in the Battle of the National Revolutionary Army shunt withdrawal smashed Japanese encirclement attempt, bringing the Xuzhou Campaign ended. Will be after the war, some of the military to stay in the battlefield behind enemy lines in North Lunan, Sulu, after Chiang Kai-shek ordered the creation of theater, to the Northeast Army Xue-Zhong Yu for the theater commander. Adhere to this part of the national army in 1943, oppressed by the Japanese puppet troops, and the Chinese military also reported the friction loss, was forced to withdraw from southern Shandong Jiangsu. Japanese in North China, Shandong Jin Pu line divided by the main direction of attack, but also to a chase to the line of Hebei and Han, Song Zheyuan steadily led the troops to resist, and finally retreated to the north of the Yellow River in northern regions.
Sino-Japanese rally (October 1938 -1 941 12 months)
Japan's policy change and the strategy of divide and rule
Japan's transformation approach, including the attention of European and American countries and China, including Europe and the United States judged that the stated objective of the three Guards turned to the Soviet Union by the Chinese, such a move would help the interests of all countries, and Munich Xieding similar to want to burn Japan's war to the Soviet Union's land, thus the United States and Europe began to lobby the national government to send a panel of persuasion, I hope Chiang Kai-shek in the interests of all parties without much loss of the case, and Japan reached an armistice agreement.
Meanwhile, Japan launched a raid outside of Chongqing battle with the date and the date should battle, hoping to surrender the National Government as soon as possible. Endanger the wartime provisional capital of Chongqing in this campaign, the National Revolutionary Army, 33 Army commander, General Zhang Zhizhong martyred.
The development of the battlefield behind enemy lines
Entered a stalemate, the Japanese military was proceeding too quickly because, troops and logistical supplies are not sufficient, can only ensure the major cities and military bases, and the main lines of occupation.
Start the battlefield behind the enemy lines where troops are mostly occupied by the KMT. There is also the Communist Party and other non-governmental and anti-Japanese groups, the enemy's rear area has become the anti-Japanese armed sphere of influence. With large-scale raids behind enemy lines in Japan and Chiang Kai-shek "Quxianjiuguo" strategy of the National Revolutionary Army controlled areas behind the enemy lines greatly reduced, the Japanese do not have enough strength in these areas long-term hold. The Eighth Route Army, the New Fourth Army to use its flexible guerrilla warfare skills to survive and become a sharp knife _insert_ed behind enemy lines, so that the enemy no peace.
Such as the Wang Jingwei voted on hundreds of thousands of troops behind enemy lines to vote on local warlords, but also some who are not satisfied with national government toward the Communist troops. Communist Party to become an important force for guerrilla warfare behind enemy lines. To July 1940, the Communist Party had grown to nearly 40 million people and has about 1 million people, nearly two million anti-Japanese base areas and militias, in addition to these forces against the Japanese, but also often a variety of friction, but the study The reason is still the stubborn forces of Chiang Kai-shek to stir up the local. Hundred Regiments Offensive, the Japanese army to strengthen the implementation of law and order campaign, the Japanese troops in North China reached 470,000 [citation needed], and focus on the puppet regime in the entire army into the battlefield. In response to the Communist Party's guerrilla tactics, using the "Jia System" to the Communist forces cut off contact with the local militia, establishment of no man's land, were extremely savage and brutal "Punitive Expedition", and even violation of international law used to combat biological and chemical weapons. Against the face of the Japanese Communist Party under the pressure of the whole army to implement strategic shift, split into smaller entities to retain power, various forms of anti-"mopping up" the struggle, such as the famous tunnel warfare, mine warfare, sparrow warfare, sabotage, war, etc. . Japanese can not be found because of the Eighth Route and New Fourth Army and the militia and render the participation of the Japanese-based combat mission, launched on the 1st war, to eliminate China's effective strength.
China declared war on Japan (December 1941 -1,945 years in February)
Collaboration and strategic counter-offensive anti-fascist alliance
December 7, 1941, after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor the United States, Japan's strategic focus from China into the United States. The following day, the United States declared war against Japan and called for a global trade sanctions on Japan. 9 December, China officially declared war to Japan. Soon after, in addition to the Soviet Union to remain neutral and outside of Japan, Britain and other allies have declared war on Japan. China is no longer independent from the war against Japan, Sino-Japanese War officially become part of the Second World War. U.S. participation in World War II, through the Burma Road and the "Hump" from Burma, India, China, transported to a large number of military supplies to support the Republic of China to continue resistance.
The involvement of countries in the world for China to bring enormous benefits, this is because the Anglo-American out of their own interest, and hope that the main force of China is holding the Japanese Army. Therefore, China and Britain signed the Treaty of Friendship and Alliance, and with Britain and the United States signed agreements by repealing some of the unequal treaties that the international status of the Nationalist government in Chongqing up.
Japan satisfied with control of oil and gas resources in Southeast Asia, Burma Road to China, noting the significance of the battlefield and instead sent troops to Burma, like cutting out the Burma Road, to isolate China. At this time the British army in the Far East, Japan has been unable to resist the attack, turned to the Republic of China national government for help. Thus, Roosevelt and Chiang Kai-shek _set_ up a consultation Allied Burma theater, part-time by the Chiang Kai-shek, commander, deputy commander of the Du Yuming China sent 100,000 rate _set_ in China Chinese expeditionary army elite forces (mainly the 5th Army and 66th Army) Myanmar and Japan into war. Originally scheduled for the Chinese and British troops battle with the Japanese Mandalay planning, but the first Japanese to win the British-controlled Yenangyaung, making India the direction of the British began to retreat, so the Japanese behind the roundabout to the National Revolutionary Army, so that China Expeditionary Force right exposure, the result of joint operations lost 5 military expedition was forced to retreat to India 66 military retreat home. The battle, Huangpu general teacher Dai Anlan sacrifice. Eventually was occupied by Japan in Myanmar, Burma Road interrupted by the bloody expedition 100,000 only 4 thousand people evacuated safely. And Du Yuming was recalled, the U.S. military serve as chief of staff of the China-Burma theater of General Stilwell and 5 Army Commander Sun Li-jen, Liao left behind to continue training for the army in India compiled.
[Cairo Conference Big Three]
Cairo Big Three
November 1943, the U.S. and British heads of state meeting in Cairo, Egypt, through the "Cairo Declaration" demanding the return of the post-war occupation of Japan all the territories of China, including Taiwan and its affiliated islands.
1944, the Japanese in the Pacific battlefield situation worse, lack of troops and supplies in short supply to an alarming level: rubber, steel is classified as national resources, prohibition to private sale; the resources of production in North China and the Eighth Route Army was the local militia continuous of harassment, loss of productivity in most areas. In order to obtain materials in Southeast Asia, China must open up along the route, so the Japanese launched the Battle of Henan Hunan, Guangxi. A General of Japan in North China Area Army easily defeated the army in Henan Province, Li Yu, commander of 36th Army were killed, the Japanese results opened the Ping-Han lines to the Wuhan section of Henan Province. , The central Japanese win the Battle of Changsha in the fourth to beat Simon, all the way to southern Hunan city of Hengyang pursuit. Fang Xianjue Whampoa general led his troops in 47 days stubborn resistance finally broken city, Fang Xianjue suicide attempt, is taken prisoner. Japanese and South China Central China has jointly launched by the Japanese campaign in Guilin-Liuzhou, Guangxi occupied the way, open up the Hunan-Guangxi Railway, Guizhou Dushan last hit, vibration Chongqing; the other way from the south of Hengyang and Guangzhou for the Japanese opened the Han Railway . National public outcry, all denounced. The campaign carefully prepared in advance Japanese, troops have also been greatly added; the National Revolutionary Army on the one hand because the term "passive resistance, active anti-communist", the other elite units to be transferred to Southwest Stilwell battlefield, coupled with rampant corruption, a military quality low, resulting in a large battle defeat Hunan, Guangxi and Henan. Ultimate control of the southern Japanese traffic artery Han Railway, the "China Transit" completely opened up.
Hunan, Guangxi, Henan defeat, the Chinese Expeditionary Force stationed in India and China launched a major offensive in Western Yunnan northern Burma. May 1944, by the General Command of the Republic of China Wei Lihuang expedition force a crossing Nu River, western Yunnan offensive was launched, has captured the Japanese firm defense of Matsuyama, Tengchong, Longling, recover lost southwest.
Japan was defeated (in February 1945 -1945 on September 9)
February 1945, Britain, the United States, the Soviet Union signed a "Yalta Agreement" provides that within three months after the war ended in Europe, the Soviet Union declared war on deal day. China has not been invited to participate. As the United States and Britain at the expense of the sovereignty of China (such as the recognition of independence of Outer Mongolia), the Japanese troops in exchange for the conditions of the Soviet Union, also known as the "Far Eastern Munich" conspiracy.
After February 1945, although the Japanese warlords will be in Henan Hunan, Guangxi, China after the war has basically opened up the lines of communication, but as often from the U.S. Air Force attack on the Mainland, together with the Pacific war has become increasingly tight, the allies are gradually approaching the Japanese home, so in order to eliminate the U.S. military in China, the mainland airport to maintain lines of communication clear and early conclusion of the Sino-Japanese war in order to concentrate on domestic defense, in March 1945 from the Japanese army has launched western Henan and northern Hubei Battle Battle of West Hunan. In Henan, the Japanese militarists in late March from Battle of Henan in the east of the west line of defense after the attack, the striker had been rushed to the Western Gap. In Hubei, in March the Japanese warlords to attack north-west, on April 8 captured the old estuary; But immediately after the National Revolutionary Army launched a counter attack recovered outside than the old mouth of the Japanese occupation of all areas. In Hunan, the Japanese air force base in Zhijiang goal, in the April attack to the west of Hunan, but under the National Revolutionary Army against the Japanese suffered a major _set_back and returned to the original position. After the National Revolutionary Army win the Guangxi region to launch a counterattack, on May 27 recovered in Nanning, Liuzhou recovered on June 29, July 27 recovered Guilin, Guangxi recovered throughout August. In addition, the National Revolutionary Army was originally scheduled in August to open up the recovery of Guangzhou, China's foreign transportation arteries, because the Japanese surrender without practice.
July 26, 1945, the United States, Britain, the three countries issued the Potsdam Proclamation, urging Japan's unconditional surrender, otherwise they would be Japan's "Last of the attack." Since then the United States has successfully tested an atomic bomb, U.S. President Harry Truman for the Soviet Union entered the war does not hold much interest, so not invited to consultations or signed the Soviet Union, resulting in very unhappy Soviet Union.
August 6, 1945, in order to avoid a large number of casualties in the landing and one step earlier won the Soviet mainland Japan, the U.S. dropped the first atomic bomb in Hiroshima, Japan, 3 days later it dropped the second atomic bombs in Nagasaki. Soviet Red Army also on the "Yalta secret", then in the August 8 declaration of war against Japan, to launch Operation Storm in August, and immediately on sending troops on August 9 in northeast China. At this time the Japanese Kwantung Army troops deployed only 70 million people in northeastern China and the Korean peninsula, the Soviet Red Army into the battlefield are as many as 150 million people in the Far East, are also significant differences between the two sides of equipment, so the Soviet Red Army swept through the Japanese Kwantung Army in Northeast China .
August 15, 1945 at noon, Japanese Emperor Hirohito on the radio issued a "decree ending the war," surrendered unconditionally. August 16, the Soviet General Staff issued a statement: "Emperor of Japan on August 15 issued a statement of surrender, only the unconditional surrender of the general declaration is not issued to the armed forces command to cease hostilities, and the Japanese warlords continued to resist, therefore, not the actual surrender of Japan ... ... Far Eastern Soviet Union will continue offensive operations against Japan. "interim period, the Japanese army's death squads dispatched as a result the Soviet Union rather heavy casualties. The war until August 23 before the Soviet occupation of Port Arthur is really over.
September 2, Japanese Foreign Minister Mamoru Shigemitsu warship Missouri in the United States formally signed the surrender. September 9, the Japanese invaders in Nanjing Commander Yasuji Okamura to be submitted to the ROC army chief Yingqin surrender. Sino-Japanese War and World War II officially ended thus.
External assistance
United States
In 1941, Claire Chennault organized the famous American Volunteer Group "Flying Tigers" War of Resistance to help the Chinese people. Flying Tigers as early regardless of the quality of aircraft or personnel Japanese than bad, so there have been some earlier been bombing the Japanese counterattack ability is completely lacking in the dark. And later expanded to the U.S. military after the Flying Tigers 14th Air Force. 14 Air Force gradually gained air superiority over China, were shot down by Japanese machine 2600. Great support for China's Anti-Japanese War. Anna Chan Chennault, Chennault's wife is a Chinese journalist, then moved to the United States, is to promote the Sino-US relations is an important political figure.
In 1942, the Japanese warlord cut off the Burma Road. In order to ensure supplies in China, the U.S. military opened up over the Himalayas, and crossing the mountain ranges, alpine Hump mountain, and began a large-scale unprecedented in history continued to air. In three years time, to the more than 700,000 tons of Chinese goods by air. Hump of the extreme geographical and climatic conditions, in transit, lost nearly 500 aircraft, with 1,579 American pilots were killed. June 1944, U.S. planes bombed the Japanese homeland over from Chengdu Airport, to attack more than 900 sorties, made outstanding contributions to Sino-Japanese War.
U.S. diplomacy has also given great support to China, after the outbreak of the Marco Polo Bridge Incident, the United States has repeatedly protested to Japan, China and Japan and worked to promote peace talks. In 1941, as Japan and the meeting is always difficult to reach and the Japanese invasion of Indochina, the U.S. oil and steel to Japan embargo. Cut off sources of oil and steel attack on Pearl Harbor, Japan had to risk U.S. military bases, leading to the outbreak of war in the Pacific.
Soviet Union
1938 年 9 July to 14 August, the Soviet Union at the peak Zhang drum (now Korean-Russian border) conflict, 1939 June 27 to September 16, the Soviet Union at the Chinese territory Nomenkan (now in Mongolian border) conflict, the two conflicts are based on the Japanese hit the end of the Soviet Army.
However, the two sides on the Soviet Union regarded each other as potential enemies. Japan's Kwantung Army to keep hundreds of thousands in the Northeast, to prepare large quantities of chemical weapons if and when war with the Soviet Union (until today, there are chemical weapons in China because of underground leaks and casualties). Japan supported the White Russian anti-Soviet, the Soviet Union to support activities of the Northeast Anti-Japanese guerrilla forces.
April 5, 1945, the Soviet Union, "Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Pact" unilaterally announced before the expiration of "Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Pact" failure. On August 8 declaration of war against Japan, occupied the whole territory of Northeast China, northern Japan, the four northern islands and the Korean Peninsula.
Germany
England
Britain in the 19th century had a huge interest in China; but in the 1930s is beyond the reach of the East Asia and North Africa and Western Europe with the German war, the United Kingdom to support the Chinese war of resistance, largely confined to the moral. Assistance operations in China, including opening the Burma Road and provide a base for the Hump.
Overseas Chinese
Anti-Japanese War, Chinese and overseas Chinese around the world, Japanese contributions to the Republic of China has more than 1.3 billion yuan. Many overseas Chinese to return to fight the Japanese, when fighter pilots in the country accounted for three-quarters of overseas Chinese. The famous Overseas Chinese mechanic forces are active in Burma road, to ensure the smooth transport of war materials. 120 Eighth Route Army Cavalry Division Detachment, Camp 6 is Southeast Asia Overseas Chinese female instructor Li Lin, the glorious sacrifice on the battlefield, at the expense Shihai pregnant. Community leaders at the Tan Kah Kee's proposal in the national politics of the traitors made the most serious warning, Japanese military and civilian morale soared.
Lin Yun Gu in 1938 published a pamphlet, "War and the overseas Chinese", yellow Police stubborn prepared the "overseas Chinese contributions to the motherland", up to 339, from Shanghai Tang Di Agency published in 1940, these two books are Details of the overseas Chinese in the Sino-Japanese War in contributions.
Post-war situation
Trial of war criminals
After the war, the Allies _set_ up the Far East International Military Tribunal in Tokyo, but Japan's political consultations with the success of the United States, so only Tojo led Japan Grade 28
Convicted war criminals, and many real war criminals for war crimes but acquitted (then Emperor of Japan do not even need to give evidence in court or defense). Chinese theater is _set_ up in Nanjing Military Grade B war criminals and traitors to Japan on trial. In 1956, the Supreme People's Republic of China on the Special Military Tribunal held in Taiyuan, and Fushun a thousand Japanese war criminals to trial, no one was sentenced to death. Finally in 1964 The People's Republic of China government will release all prisoners of war home, creating a precedent for the disposal of World War II war criminals.
Sino-Japanese Peace Treaty
In 1951, the United States led 52 countries invited to convene in San Francisco and the Council of the People's Republic of China Republic of China and the representatives for the right to not participate in the conference. And the result will be the victors and the defeated Japan 48 to September 8, 1951, signed with Japan, "San Francisco Peace Treaty", but the participants of the Vietnam, Korea, Mongolia declared that the treaty does not recognize. Government statement on behalf of The People's Republic of China Zhou Enlai, nor recognize the "San Francisco Peace Treaty" legitimacy.
Territorial changes
Compared with the former Marco Polo Bridge Incident, the Japanese occupation of China's resumption of the northeast region was ceded to Japan in the Sino-Japanese War, Taiwan, Penghu. After the war the Soviet Union Zeyi does not support the Chinese Communist Party and the conditions do not support independence for Xinjiang, a Republic of China recognize the independence of Outer Mongolia, and the occupation of Chinese territory Tannu, but because the Soviet authorities to keep its promise, Chiang Kai-shek's Republic of China in 1953 on February 24, according to the United Nations adopted the "control-Soviet case," abolished by the ROC Legislative Yuan, "Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance", refused to recognize the "independence of Mongolia." In addition, the Soviet Union also won the Eastern Railway in Northeast China and Hong Kong the right to use Port Arthur.
War Statistics
List of the National Revolutionary Army officer killed (division level and above)
General Tong Linge (posthumous), 29, Army deputy commander of July 28, 1937 Beijing South Garden
Zhao Dengyu Admiral (posthumous), 132 division of the July 28, 1937 Beijing South Garden
Hao Meng age will, 9 Corps, October 16, 1937 in Shanxi xinkou
Lieutenant Wallace, 54 Infantry Division October 16, 1937 in Shanxi xinkou
Lieutenant General Wu Keren, 67 Corps, November 9, 1937, Songjiang, Shanghai
Gao Air Force Major General (posthumous), Commander of the Air Force expulsion machine November 21, 1937 Zhoujiakou Henan
HA Kwok-will, 172 division deputy commander Nov. 21, 1937, Huzhou, Zhejiang
Lieutenant General Wu Guozhang, 75 division deputy commander Nov. 26, 1937, Huzhou, Zhejiang
Rao Guohua General (posthumous), 145 division of the 30 November, 1937 Kwong Tak Anhui (suicide)
Xiaoshan that will, military police deputy commander December 12, 1937 Nanjing
Yao Zhongying Major General, 156 division chief of staff on Dec. 12, 1937 Nanjing
Non-Major-General Stuart, 160 division chief of staff on Dec. 12, 1937 Nanjing
Lieutenant General Liu Zhendong, the fifth commander of the guerrilla theater second road on Feb. 22, 1938 Ju County, Shandong
Zhang Ming-General (posthumous), 122 Division of the March 17, 1938 Shandong Tengxian
Zou Shaomeng Major General, 124 division chief of staff March 17, 1938 Shandong Tengxian
Major General Zhao Bin, 122 division chief of staff March 17, 1938 Shandong Tengxian
Fan Tinglan Major General, a special detachment of the Fifth Corps Commander North of March 28, 1938 Henan Xiuwu
Gui-5 Major General, Sixth Cavalry Division Commander April 22, 1938 Inner Mongolia butter dry sub-
Zhou Yuan will, 173 division deputy commander May 9, 1938, Shandong Mengcheng
Libi Fan Lieutenant, 23 division of the May 14, 1938 in Shandong Heze (suicide)
Major General Huang Qidong, 23 division chief of staff, May 14, 1938 in Shandong Heze (suicide)
Fang Shuhong Lieutenant, 114 Infantry Division in June 1938 in Shandong Heze Fung Ka-field
Fu Zhonggui Major General, northern Shandong guerrilla commander September 23, 1938 in Shandong
Feng Anbang will, 42 Corps, November 3, 1938 Xiangyang Hubei
Linying Can Major-General, 152 division deputy commander January 13, 1939 in Qingyuan, Guangdong
Lieutenant General Li Gong Liang, Director of Military Training Department of baggage March 7, 1939, Xi'an
Lieutenant General Zhang Xu, OK, the first deputy chief of staff of the Theater March 7, 1939, Xi'an
Major General Wang Yu 9, 79, Army Staff Director March 26, 1939 An in Jiangxi
CHEN Paul will be 29 military commander May 6, 1939 Long in Jiangxi
Major General Don Poly 5, Northeast guerrilla commander May 18, 1939 Qian'an
Han Bingchen Major General, Deputy Commander Security, Shandong 13th District January 9, 1939 Laiyang
Mayu Ren will, Jiangsu First Road guerrilla commander on Jan. 3, 1940 Hope Township station, Jiangsu
Ding Bing will power, 197 division of the January 25, 1940 Jiangxi Wuning
Zheng Zuomin will, 2 Jun, deputy commander of February 3, 1940 Kunlun Mountains in Guangxi
Zhong Yi will, 173 division of the May 9, 1940 Hubei Cang Taiwan (suicide)
Zhang Zhizhong General (posthumous), 33 Army Commander in Chief May 16, 1940 Hubei pumpkin shop
Major General Zhang Jing, 33, Army senior consultants, May 16, 1940 Hubei pumpkin shop
Will wear civil rights, southern Henan guerrilla commander of the Fifth Column in May 1940 in Henan suiping
Lieutenant General Wang Jun, a new 27 division of the May 9, 1941 Village of Shanxi Taiwan
Liang Xixian Major General, new 27 division deputy commander May 9, 1941 Shanxi Taiwan Village (suicide)
Major General Chen Qi, new 27 division chief of staff May 9, 1941 Village of Shanxi Taiwan
Tang Huai source will, 3 Corps, May 12, 1941 in Shanxi Kakeyama (suicide)
Lieutenant inch of odd, 12 Infantry Division May 13, 1941 Shanxi Maojiawan (suicide)
Indian Major General Kim Chong, 17, Army Chief of Staff September 16, 1941 Lishui Town, Shanxi Wang
Lieutenant Dan Zuoheng, 70 division of the September 6, 1941 Jiang County, Shanxi
Lai Chuanxiang Lieutenant, 190 division deputy commander Sept. 24, 1941 Ka-section of Hunan
Major General Zhu real husband, the new three division deputy commander Sept. 25, 1941 Gansu
Han-Qing Lieutenant Commander, 57 Infantry Division 27 September 1941 on the high Jiangxi
Lieutenant General Wu Shimin, 98 Corps, September 29, 1941 East valley in Shanxi
Zhu Shiqin will, temporary 30 division of the May 4, 1942, Shandong panzhuang
Guo Zibin Major General, temporary 30-division deputy commander May 4, 1942, Shandong panzhuang
Lieutenant General Dai Anlan, 200 division of the May 26, 1942 Mao Bang village in Myanmar
Major General Wang Fengshan, deputy commander of 45 Division June 23, 1942 Jane Cheung Village in Shanxi
Hu Yibin Major General, 96 division deputy commander in July 1942 buried in Myanmar through
Major General Zhang Qing Shu, Rusu theater high participation in August 1942, Shandong Tangwangshan
Weeks of recovery will, Rusu theater directors of February 21, 1943 Top Hill City, Shandong Province
ZHANG Shao-fang Major General, 113 division chief of staff, February 21, 1943 Top Hill City, Shandong Province
High Road, the first major general, chief of the Shandong Railway destroyed in May 1943 in Shandong
Major General Jiang Chun-yan, 114 Division chief of staff of July 4, 1943, Shandong Zou County
Peng Shi volume will (posthumous), occasional 5 Division of November 15, 1943 Hubei Shihmen
Lieutenant General Xu Guozhang, 150 division of the November 21, 1943 Suwa City, Hubei Province (suicide)
Sun Mingjin will, pre-10, Division of December 1, 1943 Changde
Lu Guangwei Major General, riding eight division deputy commander May 5, 1944 in Anhui Yingshang
Li Yu-General, 36 Army Commander in Chief May 21, 1944 at home in Henan Qin Singapore
Chen Shaotang Major General, Commander of 104 Infantry Division May 21, 1944 at home in Henan Qin Singapore
Zhou Dingming Major General, 36 Army adjutant Director May 21, 1944 at home in Henan Qin Singapore
Major General Wang Jianyue 8 division deputy commander June 10, 1944 Lingbao
This will be a king, military commander 79, September 7, 1944 Dongan Hunan
Lieutenant Victoria Yong Kan (posthumous), 131 division of the November 10, 1944 Guilin, Guangxi (suicide)
Chen Jiheng will, Guilin Defense Command chief of staff, November 10, 1944 Guilin, Guangxi (suicide)
Zhan Lu Meng Major General (posthumous), 31 Army Chief of Staff November 10, 1944 in Guilin, Guangxi
Qi Xueqi Lieutenant, 38 division deputy commander May 13, 1945 in Yangon, Myanmar
Hu Xu Xu, Major General, the third theater of the first commando commander in June 1945 Xiaofeng Zhejiang
Eighth Route Army National Revolutionary Army
Zuo Quan, 18, Army Deputy Chief of Staff, May 25, 1942, Liao County, Shanxi Province
New Fourth Army National Revolutionary Army
Luo Zhongyi, the New Fourth Army chief of staff of 6 teachers, November 28, 1941, Jiangsu Liyang
Pang Xiong, the New Fourth Army chief of staff of the 3rd Division, March 17, 1943, Lianyungang, Jiangsu
Peng Xuefeng, 4 Division of the New Fourth Army, Sept. 11, 1944, Henan Xiayi Balizhuang (died Communist conflict)
Chenzhao Li, member of the National Mobilization Committee battlefield, Major General, August 13, 1940, in the Sung Wu Gongling (died Communist conflict)
Northeast Anti-Japanese coalition
Xue-Zhong Li, director of the Political Department of the Second Army, in August 1936, Jilin Fusong
Wang Detai, the second military commander, in November 1936, Jiang County, Jilin Province, Mongolia
Xia Yunjie, Sixth Army commander, November 26, 1936, Tangyuan County, Heilongjiang Province
Song rocks, the first military political department, February 11, 1937, Meng Jiang County, Jilin Province
Chen for a long time, the 7th Corps, March 5, 1937, Heilongjiang Province, Rao Hexian
Warped, the 11th Army Political Department, in May 1938, Heilongjiang Province Huachuan County
Liu Shuhua, director of the Political Department of Eighth Army, August 22, 1938, Heilongjiang Boli County
Yan-Ping Li, Fourth Army commander, November 20, 1938, Wuchang County, Heilongjiang Province
Wang Guangyu, deputy commander of the Fourth Army, in December 1938, Wuchang County, Heilongjiang Province
Wang Keren, Deputy Department Director of the Fifth Army, April 23, 1939, Muling County, Heilongjiang Province
Hou Guozhong, Third Army deputy commanding the First Army, August 24, 1939, Antu County, Jilin Province
Yang Jingyu, First Army commander and political commissar, February 23, 1940, Meng Jiang County, Jilin Province
Cao Ya-fan, the first Army 1st Army Command, April 8, 1940, Meng Jiang County, Jilin Province
Ru, the second of a detachment of the Army, May 21, 1940, Heilongjiang Province, Rao Hexian
Zhao Jingfu, political commissar of the Third Army Detachment 3, July 20, 1940, all counties in Heilongjiang province de
Gao Yu, China, the third detachment of the political commissar of the Third Army, December 1, 1940, Inner Mongolia Arong town
Chen Han Zhang, First Army Third Army Command, December 8, 1940, Ning County, Jilin Province
Wang Yachen, 10th Corps, January 29, 1941, Wuchang County, Heilongjiang Province
Zhangzhong Xi, deputy commander of 10th Army, January 29, 1941, Wuchang County, Heilongjiang Province
Wei Zheng-min, deputy commander of the First Army, March 8, 1941, Huadian County, Jilin Province
Guotie Jian, chief of staff of the Third Army Detachment IX, September 20, 1941, Neimenggumo Dawa Banner
Zhao Shangzhi, deputy commander of the Second Army, February 12, 1942, Heilongjiang Province, Hegang
Heng Xu Zhi, the third Army Chief of Staff, August 3, 1942, Heilongjiang Province, Chongqing City (now Qing'an County)
Figure
Anti-Japanese War period, when the largest number of Japanese troops in China there are nearly 200 million Chinese to help the Japanese puppet peak more than 1 million (the total number of puppet troops during the war about 2.1 million). According to the Japanese Ministry of Health statistics, 1964 survey, the Japanese invasion of China in the deaths of about 44 million people. (Not including China, India and Burma Expeditionary Force and the battlefield, and the British stationed in India some 160 000 Cooperative annihilate the Japanese.)
According to statistics, the ROC National Government a total of 527,000 wiped out the Japanese, in addition to 1.18 million puppet troops wiped out. Far more than the Communist Party of China armed 〔Eighth Route and New Fourth Armies of annihilating〕 number. In contrast, the Eighth Route and New Fourth Armies fewer disadvantaged. At that time the Chinese National Revolutionary Army as a regular government armed forces, highlighted record is what makes sense.
And about 9 million Chinese civilians died in the war, another 800 million civilians died from other factors, 9,500 people became refugees. China in the war by the great losses suffered by the currency conversion in 1945, about 650 billion U.S. dollars.
Another estimated that Japanese direct population losses estimated total of 2062 million, combined total of the war can be directly disabled people, military and civilian casualties minimum for the 3480 million; the same time, there are estimates that China's total population of Japanese direct casualties may at 41 million, the joint war captured other items of the missing figures, the war directly to the Chinese cause of death, disability and loss of missing other items of a total population of more than 4,500 people; while the perspective from the loss of population, population of China Anti-Japanese War total loss should be more than 5,000 people.
Japanese atrocities
1, the Nanjing Massacre
2,731 units of bacteria
3, the comfort women
4, the Punitive Expedition
5, Bombard
6, Sanzao Island people graves
Historical Significance
War is the Chinese people since the Opium War, the first time since the complete victory of the anti-aggressive war.
Anti-Japanese war in China is an important battleground of fascist aggression, the Republic of China entered the war on the world anti-fascist victory in the war made indelible historic contributions. Republic of China after the war and therefore become a "United Nations Security Council," one of the five permanent members.
Note: At that time the five permanent members are:
United States United States
Soviet Union Soviet Union
〔1991, the Soviet Union, the seats were the Russian Federation Russian Federation〕 〔〕 replaced
Republic of China Republic of China
〔1971, 26 UN General Assembly adopted a resolution: "The People's Republic of China" 〔"People's Republic of China" seat in the Republic of China replaced〕〕
United Kingdom United Kingdom
Republic of France French Republic
To achieve certain political and economic purposes of the armed struggle. After the emergence of human history class in society. Of class, nationalities, countries, political groups the highest form of struggle between the contradictions, to reflect the political essence of violence. The material basis of war economy, the level of development of science and technology the way the war decision, save himself and destroying the enemy is the basic principle of war. A just war, unjust war two.
Translated by Google
zhàn zhēng
For the political purposes of the armed struggle
Translated by Google
No. 5
War crimes
Translated by Google
No. 6
Ethnic, national, class, group between the armed struggle. "Records of First Emperor of the century": the "nobility as the counties, all from the peace, no war in the patients, transfer of all ages." Song Gaocheng "things Jiyuan war to offensive and defensive war": "" Spring and Autumn Annals, "said: 'Chi You Zuobing also, the benefit of its armed.' no Chi, the people cut trees to fight solid, Huangdi and Yandi is carry on fighting in the spring edition. for the war also played on the occasion of Yan. "Qing Zhao Lian" Xiao Ting Miscellany * Fuge Feng Shang ":" when the war year after year, Krupp atmosphere very bad, poor sand thousands of miles, the snow did not horse nose and pedestrians lost. "Mao Zedong," Problems of Strategy in China's Revolutionary War, "Chapter I:" War - from private property and since the class began, and to address the class and class, ethnic and national, state and national, political groups and political groups, to a certain stage of development of the contradictions in the form of a supreme struggle. "
Translated by Google
No. 7
Refers to the struggle, struggle. Tanglv Rock "Fisherman live" word: "Tappi jump, tiger hunting mad, spit ge Pearl of the war." "Taiping" Volume 500 Huangfu quoted Tang's "Original of the Kyoto Confucian mind" : "Confucian Fang Wu, open the door still from trembling, said Zuo Xiao and things with war-like, public Large none the less horror." Lu Xun "Janus-faced set for the left-wing views of the Union of Writers": "In the year before last and last, literature The war is there, but the scope is too small. "
Translated by Google
What is war?
The definition of war is: what contradictions between the parties after the dispute reached white-hot, on the other side to take the brutal destruction of action. Also can be translated as: a can not solve the problem through other means solution. War is between political groups, ethnic (tribal) and between national (Union) the contradiction between the highest form of struggle, is one the highest _set_tlement of disputes, the most violent means, often the most effective and most efficient solution approach. The use of violence can also be interpreted as a means of destruction and maintenance of order, collapse and reconstruction. Ancient and modern wars, no exceptions. Since the dawn of humanity, it has not been stopped. The revolutionary war with society, bringing a new pattern. The ancient war between various tribes, to promote national integration and state formation, but also a direct cause of great national movement; country's internal war between different ethnic groups, to promote national independence and the birth of the new country; between the political groups within countries war, led to regime change, such as the Civil War. Compared to war and armed conflict, confrontation in the form of war showed, first, the cruelty, both by all available means of violence against the other party; the second is devastating against time to destroy a party to the expense of the other party; third purpose until the other side to yield, achieve their goals; Fourth, persistence, duration of conventional war over a few years or decades, the modern high-tech war continued for several months to several years. Any war have been the planning and preparation. War-related terms for the theater, combat vehicles, combat, tactics, battle, battlefield, prisoners of war, strategic, tactical reconnaissance, war, war reparations, war crimes.
Translated by Google
Nature of the war
Opposing sides in order to achieve certain political, economic purposes of the armed struggle. War in class society is to resolve classes and class, ethnic and national, state and national, political conflict between groups and political groups of the highest forms of struggle. It is the continuation of politics by violent means, is politics with bloodshed.
Translated by Google
Reasons for the outbreak of war
Before World War II (including World War II), war is the war of national economies, caused by the imbalance of political development. After the war, until now, mostly due to the multi-polar and unipolar result of intensification of conflicts, but the ethnic conflict after the sublimation of religion and culture because of the war will be the main cause (such as: Israeli-Palestinian conflict)!
Translated by Google
The origin of war
War is in the primitive society of the late. According to archaeological data show that in the first war in the early Stone Age. This shows that the human population from the original to the present, in about two to three million years of history, the history of war less than a thousand years (another view of thousands of years.) Primitive society is the clan war between tribes or between tribal alliance, in order to fight for the survival of the land, rivers, forests and other natural wealth, even to marriage by capture, Blood Revenge and conflict, and then evolved into a primitive state of war. This war, the war with the class society is essentially different. It does not have political aims and class oppression, slavery, the nature of war captives, not kill, that is eaten. Later, with the productivity and development of animal husbandry replaced matriarchy patriarchy, agriculture, handicraft industry, with the development of commodity production, with surplus production of goods, with private property, there has been master and slave, the germination of private ownership, class, so that the "ancient tribes of the tribal war, has begun to degenerate into predatory animals on land and sea, the slave and the ongoing looting of treasures and become a normal make a living." ("Collected Works of Karl Marx and Engels, the military," Volume II p. 413) The increasing frequency of war, driven by the disintegration of the primitive commune system, the human entered the slave society. Since then, the war became a political tool, the highest means of class struggle. Private ownership, class oppression, and economic conflicts of interest, as the basic causes of war. Predatory and anti-plunder, oppression and anti-oppression, aggression, and aggression, hegemony and counter hegemony, expansion and anti expansion of the war, has become a special class society, an inevitable phenomenon. 80 to the 20th century, in the 3500 years of recorded time, there were over 14,531 world wars. Imperialism, hegemony is the root of modern war. In the present and future, the factors that lead to war are diverse, there are competing spheres of influence, mainly, territorial disputes, boundary disputes, plundering of strategic resources for the market, ideological struggles, religious conflicts, ethnic conflicts, etc., these factors is the direct result of modern warfare.
Translated by Google
Classification of the war
Just war and the war into an unjust war, the war is politically motivated by the decision. Just war include: the slave uprising of farmers, peasants revolutionary war, class war of liberation, wars of national liberation, anti-aggression, self-defense, war and so on. Just war is a fight for the interests of the people, the community plays a huge role in promoting the development is the engine of historical development. In contrast, an unjust war include: hegemony of war, counter-revolutionary war, colonial wars, imperialist wars, wars of aggression, etc., is to safeguard the interests of the exploiting class and the reactionary class politics, and contrary to the fundamental interests of the people the direction of social development is to the people of the war into a disaster. Such as the war of aggression against China launched by Japan, from the "Mukden Incident" to the Japanese surrender, in 14 years time, to the Chinese people caused a huge disaster, the Chinese people more than 3,500 military and civilian casualties, the official property damage and war consumed more than 1,000 billion dollars and indirect economic losses $ 500,000,000,000. Support of the just war against an unjust war, this is our basic attitude towards the war. Future war, will be the main local war, but the world does not eliminate the danger of war. War, conventional wars will continue to the main style, but can not rule out the possibility of using nuclear weapons. The general trend of war, is continuing to develop in the direction of high-tech. With the emerging high-tech weapons will be the emergence of new branches, may be from "space force" to the "days of war" and by "deep-sea combat troops" to the deep-sea or sea combat; "robot equipped with force" intelligent robots will be war; electronic warfare, information war will flourish; visible confrontation against the fierce rivalry infrared. This trend, the war will change the traditional style and methods of warfare; war sudden, destructive brutality, destruction and war are ever increasing consumption; the war depends on the overall national strength increased, protection of war the task more difficult; operational command, operational coordination, communication support will be more complex and difficult. Above all, strong demand to create a new theory of war, strategy and tactics. High-tech war on the people's military, political, and cultural qualities and scientific knowledge, the command to put forward higher requirements. Familiar with modern scientific knowledge and technology wise and brave people, will be the controlling factor in high-tech decision victory. World war, the possibility of being stopped, but the danger is not eliminated. As long as people of the world work together to develop the forces of peace and restraining war power to delay or stop the new world war. War is bound to extinction. Only the joint efforts of people around the world, the realization of communism, to completely remove the root causes of the war, the war dead, brought mankind into a permanent peace in heaven. Chinese classics, said war fight, fight, sign, cutting, soldiers and so on. Warring States period, art of war, "Wu" already has a "war". The history of the war and its causes have produced a variety of different views. Naturalism War scholars believe that the war is rooted in the natural environment and human biological nature, and that war is natural and eternal phenomenon. Religious war commentators think that war is God's punishment, and used the supernatural to explain the causes of war. Racist believes that the merits of the causes of war between nations is different. Geo Politics of Modern scholars believe that the war is based on the geographical environment, is the competition for living space and a certain natural resources caused. Malthusians argued that overpopulation and hunger is the real reason for war. Historical materialism that is neither war, there has never been, nor is the eternal war is the development of social productive forces and production relations to a certain stage of the product is produced in private ownership, with the class and state formation, there oppression and the oppressed only appear. There are various types of war in history, including aggression and self-defense war; just war and unjust war, conventional war and modern warfare; local wars and world wars and other types. World War II Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor the United States, followed by the United States announced the war against Japan. Humanity today is in a new era of technological revolution. The rapid development of science and technology, the global community continues to deepen and expand the exchanges, the occurrence of war, have important implications for the development of the role. Not only from the traditional cold-war transition to a hot weapon of war weapons of war, but also the impact of the war range from local to global expansion. Correspondingly, the power to stop the war and the technical means of peace is also growing, the war also from a purely military aptitude political, economic and technical development. In human history, war has always been the continuity and constitute a unique human history chapter. According to statistics, since civilization emerged from the earth 5,000 years, humans have occurred 15,000 times of war, billions of people killed in the war, in which more than 5,000 years, humans have a total of 500 years of living in a peaceful environment. In other words, every 100 years, humans have at least 90 years of living in a state of war. Of the 20th century, 90 years, occurred more than 100 world war, which involved more than 90 countries ... ... A typical first generation of war - both signs of Britain Caesar. Characterized by the use of knives, arrows, spears and other cold weapons and close combat heavy armor. The typical second-generation war - the Napoleonic Wars. Its characteristics are entering the era of firearms, gunpowder, and smooth-bore-type device into the war. The typical third-generation warfare - two world wars. Characterized by tanks, planes, warships and modern transportation have all been used. The typical fourth-generation war - the United States dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima, which is characterized by devastating consequences. The typical fifth-generation warfare - times times of war, the countries in the development of high-tech high-tech weapons of war (or electronic warfare), there are ongoing armed conflict in stalemate.
Translated by Google
The new world war on the prospective study
Young scholar Liu weeks in the "prophecy about the future of mankind," a paper presented on World War III world unity and forward-looking predictions. The prophecy reads as follows: Predictions about the future of mankind (A) the future of world unity and human life. If not attributable to human extinction, they have to lead a new life. (B) the advent of economic globalization, the world unified by a vague vision of becoming a more and more clear close-range and irreversible historical trend. (C) when the world can unity and reunification, decided on the contradictions of economic globalization and the development of these contradictions. (D) the main contradiction of economic globalization: With the deepening of economic globalization, the international trend of economic activity continued to strengthen, the economic activities between countries in the interaction, interdependence and increasingly interconnected. Thus, countries in the coordination of economic activities has become increasingly important and more urgent. This means that under the conditions of economic globalization, economic development, coordination of countries have become increasingly demanding. On the other hand, with the deepening of economic globalization, the market is increasingly reflected in the global market, thus competition is increasingly reflected in the global competition. Globalization of competition, the inevitable conflict between the capital growing countries increasingly profound. Because of the deepening conflict intensified, the basis of coordination between countries is getting weak. Therefore, the form sometimes expressed as some countries form a coalition because of increased coordination, but the coordination of allied countries, but the real advantage of coordination between the allies and alliances to fight outside the country. Therefore, global coordination, this increase in the coordination of local nature, not to increase the performance of global coordination, but to reduce the performance of global coordination. Some areas of the national organizations (such as NATO, EU, ASEAN, etc.) to strengthen the role, which is associated with the United Nations (global organizations) the weakening of the role, and this is the era of economic globalization, the deterioration of the global coordination of the best comments. So the era of economic globalization on the one hand the economic development of the growing requirements of global coordination, on the one hand it is more economic activity in the world is inconsistent. This is the contradiction of economic globalization and development of various major foundation. Specifically, the main contradiction in the era of economic globalization are the following: Contradictions within a developed country (E) developed countries mostly in the relatively complete social welfare and social security system, as a tool to regulate social class conflict, in order to ensure the relative harmony between social classes. However, social welfare and social security system, complete, mainly rely on the government's heavy taxes on businesses. Is mainly dependent on the capitalist class to pay the high taxes to the government, which relies on the capital class, the class of the working class concessions. (F) However, the emergence and development of economic globalization will inevitably lead to social welfare and social security system and gradually irreversible damage. Development of economic globalization, so that capitalists can be taken for granted in developed countries will be transferred to the low corporate taxes in developing countries in order to avoid heavy domestic taxes. In this case, the developed countries, social welfare and social security system, because the domestic tax revenue will inevitably be adversely affected and damaged. (G), and this synchronization, as part of the business transfer to developing countries with low taxes will inevitably lead to domestic unemployment rate. Marked rise in the unemployment rate has increased staff to be hired, to be servants of the capitalists employing increased mean there will be greater choice, which can be used to hire lower paid staff. In this way, the whole class wages are employed will continue to deteriorate and they often face the risk of unemployment. Second, the contradiction between developing countries (Ix) the substance of the current economic globalization, the globalization of the leading developed countries, the developed countries, another name for economic expansion. Therefore, the current economic globalization, the world economy under the conditions of operation, mainly reflected as follows: 1, the developed countries into developing countries, a large number of product markets, and gradually trying to monopolize the market; 2, the developed countries, labor-intensive enterprises, high polluting enterprises, and an attempt to avoid heavy taxation of enterprises, a large number of transfers to developing countries; 3, only the developing countries in energy, raw materials, primary products or some high-tech products such as the composition of the original limited product areas, only an advantage, it may large-scale access to developed countries. Therefore, the actual situation of economic globalization: the developing countries become increasingly in-depth product markets of developed countries, energy base, raw material base and the dumping of industrial waste dumps. Therefore, this economic globalization is actually a "one-dimensional economic globalization", it is not economic globalization in developing countries, but developed countries, economic globalization, the developed countries, another name for economic expansion. (X) which developed the economic globalization, the economic expansion. This expansion in the global integration of resources under the name of the economies of developing countries has increasingly become a vassal of developed economies, the economic system becomes more and more deformed and fragile, more and more inseparable from the developed countries "Help." Thus, in developed countries, increasing the intensity of the "help", the whole economic development of developing countries is getting worse, the international community in the growing polarization, widening North-South gap. This is the current reality. (Xi) The influx of developed products, compared to the high cost of developing countries, higher prices, lower quality products quickly lose their market. Many attempts to enter the international market and the developed countries to compete against companies and enterprises in a brutal market competition, within the country in its rush to be a lot to squeeze out foreign products. (Developing countries have a strong competitive edge to form a "multinational" in both quantity and quality is extremely low.) (Xii) not only the products of developed countries into developing countries, developed countries, capitalists have to companies, factories and mines open to the developing countries. That the economic lifeline of the developing countries by the developed countries to gradually mastered. (Xiii) the bankruptcy of national industries in developing countries, and merged, resulting in mass unemployment. The unemployed, only a small part can be hired foreign companies or joint ventures - for enterprises in developed countries is far less than the necessary staff required to staff the national industry. Thus, the increase in unemployment in developing countries has become an inevitable phenomenon. (Xiv) the increase in unemployment, also was hired to bring the whole class, the decline in wages. (Xv) Developing countries generally lack the more complete social welfare and social security system. Therefore, the unemployed and living environment is employed class exponentially worse than in developed countries only. In this way, class conflicts in developing countries than in developed countries to more intensified the class struggle spontaneous violence more likely than developed countries. So, swept through the storms of class struggle in developing countries, will also ease the developing countries generally lack the economic power of the domestic class contradictions, and occurred earlier than in developed countries. The contradiction between the three developed and developing countries (Xvi) the current economic globalization, developed countries led economic globalization, the developed countries, another name for economic expansion. The early stages of this expansion will give developing countries some of the surface of prosperity. But with the development and deepening of the economic lifeline of the developing countries will gradually be developed to master. Therefore, this expansion is developed in real terms while the merger of the economies of developing countries, is the new colonialism, but more irresponsible behavior Jiezeeryu of colonialism, is wrapped with beautiful words of the pirate-style colonial plunder. This is currently the international community to the rich getting richer and the poor getting poorer in real roots. (Q) Thus, the contradiction between developed and developing countries are irreconcilable contradictions. (Xviii) the current, endless war in the Middle East situation, it is this contradictory result of the development. Israeli war against Palestine, the U.S. war in Iraq, by its very nature is oppressive plunder developed countries, developing countries, predatory war against this oppression is based on competition and control the energy powerhouse of the war in the Middle East . (Xix) such a war, the future will only be increased, rather than the less continue. Reason for war increasingly diverse, but no matter how many parcels of war really are lies, only make the true nature and consequences of the war, more real clear. (Xx) the current increasingly serious acts of terrorism around the world, but also the external manifestations of this contradiction. Military invasion of the developing countries against developed countries, economic exploitation of an asymmetric war. This behavior is in the form of excessive and unreasonable, but the study of its root causes, they can find it contains a certain degree of rational kernel. (Xxi) In short, the deepening contradiction between developed and developing countries, is an irreversible worldwide forward. The contradiction between the four countries (Xxii) the development of economic globalization also means that the developed countries in global markets and resources around the development of the battle. (Xxiii) since the end of the Cold War, the Soviet Union two Pa (bipolar) against each other as the main feature of the international old order was broken. When the sky wave by political polarization. (Xxiv) the political multi-polarization, in essence, is the opposite of the U.S. unipolar hegemony. (Xxv) the political multi-polarization, is essentially a "multi-hegemony" blueprint for a new international order. It is a unipolar hegemonic powers against the United States system of national behavior program. Thus, it can be said of all powers, including the U.S. "hegemony" of the product. Therefore, developing countries are not in the "multi-polar" in the column, a multi-polar powers only "multi-polar." (Xxvi) the emergence of political multi-polarization. Qin Chinese history to compare, that is: the end of the Spring and Autumn Five Hegemons era, and era of the Warring States for hegemony. (Xxvii) The United States attempted to maintain its unipolar superpower hegemony, while other countries have attempted to establish the powers of their respective local hegemony, to deny the U.S. global hegemony. So, is itself a political multi-polarization process of struggle. (Xxviii) the struggle around the political multi-polarization is essentially a reflection of economic struggle between great powers, while serving the economic struggle between great powers. During the 2003 Iraq war, British West differences with Germany, France and Russia, is the product of conflicting economic interests. (Xxix) the deepening of economic globalization, the developed countries around the market, the competition for resources, will inevitably develop into more and more, more and more serious political and military struggle. This is absolutely inevitable. (Thirty) years since the last century, the Cold War, the emergence of nuclear weapons, major powers in dealing with mutual relations to maintain the utmost restraint. Therefore, large-scale war since the Cold War, the war is basically bullying big bullying the small, or the proxy war between the major powers (ie powers by the representatives of small countries conducted by the war). (Xxxi) war was "to address the class and class, ethnic and national, state and country, between political groups and political groups, to a certain stage of development the highest form of struggle as a conflict" ("_Select_ed Works of Mao Zedong" p. 155). "War is the nation and the nation, state and national, class and class, political groups and political groups among the highest form of struggle" (ibid., p. 166). (Xxxii) Therefore, war is the product of irreconcilable contradictions. Irreconcilable conflict is the "cause" of war is the "fruit." (Xxxiii) Therefore, since the Cold War, major powers are not the essential cause of the outbreak of large-scale war - the conflict between great powers there are still some of the harmonic space. The fear of a devastating nuclear war threat to humanity, only the surface reasons. (Xxxiv) So, in an irreconcilable contradiction between the real case, the devastating nuclear war threat to humanity, will not be an obstacle to war. (Xxxv) the current war on the nuclear threat to mankind's destructive propaganda, just a logical hypothetical reasoning. Five contradictory interaction of various (Xxxvi) The above are contradictions (conflicts in developed countries, developing countries, conflicts between developed and developing countries, conflicts, contradictions between the developed countries) in development, not in isolation, but influence each other, mutual stimulation and mutual driven. - And so is the interaction and linkage development. (Xxxvii) the contradiction between the developed countries, the conflict with the developed and developing countries is intertwined. Contention between the developed one of the main content is on developing markets and resources control. Meanwhile, the developed countries to developing countries to control markets and resources, but also in the mutual struggle for the establishment and existence. (XXXIX) has developed more control in developing countries to increase their income, the more developing countries to increase the intensity of exploitation and plunder, the greater will be the damage to the developing countries. The greater the damage to the developing countries, their situation becomes worse, the domestic class contradictions will become more serious. In turn, the domestic class conflicts more serious in developing countries, but also the contradiction between developing and developed countries will become increasingly complex and deep. (Aged) to deepen the conflict between the developed countries, developed and developing countries, the deepening conflict, will make a profit to foreign countries the space is limited. Thus, "who must return to the outside trapped in the inner" - lost in foreign profits that is bound to make up from the domestic, is bound to decrease with the strengthening of domestic exploitation and domestic social welfare and social security costs ways to make up. Therefore, the domestic class contradictions will inevitably intensify. Similarly, the intensification of internal conflicts, will force the developed countries have increased the strength of its external struggles. Thus the contradiction between the developed countries, the contradiction between developed and developing countries are therefore more serious. (Xli) All in all, the contradictions within the developed countries, developing countries, conflicts between developed and developing countries, conflicts, contradictions between the developed countries, will be in the mutual influence and stimulate and promote each other, gain more development. (Forty) Therefore, ① the revolutionary turmoil in developed countries and developing countries will inevitably revolutionary turmoil, but also will advance the outbreak (also popular in the current world of "corruption boom" will also play a catalytic role.) ② developed bullying, violent uprising of the war, developing countries will further increase, promotion and development. ③ between developed countries (especially between military power) is bound to the outbreak of the war; a third world war will break out. And be better than people can imagine the outbreak sooner. VI Conclusion (Aged c) the contradictions within the developed countries, developing countries, conflicts between developed and developing countries, conflicts, contradictions between the developed countries - these conflicts under the conditions of economic globalization and intensification of the development, are deeply deep rooted in - coordination of economic globalization on the requirements of the global economy growing, while the country's economic activities are in fact more and more inconsistent - on top of this basic contradiction. (Xliv) under the conditions of economic globalization, "the development requirements of the global economy" and "national economic activities," the contradiction between, in essence, that is, economic globalization and political multi-polarization of the conflict. Because the countries in the economic activities become increasingly inconsistent, it is mainly one of political multi-polarization. (D o) the economic base determines the superstructure. History of the development of human society, is a superstructure continue to adapt to the economic foundation of history. When economic infrastructure development to the feudal era economy, the superstructure of slavery can not long continue to exist. And when the economic infrastructure development to the era of capitalist economy, the superstructure of capitalism is bound to replace the feudal superstructure. So, when the economic base of the superstructure, what change made the request, in accordance with the requirements of the superstructure is bound to change. - This is a historical reality, but also the laws of history. (Forty-six) of economic globalization, the scope of an economic base. The scope of political multi-polarization part of the superstructure. (Forty-seven) of political multi-polarization and economic globalization is not suited to the superstructure. (XLVIII) of economic globalization, the requirements of the global factors of production between countries and regions increasingly close cooperation and collaboration. Thus, also requires countries in dealing with mutual economic relations, more consideration to the overall development of the global economy, rather than a country's "private interest" undermine global economic development, "the public interest." Only this way will be viable in the world economy, otherwise it will hinder the healthy development of world economy. (Forty-nine), so - economic globalization requires global coordination function "governmental organizations" to ensure the healthy development of the global economy. Economic globalization requires global "integration" functions of the corresponding superstructure. Economic globalization will inevitably lead to political unity of the world. (Fifty) so - the current era of economic globalization, the development of various contradictory results, is bound to split the nation-state carved out a number attributed to dominate the world. Widespread occurrence in the developed countries and developing countries the revolutionary turmoil and the war developed and developing countries, as well as the war between developed countries, and ultimately only one destination, that is: world unity. (Fifty-one), so - the inevitable outbreak of revolution, war broke out the inevitable - the inevitable World War III broke out, the inevitable reunification of the world. This is a historical necessity, which is a scientific truth. Who also were unable to stop either.
Translated by Google
The famous words of war
Military forces of the Road, the hearts and minds, attacking the city for the next; psychological warfare is, the soldiers fighting for the next. (Three Zhuge Liang) Therefore in victorious, the good and not too good; the enemy without fighting the soldiers, the good and good also. (Spring and Autumn Sun Wu) More than moral support from those who help, those little support unjust. (Warring States Mencius) Days as location, location not as good as people. (Warring States Mencius) The outcome of the regular military strategists, who can make good use of soldiers as a result of failure into. (Zhang Jin Fang) Only the dead see the end of the war before. (Greece, Plato) No force is incapable of justice; force without justice is tyranny. (France Pascal) Bing is the victory of the people. (Mao Zedong) The enemy advances, we retreat, the enemy retreats, we pursue, harass the enemy, the enemy tires, we attack. (Mao Zedong) Know thyself, know yourself! (Grandson) War is the man wants to see, but must go through, so that prompted the development of human society. So the war is double-edged sword. (Shabinuofu) This time we use a nuclear war, then the next time we can only use a stick (Albert Einstein) War is not only a political act, but also a real political instrument, a continuation of political contacts, political contacts achieved by other means. (Clausewitz) Our war is forcing the enemy to obey the will of an act of violence (Clausewitz) There is war there are countries (Burke) War can only bring harm to the end, France is still France, Germany is still Germany! (Adolf Hitler) Endless war money is the driving force. (Cicero)
Translated by Google
Books. War
Author: (France) Le Clézio Translator: Li Yan, Xiao-Ming Yuan a Price: ¥ 10.50 Publisher: Yilin Press Publication Date: 1994 ISBN: 9787805674063 Version: 1 edition Package Quantity: 32 Introduction Normal Chinese readers, perhaps not familiar with Le Clézio, even though he had among the French literature and successfully occupy an important place. But this strange, and reading this "war" is no nothing wrong. The city who used to live, we must all depicted in this book are gifted with the familiar, familiar to the point of numbness that can turn a blind eye. This might draw a night alone to the city to stroll around the center of debauchery. Needless to say, "understanding" and "do not know", just looking at row upon row of tall buildings, see you skip all the way to follow the flashing neon lights, take a look at people in the streets look kind of cold but hurry, you have standing in the "war" at the entrance to the About Le Clézio was born in Nice, France, in 1963 published his first novel, "litigation record", and access Renaudot Prize for Literature. Since then, he published three have the dozen works, including novels, essays and translation. In 1980, Le Clézio received Paul Ermo Lang Prize for Literature. In 1994, he was in France, "read" magazine for a reader survey, was _select_ed as the greatest living French writers. Preface 译序 (A) After reading this book, I do not know how always think "Night Camp speakers" on this subject. It was an Eileen Chang short essays, remember that every night, every military camp near her home trumpet, "a few simple scale, slowly up and down, Ding Fei big city in this there is such a rare simple heart, "but she was afraid to listen to it every night sound of the horn, because she only heard one person. But there is a moment, "someone outside whistled loudly, Xinshou picked up a trumpet tone." She then ran to the window, "full of joy and sympathy," but she "did not want to know who is the apartment upstairs or downstairs guest, or crossing the street. " The city who used to live, we must all depicted in this book are gifted with the familiar, familiar to the point of numbness that can turn a blind eye. This might draw a night alone to the city to stroll around the center of debauchery. Needless to say, "understanding" and "do not know", just looking at row upon row of tall buildings, see you skip all the way to follow the flashing neon lights, take a look at people in the streets look kind of cold but hurry, you have standing "war" at the entrance to the. At this time you can take advantage of the sound speakers that night, being not in the gray ring, ran away. Urban civilization is still in your mind a beautiful, colorful, do not stripped that layer of clothing to cover sore disease, you will continue to enjoy peace of mind the beauty of this millennium, can continue to talk, you can continue struggled, can continue to eat, drink, play music, can continue to head into the "noise phenolic bakelite shell", the saying silly lies, but also for other two boring lies.
Translated by Google
The Cost of War
A war about how much to spend? According to statistics, spent 2.85 trillion U.S. dollars of World War I, World War II, spent 40,000 billion U.S. dollars, 340 billion U.S. dollars the Korean War, Vietnam War, 720 billion U.S. dollars, 102 billion U.S. dollars Gulf war, the Fourth Arab-Israeli war 210 billion U.S. dollars, 116 billion U.S. dollars the war in Afghanistan, the Iran-Iraq war, 150 billion U.S. dollars, the U.S. air strikes against Yugoslavia in Kosovo cost is 250 million. World War II, the military casualties of about 50 million more than the number of innocent civilian casualties of up to 90 million.
Translated by Google
Glossary of war
To achieve certain political and economic purposes of the armed struggle. Class in human history after the emergence of social phenomena. The class, the ethnic, countries, political conflicts between the Group the highest form of struggle in order to reflect the political substance of violence. The material basis of war economy, the level of development of science and technology of war in a way, saved himself and destroying the enemy is the basic principle of war. There are just war, an unjust war categories.
Translated by Google
Song: War
Artist: Edison Chen [Ti: war] [Ar: Edison Chen] War Music: Jay Chou Words: mc ren / Chan Siu Kei / Chen Huan Ren Sing: Edison Chen _hanjin_mc Hu Bei Wei Ren _ Hit me and went to war at home Are both fighting a battle I o If the real world is simply a battlefield system Link all the phenomena of a cruel illusion, Department of Mi If the reality of war to me to play a fake Come to a halt under the banner of fighting a point-like Nieye only battle o I play do not attempt to put an end to this life, both o Asked a life-or bad I should ask a question mark Nieye Q. How much can I cry How many sad ** Nieye better ask me to recover Nieye Elegy O only a few carnivals the world can hear the song ** O come to an end only when both the lower left a few a few? I asked both my fellow Department o me a microphone on the Department of I'm fighting for my life, both o I want to protect me I, then I step back I was moved further Well I think I give up my points and then know right or wrong Chengri care of the end does not want to turn left from right by-line I play it self-inflicted battle Chengri Douqiandouhou Immune want to go their own path Wound sometimes succeeded and sometimes I have to be missed Chengri care of the end does not want to turn left from right by-line I play it self-inflicted battle Check one two one-meter peak the one and everyone is ****** edison mc Chen Huan Ren The home is a d rap wild about the war A d corner of the everyday world, the outbreak of war Everyone involved in the struggle everyone has a heart O Department of danger on the battlefield under fire not only flesh and blood flying O Department of danger not only support the war of words muck microphone plus Department does a war song Three were with me and with the flesh side of a drainage Spectator can choose to do No one will see over and over the dead Zhongyi No one can make war correspondent Zhongyi Do not want to know Nieye called a war crime Department of Law degree left Do not know about it only to protect all people o Own arms race A few battles to fight their own Their own captive o both their own accounts mixed Chengri to name to Lee Chong Chong Chong never know death Friends and family survive the battlefield, regardless of love again I want to win Enterprises such as the field lines or Want to die without Gansi I think too far to live up to expectations Chengri Douqiandouhou Immune want to go their own path Wound sometimes succeeded and sometimes I have to be missed Chengri care of the end Does not want to turn left from right by-line I play it self-inflicted battle
Translated by Google
English Expression
: outbreak, warfare
n.: aggression, battle, conflict, hostility, mars, sword, war, displaced person
anciently outbreak