A large class of organisms. Form a group of small, simple, single cell or multiple cells and low or no biological cell structure. Most must be using an optical microscope or electron microscope to see. Including bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, viruses, rickettsia, mycoplasma, etc.. And fermentation industry, natural and human, animal and plant material circulation is closely related to disease.
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wēi shēng wù
A large class of biological, physical small, simple structure, multiply quickly, such as bacteria, viruses, etc.
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一大类
A large class of organisms, and plants and animals together constitute the biosphere. Including bacteria, fungi, spirochetes, viruses and so on. A group of small body, simple structure, single-cell or cell, not even the biological cell structure. Microorganisms widely distributed in soil, water, air and human and animal health, etc., are thriving. Some of the human good, some harmful to humans. Its propagation speed, the types of activities with a wide range of life and material transformation in the nature and the cycle may play an important role in such important industrial and agricultural significance and role. Xia Yan, "fascist bacteria," the second act: "He that microbes from the intestines taken out, nurtured it." "People's Daily" 1972.1.12: "At present, more and more widely used in microbiological industry and agriculture in China production and medical sanitation. "
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东西
Metaphorical seems insignificant in the ideological field, in essence, what great harm. Shaoqi "On the Party on the issue of the Party's mass line": "As Comrade Mao Zedong said, should always sweep the floor and wash your face, so that the political dust, politics and the erosion of microorganisms to blind ideology and our comrades, our party. "
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No. 5
Microbiology (microorganism referred to microbe) is including bacteria, viruses, fungi and some protozoa and other small groups of organisms, including a large class, it is the individual small, but closely related to human life. Microorganisms in nature can be described as "everywhere, everywhere there are" good cover many types of harmful, are widely involved in health, medicine, industry, agriculture, environmental protection and other areas. In general, in mainland China's textbooks, will be divided into the following 8 categories of microorganisms: bacteria, viruses, fungi, actinomycetes, rickettsia, mycoplasma, chlamydia, spirochetes. Can cause human and animal pathogenic micro-organisms pathogenic micro-organisms are called eight categories: 1. Fungi: cause skin problems. Deep tissue infection. 2 actinomycetes: skin, wound infections. 3 spirochetes: skin, blood infections such as syphilis, leptospirosis. 4 Bacteria: purulent skin diseases, upper respiratory tract infection, urinary tract infections, food poisoning, failure of blood pressure disorders, acute infectious diseases. 5 Rickettsia: typhus. 6 based on the original body: trachoma, urogenital tract infection. 7 viruses: hepatitis, encephalitis, measles, AIDS and so on. 8 Mycoplasma: pneumonia, urinary tract infections. Tens of thousands of micro-organisms of the biosphere, most of the benefit of humanity, only a small portion can be pathogenic. Some micro-organisms usually do not cause disease, in certain circumstances can cause infection called opportunistic pathogen. Can cause food spoilage, corruption, precisely because they break down the nature of the objects, the nature of the material to complete the cycle. Some people mistakenly fungi as bacteria, is a relatively common misconception. Especially 80 years ago who did not receive education systems biology. Microbes on the human impact is one of the most important epidemic of infectious diseases. In 50% of human disease is caused by a virus. World Health Organization data show that: infectious disease morbidity and mortality in all diseases occupy the first place. History of micro-organisms causing human disease, that is, the history of human struggle with it constantly. In terms of prevention and treatment of disease, the human has made considerable progress, but the new and reproducibility of microbial infection are still continue to occur, such as a large number of viral diseases has been the lack of effective treatments. Pathogenesis of some diseases is not clear. Abuse of a large number of broad-spectrum antibiotics resulted in a strong _select_ion pressure, many strains mutate, leading to drug resistance, by the new threats to human health. Some sub-segments of the virus by recombination between the mutated or re-distribution, the most typical example is the influenza virus. Each pandemic influenza viruses cause infection of the plant type with the previous occurrence of the mutation, this rapid variation of the design and treatment of the vaccine caused a lot of obstacles. The emergence of drug resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis tuberculosis had almost brought under control but also rampant in the world. Microbial mix, some are corrupt, that cause food to taste, adverse changes in organizational structure. Of course, some microbes are useful, they can be used to produce such as cheese, bread, pickles, beer and wine. Microorganisms is very small, must be put through a microscope to see about 1,000 times. Such as medium-sized bacteria, only the period 1000 superimposed so much. Imagine a drop of milk, milk per milliliter of corruption about 5 thousands of bacteria, or about the total number of bacteria per quart of milk is about 50 million. That is a drop of milk can have with 50 billion bacteria. Microorganisms can cause disease, can cause food, cloth, leather and other moldy and rotten, but also have a salutary microorganisms. Fleming was first inhibited from Penicillium growth of other bacteria found in penicillin, which in terms of the pharmaceutical industry is an epoch-making discovery. Later a large number of antibiotics from actinomycetes metabolites of microorganisms in _select_ed out. The use of antibiotics during World War II saved countless lives. Some microorganisms are widely used in industrial fermentation, ethanol production, food and various enzymes, etc.; part of the micro-organisms able to degrade plastics, wastewater treatment gas, etc., and the great potential of renewable resources, known as environmental microorganisms; and some can In micro-organisms to survive extreme environments, such as: heat, cold, high salt, high alkali and high body radiation of ordinary life can not survive in the environment, there are still a part of micro-organisms and so on. Look, we found that micro-organisms has been a lot, but as a means of training methods and other technical limitations, micro-organisms found in humans today still exists in nature only a fraction of microorganisms. Interaction mechanism between microorganisms are quite the mystery. For example, in the healthy human gut bacteria exist in a large number, said normal flora, which contains up to hundreds of species of bacteria. These bacteria in the gut environment of interdependence, mutual symbiosis. Food, drugs or toxic substances, decomposition and absorption of bacteria in the role of these processes, as well as the interaction between bacterial mechanism is not clear. Once the flora, can cause diarrhea. With medical research into the molecular level, people know about genes, genetic material has become more familiar with such terminology. It is recognized that genetic information determines the life of the organism with features, including external morphology, and engaged in life activities, etc., and it is these organisms, the genome of the carrier of genetic information. So to clarify the genome organisms carry genetic information, will greatly help to reveal the origin of life and mystery. At the molecular level, microbial pathogens, variation, virulence and pathogenicity, is the traditional microbiological revolution. The Human Genome Project as the representative of the genome of the organism into the forefront of the life science research, and microbial genome research is one of the important branches. World authoritative magazine "Science" has been the microbial genome research as one of the world's major scientific advances. Genome revealed by the genetic mechanism of micro-organisms and found that the function of important genes and on this basis, the development of vaccines, the development of new anti-virus, anti-bacterial, fungal drugs, will effectively control the new and old infectious diseases, and promote the cause of medical and health rapid development and growth! Industrial Microbiology related to food, pharmaceutical, metallurgy, mining, oil, leather, light industry and other industries. Way through the microbial fermentation production of antibiotics, alcohol, vitamin c and some flavor of food preparation, etc.; some special hair removal microbial enzymes involved in the leather, metallurgy, mining, oil and other production processes, or even directly as a detergent additive; There are also microbial metabolites can serve as a natural microbial pesticides widely used in agricultural production. Through the genome of Bacillus subtilis, and found a series of important antibiotics and the production of industrial enzymes related genes. Lactobacillus microflora as an important regulator involved in food fermentation, its genome research will help to find the key functional genes, and then to transform the strain to make it more suitable for industrial production process. Domestic vitamin c two-step fermentation production process of the key Junzhu Gluconobacter oxydans genomic research, will be in the genome sequencing done under the premise of finding and vitamin c related to the production of important metabolic functional genes, genetically engineered to achieve a new project Construction of strains, simplifying production steps, reduce production costs, and then realize economic benefits of improved significantly. For industrial microbial genome research carried out, continuously discover new and important specific gene products of metabolic processes and metabolism related genes generated and applied to production and traditional industry, the transformation process, while promoting the rapid development of modern biotechnology . Clear understanding of agricultural micro-organisms pathogenic mechanism of genome research development of new disease control measures According to statistics, the global annual crop production due to diseases caused by up to 20%, which plants the most serious bacterial diseases. In addition to cultivating genetically resistant varieties of the disease and the strengthening of horticultural management, it seems no better disease control strategies. Therefore, some plants active in the genome of pathogenic microorganisms, and understand the pathogenesis of disease control and thus the development of new measures appears to be very urgent. Environmental Microbial Genomics degradation of key genes found in different pollutants In advancing economic development, misuse of resources, damage to the environment are also increasingly serious phenomenon. Again the face of global environmental deterioration, to promote environmental protection has become the common voice of people around the world. And biological decontamination of the potential environmental pollution control, microorganisms involved in governance is the mainstream of biological decontamination. Microbial biodegradable plastics, toluene and other organic matter; also treat industrial waste water phosphate, sulfur and other emissions, and soil improvement. Microorganisms can break down cellulose and other substances, and to promote recycling of resources. Carried out on these organisms genome research, in-depth understanding of the genetic background of specific metabolic processes under the premise to be used _select_ively, for example, find the key genes of different contaminants, will be combined in one strain to build high-performance genetically engineered strains, a multi-strain, which can degrade various environmental pollutants, a great play to their improving the environment, eliminate pollution potential. Genomics Institute of the U.S. method of bio-chip micro-organisms with special conditions for expression profiling studies to find the degradation of organic matter of the key genes for the development and use of established goals. Extreme environmental microbial genomics research in-depth understanding of the nature of life application potential is enormous Can grow in extreme environments of microorganisms known as extremophiles, bacteria known as extremophiles. Extremophiles bacteria has a strong adaptability to extreme environments, extremophiles genome molecular level will help limit the adaptability of microorganisms under the conditions and deepen understanding of the nature of life.
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Microbiology Overview
Microbiology (microorganism referred to microbe Japanese: Microbiology French: Microbiologie German: Mikrobiologie Greek: Μικροβιολογία Hebrew: מיקרוביולוגיה Hindi: सूक्ष्म जीव विज्ञान Korean: 미생물학 Russian: Микробиология Thai: จุล ชีววิทยา) include bacteria, viruses , fungi, protozoa and some small, microscopic algae, etc., a large class of biological communities, it is the individual small, but closely related to human life. Microorganisms in nature can be described as "everywhere, everywhere there are" good cover many types of harmful, are widely involved in health, food, medicine, industry, agriculture, environmental protection and other areas.
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The definition of micro-organisms
Form small, simple structure, usually use light and electron microscope to see the creatures, collectively referred to as micro-organisms. (However, some microbes can see, like the mushrooms are fungi, fungus, etc..) 1 Features: Individual small, generally <0.1mm. Simple structure, a single cell, simple multi-cell, non-cells. Evolution of low status. 2 Category: Prokaryotic categories: three strains, three bodies. Eukaryotic categories: fungi, protozoa, microscopic algae. Non-cell type: the virus, sub-viruses (like viruses, to be viruses, prions). 3 five common: Small size and larger; Absorption and more rapid microbial transformation; Growth Wang, breed quickly; Adaptation, easy variation; Wide distribution and variety.
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Groups of microorganisms
Type Prokaryotic: bacteria, actinomycetes, spirochetes, mycoplasma, rickettsia, chlamydia. Eukaryotic: fungi, algae, protozoa. Non-cell type: the virus and the Asian virus. In general, in mainland China's textbooks, will be divided into the following 8 categories of microorganisms: Bacteria, viruses, fungi, actinomycetes, rickettsia, mycoplasma, chlamydia, spirochetes. 1 bacteria: (1) Definition: A class of cell fine, short, simple, tough cell wall, multi-way split by two strong reproduction and prokaryotic nature of water (2) Distribution: warm, moist and rich in organic matter where (3) Structure: The main single-cell prokaryotes, are spherical, rod-shaped, spiral-shaped Basic structure: the cell membrane cell wall cytoplasm nucleoplasm Special structure: capsule, flagella, fimbriae, Bacillus (4) Reproduction: The main way of reproduction binary fission (5) colonies: a single bacterium can not be seen with the naked eye, when an individual or a small number of bacteria in the large population of solid medium ah line, they will form a visible, has a sub-colony morphology. Colony is an important basis for strain identification. Different types of bacterial colonies of the size, shape, hardness, gloss, color transparency are different. 2 actinomycetes (1) Definition: A class of primary hyphae into spore-like growth and reproduction of the land to a strong prokaryotic nature (2) Distribution: low water content, organic matter rich, the soil was slightly alkaline (3) morphological structure: the main components from the hyphae, including the substrate mycelium and gas mycelium (part of the aerial hyphae can differentiate into mature spores of wire, produce spores) (4) Reproduction: The formation of asexual spores in the form of asexual reproduction Asexual reproduction sexual reproduction (5) colonies: in the solid medium: dry, opaque, velvet-like surface was dense, color powder 3 virus (1) Definition: A class of nucleic acid and protein components consisting of a few "non-cellular organisms," but it must rely on the survival of living cells. (2) Structure: [font class = "Apple-style-span" style = "font-family:-webkit-monospace; font-size: 13px; line-height: normal; white-space: pre-wrap;"] capsid proteins and nucleic acids (DNA or RNA to RNA) [/ font] (3) Size: Generally about 100nm in diameter, the largest diameter of 200nm of the vaccinia virus virus, the smallest diameter of 28nm of the polio virus virus (4) proliferation: the virus life activities and characterized by a significant parasitic. Virus can only live parasites in a particular cell to life. Will host cells and use the environment and raw materials quickly duplicate value. In the non-parasitic crystalline state was not independent of metabolic activity. For example phage: adsorption → → DNA into replication, synthesis → assembly → release Schematic diagram of the phage infects bacteria
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The characteristics of microorganisms
First, the chemical composition of microbial C, H, O, N, P, S, and other elements Second, microbial nutrients 1 Water and salt Two carbon sources: who can provide for microbial growth and reproduction of the nutrients required for carbon Source Role 3 nitrogen source: who can provide the necessary for microbial nutrients nitrogen Source Role: Mainly used for synthesis of proteins, nucleic acids and nitrogen metabolites 4 Energy: microbial life activities for the first energy source of nutrients, or radiant energy According to carbon and energy Category: 5 Growth factors: microbial growth of micro organisms indispensable Can cause human and animal pathogenic micro-organisms called pathogenic microorganisms, there are eight categories: 1. Fungi: cause skin problems. Deep tissue infection. 2 actinomycetes: skin, wound infections. 3 spirochetes: skin, blood infections such as syphilis, leptospirosis. 4 Bacteria: purulent skin diseases, upper respiratory tract infection, urinary tract infections, food poisoning, failure of blood pressure disorders, acute infectious diseases. 5 Rickettsia: typhus. 6 trachomatis: trachoma, urogenital tract infection. 7 viruses: hepatitis, encephalitis, measles and AIDS. 8 Mycoplasma: pneumonia, urinary tract infections. Tens of thousands of micro-organisms of the biosphere, most of the benefit of humanity, only a small portion can be pathogenic. Some micro-organisms usually do not cause disease, in certain circumstances can cause infection called opportunistic pathogen. Can cause food spoilage, corruption, precisely because they break down the nature of the objects, the nature of the material to complete the cycle. The role of microorganisms Microbes on the human impact is one of the most important epidemic of infectious diseases. In 50% of human disease is caused by a virus. World Health Organization data show that: infectious disease morbidity and mortality in all diseases occupy the first place. History of micro-organisms causing human disease, that is, the history of human struggle with it constantly. In terms of prevention and treatment of disease, the human has made considerable progress, but the new and reproducibility of microbial infection are still continue to occur, such as a large number of viral diseases has been the lack of effective treatments. Pathogenesis of some diseases is not clear. Abuse of a large number of broad-spectrum antibiotics resulted in a strong _select_ion pressure, many strains mutate, leading to drug resistance, by the new threats to human health. Some sub-segments of the virus by recombination between the mutated or re-distribution, the most typical example is the influenza virus. Each pandemic influenza viruses cause infection of the plant type with the previous occurrence of the mutation, this rapid variation of the design and treatment of the vaccine caused a lot of obstacles. The emergence of drug resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis tuberculosis had almost brought under control but also rampant in the world. Microbial mix, some are corrupt, that cause food to taste, adverse changes in organizational structure. Of course, some microbes are useful, they can be used to produce such as cheese, bread, pickles, beer and wine. Microorganisms is very small, must be put through a microscope to see about 1,000 times. Such as medium-sized bacteria, only the period 1000 superimposed so much. Imagine a drop of milk, milk per milliliter of corruption about 5 thousands of bacteria, or about the total number of bacteria per quart of milk is about 50 million. That is a drop of milk can have with 50 billion bacteria. Microorganisms can cause disease, can cause food, cloth, leather and other moldy and rotten, but also have a salutary microorganisms. Fleming was first inhibited from Penicillium growth of other bacteria found in penicillin, which in terms of the pharmaceutical industry is an epoch-making discovery. Later a large number of antibiotics from actinomycetes metabolites of microorganisms in _select_ed out. The use of antibiotics during World War II saved countless lives. Some microorganisms are widely used in industrial fermentation, ethanol production, food and various enzymes, etc.; part of the micro-organisms able to degrade plastics, wastewater treatment gas, etc., and the great potential of renewable resources, known as environmental microorganisms; and some can In micro-organisms to survive extreme environments, such as: heat, cold, high salt, high alkali and high body radiation of ordinary life can not survive in the environment, there are still a part of micro-organisms and so on. Look, we found that micro-organisms has been a lot, but as a means of training methods and other technical limitations, micro-organisms found in humans today still exists in nature only a fraction of microorganisms. Interaction mechanism between microorganisms are quite the mystery. For example, in the healthy human gut bacteria exist in a large number, said normal flora, which contains up to hundreds of species of bacteria. These bacteria in the gut environment of interdependence, mutual symbiosis. Food, drugs or toxic substances, decomposition and absorption of bacteria in the role of these processes, as well as the interaction between bacterial mechanism is not clear. Once the flora, can cause diarrhea. With medical research into the molecular level, people know about genes, genetic material has become more familiar with such terminology. It is recognized that genetic information determines the life of the organism with features, including external morphology, and engaged in life activities, etc., and it is these organisms, the genome of the carrier of genetic information. So to clarify the genome organisms carry genetic information, will greatly help to reveal the origin of life and mystery. At the molecular level, microbial pathogens, variation, virulence and pathogenicity, is the traditional microbiological revolution. The Human Genome Project as the representative of the genome of the organism into the forefront of the life science research, and microbial genome research is one of the important branches. World authoritative magazine "Science" has been the microbial genome research as one of the world's major scientific advances. Genome revealed by the genetic mechanism of micro-organisms and found that the function of important genes and on this basis, the development of vaccines, the development of new anti-virus, anti-bacterial, fungal drugs, will effectively control the new and old infectious diseases, and promote the cause of medical and health rapid development and growth! Industrial Microbiology related to food, pharmaceutical, metallurgy, mining, oil, leather, light industry and other industries. Way through the microbial fermentation production of antibiotics, alcohol, vitamin C and some flavor of food preparation, etc.; some special hair removal microbial enzymes involved in the leather, metallurgy, mining, oil and other production processes, or even directly as a detergent additive; There are also microbial metabolites can serve as a natural microbial pesticides widely used in agricultural production. Through the genome of Bacillus subtilis, and found a series of important antibiotics and the production of industrial enzymes related genes. Lactobacillus microflora as an important regulator involved in food fermentation, its genome research will help to find the key functional genes, and then to transform the strain to make it more suitable for industrial production process. Domestic vitamin C two-step fermentation process of the key strains of Gluconobacter oxydans genomic research, will be in the genome sequencing done under the premise of finding and vitamin C production-related important metabolic functional genes, genetically engineered to achieve new projects Construction of strains, simplifying production steps, reduce production costs, and then realize economic benefits of improved significantly. For industrial microbial genome research carried out, continuously discover new and important specific gene products of metabolic processes and metabolism related genes generated and applied to production and traditional industry, the transformation process, while promoting the rapid development of modern biotechnology . According to statistics, the global annual crop production due to diseases caused by up to 20%, which plants the most serious bacterial diseases. In addition to cultivating genetically resistant varieties of the disease and the strengthening of horticultural management, it seems no better disease control strategies. Therefore, some plants active in the genome of pathogenic microorganisms, and understand the pathogenesis of disease control and thus the development of new measures appears to be very urgent. In advancing economic development, misuse of resources, damage to the environment are also increasingly serious phenomenon. Again the face of global environmental deterioration, to promote environmental protection has become the common voice of people around the world. And biological decontamination of the potential environmental pollution control, microorganisms involved in governance is the mainstream of biological decontamination. Microbial biodegradable plastics, toluene and other organic matter; also treat industrial waste water phosphate, sulfur and other emissions, and soil improvement. Microorganisms can break down cellulose and other substances, and to promote recycling of resources. Carried out on these organisms genome research, in-depth understanding of the genetic background of specific metabolic processes under the premise to be used _select_ively, for example, find the key genes of different contaminants, the strains in a combination of high-performance building genetically engineered strains, a multi-strain, which can degrade various environmental pollutants, a great play to their improving the environment, eliminate pollution potential. Genomics Institute of the U.S. method of bio-chip micro-organisms with special conditions for expression profiling studies to find the degradation of organic matter of the key genes for the development and use of established goals. Can grow in extreme environments of microorganisms known as extremophiles, bacteria known as extremophiles. Extremophiles bacteria has a strong adaptability to extreme environments, extremophiles genome molecular level will help limit the adaptability of microorganisms under the conditions and deepen understanding of the nature of life.
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Microorganisms throughout the life status of the world
When the man in the discovery and study of micro-organisms before it is all life is divided into two distinct sectors - animal and plant kingdoms. With the gradual deepening of understanding of the micro-organisms from the three realms have experienced two world systems system, four-sector system, five or even six-sector system of world system until the late 20th century, 70 Americans Woese and other third discovery of life on Earth forms - ancient bacteria, which leads to the theory of the birth of three domains of life. The doctrine that life is made of archaea domain (Archaea), bacterial domain (Bacteria) and eukaryotes domain (Eucarya) of the composition. The icon "biological phylogenetic tree", the left branch is the bacterial domain, yellow; the middle of the brown and purple branch is the domain Archaea; the right of the green branch is the eukaryotic domain. Archaea domain, including Stenotrophomonas Crenarchaeota sector (Crenarchaeota), wide area community archaea (Euryarchaeota) and the primary sector archaea (Korarchaeota); bacterial domain, including bacteria, actinomycetes, cyanobacteria and a variety of archaea other than the addition prokaryotes; eukaryotic domain, including fungi, protozoa, animals and plants. In addition to plants and animals, other areas of the vast majority of biological micro-organisms are considered. Thus, classification of microorganisms in the biological level has a special importance. Evolution of life has been the focus of attention. Brown, according to the parallel construction of homologous genes "Cenancestor" evolutionary tree of life, that life is a common ancestor Cenancestor the original creature. Original biological evolution produced in the two branches, one for prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea), one of the original eukaryotes, the evolutionary process in the following bacteria and archaea evolved in different directions first, then the original eukaryotic After swallowing an ancient biological bacteria, archaea DNA by replacing the RNA genome of the host generated eukaryotes. From an evolutionary point of view, microbial doyen of all organisms. If the age of the Earth compared to a year, then the microorganisms in the March 20 about the birth, and human about Dec. 31 at 7 pm in the earth.
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Encyclopedia
weishengwu Microbiology microorganism Have to use optical microscopy or electron microscopy magnification of several hundred times, thousand times or even several times before observed microbes. Although individual small micro-organisms, but has a certain form and structure, and in a suitable environment to grow and reproduce rapidly, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and so on.
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English Expression
n.: germ, animalcule, bug, microorganism, bacterium, microbe, microogranism, micro-organism, esp one capable of causing disease, micro-organism, organism so small that it can be seen only under a microscope, tiny organism that can only be seen under a microscope, esp one that causes disease or fermentation
fungus