Sun Yat-sen (12 November 1866 – 12 March 1925) was a Chinese revolutionary and first president and founding father of the Republic of China ("Nationalist China"). As the foremost pioneer of Republic of China, Sun is referred to as the "Father of the Nation" in the Republic of China (ROC), and the "forerunner of democratic revolution" in the People's Republic of China. Sun played an instrumental role in the overthrow of the Qing dynasty during the Xinhai Revolution. Sun was the first provisional president when the Republic of China was founded in 1912 and later co-founded the Kuomintang (KMT), serving as its first leader. Sun was a uniting figure in post-Imperial China, and remains unique among 20th-century Chinese politicians for being widely revered amongst the people from both sides of the Taiwan Strait.
Although Sun is considered[by whom?] one of the greatest leaders of modern China, his political life was one of constant struggle and frequent exile. After the success of the revolution, he quickly fell out of power in the newly founded Republic of China, and led successive revolutionary governments as a challenge to the warlords who controlled much of the nation. Sun did not live to see his party consolidate its power over the country during the Northern Expedition. His party, which formed a fragile alliance with the Communists, split into two factions after his death. Sun's chief legacy resides in his developing of the political philosophy known as the Three Principles of the People: nationalism, democracy, and the people's livelihood.
The original name of Sun Yat-sen was Sun Wen (孫文) and his genealogical name was Sun Deming (孫德明). As a child, his "milk name" was Dixiang (帝象). The courtesy name of Sun Yat-sen was Zaizhi (載之), and his baptized name was Rixin (日新). While at school in Hong Kong he got the name Yat Sen (逸仙; Hanyu pinyin: Yìxiān). Sun Zhongshan (孫中山), the most popular of his Chinese names, came from the "Nakayama" (中山) of Nakayama Shō (中山樵), the Japanese name given to him by Miyazaki Touten.
Early years Sun Yat-sen (back row, fifth from left) and his family.
Farm lifeSun Yat-sen was born on 12 November 1866 to a Cantonese Hakka family.His birthplace was the village of Cuiheng, Xiangshan (later Zhongshan county), Guangzhou prefecture, Guangdong Province. He was the third son born in a family of farmers, and herded cows along with other farming duties at age 6.
Education years Statue of Sun Yat-sen as a school boy in Honolulu, Hawaii, age 13At age 10, Sun Yat-sen began seeking schooling. It is also at this point where he met childhood friend Lu Hao-tung. By age 13 in 1878 after receiving a few years of local schooling, Sun went to live with his elder brother, Sun Mei (孫眉) in Honolulu.
Sun Yat-sen then studied at ʻIolani School where he learned English, British history, mathematics, science, and Christianity. Originally unable to speak the English language, Sun Yat-sen picked up the language so quickly that he received a prize for outstanding achievement from King David Kalākaua. Sun graduated from Iolani in 1882. Then attended Oahu College (now known as Punahou School), for one semester. In 1883 he was soon sent home to China as his brother was becoming afraid that Sun Yat-sen would embrace Christianity.
When he returned home in 1883 at age 17, Sun met up with his childhood friend Lu Hao-tung at Beijidian (北極殿), a temple in Cuiheng Village. They saw many villagers worshipping the Beiji (literally North Pole) Emperor-God in the temple, and were dissatisfied with their ancient healing methods. They broke the statue, incurring the wrath of fellow villagers, and escaped to Hong Kong. While in Hong Kong in 1883 he studied at the Diocesan Boys' School and from 1884 to 1886 he was at the government Central school.
In 1886 Sun studied medicine at the Guangzhou Boji Hospital under the Christian missionary John G. Kerr. Ultimately, he earned the license of Christian practice as a medical doctor from the Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese (the forerunner of The University of Hong Kong) in 1892. Notably, of his class of 12 students, Sun was one of only two who graduated.
Christian baptismSun was later baptized in Hong Kong by an American missionary of the Congregational Church of the United States to his brother's disdain. The minister would also develop a friendship with Sun. Sun attended To Tsai Church (道濟會堂, founded by the London Missionary Society in 1888) while he studied Western Medicine in Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese (香港華人西醫書院). Sun pictured a revolution as similar to the salvation mission of the Christian church. His conversion to Christianity was related to his revolutionary ideals and push for advancement. Sun later became the godfather of Paul Linebarger, a science-fiction writer.
Transformation into a revolutionary Photograph of Sun Yat-sen (seated, second from left) and his revolutionary friends, the Four Bandits, including Yeung Hok-ling (left), Chan Siu-bak (seated, second from right), Yau Lit (right), and Guan Jingliang (關景良) (standing) at the Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese.
Four BanditsDuring the Qing Dynasty rebellion around 1888 Sun was in Hong Kong with a group of revolutionary thinkers that were nicknamed the Four Bandits at the Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese. Sun, who had grown increasingly frustrated by the conservative Qing government and its refusal to adopt knowledge from the more technologically advanced Western nations, quit his medical practice in order to devote his time to transforming China.
Furen and Revive China SocietyIn 1891 Sun met revolutionary friends in Hong Kong including Yeung Kui-wan who was the leader and founder of the Furen Literary Society. The group was spreading the idea of overthrowing the Qing. In 1894, Sun wrote an 8,000 character petition to Qing Viceroy Li Hongzhang presenting his ideas for modernizing China. He traveled to Tianjin to personally present the petition to Li but was not granted an audience. After this experience, Sun turned irrevocably toward revolution. He left China for Hawaii and founded the Revive China Society, which was committed to revolutionize China’s prosperity. Members were drawn mainly from Chinese expatriates, especially the lower social classes. The same month in 1894 the Furen Literary Society was merged with the Hong Kong chapter of the Revive China Society. Sun became the secretary of the newly merged Revive China society, which Yeung Kui-wan headed as president. They disguised their activities in Hong Kong under the running of a "Qianheng Company" (乾亨行).
First Sino-Japanese WarIn 1895 China suffered a serious defeat during the First Sino-Japanese War. There were two types of response. One group of intellectuals contended that the Manchu Qing government could restore its legitimacy by successfully modernizing. Stressing that overthrowing the Manchu would result in chaos and would lead to China being carved up by imperialists, intellectuals like Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao supported responding with initiatives like the Hundred Days' Reform. In another faction, Sun Yat-sen and others like Zou Rong wanted a revolution to replace the dynastic system with a modern nation-state in the form of a republic. The Hundred Day's reform turned out to be a failure by 1898.
From uprising to exile Plaque in London marking the site of a house where Sun Yat-sen lived while in exile Letter from Sun Yat-sen to James Cantlie announcing to him that he has assumed the Presidency of the Provisional Republican Government of China. Dated 21 January 1912.
First Guangzhou uprisingIn the second year of the establishment of the Revive China society on 26 October 1895, the group planned and launched the First Guangzhou uprising against the Qing in Guangzhou. Yeung Kui-wan directed the uprising starting from Hong Kong. However, plans were leaked out and more than 70 members, including Lu Hao-tung, were captured by the Qing government. The uprising was a failure.
Exile in JapanSun Yat-sen spent time living in Japan while in exile. He befriended and was financially aided by a democratic revolutionary named Miyazaki Toten. Most Japanese who actively worked with Sun were motivated by a pan-Asian fear of encroaching Western imperialism. While in Japan, Sun also met and befriended Mariano Ponce, then a diplomat of the First Philippine Republic.
Huizhou uprisingOn 22 October 1900 Sun launched the Huizhou uprising to attack Huizhou and provincial authorities in Guangdong. This came five years after the failed Guangzhou uprising. This time Sun appealed to the triads for help. This uprising was also a failure. Miyazaki who participated in the revolt with Sun wrote an account of this revolutionary effort under the title "33-year dream" (三十三年之夢) in 1902.
Further exileSun was in exile not only in Japan, but also in Europe, the United States, and Canada. He raised money for his revolutionary party and to support uprisings in China. In 1896 he was detained at the Chinese Legation in London, where the Chinese Imperial secret service planned to kill him. He was released after 12 days through the efforts of James Cantlie, The Times, and the Foreign Office, leaving Sun a hero in Britain. James Cantlie, Sun's former teacher at the Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese, maintained a lifelong friendship with Sun and would later write an early biography of Sun.
Heaven and earth society, overseas travelA "Heaven and Earth Society" sect known as Tiandihui has been around for a long time. The group has also been referred to as the "three cooperating organizations" as well as the triads. Sun Yat-sen mainly used this group to leverage his overseas travels to gain further financial and resource support for his revolution.
According to Lee Yun-ping, chairman of the Chinese historical society, Sun needed a certificate to enter the United States at a time when the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 would have otherwise blocked him. But on Sun's first attempt to enter the US, he was still arrested. He was later bailed out after 17 days. In March 1904, Sun Yat-sen obtained a Certificate of Hawaiian Birth, issued by the Territory of Hawaii, stating he was born on 24 November 1870 in Kula, Maui. Official files of the United States show that Sun had United States nationality, moved to China with his family at age 4, and returned to Hawaii 10 years later.
Revolution A letter with Sun's seal commencing the Tongmenghui in HK
TongmenghuiMain article: Tongmenghui In 1904 Sun Yat-sen came about with the goal "to expel the Tatar barbarians, to revive Zhonghua, to establish a Republic, and to distribute land equally among the people." (驅除韃虜, 恢復中華, 創立民國, 平均地權). One of Sun's major legacies was the creation of his political philosophy of the Three Principles of the People. These Principles included the principle of nationalism (minzu, 民族), of democracy (minquan, 民權), and of welfare (minsheng, 民生).
On 20 August 1905 Sun joined forces with revolutionary Chinese students studying in Tokyo, Japan to form the unified group Tongmenghui (United League), which sponsored uprisings in China. By 1906 the number of Tongmenghui members reached 963 people.
Interior of the Wan Qing Yuan featuring Sun's items and photo
Malaya supportMain article: Chinese revolutionary activities in Malaya Sun's notability and popularity extends beyond the Greater China region, particularly to Nanyang (Southeast Asia) where a large concentration of overseas Chinese reside in Malaya (Malaysia and Singapore). While in Singapore he met local Chinese merchants Teo Eng Hock, Tan Chor Nam and Lim Nee Soon, which mark the commencement of direct support from the Nanyang Chinese. The Singapore chapter of the Tongmenghui was established on 6 April 1906. Though some records claim the founding date to be end of 1905. The villa used by Sun was known as Wan Qing Yuan. At this point Singapore was the headquarter of the Tongmenghui.
Zhennanguan uprisingOn 1 December 1907 Sun led the Zhennanguan uprising against the Qing at Friendship Pass, which is the border between Guangxi and Vietnam. The uprising failed after seven days of fighting. In 1907 there were a total of four uprisings that failed including Huanggang uprising, Huizhou seven women lake uprising and Qinzhou uprising. In 1908 two more uprisings failed one after another including Qin-lian uprising and Hekou uprising.
Anti-Sun movementsBecause of these failures Sun's leadership was beginning to be challenged by elements from within the Tongmenghui who wished to remove him as leader. In Tokyo 1907–1908 members from the recently merged Restoration society raised doubts about Sun's credentials. Tao Chengzhang (陶成章) and Zhang Binglin publicly denounced Sun with an open leaflet called "A declaration of Sun Yat-sen's criminal acts by the revolutionaries in Southeast Asia". This was printed and distributed in reformist newspapers like Nanyang Zonghui Bao. Their goal was to target Sun as a leader leading a revolt for profiteering gains.
The revolutionaries were polarized and split between pro-Sun and anti-Sun camps. Sun publicly fought off comments about how he had something to gain financially from the revolution. In 1910 Sun took the time to establish the United Chinese Library in Singapore. But by 19 July 1910 the Tongmenghui headquarter had to relocate from Singapore to Penang to reduce the anti-Sun activities. It is also in Penang that Sun and his supporters would launch the first Chinese "daily" newspaper, the Kwong Wah Yit Poh on December 1910.
Soldiers of the Wuchang uprising
1911 revolutionMain articles: Wuchang Uprising and Xinhai Revolution To sponsor more uprisings, Sun made a personal plea for financial aid at the Penang conference held on 13 November 1910 in Malaya. The leaders launched a major drive for donations across the Malay Peninsula. They raised HK$187,000.
On 27 April 1911 revolutionary Huang Xing led a second Guangzhou uprising known as the Yellow Flower Mound revolt against the Qing. The revolt failed and ended in disaster; only the bodies of 72 revolutionaries were found. The revolutionaries are remembered as martyrs.
On 10 October 1911 a military uprising at Wuchang took place led again by Huang Xing. At the time Sun had no direct involvement as he was still in exile. Huang was in charge of the revolution that ended over 2000 years of imperial rule in China. When Sun learned of the successful rebellion against the Qing emperor from press reports, he immediately returned to China from the United States accompanied by General Homer Lea on 21 December 1911. The uprising expanded to the Xinhai Revolution also known as the "Chinese Revolution" to overthrow the last Emperor Puyi. After this event 10 October became known as the commemoration of Double Ten Day.
Republic of China with many government
Provisional governmentMain article: Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1912) On 29 December 1911 a meeting of representatives from provinces in Nanking elected Sun Yat-sen as the "provisional president" (臨時大總統). 1 January 1912 was set as the first day of the First Year of the Republic. Li Yuanhong was made provisional vice-president and Huang Xing became the minister of the army. The new Provisional Government of the Republic of China was created along with the Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China. Sun is credited for the funding of the revolutions and for keeping the spirit of revolution alive, even after a series of failed uprisings. His successful merger of minor revolutionary groups to a single larger party provided a better base for all those who shared the same ideals. A number of things were introduced such as the republic calendar system and new fashion like Zhongshan suits.
Beiyang governmentMain article: Beiyang government Yuan Shikai was in charge of the Beiyang Army, the military of northern China. He was promised the position of President of the Republic of China if he could get the Qing court to abdicate. On 12 February 1912 Emperor Puyi did abdicate the throne. Sun Yat-sen stepped down as President, and Yuan became the new provisional president in Beijing on 10 March 1912. The provisional government did not have any military forces of its own, its control over elements of the New Army that had mutinied was limited and there were still significant forces which still had not declared against the Qing.
Sun Yat-sen sent telegrams to the leaders of all provinces, requesting them to elect and to establish the National Assembly of the Republic of China in 1912. In May 1912 the legislative assembly moved from Nanjing to Beijing with its 120 members divided between members of Tongmenghui and a Republican party that supported Yuan Shikai. Many revolutionary members were already alarmed by Yuan's ambitions and the northern based Beiyang government.
Nationalist party and Second RevolutionTongmenghui member Song Jiaoren quickly tried to control the parliament. He mobilized the old Tungmenghui at the core with the merger of a number of new small parties to form a new political party called the Guomindang (Chinese nationalist party) on 25 August 1912 at Huguang Guild Hall Beijing. The 1912–1913 National assembly election was considered a huge success for the KMT winning 269 of the 596 seats in the lower house and 123 of the 274 senate seats. The Second Revolution took place where Sun and KMT military forces tried to overthrow Yuan's forces of about 80,000 men in an armed conflict in July 1913. The revolt against Yuan was unsuccessful. Sun was forced to seek asylum in Japan. In retaliation the national party leader Song Jiaoren was assassinated under the secret order of Yuan Shikai on 20 March 1913.
Political chaosIn 1915 Yuan Shikai proclaimed the Empire of China (1915–1916) with himself as Emperor of China. Sun took part in the Anti-Monarchy war of the Constitutional Protection Movement, while also supporting bandit leaders like Bai Lang during the Bai Lang Rebellion. This marked the beginning of the Warlord Era. In 1915 Sun wrote to the Second International, an organisation of socialist based in Paris, asking it to send a team of specialists to help China set up the world's first socialist republic. At the time there were many theories and proposals of what China could be. In the political mess, even when Sun Yat-sen was announced as President, Xu Shichang was also announced as President of the Republic of China.
Path to Northern Expedition Sun Yat-sen (middle, dressed in white) and Chiang Kai-shek (on stage in uniform) at the founding of the Whampoa Military Academy in 1924.
Guangzhou militarist governmentChina had become divided between different military leaders without a proper central government. Sun saw the danger of this and returned to China in 1917 to advocate Chinese reunification. In 1921 he started a self-proclaimed military government in Guangzhou and was elected Grand Marshal. Between 1912 and 1927 three governments had been set up in South China: the Provisional government in Nanjing (1912), the Military government in Guangzhou (1921–1925), and the National government in Guangzhou and later Wuhan (1925–1927). The southern separatist government in the South was established to rival the Beiyang government in the north. Yuan Shikai had banned the KMT. The short lived Chinese Revolutionary Party was a temporary replacement for the KMT. On 10 October 1919 Sun resurrected the KMT with the new name Chung-kuo Kuomintang, basically "Chinese Nationalist party".
Sun Yat-sen (seated on right) and Chiang Kai-shek
KMT CPC cooperationBy this time Sun had become convinced that the only hope for a unified China lay in a military conquest from his base in the south, followed by a period of political tutelage that would culminate in the transition to democracy. In order to hasten the conquest of China, he began a policy of active cooperation with the Communist Party of China (CPC). Sun and the Soviet Union's Adolph Joffe signed the Sun-Joffe Manifesto in January 1923. Sun received help from the Comintern for his acceptance of communist members into his KMT. Revolutionary and socialist leader Vladimir Lenin praised Sun and the KMT for their ideology and principles. Lenin praised Sun and his attempts at social reformation, and also congratulated him for fighting foreign Imperialism. Sun also returned the praise, calling him a "great man", and sent his congratulations on the revolution in Russia.
With the Soviet's help, Sun was able to develop the military power needed for the Northern Expedition against the military at the north. He established the Whampoa Military Academy near Guangzhou with Chiang Kai-shek as the commandant of the National Revolutionary Army (NRA). Other Whampoa leaders include Wang Jingwei and Hu Hanmin as political instructors. This full collaboration was called the First United Front.
Finance concernsIn 1924 Sun appointed TV Soong to set up the first Chinese Central bank called the Canton Central Bank. To establish national capitalism and a banking system was a major objective for the KMT. However Sun was not without some opposition as there was the Canton volunteers corps uprising against him.
Sun (seated, right) and his wife Soong Ching-ling (宋慶齡) (seated, center) in Kobe, Japan in 1924
Final speechesIn February 1923 Sun made a presentation to the Students' Union in Hong Kong University and declared that it was the corruption of China and the peace, order and good government of Hong Kong that turned him into a revolutionary. This same year, he delivered a speech in which he proclaimed his Three Principles of the People as the foundation of the country and the Five-Yuan Constitution as the guideline for the political system and bureaucracy. Part of the speech was made into the National Anthem of the Republic of China.
On 10 November 1924, Sun traveled north to Tianjin and delivered a speech to suggest a gathering for a "National conference" for the Chinese people. It called for the end of warlord rules and the abolition of all unequal treaties with the Western powers. Two days later, he traveled to Beijing to discuss the future of the country, despite his deteriorating health and the ongoing civil war of the warlords. On 28 November 1924 Sun traveled to Japan and gave a speech on Pan-Asianism at Kobe, Japan.
DeathSun died of liver cancer on 12 March 1925 at the age of 58 at the Rockefeller financed Peking Union Medical College. In keeping with common Chinese practice, his remains were placed in the Temple of Azure Clouds, a Buddhist shrine in the Western Hills a few miles outside of Beijing.
A mausoleum was built and completed in 1929. In 1 June 1929, Sun's remains were relocated from Beijing and buried in Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum in Nanjing.
Legacy Chinese Generals pay tribute to the Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum in Beijing in 1928 after the success of the Northern Expedition. From right to left, are Generals Cheng Jin (何成浚), Zhang Zuobao (張作寶), Chen Diaoyuan (陳調元), Chiang Kai-shek, Woo Tsin-hang, Yan Xishan, Ma Fuxiang, Ma Sida (馬四達), and Bai Chongxi.
Power struggleAfter Sun's death, a power struggle between his young protégé Chiang Kai-shek and his old revolutionary comrade Wang Jingwei split the KMT. At stake in this struggle was the right to lay claim to Sun's ambiguous legacy. In 1927 Chiang Kai-shek married Soong May-ling, a sister of Sun's widow Soong Ching-ling, and subsequently he could claim to be a brother-in-law of Sun. When the Communists and the Kuomintang split in 1927, marking the start of the Chinese Civil War, each group claimed to be his true heirs, a conflict that continued through World War II. His widow, Soong Ching-ling, sided with the Communists during the Chinese Civil War and served from 1949 to 1981 as Vice President (or Vice Chairwoman) of the People's Republic of China and as Honorary President shortly before her demise in 1981.
Cult of PersonalityA personality cult in the Republic of China was centered on Sun and his successor, Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek. Chinese Muslim Generals and Imams participated in this cult of personality and one party state, with Muslim General Ma Bufang making people bow to Sun's portrait and listen to the national anthem during a Tibetan and Mongol religious ceremony for the Qinghai Lake God. Quotes from the Quran and Hadith were used by Muslims to justify Chiang Kai-shek's rule over China.
Statue in the Mausoleum, Kuomintang flag on the ceiling
Father of the NationSun Yat-sen remains unique among 20th century Chinese leaders for having a high reputation both in mainland China and in Taiwan. In Taiwan, he is seen as the Father of the Republic of China, and is known by the posthumous name Father of the Nation, Mr. Sun Zhongshan (Chinese: 國父 孫中山先生, where the one-character space is a traditional homage symbol). His likeness is still almost always found in ceremonial locations such as in front of legislatures and classrooms of public schools, from elementary to senior high school, and he continues to appear in new coinage and currency.
Forerunner of the revolutionOn the mainland, Sun is also seen as a Chinese nationalist and proto-socialist, and is highly regarded as the Forerunner of the Revolution (革命先行者). He is even mentioned by name in the preamble to the Constitution of the People's Republic of China. In recent years, the leadership of the Communist Party of China has increasingly invoked Sun, partly as a way of bolstering Chinese nationalism in light of Chinese economic reform and partly to increase connections with supporters of the Kuomintang on Taiwan which the PRC sees as allies against Taiwan independence. Sun's tomb was one of the first stops made by the leaders of both the Kuomintang and the People First Party on their pan-blue visit to mainland China in 2005. A massive portrait of Sun continues to appear in Tiananmen Square for May Day and National Day.
Family Lu Muzhen (1867–1952), Sun's first wife from 1885 to 1915Main article: Family tree of Sun Yat-sen Sun Yat-sen was born to father Sun Dacheng (孫達成) and mother lady Yang (楊氏) on 12 November 1866. At the time his father was age 53, while his mother was 38 years old. By the time he was born, he already had an older brother Sun Dezhang (孫德彰), an older sister Sun Jinxing (孫金星) who died at the early age of 4. Another older brother Sun Deyou (孫德祐) also died at the age of 6. He had two other sisters Sun Miaoxi (孫妙茜), who was older and Sun Qiuqi (孫秋綺) who was younger.
Sun had an arranged marriage with fellow villager Lu Muzhen at the age of 20. She bore him a son Sun Fo and two daughters, Sun Jinyuan (孫金媛) and Sun Jinwan (孫金婉). Sun subsequently married Soong Ching-ling, one of the Soong sisters. They were married in Japan on 25 October 1915, though he did not divorce his first wife, Lu Muzhen, due to opposition from the Chinese community. The relation with the sisters' father Charles Soong would play a role in political affairs. Among Sun's descendants was Leland Sun, who spent 37 years working in Hollywood as an actor and stuntman.
Cultural references Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum in Nanjing at 1 May 2011
Memorials and structures in AsiaIn most major Chinese cities one of the main streets is named Zhongshan Lu (中山路) to celebrate his memory. There are also numerous parks, schools, and geographical features named after him. Xiangshan, Sun's hometown in Guangdong, was renamed Zhongshan in his honor, and there is a hall dedicated to his memory at the Temple of Azure Clouds in Beijing. There are also a series of Sun Yat-sen stamps.
Other reference to Sun include the Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou and National Sun Yat-sen University in Kaohsiung. Other structures include Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum, Sun Yat-sen subway station, Sun Yat-sen house in Nanjing, Dr. Sun Yat-sen Museum in Hong Kong, Chung-Shan Building in the Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall in Taipei. Zhongshan Memorial Middle School has also been a name used by many schools. Zhongshan Park is also a common name used for a number of places named after him. The first highway in Taiwan is called the Sun Yat-sen expressway. Two ships are also named after him, the Chinese gunboat Chung Shan and Chinese cruiser Yat Sen. The old Chinatown in Calcutta (now known as Kolkata), India has a prominent street by the name of Sun Yat-sen street. In Penang, Malaysia, the Penang Philomatic Union had its premises at 120 Armenian Street in 1910, during the time when Sun spent more than four months in Penang, convened the historic "Penang Conference" to launch the fundraising campaign for the Huanghuagang Uprising and founded the Kwong Wah Yit Poh; this house, which has been preserved as the Sun Yat Sen Museum Penang (formerly called the Sun Yat Sen Penang Base), was visited by President designate Hu Jintao in 2002. The Penang Philomatic Union subsequently moved to a bungalow at 65 Macalister Road which has been preserved as the Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Centre in Penang.
As dedication, the 1966 Chinese Cultural Renaissance was launched on Sun's birthday on 12 November.
The Nanyang Wan Qing Yuan have since been preserved and renamed as the Sun Yat Sen Nanyang Memorial Hall. A Sun Yat-sen heritage trail was also launched in 20 November 2010 in Penang.
Sun's US citizen Hawaii birth certificate that show he was not born in the ROC, but instead born in the US was on public display at the American Institute in Taiwan on US Independence day 4 July 2011.
A marker on the Sun Yat-sen Historical Trail on Hong Kong Island
Memorials and structures outside of AsiaDr. Sun Yat-Sen Classical Chinese Garden is located in Vancouver, the largest classical Chinese gardens outside of Asia. There is the Dr. Sun Yat-sen Memorial Park in Chinatown, Honolulu. In Sacramento, California there is a bronze statue of Sun in front of the Chinese Benevolent Association of Sacramento. Another statue of Sun Yat-sen can be found at Riverdale Park in Toronto, Canada. There is also the Moscow Sun Yat-sen University. In Chinatown, San Francisco, there is a 12-foot statue of him on St. Mary's Square.
In late 2011, the Chinese Youth Society of Melbourne, in celebration of the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Republic Of China, unveiled, in a Lion Dance Blessing ceremony, a memorial statue of Dr. Sun Yat-Sen outside the Chinese Museum in Melbourne's Chinatown, on the spot where their traditional Chinese New Year Lion Dance always ends.
In 1993 Lily Sun, one of Sun Yat-sen's granddaughters, donated books, photographs, artwork and other memorabilia to the Kapi`olani library as part of the "Sun Yat-sen Asian collection". During October and November every year the entire collection is shown. In 1997 the "Dr Sun Yat-sen Hawaii foundation" was formed online as a virtual library. In 2006 the NASA Mars Exploration Rover Spirit labeled one of the hills explored "Zhongsan".
The plaque shown earlier in this article is by Dora Gordine, and is situated on the site of Sun's lodgings in London in 1896, 8 Grays Inn Place. There is also a plaque commemorating Sun at The Kennels, Cottered, Hertfordshire, the country home of the Cantlies where Sun came to recuperate after his rescue from the legation in 1896.
In popular culture
TV series, filmsThe life of Sun is portrayed in various films, mainly The Soong Sisters and Road to Dawn. A fictionalized assassination attempt on his life was featured in Bodyguards and Assassins. He is also portrayed during his struggle to overthrow the Qing dynasty in Once Upon a Time in China II. The TV series Towards the Republic features Ma Shaohua as Sun Yat-sen. In the 100th anniversary tribute of the film 1911, Winston Chao played Sun.
Sun Yat-sen tribute in Tiananmen Square, 2005.
PerformancesIn 2010 a theatrical play "Yellow Flower on slopes" (斜路黃花) was made. In 2011 there is also a mandopop group called "Zhongsan road 100" (中山路100號) known for singing the song "Our father of the nation" (我們國父). In 2011 a three-act "Dr Sun Yat-sen opera" was announced by the Hong Kong Leisure and Cultural Services Department.
BooksThe 1992 novel China Mountain Zhang has a protagonist named Zhongsan of Chinese and Puerto Rican ancestry in a world dominated by the Communist party.
Controversy
New Three Principles of the PeopleAt one time CPC General secretary and PRC president Jiang Zemin claimed Sun Yat-sen had a "New Three Principles of the People" (新三民主義) which consisted of "working with the soviets, working with the communists and helping the farmers" (聯俄, 聯共, 扶助工農). Lily Sun said the CPC was distorting Sun's legacy in 2001. She then voiced her displeasure in 2002 in a private letter to Jiang about the distortion of history. In 2008 Jiang Zemin was willing to offer US$10 million to sponsor a Xinhai Revolution anniversary celebration event. According to Ming Pao she could not take the money because she would no longer have the freedom to communicate the revolution. This concept is still currently available on Baike Baidu.
KMT emblem disappearance caseIn 1981 Lily Sun took a trip to Sun Yat-sen mausoleum in Nanjing, People's Republic of China. The emblem of the KMT had disappeared from the top of his tomb. On another visit in May 2011, she was surprised to find the four characters "General Rules of Meetings" (會議通則), a document that Sun wrote in reference to Robert's Rules of Order had disappeared from a stone carving.
Father of Independent Taiwan issueIn November 2004 the Taiwan Ministry of Education proposed that Sun Yat-sen was not the father of their independent country, Taiwan. Instead Sun was a foreigner from China. Taiwanese Education minister Tu Cheng-sheng and Examination Yuan member Lin Yu-ti (林玉体) were then attacked with eggs. At a Sun Yat-sen statue in Kaohsiung, a 70 year old ROC retired soldier slit his own throat to commit suicide as a way to protest the ministry proposal on the anniversary of Sun's birthday 12 November.
Sun Yat-sen (12 November 1866 – 12 March 1925) was a Chinese revolutionary and first president and founding father of the Republic of China ("Nationalist China"). As the foremost pioneer of Republic of China, Sun is referred to as the "Father of the Nation" in the Republic of China (ROC), and the "forerunner of democratic revolution" in the People's Republic of China. Sun played an instrumental role in the overthrow of the Qing dynasty during the Xinhai Revolution. Sun was the first provisional president when the Republic of China was founded in 1912 and later co-founded the Kuomintang (KMT), serving as its first leader. Sun was a uniting figure in post-Imperial China, and remains unique among 20th-century Chinese politicians for being widely revered amongst the people from both sides of the Taiwan Strait.
Although Sun is considered one of the greatest leaders of modern China, his political life was one of constant struggle and frequent exile. After the success of the revolution, he quickly fell out of power in the newly founded Republic of China, and led successive revolutionary governments as a challenge to the warlords who controlled much of the nation. Sun did not live to see his party consolidate its power over the country during the Northern Expedition. His party, which formed a fragile alliance with the Communists, split into two factions after his death. Sun's chief legacy resides in his developing of the political philosophy known as the Three Principles of the People: nationalism, democracy, and the people's livelihood.
The original name of Sun Yat-sen was Sun Wen (孫文) and his genealogical name was Sun Deming (孫德明). As a child, his "milk name" was Dixiang (帝象). The courtesy name of Sun Yat-sen was Zaizhi (載之), and his baptized name was Rixin (日新). While at school in Hong Kong he got the name Yat Sen (逸仙; Hanyu pinyin: Yìxiān). Sun Zhongshan (孫中山), the most popular of his Chinese names, came from Nakayama (中山樵), a form of the Japanese name given to him by Miyazaki Touten.
Early years
Sun Yat-sen (back row, fifth from left) and his family. Farm lifeSun Yat-sen was born on 12 November 1866 to a Cantonese Hakka family in the village of Cuiheng, Xiangshan (later Zhongshan county), Guangzhou prefecture, Guangdong province in Qing China. He was the third son born in a family of farmers, and herded cows along with other farming duties at age 6.
Education years
Statue of Sun Yat-sen as a school boy in Honolulu, Hawaii, age 13At age 10, Sun Yat-sen began seeking schooling. It is also at this point where he met childhood friend Lu Hao-tung. By age 13 in 1878 after receiving a few years of local schooling, Sun went to live with his elder brother, Sun Mei (孫眉) in Honolulu.
Sun Yat-sen then studied at the ʻIolani School where he learned English, British history, mathematics, science, and Christianity. Originally unable to speak the English language, Sun Yat-sen picked up the language so quickly that he received a prize for outstanding achievement from King David Kalākaua. Sun enrolled in Oahu College (now Punahou School) for further studies for one semester. In 1883 he was soon sent home to China as his brother was becoming afraid that Sun Yat-sen would embrace Christianity.
When he returned home in 1883 at age 17, Sun met up with his childhood friend Lu Hao-tung at Beijidian (北極殿), a temple in Cuiheng Village. They saw many villagers worshipping the Beiji (literally North Pole) Emperor-God in the temple, and were dissatisfied with their ancient healing methods. They broke the statue, incurring the wrath of fellow villagers, and escaped to Hong Kong. While in Hong Kong in 1883 he studied at the Diocesan Boys' School and from 1884 to 1886 he was at the government Central school.
In 1886 Sun studied medicine at the Guangzhou Boji Hospital under the Christian missionary John G. Kerr. Ultimately, he earned the license of Christian practice as a medical doctor from the Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese (the forerunner of The University of Hong Kong) in 1892. Notably, of his class of 12 students, Sun was one of only two who graduated.
Christian baptismSun was later baptized in Hong Kong by an American missionary of the Congregational Church of the United States to his brother's disdain. The minister would also develop a friendship with Sun. Sun attended To Tsai Church (道濟會堂, founded by the London Missionary Society in 1888) while he studied Western Medicine in Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese (香港華人西醫書院). Sun pictured a revolution as similar to the salvation mission of the Christian church. His conversion to Christianity was related to his revolutionary ideals and push for advancement. Sun later became the godfather of Paul Linebarger, a science-fiction writer.
Transformation into a revolutionary
Photograph of Sun Yat-sen (seated, second from left) and his revolutionary friends, the Four Bandits, including Yeung Hok-ling (left), Chan Siu-bak (seated, second from right), Yau Lit (right), and Guan Jingliang (關景良) (standing) at the Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese. Four BanditsDuring the Qing Dynasty rebellion around 1888 Sun was in Hong Kong with a group of revolutionary thinkers that were nicknamed the Four Bandits at the Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese. Sun, who had grown increasingly frustrated by the conservative Qing government and its refusal to adopt knowledge from the more technologically advanced Western nations, quit his medical practice in order to devote his time to transforming China.
Furen and Revive China SocietyIn 1891 Sun met revolutionary friends in Hong Kong including Yeung Kui-wan who was the leader and founder of the Furen Literary Society. The group was spreading the idea of overthrowing the Qing. In 1894, Sun wrote an 8,000 character petition to Qing Viceroy Li Hongzhang presenting his ideas for modernizing China. He traveled to Tianjin to personally present the petition to Li but was not granted an audience. After this experience, Sun turned irrevocably toward revolution. He left China for Hawaii and founded the Revive China Society, which was committed to revolution to restore China’s prosperity. Members were drawn mainly from Chinese expatriates, especially the lower social classes. The same month in 1894 the Furen Literary Society was merged with the Hong Kong chapter of the Revive China Society. Sun became the secretary of the newly merged Revive China society, which Yeung Kui-wan headed as president. They disguised their activities in Hong Kong under the running of a "Qianheng Company" (乾亨行).
First Sino-Japanese WarIn 1895 China suffered a serious defeat during the First Sino-Japanese War. There were two types of response. One group of intellectuals contended that the Manchu Qing government could restore its legitimacy by successfully modernizing. Stressing that overthrowing the Manchu would result in chaos and would lead to China being carved up by imperialists, intellectuals like Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao supported responding with initiatives like the Hundred Days' Reform. In another faction, Sun Yat-sen and others like Zou Rong wanted a revolution to replace the dynastic system with a modern nation-state in the form of a republic. The Hundred Day's reform turned out to be a failure by 1898.
From uprising to exile
Letter from Sun Yat-sen to James Cantlie announcing to him that he has assumed the Presidency of the Provisional Republican Government of China. Dated 21 January 1912. First Guangzhou uprisingIn the second year of the establishment of the Revive China society on 26 October 1895, the group planned and launched the First Guangzhou uprising against the Qing in Guangzhou. Yeung Kui-wan directed the uprising starting from Hong Kong. However, plans were leaked out and more than 70 members, including Lu Hao-tung, were captured by the Qing government. The uprising was a failure.
Exile in JapanSun Yat-sen spent time living in Japan while in exile. He befriended and was financially aided by a democratic revolutionary named Miyazaki Toten. Most Japanese who actively worked with Sun were motivated by a pan-Asian fear of encroaching Western imperialism. While in Japan, Sun also met and befriended Mariano Ponce, then a diplomat of the First Philippine Republic.
Huizhou uprisingOn 22 October 1900 Sun launched the Huizhou uprising to attack Huizhou and provincial authorities in Guangdong. This came five years after the failed Guangzhou uprising. This time Sun appealed to the triads for help. This uprising was also a failure. Miyazaki who participated in the revolt with Sun wrote an account of this revolutionary effort under the title "33-year dream" (三十三年之夢) in 1902.
Further exileSun was in exile not only in Japan, but also in Europe, the United States, and Canada. He raised money for his revolutionary party and to support uprisings in China. In 1896 he was detained at the Chinese Legation in London, where the Chinese Imperial secret service planned to kill him. He was released after 12 days through the efforts of James Cantlie, The Times, and the Foreign Office, leaving Sun a hero in Britain. James Cantlie, Sun's former teacher at the Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese, maintained a lifelong friendship with Sun and would later write an early biography of Sun.
Heaven and earth society, overseas travelA "Heaven and Earth Society" sect known as Tiandihui has been around for a long time. The group has also been referred to as the "three cooperating organizations" as well as the triads. Sun Yat-sen mainly used this group to leverage his overseas travels to gain further financial and resource support for his revolution.
According to Lee Yun-ping, chairman of the Chinese historical society, Sun needed a certificate to enter the United States at a time when the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 would have otherwise blocked him. But on Sun's first attempt to enter the US, he was still arrested. He was later bailed out after 17 days. In March 1904, Sun Yat-sen obtained a Certificate of Hawaiian Birth, issued by the Territory of Hawaii, stating he was born on 24 November 1870 in Kula, Maui. Official files of the United States show that Sun had United States nationality, moved to China with his family at age 4, and returned to Hawaii 10 years later.
Revolution
In 1904 Sun Yat-sen came about with the goal "to expel the Tatar barbarians, to revive Zhonghua, to establish a Republic, and to distribute land equally among the people." (驅除韃虜, 恢復中華, 創立民國, 平均地權). One of Sun's major legacies was the creation of his political philosophy of the Three Principles of the People. These Principles included the principle of nationalism (minzu, 民族), of democracy (minquan, 民權), and of welfare (minsheng, 民生).
On 20 August 1905 Sun joined forces with revolutionary Chinese students studying in Tokyo, Japan to form the unified group Tongmenghui (United League), which sponsored uprisings in China. By 1906 the number of Tongmenghui members reached 963 people.
Interior of the Wan Qing Yuan featuring Sun's items and photo Malaya supportMain article: Chinese revolutionary activities in Malaya
Sun's notability and popularity extends beyond the Greater China region, particularly to Nanyang (Southeast Asia) where a large concentration of overseas Chinese reside in Malaya (Malaysia and Singapore). While in Singapore he met local Chinese merchants Teo Eng Hock, Tan Chor Nam and Lim Nee Soon, which mark the commencement of direct support from the Nanyang Chinese. The Singapore chapter of the Tongmenghui was established on 6 April 1906. Though some records claim the founding date to be end of 1905. The villa used by Sun was known as Wan Qing Yuan. At this point Singapore was the headquarter of the Tongmenghui.
Zhennanguan uprisingOn 1 December 1907 Sun led the Zhennanguan uprising against the Qing at Friendship Pass, which is the border between Guangxi and Vietnam. The uprising failed after seven days of fighting. In 1907 there were a total of four uprisings that failed including Huanggang uprising, Huizhou seven women lake uprising and Qinzhou uprising. In 1908 two more uprisings failed one after another including Qin-lian uprising and Hekou uprising.
Anti-Sun movementsBecause of these failures Sun's leadership was beginning to be challenged by elements from within the Tongmenghui who wished to remove him as leader. In Tokyo 1907–1908 members from the recently merged Restoration society raised doubts about Sun's credentials. Tao Chengzhang (陶成章) and Zhang Binglin publicly denounced Sun with an open leaflet called "A declaration of Sun Yat-sen's criminal acts by the revolutionaries in Southeast Asia". This was printed and distributed in reformist newspapers like Nanyang Zonghui Bao. Their goal was to target Sun as a leader leading a revolt for profiteering gains.
The revolutionaries were polarized and split between pro-Sun and anti-Sun camps. Sun publicly fought off comments about how he had something to gain financially from the revolution. In 1910 Sun took the time to establish the United Chinese Library in Singapore. But by 19 July 1910 the Tongmenghui headquarter had to relocate from Singapore to Penang to reduce the anti-Sun activities. It is also in Penang that Sun and his supporters would launch the first Chinese "daily" newspaper, the Kwong Wah Yit Poh on December 1910.
Soldiers of the Wuchang uprising
1911 revolutionMain articles: Wuchang Uprising and Xinhai Revolution
To sponsor more uprisings, Sun made a personal plea for financial aid at the Penang conference held on 13 November 1910 in Malaya. The leaders launched a major drive for donations across the Malay Peninsula. They raised HK$187,000.
On 27 April 1911 revolutionary Huang Xing led a second Guangzhou uprising known as the Yellow Flower Mound revolt against the Qing. The revolt failed and ended in disaster; only the bodies of 72 revolutionaries were found. The revolutionaries are remembered as martyrs.
On 10 October 1911 a military uprising at Wuchang took place led again by Huang Xing. At the time Sun had no direct involvement as he was still in exile. Huang was in charge of the revolution that ended over 2000 years of imperial rule in China. When Sun learned of the successful rebellion against the Qing emperor from press reports, he immediately returned to China from the United States accompanied by General Homer Lea on 21 December 1911. The uprising expanded to the Xinhai Revolution also known as the "Chinese Revolution" to overthrow the last Emperor Puyi. After this event 10 October became known as the commemoration of Double Ten Day.
Republic of China with many government Provisional governmentMain article: Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1912)
On 29 December 1911 a meeting of representatives from provinces in Nanking elected Sun Yat-sen as the "provisional president" (臨時大總統). 1 January 1912 was set as the first day of the First Year of the Republic. Li Yuanhong was made provisional vice-president and Huang Xing became the minister of the army. The new Provisional Government of the Republic of China was created along with the Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China. Sun is credited for the funding of the revolutions and for keeping the spirit of revolution alive, even after a series of failed uprisings. His successful merger of minor revolutionary groups to a single larger party provided a better base for all those who shared the same ideals. A number of things were introduced such as the republic calendar system and new fashion like Zhongshan suits.
Beiyang governmentMain article: Beiyang government
Yuan Shikai was in charge of the Beiyang Army, the military of northern China. He was promised the position of President of the Republic of China if he could get the Qing court to abdicate. On 12 February 1912 Emperor Puyi did abdicate the throne. Sun Yat-sen stepped down as President, and Yuan became the new provisional president in Beijing on 10 March 1912. The provisional government did not have any military forces of its own, its control over elements of the New Army that had mutinied was limited and there were still significant forces which still had not declared against the Qing.
Sun Yat-sen sent telegrams to the leaders of all provinces, requesting them to elect and to establish the National Assembly of the Republic of China in 1912. In May 1912 the legislative assembly moved from Nanjing to Beijing with its 120 members divided between members of Tongmenghui and a Republican party that supported Yuan Shikai. Many revolutionary members were already alarmed by Yuan's ambitions and the northern based Beiyang government.
Nationalist party and Second RevolutionTongmenghui member Song Jiaoren quickly tried to control the parliament. He mobilized the old Tungmenghui at the core with the merger of a number of new small parties to form a new political party called the Guomindang (Chinese nationalist party) on 25 August 1912 at Huguang Guild Hall Beijing. The 1912–1913 National assembly election was considered a huge success for the KMT winning 269 of the 596 seats in the lower house and 123 of the 274 senate seats. The Second Revolution took place where Sun and KMT military forces tried to overthrow Yuan's forces of about 80,000 men in an armed conflict in July 1913. The revolt against Yuan was unsuccessful. Sun was forced to seek asylum in Japan. In retaliation the national party leader Song Jiaoren was assassinated under the secret order of Yuan Shikai on 20 March 1913.
Political chaosIn 1915 Yuan Shikai proclaimed the Empire of China (1915–1916) with himself as Emperor of China. Sun took part in the Anti-Monarchy war of the Constitutional Protection Movement, while also supporting bandit leaders like Bai Lang during the Bai Lang Rebellion. This marked the beginning of the Warlord Era. In 1915 Sun wrote to the Second International, an organisation of socialist based in Paris, asking it to send a team of specialists to help China set up the world's first socialist republic. At the time there were many theories and proposals of what China could be. In the political mess, even when Sun Yat-sen was announced as President, Xu Shichang was also announced as President of the Republic of China.
Path to Northern Expedition
Sun Yat-sen (middle, dressed in white) and Chiang Kai-shek (on stage in uniform) at the founding of the Whampoa Military Academy in 1924. Guangzhou militarist governmentChina had become divided between different military leaders without a proper central government. Sun saw the danger of this and returned to China in 1917 to advocate Chinese reunification. In 1921 he started a self-proclaimed military government in Guangzhou and was elected Grand Marshal. Between 1912 and 1927 three governments had been set up in South China: the Provisional government in Nanjing (1912), the Military government in Guangzhou (1921–1925), and the National government in Guangzhou and later Wuhan (1925–1927). The southern separatist government in the South was established to rival the Beiyang government in the north. Yuan Shikai had banned the KMT. The short lived Chinese Revolutionary Party was a temporary replacement for the KMT. On 10 October 1919 Sun resurrected the KMT with the new name Chung-kuo Kuomintang, basically "Chinese Nationalist party".
Sun Yat-sen (seated on right) and Chiang Kai-shek KMT CPC cooperationBy this time Sun had become convinced that the only hope for a unified China lay in a military conquest from his base in the south, followed by a period of political tutelage that would culminate in the transition to democracy. In order to hasten the conquest of China, he began a policy of active cooperation with the Communist Party of China (CPC). Sun and the Soviet Union's Adolph Joffe signed the Sun-Joffe Manifesto in January 1923. Sun received help from the Comintern for his acceptance of communist members into his KMT. Revolutionary and socialist leader Vladimir Lenin praised Sun and the KMT for their ideology and principles. Lenin praised Sun and his attempts at social reformation, and also congratulated him for fighting foreign Imperialism. Sun also returned the praise, calling him a "great man", and sent his congratulations on the revolution in Russia.
With the Soviet's help, Sun was able to develop the military power needed for the Northern Expedition against the military at the north. He established the Whampoa Military Academy near Guangzhou with Chiang Kai-shek as the commandant of the National Revolutionary Army (NRA). Other Whampoa leaders include Wang Jingwei and Hu Hanmin as political instructors. This full collaboration was called the First United Front.
Finance concernsIn 1924 Sun appointed TV Soong to set up the first Chinese Central bank called the Canton Central Bank. To establish national capitalism and a banking system was a major objective for the KMT. However Sun was not without some opposition as there was the Canton volunteers corps uprising against him.
Sun (seated, right) and his wife Soong Ching-ling (宋慶齡) (seated, center) in Kobe, Japan in 1924 Final speechesIn February 1923 Sun made a presentation to the Students' Union in Hong Kong University and declared that it was the corruption of China and the peace, order and good government of Hong Kong that turned him into a revolutionary. This same year, he delivered a speech in which he proclaimed his Three Principles of the People as the foundation of the country and the Five-Yuan Constitution as the guideline for the political system and bureaucracy. Part of the speech was made into the National Anthem of the Republic of China.
On 10 November 1924, Sun traveled north to Tianjin and delivered a speech to suggest a gathering for a "National conference" for the Chinese people. It called for the end of warlord rules and the abolition of all unequal treaties with the Western powers. Two days later, he traveled to Beijing to discuss the future of the country, despite his deteriorating health and the ongoing civil war of the warlords. On 28 November 1924 Sun traveled to Japan and gave a speech on Pan-Asianism at Kobe, Japan.
DeathSun died of liver cancer on 12 March 1925 at the age of 58 at the Rockefeller Hospital in Beijing. In keeping with common Chinese practice, his remains were placed in the Temple of Azure Clouds, a Buddhist shrine in the Western Hills a few miles outside of Beijing.
A mausoleum was built and completed in 1929. In 1 June 1929, Sun's remains were relocated from Beijing and buried in Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum in Nanjing.
Legacy
Chinese Generals pay tribute to the Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum in Beijing in 1928 after the success of the Northern Expedition. From right to left, are Generals Cheng Jin (何成浚), Zhang Zuobao (張作寶), Chen Diaoyuan (陳調元), Chiang Kai-shek, Woo Tsin-hang, Yan Xishan, Ma Fuxiang, Ma Sida (馬四達), and Bai Chongxi. Power struggleAfter Sun's death, a power struggle between his young protégé Chiang Kai-shek and his old revolutionary comrade Wang Jingwei split the KMT. At stake in this struggle was the right to lay claim to Sun's ambiguous legacy. In 1927 Chiang Kai-shek married Soong May-ling, a sister of Sun's widow Soong Ching-ling, and subsequently he could claim to be a brother-in-law of Sun. When the Communists and the Kuomintang split in 1927, marking the start of the Chinese Civil War, each group claimed to be his true heirs, a conflict that continued through World War II. His widow, Soong Ching-ling, sided with the Communists during the Chinese Civil War and served from 1949 to 1981 as Vice President (or Vice Chairwoman) of the People's Republic of China and as Honorary President shortly before her demise in 1981.
Cult of PersonalityA personality cult in the Republic of China was centered on Sun and his successor, Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek. Chinese Muslim Generals and Imams participated in this cult of personality and one party state, with Muslim General Ma Bufang making people bow to Sun's portrait and listen to the national anthem during a Tibetan and Mongol religious ceremony for the Qinghai Lake God. Quotes from the Quran and Hadith were used by Muslims to justify Chiang Kai-shek's rule over China.
Statue in the Mausoleum, Kuomintang flag on the ceiling Father of the NationSun Yat-sen remains unique among 20th century Chinese leaders for having a high reputation both in mainland China and in Taiwan. In Taiwan, he is seen as the Father of the Republic of China, and is known by the posthumous name Father of the Nation, Mr. Sun Zhongshan (Chinese: 國父 孫中山先生, where the one-character space is a traditional homage symbol). His likeness is still almost always found in ceremonial locations such as in front of legislatures and classrooms of public schools, from elementary to senior high school, and he continues to appear in new coinage and currency.
Forerunner of the revolutionOn the mainland, Sun is also seen as a Chinese nationalist and proto-socialist, and is highly regarded as the Forerunner of the Revolution (革命先行者). He is even mentioned by name in the preamble to the Constitution of the People's Republic of China. In recent years, the leadership of the Communist Party of China has increasingly invoked Sun, partly as a way of bolstering Chinese nationalism in light of Chinese economic reform and partly to increase connections with supporters of the Kuomintang on Taiwan which the PRC sees as allies against Taiwan independence. Sun's tomb was one of the first stops made by the leaders of both the Kuomintang and the People First Party on their pan-blue visit to mainland China in 2005. A massive portrait of Sun continues to appear in Tiananmen Square for May Day and National Day.
Family
Lu Muzhen (1867–1952), Sun's first wife from 1885 to 1915Main article: Family tree of Sun Yat-sen
Sun Yat-sen was born to father Sun Da-cheng (孫達成) and mother lady Yang (楊氏) on 12 November 1866. At the time his father was age 53, while his mother was 38 years old. By the time he was born, he already had an older brother Sun De-zhang (孫德彰), an older sister Sun Jin-xing (孫金星) who died at the early age of 4. Another older brother Sun Dak-you (孫德祐) also died at the age of 6. He had two other sisters Sun Miao-xi (孫妙茜), who was older and Sun Qiu-qi (孫秋綺) who was younger.
Sun had an arranged marriage with fellow villager Lu Muzhen at the age of 20. She bore him a son Sun Fo and two daughters, Sun Jin-yuan (孫金媛) and Sun Jin-wan (孫金婉). Sun subsequently married Soong Ching-ling, one of the Soong sisters. They were married in Japan on 25 October 1915, though he did not divorce his first wife, Lu Muzhen, due to opposition from the Chinese community. The relation with the sisters' father Charles Soong would play a role in political affairs. Among Sun's descendants was Leland Sun, who spent 37 years working in Hollywood as an actor and stuntman.
Cultural references
Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum in Nanjing at 1 May 2011 Memorials and structures in AsiaIn most major Chinese cities one of the main streets is named Zhongshan Lu (中山路) to celebrate his memory. There are also numerous parks, schools, and geographical features named after him. Xiangshan, Sun's hometown in Guangdong, was renamed Zhongshan in his honor, and there is a hall dedicated to his memory at the Temple of Azure Clouds in Beijing. There are also a series of Sun Yat-sen stamps.
Other reference to Sun include the Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou and National Sun Yat-sen University in Kaohsiung. Other structures include Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum, Sun Yat-sen subway station, Sun Yat-sen house in Nanjing, Dr. Sun Yat-sen Museum in Hong Kong, Chung-Shan Building in the Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall in Taipei. Zhongshan Memorial Middle School has also been a name used by many schools. Zhongshan Park is also a common name used for a number of places named after him. The first highway in Taiwan is called the Sun Yat-sen expressway. Two ships are also named after him, the Chinese gunboat Chung Shan and Chinese cruiser Yat Sen. The old Chinatown in Calcutta (now known as Kolkata), India has a prominent street by the name of Sun Yat-sen street. In Penang, Malaysia, the Penang Philomatic Union had its premises at 120 Armenian Street during the time when Sun spent more than four months in Penang; this house which has been preserved as the Sun Yat Sen Penang Base museum was visited by President designate Hu Jintao in 2002. The Penang Philomatic Union subsequently moved to a bungalow at 65 Macalister Road which has been also preserved as another Dr. Sun Yat-Sen Museum in Penang.
As dedication, the 1966 Chinese Cultural Renaissance was launched on Sun's birthday on 12 November.
The Nanyang Wan Qing Yuan have since been preserved and renamed as the Sun Yat Sen Nanyang Memorial Hall. A Sun Yat-sen heritage trail was also launched in 20 November 2010 in Penang.
Sun's US citizen Hawaii birth certificate that show he was not born in the ROC, but instead born in the US was on public display at the American Institute in Taiwan on US Independence day 4 July 2011.
A marker on the Sun Yat-sen Historical Trail on Hong Kong Island
Memorials and structures outside of AsiaDr. Sun Yat-Sen Classical Chinese Garden is located in Vancouver, the largest classical Chinese gardens outside of Asia. There is the Dr. Sun Yat-sen Memorial Park in Chinatown, Honolulu. In Sacramento, California there is a bronze statue of Sun in front of the Chinese Benevolent Association of Sacramento. Another statue of Sun Yat-sen can be found at Riverdale Park in Toronto, Canada. There is also the Moscow Sun Yat-sen University. In Chinatown, San Francisco, there is a 12-foot statue of him on St. Mary's Square.
In late 2011, the Chinese Youth Society of Melbourne, in celebration of the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Republic Of China, unveiled, in a Lion Dance Blessing ceremony, a memorial statue of Dr. Sun Yat-Sen outside the Chinese Museum in Melbourne's Chinatown, on the spot where their traditional Chinese New Year Lion Dance always ends.
In 1993 Lily Sun, one of Sun Yat-sen's granddaughters, donated books, photographs, artwork and other memorabilia to the Kapi`olani library as part of the "Sun Yat-sen Asian collection". During October and November every year the entire collection is shown. In 1997 the "Dr Sun Yat-sen Hawaii foundation" was formed online as a virtual library. In 2006 the NASA Mars Exploration Rover Spirit labeled one of the hills explored "Zhongsan".
The plaque shown earlier in this article is by Dora Gordine, and is situated on the site of Sun's lodgings in London in 1896, 8 Grays Inn Place. There is also a plaque commemorating Sun at The Kennels, Cottered, Hertfordshire, the country home of the Cantlies where Sun came to recuperate after his rescue from the legation in 1896.
In popular culture
TV series, filmsThe life of Sun is portrayed in various films, mainly The Soong Sisters and Road to Dawn. A fictionalized assassination attempt on his life was featured in Bodyguards and Assassins. He is also portrayed during his struggle to overthrow the Qing dynasty in Once Upon a Time in China II. The TV series Towards the Republic features Ma Shaohua as Sun Yat-sen. In the 100th anniversary tribute of the film 1911, Winston Chao played Sun.
Sun Yat-sen tribute in Tiananmen Square, 2005. PerformancesIn 2010 a theatrical play "Yellow Flower on slopes" (斜路黃花) was made. In 2011 there is also a mandopop group called "Zhongsan road 100" (中山路100號) known for singing the song "Our father of the nation" (我們國父). In 2011 a three-act "Dr Sun Yat-sen opera" was announced by the Hong Kong Leisure and Cultural Services Department.
BooksThe 1992 novel China Mountain Zhang has a protagonist named Zhongsan of Chinese and Puerto Rican ancestry in a world dominated by the Communist party.
Controversy New Three Principles of the PeopleAt one time CPC General secretary and PRC president Jiang Zemin claimed Sun Yat-sen had a "New Three Principles of the People" (新三民主義) which consisted of "working with the soviets, working with the communists and helping the farmers" (聯俄, 聯共, 扶助工農). Lily Sun said the CPC was distorting Sun's legacy in 2001. She then voiced her displeasure in 2002 in a private letter to Jiang about the distortion of history. In 2008 Jiang Zemin was willing to offer US$10 million to sponsor a Xinhai Revolution anniversary celebration event. According to Ming Pao she could not take the money because she would no longer have the freedom to communicate the revolution. This concept is still currently available on Baike Baidu.
KMT emblem disappearance caseIn 1981 Lily Sun took a trip to Sun Yat-sen mausoleum in Nanjing, People's Republic of China. The emblem of the KMT had disappeared from the top of his tomb. On another visit in May 2011, she was surprised to find the four characters "General Rules of Meetings" (會議通則), a document that Sun wrote in reference to Robert's Rules of Order had disappeared from a stone carving.
Father of Independent Taiwan issueIn November 2004 the Taiwan Ministry of Education proposed that Sun Yat-sen was not the father of their independent country, Taiwan. Instead Sun was a foreigner from China. Taiwanese Education minister Tu Cheng-sheng and Examination Yuan member Lin Yu-ti (林玉体) were then attacked with eggs. At a Sun Yat-sen statue in Kaohsiung, a 70 year old ROC retired soldier slit his own throat to commit suicide as a way to protest the ministry proposal on the anniversary of Sun's birthday 12 November.
Introduction
Sun Yat-sen (1866.11.12 ~ 1925.3.12), formerly known as Sun Wen, the word Deming, No. Hsien, the international call for the Sun Yat-sen. Zhongshan firewood in exile in Japan had a pseudonym, so future generations called "sen", then the title has evolved into a Sun Yat-sen. President of the Republic of China - Guangdong Province, Sun Yat-sen Xiangshan County (now Zhongshan City) people. Modern China is a great revolutionary and statesman, theorist, Chinese Nationalist Party Prime Minister, is the first Provisional President of the Republic of China. Sun Yat-sen is known as the father of Mrs. Miss Song Qingling, affectionately known as mother of the country. He was the first provisional president of the Republic of China, Prime Minister of the Chinese Kuomintang, Guangzhou revolutionary government generalissimo. He is the founder of the Chinese Kuomintang, Three People's Principles advocate. The first lift the banner of radical anti-feudal, "from the republic and the end of empire." Sun Yat-sen on the idea of national reunification, the Communist Party and the Chinese KMT, should be the consensus. Sen to support the policy of the Chinese Communist Party, his widow, Miss Song Qingling action is expressed through the support of the Communist Party position, with the rise of the Chinese nation to work! The mainstream of public opinion in China is enjoying high reputation of the Chinese Kuomintang revolutionaries. Name of God like a child, generic text, number Nisshin, change the number after the Yixian, a pseudonym when he lived in Japan, Zhongshan chiao, "Zhongshan" hence the name. November 12, 1866 was born in Guangdong Province, Xiangshan County (now Zhongshan City) Tsuiheng a peasant family, graduated from the College of Medicine in 1892. The establishment of the Revive China Society to go to Honolulu, sworn to overthrow the Qing Dynasty. 1905 in the United Hua Xing Hui, revolutionary groups such as the establishment of the Restoration Society Alliance, pushed for the prime minister. 1911 after the seventh provincial representatives elected Provisional President of the Republic of China. In 1940, the national government orders the country, revered as "Father of the Republic of China." Sun is revered as the Chinese Kuomintang, "the prime minister ever"; of the Chinese Kuomintang and the Communist Party are calling him a "revolutionary forerunner." He is the Chinese nation's great leaders. So far, the KMT is no longer the Prime Minister _set_ up this post, to commemorate the memory of Sun Yat-sen and the infinite.
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The origin of the name of the father
Sun Yat-sen on March 12, 1925 due to liver cancer (after being diagnosed with gallbladder cancer, see paragraph ten: Sun Yat-sen death) died, due attention to the State Environmental Protection Sun Yat-sen, it is March 12 each year as Arbor Day to commemorate Sun Yat-sen. At Central Park Ji Tan in Beijing when the public memorial ceremony was held, the military commander Fanzhong Xiu Yu Su took a giant banner Special Presentation (W Zhang Yu, the high four, five feet), of which a large book, "Father" the word, his message of condolence harness hanging scroll are referred to as "the father", which is Sun Yat-sen in public is known as the "father" of the beginning. Anti mid-March 21, 1940, the KMT Central Standing Committee of 143 次会议决议: revered as the father of the party's prime minister, to form respect. According to the Central Standing Committee of the resolution, the National Government to promote the National Sun Yat-sen revolution, the hand of the Republic of China, updated form of government, never lay Bunge, seeking world harmony, seeking International, equality, and light is four tables, high power Jesus Christ, in the same year April 1 date explicitly naturally the country, revered father of Prime Minister of the Republic of China Sun Yat-sen. Portrait of Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall, north of Tiananmen Square appeared around the Party and government organs, however, the public bodies on different occasions at a loss, I do not know whether it is called, or Father Sun Yat-sen as Prime Minister? In the same year on May 29, the National Government issued the formal decree, to provide government agencies, public bodies should be renamed the Sun Yat-sen, the father of the KMT party or prime minister can be said, people had already printed the text of the book, do not compel Gaiyi. Since then, Sun Yat-sen established in Chinese history that is its "founding father" status. Wang Jingwei in Nanjing to establish a pro-Japanese government has respected Sun Yat-sen, and made a series of requirements. May 29, 1941, in Wang's Central Political Committee of the Government 49th meeting, adopted by the Chen Gongbo's "Hands of the Chinese Nationalist Party Prime Minister of the Republic of China shall be known as the Republic of China Sun Yat-sen Sun Yat-sen," the motion shall be guilty of one example, also provides that "public slips, UNESCO books, newspapers, journals and all the text described the Prime Minister or Mr. Sun, the father should be renamed." CCP [20024] document, November 2002 revised "Taiwan-related information on the proper use of the term views", provides that "Taipei", National Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall "does not directly title, Zhongshan Hall in Taipei can be said." Moreover, Taiwan's In 2007 the Ministry of Education has also proposed to amend the wording inappropriate, such as the "father of the Sun" should be "Sun Yat-sen." Some people think the DPP government in Taiwan to China.
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Pedigree
孙中山 家系
Family's ancestral home of Sun Yat-sen the "Grand said," and "Dongguan, said," two different ways. "Grand said," His Studies scholars from Guangdong in the 1920s by Sun Yat-sen proposed and descendants of families of long, second daughter Sun Yuen Chiang Kai-shek and the Kuomintang and the recognition of a number of veterans in the Republic of China government's official documents use the "Grand said." "Grand said," that the ancestral home of Sun Yat-sen's East River Basin in Guangdong Province Zijin County residence area, the Sun and Tsuiheng different cases. "Dongguan said," as the hometown of Sun Yat-sen made by Sun Tsui Hang Village, this says that the Sun Han, the ancestral home of the East River Basin in Guangdong Province, Dongguan City Changan Sha Village, the main basis for the Sun family genealogy. His Studies of the "Grand said," lodged, has been working with "Dongguan say" tit for tat, and therefore had a debate on the ancestral home of Sun Yat-sen. "Dongguan says," When the Sun Yat-sen and overseas growth of the entropy brother Sun Mei Sun Sun Moon, Sun dried descendants and other relatives agree. Notwithstanding the "Grand Theory" and "Dongguan say" two theories of the dispute, but Sun's ancestors moved from the East River to the Pearl River Estuary Regional Xiangshan Tsuiheng the West Bank the situation, it is to be recognized. Three family Grandfather Sun Jingxian (1789 ~ 1850), his grandmother Huang (1792 ~ 1869), father Sun Dacheng (1812 ~ 1888), Young's mother (? Years to 1910.) Three brothers and sisters Brother Sun Mei, sister Sunmiao Qian, Qi Qiu Mei Sun, and another early mourning a brother and a sister. Three wives First wife Lu Muzhen (1867 ~ 1952), (Sun Yat-sen in 1884 and married, divorced in 1915.) Concubine Chen Cui Fen. Otsuki Kaoru Japanese wife (married in 1901 in Yokohama, the last time back in 1905, it did not come back) his wife Soong Ching Ling (to be known as the mother of the country) (1893 ~ 1981), (Sun Yat-sen in 1915 and married) Three children Sons Branch (1891 ~ 1973), the eldest daughter Sun Yan (1894 to 1913), second daughter Sun Yuen (also for Sun Wan, 1896 ~ 1979). Lu Muzhen three are born. Fumiko Miyagawa, Kaoru Otsuki born 1906 born ("Formica" Another character was written "text")
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Origin of name
孙中山 名字由来
Sun used a lot of names, most of them wanted to get rid of their revolution or the taking, and partly because the expression of life expectations. In addition to following the actual use of the name, the Sun also used the Chen, Shan Yue, Du Jia Ruo, public Wu, Emperor Zhu, up to students, WU Zhong and other aliases, and Qi worry son, who compete in the Central Plains, Southeast Asian students, a Southeast Asia students and other pseudonym. After the founding of the Republic in 1912, Sun I in all public and private archives are "Sun" signature. In the West, Sun in order to "Sun Yat-Sen" (that is the English transliteration of the Cantonese Sun Yat-sen) is famous in the world.
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Early career
Sun Yat-sen in early October in five years 六日 wen yin shi (November 12, 1866) was born in Guangdong Province, China Xiangshan County (now Zhongshan City) Tsuiheng farmers home, the home season for the child. The age of seven into the private school to receive the traditional. In 1879, fourteen-year-old brother Sun Mei Sun Yat-sen by the philanthropic, the mother's _set_ sail across to Hawaii, only to see "the wide sea of ships of the Church." Sun will run in the local Anglican primary schools teach in English, "meaning Ao Lanni College" (Iolani School) study English, British history, mathematics, chemistry, physics, the Bible and other subjects. Graduated in 1881, awarded by the Hawaiian king of English grammar, pro-prize. After entering the local top universities, the U.S. church school "Oahu College" (Oahu College) (equivalent to secondary level) to continue their studies. Sun Yat-sen in 1883 as a Christian intention, by his brother back home. In the same year to Hong Kong in winter, together with Lu Haodong baptized into Christ at the Congregational Church, and studied at the Diocesan Book Store (Diocesan Boys today.) The following year into the Central School (today's Queen College). 1887 to enter Hong Kong College of Medicine (the predecessor of the University of Hong Kong), July 1892 to the first graduates graduated in the second and was the then Governor of Hong Kong Wei Lianluo Robinson over the ceremony. He then in Macau, Guangzhou and other places to practice.
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Revolutionary Life
February 21, 1895 (the first month on the 27th), the Revive China Society Association in Hong Kong, the participants begin with "drive out the Manchus and the restoration of China, the creation of the Republic of China, the average land ownership" as the oath, the Revive China Society elected Yang Quyun to be done (then known as Bo Li Xi De days, that is President), Sun is secretary. March 16 (February 20) decided to attack and seize the first staff meeting in Guangzhou as a base, and designed by Lu Haodong the flag of the flag for the uprising, the division launched a variety of activities hosted in front of Sun Yat-sen launched an attack mission, presided over Quyun rear support work. Sun Yat-sen into the Guangzhou Institute for the authority of agricultural innovation, and solicit gay, will be Chung Yeung Festival (October 26) the day the intifada. But because the prior disclosure, failure to close the uprising, led by Lu Haodong arrested most members of the penal, Sun Qing were wanted by Hong Kong authorities deported into exile. Sun avoidance to Japan in November and cut off from the queue at this time, to wear suits. Hawaii with his wife and children arrived in early 1896, then transferred to the United States, want the Chinese in America in the development of the Revive China Society, and fundraising. In the fall, Sun transferred to London, the local agents arrest by the court into the Chinese Embassy, an international event. The matter was later referred to as "London Kidnapped in mind" (Kidnapped in London), Sun and invited to a book describing their experiences, Yi Yin matter has become famous. In 1897, the Sun of Canada, transferred to Japan. Possession of the first to know Miyazaki Yin, Ping Shan Zhou, the two later became the long-term supporter of Sun Yat-sen; by Miyazaki and Hirayama, Sun re-acquainted with the Japanese military, local gang, including Yang Yi, the dog, Okuma Shigenobu, mountain Tianliang Zheng et al ; and once contact with Liang and other royalists. 1900 Boxer Rebellion Boxer China to attract, Sun Yat-sen when he took the opportunity to contact the Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi Li, hoping to separate southern provinces planning to _set_ up similar to the United States of America government, Lee has promised to meet with him. However, the assistance of friends in Japan have found that the Qing court, but a trap. Lee then went to Beijing to coordinate things the treaty, this meeting is also aborted. In the same year in September, Sun Yat-sen and the original Japanese friends will be key figures in the first Hing went to Hong Kong, was banned after the transfer to Taiwan's entry, the local Japanese officials have agreed to support the uprising in Guangdong (Huizhou three continents, said Tian uprising). After the temporary change of attitude by Japanese officials fail, Sun has returned to Japan. In 1907, the Japanese government by the imperial pressure to fifteen thousand yuan Sun, please leave Japan. Sun Yat-sen left Japan in March after payment. Since this internal deliberations without the League, so the cause will be within the division. Sun went to Southeast Asia after Hu, Wang Jingwei and other support, _set_ up another League headquarters in Southeast Asia. May 1907 uprising in Chaozhou life than ugly Huanggang, calendar 六日 and lost, is the third intifada. June 1907 uprising Sun Life Deng Ziyu Lake in Huizhou and seven women (and then this Ru Town Huizhou City), Li Shi Yuri and lost, is the fourth uprising. July 6 Xu Xilin uprising in Anqing, failed martyrdom. In the same year in July, Sun Zhen Nanguan hosted by the Vietnamese to go to the uprising of Guangxi, and then failed. Sun Yat-sen by the French authorities refused entry to the Revolution has been successful before we _set_ foot on Chinese soil later. March 27, 1908 Huang Xing attack by the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Qinzhou Annan rate, is the seventh uprising. April, Huang Mingtang uprising in Yunnan estuary, is the eighth uprising. Ni Yingdian February 1910 launch of a new Army uprising in Guangzhou, is the ninth uprising. 1909-1911 period, Sun Yat-sen on the road most of the time, had around the Earth many times in various countries overseas Chinese, students studying in foreign government funding and planning support for the revolution, however, very limited income.
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Serve as interim president
孙中山 出任临时大总统
Hunting by the full impact of the Qing government, from the Sun since 1907, European and American countries have long-term residence. Wuchang Uprising, the Sun Yat-sen in China rather than in Denver, USA. Heard of the revolution is successful, Sun Yat-sen some surprise, but then in the overseas Chinese and the United States to raise funds among sympathizers. Sun December 20, rushed to Shanghai, and at 28 was elected Provisional President of the Republic of China, on January 1, 1912 (Xinhai November 13) was sworn in Nanjing, and through the Revolutionary Army and the Yuan secret agreement, special application "subversive autocratic government of Manchuria, to consolidate the Republic of China, people's livelihood well-being ... ... to attempt to repressive governments both down, the Republic of Ocular the world, that is, when the temporary solution of the post of president." By the end of an interim Senate. In the first year on February 12, the Qing emperor Pu Yi issued "abdication edict," Sun is at 13 Yuan to the Senate to resign and recommend self-generation. After the painstaking assistance hereby Yuan elected in accordance with democratic procedures, office, cabinet level group, Ute emphasis on its pledge to the people concerned, into the democratic process to guide the Yuan class. Sun Yat-sen Sun Yat-sen became provisional president when the interim government led by the strength is limited; Although most of the provinces have been out of the Qing government's control, it is mainly with the military over the militia and the New Army, or mixed with some Chinese and freemason Gelaohui with its members in terms of quality of equipment and soldiers, are unable to compete with the Qing Dynasty, the main Northern army. In addition, because Sun does not actually put the revolutionary war, so the provincial revolutionary forces have launched their own leadership, the revolutionary forces to present the case of long carriage. Revolutionary Armed Forces of the Northern Army was defeated after another, Sun decided to Northern Army commander Yuan peace talks, hope to give provisional president, Yuan position, so that the final collapse of the Qing Yuan as the key. Finally, an agreement with Yuan Sun: Sun Yat-sen's provisional president took over from the Yuan, Qing Yuan using the effective action to force the emperor to abdicate. On 12 February the same year, Yuan Qing emperor to accept the conditions, decreed to abdicate, the Republic of China eventually completely replace old imperial system. Sun February 13 the next day resigned as provisional president, Yuan Shikai recommended to temporarily take over the Senate.
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The second, third revolution
孙中山 二次、三次革命
孙中山 二次、三次革命
After the failure of Yuan Shikai proclaimed himself emperor, Sun Yat-sen returned to China. In 1917, Duan Zhang Xun Restoration in after "re-republic", repealed in 1913 elected to Congress. Sun Yat-sen was in Shanghai to start law enforcement activities (also known as the third revolution), called on members of Congress went to Guangzhou, the Congress held an extraordinary meeting to organize the government and law enforcement office for the generalissimo, pledging the Northern Expedition. However, the government gradually by the Custodian of Guangxi, Guangzhou, Yunnan and military control systems, Sun Yat-sen limited strength, or even a "decree no Shimin Tu Factory (generalissimo House)" situation. Sun has tried and failed mutiny. 1918, Guangxi, Yunnan and the restructuring of various departments control of Congress Government of the Custodian, to replace the seven Grand Marshal, president, Sun Yat-sen sidelined, forced to resign. October 1919, changed the Revolutionary Party of China Nationalist Party. In 1920, Chen repulse the entrenched along the Guangxi, Guangzhou, Yunnan Department, please return to Guangzhou Sun Yat-sen. The following year, Congress canceled the military government in Guangzhou is very, Sun Yat-sen was elected the President (the president customarily referred to as very large), start the second law-enforcement campaign. Sun Yat-sen took office advocated military Northern Expedition, the final suspension of the military and claims, together provincial autonomy Chen An intense conflict broke out in June 1922 shelling of the presidential palace events, Sun Yat-sen retreated from Shanghai and Guangdong.
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Total capacity of United Russia
孙中山 联俄容共
After the second law enforcement, Sun began to consider the possibility of cooperation with the Communist Party. January 1923, the Government Plenipotentiary for Sun Yue Fei and the Soviet Union met in Shanghai, formally discussed cooperation with the Communists. Sun, the more after the meeting has issued a "Joint Declaration on Sun Yue Fei." In early 1923, Chen was expelled from the Department of Guangzhou, Sun Yat-sen in March to return to Guangdong. 29 December, Sun Yat-sen and the Communist International of Lenin accepted the implementation of the government to help rebuild the generalissimo, the Comintern sent to Guangzhou Sun Yat-sen Borodin adviser to Soviet reorganization of the KMT as a model. January 1924 for the first time in the Chinese Kuomintang National Congress declared a policy of alliance with United Russia. Assistance in the Soviet Union, established the Whampoa Military Academy in March, and Chiang Kai-shek as president. November, pulled down a coup in Beijing Feng Cao Kun, Sun Yat-sen north were invited to discuss state, but health has worsened. The first time the KMT National Congress held in Guangzhou, the Sun Yat-sen and the Soviet Union Communist Party of China Communist Party to accept help, reorganizing the Kuomintang, the "United Russia, to co-workers to help farmers," the three policies, the KMT "a great" success, signs the first cooperation was officially formed. After realization of this cooperation, to Guangzhou as the center, bringing together the country's revolutionary forces, and soon created a new situation in the revolution against imperialism and feudalism. In the same year in October, with the progressive thinking of the general Feng Yuxiang launched the "Beijing coup" to overthrow the control of the Beijing government Unite Wu, Manchurian warlord Chang Tso-lin joint, pushing Duan for temporary power, while electric please sen north and discuss state is. Sun Yat-sen at this time is very ill, he decided to go north the country's future, and that "national conference and the abolition of unequal treaties," the two calls, with the struggle against imperialism and the northern warlords. Sun Yat-sen left Guangzhou in November 1924, Bypass in Japan, beginning north of the line. December 4 to Tianjin by twenty thousand people welcomed. As the voyage and the cold north, sir, relapse, treatment side, while Beijing and met dignitaries, for 22 to Beijing. 18, the President noted that the "national language of the Provisional Government to the Executive Department, there has always been to respect the meaning of the Treaty", disappointed, then to worse. Duan and phase calls urging, said: "The current situation is uncertain, Shu government to be business, business imperative driving speed, to comfort Zhongwang"; Mr. restoration: the "quasi on December 31 to Beijing." Sun Yat-sen arrived in Beijing on December 31, welcomed by the twenty thousand people, followed by Beijing Hotel.
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Revolution is not successful
On the same day, Hu ordered to stop all over the banquet: "on the 12th afternoon, one o'clock Hu Wang received calls that the Sun was at 9:40 on the 12th Sickness apartment in Beijing, Hu ordered the sub-agencies of all sizes, from twelve date, half-mast for seven days, and ordered that the city public security bureau points restaurants, banquet suspended with immediate effect, the public to stop for seven days, serving officers to stop a month, with the blue print of the authority in January, the soldiers stopped and the authority staff members wrapping January, crape. "Apr. 2, 1925, Sun Yat-sen burial in the stone tower in the Western Hills of Beijing Temple of Azure Clouds. After the success of the Northern Expedition, in June 1, 1929 the permanent re-interment in the Mausoleum in Nanjing Purple Mountain. Dying, Sun Yat-sen's last words referred to affairs of state is: "Peace ... ... ... ... struggle to save China!" After the death of Sun Yat-sen in Beijing, more than 740,000 signatures mourners, funeral attended by more than 30 million people, co-founder of the Chinese Communist Party member and Dazhao was presented at the Long Funeral elegiac couplet: "Guangdong is the area of modern thought exchange note, self-evident until early this quarter, hereby, Han relict species, the Gentiles through cities, and even peaceful rise, a class in Sri Lanka are bred Meng Hing township, Mr. Tingsheng the meantime, the pillar of the revolution mid-stream, Cheng Kai, after the first, the old Amoy Dixin, Yang national interests, must be recycling events, more than forty years, Satan heart weary force, sworn to evoke the spirit of freedom and independence to the world to stay upright; "Chinese competition in the world where the powers from the West and even Japan, seizing the political and economic humiliation, and even co-management conspiracy, war slaves, cattle Malta thinking of home and country, my party will be applicable to this D, the loss of my founding of Hill fight, cloud desolate sea swallow, to dark days of depression, asked who was succeeded, decided to _set_tle down, have all trillion, but workers and farmers, to be the right Sanmin five, team work, sacrifice and struggle of compliance in accordance with various teachings, the great cause of comfort into the souls of dedication. "
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Suicide note
孙中山 遗书
A family suicide note "I do weary state affairs, died of properties. They left the books, clothing, housing, etc., all have to pay my wife Soong Ching Ling, a commemoration. Than the children, has grown into, viable, hope their love to continue Stephen. This Well! " 2 political testament "I devoted to the revolution, where four years with the aim of seeking freedom of equality. Forty years of experience, knows that to achieve this objective, we must arouse the people, and unite in the world waiting for me to the national level, together struggle. Now the revolution has yet to succeed. All my comrades are advised to book in accordance with more than "nation-building strategy," "Reconstruction", "Three People's Principles" and "First National Congress of the Declaration," continue their efforts to implement it. recently advocated the convening of the National Assembly and the abolition of unequal treaties, and in particular in the shortest possible time, to promote its implementation. is Suozhi Well! " To the Soviet Union testament 3 "United Soviet Socialist Republic as the Central Executive Committee Dear comrades: I was suffering from an incurable disease. My mind, this time turning upon you, and turn in our party and our country's future. You are free to the leader of the Republican coalition, this coalition of freedom of the Republic, is the enduring legacy of Lenin and the oppressed peoples of the world of real estate. Imperialism refugees, will take to defend their freedom, from slavery to ancient war based on favoritism in the emancipation of the international system. I left the KMT, I hope that the KMT regime in the completion of its liberation from the imperialist aggression against China and other countries is the historical work, were made together with you. I have to lay down my fate to unfinished business, the transfer of doctrine and the lessons they arise and keep the KMT organized person I really gay. So I have asked the National Revolutionary Movement of the KMT to work can be free of imperialism in China China's semi-colonial status imposed on the custodial tied. To achieve the purposes of this project, I have ordered the KMT to continue with your guide and support for this long. I am sure your government doubtless continue to be of the assistance previously. Dear Comrades! When this occasion with you farewell, I wish to express my warm wish, I hope soon to dawn, when the Soviet Union to Sri Lanka and welcomed the prosperity of your good friend and ally independent of China, the two countries in the fight for the freedom of the oppressed peoples of the world war, work in hand to win. Brothers of Friendship would like to wish you peace! " Sun Yat-sen death As to why the diagnosis are different. The answer given by the medical profession is. Living human beings is a very complex biological, modern medical equipment and can not check out the cause and the respective parts to be fully confirmed only after dissection.
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Thought and Spirit
Sun's thinking most of Western Europe that he will consolidate from various theories, but there are few views are "brother (I) of the original" (Sun language). Nationalism, democracy and people's livelihood, "Three People's Principles." "People have the right, the Government can" and "power distinction between"; Kwong Hing welfare, much as the type of "universal government." The right of the people, also known as power of election, recall, initiative, referendum four. Government can also known as the right to rule, legislative, administrative, judicial, examination, monitoring the five separation of powers, for "five-power constitution." Basic training in the exercise of power and conditions: a preliminary civil rights, that rules of procedure. Central and local "are right system" to the county as the unit of "local self-government." In terms of economic thought, to promote social solidarity theory, once said, "the principles of human evolution and the principles of evolution in different species, species to competition principles, the principle of human solidarity Zeyi." Political modernization, the advocates of gradualism military and political tutelage, the constitutional three-stage said. Warlords and bandits during the first elimination of military and political, military control should be implemented. Political tutelage initial priority infrastructure and civil rights training should be implemented one-party rule. The conditions of constitutional practice is the election and recall of more than half of counties and cities with the conditions of local leaders, citizens have the conditions to launch the initiative and referendum, the election of the National Assembly convened a constitution, but also to the people, the implementation of multi-party competition in the modern political system. The Wang-based framework for regional cooperation and the political: Grand Asia, as well as industrial and open to international investment plans. Philosophy of life: "Not a high official, to do great things." Philosophy that: "Know and to Do." Tax Thoughts The average land ownership is one of Sun Yat-sen's economic program. The specific measures he proposed after the establishment of the revolutionary regime, so that the landlord self-reported premium to its pumping 1% of the national land tax, "and, when necessary, offer to buy the" value-added part after the nationalized all the land. In his view, premium taxes may also alleviate the tax burden, "the private will never pay taxes, but a rent collection has become the richest country of the Earth," "the Abuse of thousands of donations will never cut off." The help of the Chinese Communist Party, his peasant status in the democratic revolution a new understanding, in his later years made a "land to the tiller" slogan. Sun Yat-sen advocated the adoption of direct taxes restraint of private capital, to develop the national capital, the establishment of a "national socialism." Direct taxes, is to adopt a progressive tax rate, levying income tax and estate capitalists, major changes in national financial resources taken from the old tax farmers and traders. Sun also advocated light duty to promote business, promote the smooth flow of goods. He hated Qing Dynasty The Abuse of tax likin likin from the "signs everywhere convergence, steadily block, whom The practice, merchants, traders and thus Yuanjie negative. So the smooth flow of merchandise and wish it not difficult to peace?" He pointed out that "only Light duty security providers, self-sufficient financial resources. " Things for the People Sun Yat-sen praised Fearless "meant to make the country strong, non-human person is not martial arts" of faith and the Huo family fist made public ethical, signed off the "martial spirit", describe as gifts Jingwu Sports Association. Mr. famous Jun Zhi and is the indomitable, the more frustrated the more courage and redouble their efforts. 60 years anniversary of Tiananmen portrait of Sun Yat-sen Looking for interested students, became group in any state affairs. Fanbai cause, the effect is more rapid, smaller interests; effective the longer, larger interest. Supergrass wind then known, deep-rooted and then identified weapon. Revolution is not successful, comrades must struggle To aspire to do great things, not determined when the high official Human beings to survive in the competition, we have to struggle. My life's hobby, in addition to the revolution, the only good reading, I do not read one day, they can not live. Feats are a moment of glory, of ambition and industry were all ages. May the party of the responsibility of revitalizing the Chinese nation, home of the shoulder on its own. Country by the state, and personnel for emergency. The political meaning of the word, in terms of light. It is about all things, governance is the management, the management is all things political. Scholars, and of course your knowing why, even if the course can not be called for the school. Their own should do it, do not ask others; today should do it, do not wait for tomorrow. The reason the ancients made the most progress is to be implemented. Can be implemented will be able to know, to the knower, can progress. The biggest thing a man what is it? Is to know how patriotic. World trend, the mighty, Shun prosper, against the will perish
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S Evaluation
The emergence of historical figures so that we can learn from the experience, knowledge, little of the run, can we tell right from wrong, big the terms specified for the development of the country a way out, so the historical figures we can not distinguish between one-sided approach to , can not simply right or wrong to direct positive or negative, but overall, such as the forerunner of Chinese democratic revolution, Sun Yat-sen evaluation. Sun Yat-sen first held the banner of radical anti-feudal, "since the end of imperial republic", the Revolutionary Party, launched an armed uprising, led the Revolution shocked the world, to overthrow the Chinese history for thousands of years of feudal dynasty continued authoritarian rule, creating a turbulent history of China's democratic revolution, a new chapter, work load ages, last forever. In relation to the failure of Chinese bourgeois democratic revolution, the history of specific real-time, as people held on the aims of the different perspectives and the same, but there have been various interpretations. For example, the small of it, someone will give Sun Yuan said to lead to revolution and the main reason for the failure of major mistakes; bold aesthetic, Sun Yat-sen was a lack of will depend on the main force of workers and peasants as the guiding ideology of the revolution, the lack of advanced theory of party building, the lack of a correct line of the army recognized as the root cause of failure of the revolution; and so on. But we should recognize that: the objective by imperialism, feudalism and the Revolutionary Party of the strong pressure of their own lax and weak, after a struggle after Sun Yat-sen Yuan Shikai was forced to accept a compromise with the conditions, after the Qing emperor abdicated in 1912 2 13 resign from the Senate to the temporary provisional president level, so that in the Yuan. This is the class forces at the time and the result of foreign intervention (this is due to China if the capitalist democratic system will seriously damage the interests of the powers of aggression in China, from this perspective, the Sun Yat-Sen led a bourgeois democratic revolution against imperialism, feudalism and against the significance and contribution of the two.) Should simply from the perspective of an isolated look at this historical event, indeed, give Sun the Yuan, Yuan led to grand larceny, the revolutionary government changed hands, the initial cause of republican system retrogression, some of the history of theory, history says that this extended "Sun Yat-sen a big mistake," the evaluation, it seems logical. However, from an objective reality point of view, the time of this event on a wide range of the Late Qing Dynasty history and social environment in the study, but naturally come to the opposite evaluation - Sun Yuan of give, not only is not a mistake or limitations, on the contrary, contributed to overthrow the Qing emperor to abdicate and the feudal autocratic system, prompting Democratic Republic of the flag flying and revolutionary thought take root in a major historical achievement. August 1905, Sun Yat-sen and Huang Xing, Liu Min, who feel to Revive China Society, Hua Xing Hui and other revolutionary groups, based in Tokyo, Japan's bourgeois revolution to create a national Alliance party, Sun Yat-sen was elected prime minister, he proposed "drive out the Manchus and the restoration of China, the creation of the Republic of China, the average land rights" was adopted as the revolutionary purpose League program. Organ in the League "People Daily" Foreword, the Sun Yat-sen first proposed nationalism, democracy and livelihood of three doctrine. League establishment, effectively promoted the development of the national revolutionary movement. Sun Yat-sen and the history of peasant uprisings against the feudal dynasty hero and representative of bourgeois reformists with the generation of the significant difference is: First, through his unique way of serious study and deep thinking, the essence of the capitalist system in Europe and America and China lag behind the feudal autocratic system of national conditions, from the "people" the purpose of departure, not only put forward the "Three People's Principles" basic doctrine, but also to transform old China behind great goals, from the state system, political, economic, cultural, and military and diplomatic aspects of the bourgeois democratic revolution to the program, ideas and plans to form a systematic theory of revolution; Second, mobilize and organize his own revolution at the beginning of his life, in leadership throughout the course of the bourgeois democratic revolution, unswervingly adhere to the radical anti-feudal revolutionary stance and firm direction, the face of General Yi-Qing Zhao Ting, the siege of reactionary warlords, the Imperial powers of coercion, Restoration royalists of the debate, the rebellion within the camp, party comrades in arms differences in the extremely difficult environment full of risks, repeated transformation of the revolutionary organizations and parties, many launched an armed uprising, "the unyielding, redouble their efforts", indomitable, battle alive; Third, he always stick to "one for the public" lofty spiritual realm, from the establishment of the Revive China Society, Alliance, launched in Guangzhou, Huizhou, etc. Huanghuagang armed uprising, to the leadership of Revolution, the establishment of the interim government to hold the second revolution, to the organization and transformation of the Kuomintang, the formation of the Whampoa Military Academy, implementation of the KMT-CPC cooperation, until the untimely death of overwork, discard personal fame and gain, highlighting the broad mind, selflessness, and his toil and dedication from his dying day. Sun Yat-sen's doctrine, faith and moral sentiment of the position can be said to show an unprecedented independence, it is precisely because of the tireless efforts of Sun Yat-sen and the revolutionary theory of the spread, which makes the majority of Chinese people out of the shackles of feudal thinking, out of Democratic Republic of the "reactionary" political and ideological misunderstanding, and effectively promoted the development of China's democratic revolution and expanding the impact of the democratic revolutionary movement, making the Democratic Republic of the popular. Even then the "new democratic revolution" is also based on the work at the Sun can develop. Sun Yat-sen in the colorful history of the middle of the article works, there is a history or a history of that in the old democratic revolution in China's comment on the proposition fails, it will be mainly attributed to the Sun Yat-sen and the Revolutionary Party leaders "lack of class analysis theoretical basis, did not rely on the workers and peasants as the main force of the revolution; the lack of advanced Party line, did not use lofty ideal of armed revolutionaries mind; lack of proper army line, failed to establish a unified command of the revolutionary army "in historical limitations. Yes, should put aside the history of Sun Yat-sen a wide range of the times and social environment, with the perspective of future generations to overlook the historical facts of the previous generation of people, right and proper management of such note appears smooth impeccable; However, bearing in mind, when at the late Qing Dynasty Republic of China, Marxism-Leninism did not enter the country, traveled across the ocean Sun Britain, the United States, Japan, Asian countries, received a Western enlightenment thinking of the capitalist system, he is engaged and leading the revolutionary cause can only be attributed to the bourgeois democratic revolution areas held by descendants of Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Sun Yat-sen's bourgeois democratic theory and doctrine will naturally have different, Sun Yat-sen led "from the republic and the end of empire" and the Communist Party of the "three big mountains overturned "The success of the new democratic revolution, the democratic revolution of the practice experience of the results there are also gaps. Ever since, the success of such a person to measure after the failure of their predecessors to modern people's consciousness to examine the ancient sense of the resulting so-called "Sun Yat-sen's historical limitations" has become the talk-style castle in the air, the loss of history objectivity and impartiality; Moreover, Sun Yat-sen to old age, disabled people from the warlords harm the country and imperialist aggression advance, never retreat, repeated defeat the armed uprising, the Republican cause in the face of adversity sun_set_ reflection wherewithal to get out out of self-reflection, generosity to accept Marxism-Leninism Marxism and the proletarian movement trendy thinking of washing and re-interpretation of the old Three People's Principles, the restructuring of the KMT, KMT-CPC cooperation advocated, the "United Russia, to co-workers to help farmers," the three policies, the establishment of the Whampoa Military Academy, re-cultivate the revolutionary ranks in thinking completed the revolutionaries from the old to the new democratic revolutionary democratic change, if not die young, he may not be the proletariat can not be a Maoist revolutionary leader, this is the "historical limitations" is not appropriate for a say Historical proof. Therefore, the Sun Yat-sen led the Chinese bourgeois democratic revolution, the revolution has not been completely achieved goal, is the time constraints of the limitations and conditions, Sun is certainly not about individual thought and action can; Similarly, China's modern history of this old democracy Although the revolution failed, but it is just this tragic dynamic and revolutionary, the new democratic revolution after its victory has made a presentation, provided the experience, for the conditions. Therefore, Sun Yat-sen was a great revolutionary forerunner. Sun is revered as the Chinese Kuomintang, "the prime minister ever"; the Chinese Communist Party and the history books in China called him "a great revolutionary forerunner." Sen to support the policy of the Chinese Communist Party, his widow, Miss Song Qingling action is expressed through the support of the Communist Party position, with the rise of the Chinese nation to work! The mainstream of public opinion in China is enjoying high reputation of the Chinese Kuomintang revolutionaries. It is worth mentioning that, during major festivals (such as the National Day) will be hung on the Tiananmen Square, a huge portrait of Sun Yat-sen, Sun Yat-sen can be seen in the hearts of the Chinese position.
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Anecdotes
孙中山 趣闻轶事
According to Tong has said: After the success of the Wuchang Uprising, when Sun Yat-sen received a telegram is typical of China Colorado City (modern translation of Denver) with a friend's restaurant in Lurie as "enterprise platform", Duan Panzi. ("Late seventies (5) Yuan, Sun Yat-sen and the Revolution") Von free "revolution Nan Yi Shi" recorded Sun likes to play chess, but chess is not fine: "life is not addicted to tobacco and alcohol, Zhongshan, apart from reading, playing chess with people between, then do not learn the fine, good to take the offensive and relentless on defense, it is easy enemy was riding, I mused with Hu Xiangning taste victory. foreign cards, especially not his, then quite prevalent thirty years of expertise in nine days in Guangdong Brand, Otomi former home in Yokohama, each with Chen Si Gu ( Name Xiangling), Zhang and his wife can play it. " Fifth, memorial 1 Introduction to Sun Yat-sen Sun Yat-sen was a great statesman in modern China, Sun Yat-sen's revolutionary forerunner tomb, which is located in the eastern outskirts of Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, the southern foot of Zhongshan Dong Feng small Maoshan, west of Xiaoling, East adjoin Spirit Valley, near Hill and the building, from south to north along the axis gradually increased, while the entire complex layers of the mountain rose grand. March 12, 1925, Sun Yat-sen died in Beijing in accordance with his last wish before his death buried in Zhongshan, Xiangshan, Beijing Temple of Azure Clouds on the coffin inside the suspension, and decided to build his tomb in Nanjing Zhongshan. Since the start in the spring of 1926 to 1929, Xia Jiancheng. From the arch of the Festival Hall on the beginning, a total of 392 stone steps, 8 platform. Climbing stairs is extremely difficult so much, but when we finish this long after steep stone steps, will realize, "the Prime Minister will" in the exhortation: "revolution is not successful, comrades still work" means. Level with the Suzhou granite blocks. Platform has the highest form of two, after the Festival Hall. Chinese table is a columnar markers, marking the Festival Hall is here. Festival Hall has three arches, above Sun Yat-sen's Three People's Principles: "nation", "civil rights", "livelihood" the amount of doors. Here is the palace-style imitation of the Festival Hall. Festival Hall Sun Yat-sen handwritten inscription on the lintel "universal goodness," the word to express the ideal of Sun Yat-sen struggle. Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum of the Ming and Preface Introduction monument March 21, 2003 "Shanxi Youth Daily" published a supplement Published in the sun "days of Seduction" by Liu Xiaofeng's "Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum in Nanjing monument of the Ming and order," a text, has attracted strong attention. The full text of articles 1866 words, coinciding with the 1866 Lifetime coincide Sun Yat-sen, called a must. Articles conception unique, magnificent. Short length, while Sun Life events and nothing is missing. Quotes of the text very much, and there are many classics of Sentences. For example: trace the origin of the article at the beginning of the first to introduce the revolutionary Sun Yat-sen which country's historical and cultural background, the authors write: "rude call! Earth, have this property, Department of the sea rivers, streams each source, the rise in China Yan Huang, etiquette peak from Confucius and Mencius, this is the thread Bangguo generations of the system also. Xi in the Xia and Shang Dynasties, Tang Wuge life, so the poor and general changes in the universe of science, along the virtue of good fortune Nisshin, this is my family by the revolution were also. "so written, the upper and lower world, around the ancient and modern, people suddenly awe, in contrast virtually revolutionary Sun Yat-sen increase in history. For example: the risk of speaking world powers, the author writes: "Four hundred million compatriots robbed in Renhuan, five thousand fathers crying in the sky"; talking about the death of Sun Yat-sen, the author writes: "The Death of Mr., the country will lose the backbone of the revolution will lose guide million surname fatherless, from hovering vegetation relying Mening to lament, were bleak and Tixia world, the whole nation the pain, pale mountains and rivers, four at home and abroad, this world where I am Chinese , who are all Yanlei cry too. "so artistically, called flash in the pan, so that readers sudden and devastating," the article in heaven by chance, "the imagination and emotion. About Zhongshan Memorial Hall 2 Guangzhou Zhongshan Memorial Hall is the major cultural relics of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou people and overseas Chinese to commemorate the great revolutionary forerunner Sun Yat-sen and the financing of the construction of monuments, by a famous architect Mr. Lv Yanzhi design, started in 1929 , completed in 1931. The magnificent octagonal building, stately appearance, with strong ethnic characteristics. Steel and reinforced concrete composite structure, span of 71 meters of building space, no one column, with breathtaking views. Memorial and garden land area of 62,000 square meters, the main building area of 6600 square meters, 52 meters high, 15 meters wide mouth of the stage, 20 meters deep, seating 3238. Guangzhou, Guangzhou Zhongshan Memorial Hall is one of the most iconic buildings, large gatherings and shows an important place. It has witnessed many historic events in Guangzhou: 1936, Guangzhou, held public smoking ban in this parade; September 1945, in the Canton area where Japanese troops after the liberation of surrender signed by each of a variety of Sun Yat-sen Memorial activities, an important provincial assemblies and performances are held here. 1949, the eve of the Memorial Hall due to disrepair, has been seriously damaged. After the liberation, the people's government from the early fifties to 1988, had seven of the facilities allocated special funds for repair and improvement. Grant 60 million yuan again in 1998, on the Memorial Hall to conduct a comprehensive and integrated maintenance and repairs, break and switch to copper casting, Zhongshan statue on the square, also made a further beautify the environment, from the early 80's open to visitors since it Guangzhou is a major tourist attraction has become as popular Chinese and foreign parties to visit tourist attractions. 3, the former residence of Soong Ching Ling Shanghai Lady Miss Song Qingling Sun Yat-sen 4 Sun Yat-sen Museum line Zhang Zizhong Road 23, the old numbers, according to analysis may be Iron Lion alley 5, after the Tiananmen Square has been changed to East Avenue 23. Sun Yat-sen Museum of the original line length is too Wellington Koo of Foreign Affairs of the house. In 1924, Sun Yat-sen should be invited Fu Bing Feng Beijing, and discuss state is. Wellington Koo Duan Qirui Government residential alley in the iron lion as Sun Yat-sen Museum in Beijing line. Guessed, Sun Yat-sen Museum in the line will be Sashourenhuan lived less than a month. Sun Yat-sen's death, the funeral committee decided to Iron Lion alley in front of Sun Yat-sen room hanging "the death of Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall" plaque. Inside and outside the room for suites, furnishings simple. Outside the west wall of a rectangular white marble inlaid with stone, inscribed "Republic of fourteen years at 9:25 on March 12 this Shouzhong Sun Yat-sen," hanging stone portrait of Sun Yat-sen, portrait in the right frame of "the Prime Minister will", the left frame in the "To the Soviet book," was placed on the wall reads "nation-building strategy," "Zhongshan book" and so on. Sun Yat-sen Museum on-line May 24, 1984 was announced as the Beijing cultural relics protection units, the latter was promoted to national cultural heritage. 5 Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall Bridges Street in Taipei paragraph, the global hotel side, the color of the building is a Muslim. Sun Yat-sen in 1918 funded the construction of the apartment, as his family's home, then combined with the construction. To 1932, the son of Sun Yat-sen Mu Tetsuo care of their own mother, Ms. Ching here. Passed away after Ms. Mu Zhen, former home was in 1958 renamed the "father of the Memorial Hall." Soong Ching Ling, Sun Yat-sen's the page of the book presented Maintain the original appearance of Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall, the Library furnished office in Guangzhou Grand Marshal Sun are used when practicing medicine in Macau Heritage furniture and items to use when. Hall side of the Sun during his lifetime is like sitting in the garden, now stands a bronze statue of Dr. Sun's body, and "Things", describe for the visitors viewing. CCP [20024] document, November 2002 revised "Taiwan-related information on the proper use of the term views", provides that "Taipei", National Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall "does not directly title, Zhongshan Hall in Taipei can be said." Moreover, Taiwan's In 2007 the Ministry of Education has also proposed to amend the wording inappropriate, such as the "father of the Sun" should be "Sun Yat-sen." Some people think the DPP government in Taiwan to China. 6, Zhongshan Park, Beijing Beijing Tiananmen Square, Zhongshan Park is located west of Beijing, covering an area of 22 hectares. Originally Liao, Jin and rejuvenating time Temple, Temple of the Yuan Dynasty renamed Wanshou rejuvenating. Beijing palace was built when the Yongle Emperor Zhu Dixing. Accordance with the "right-left Social ancestral" system, into a boat forum. This is the Ming and Qing emperor worship God, the land where God and grains. 1913 took over the boat Tan Government of the Republic, began collecting donations for its turned into parks. October 10 1914 open boat altar of ordinary people, said the Central Park, Beijing is the first one to become park of the Royal Gardens. Before opening the park, a short time for a large area of renovation, opened the main entrance facing Chang'an Street, the drilling of the East wall of the altar gate, moon gate repair has become the style. 1915 and later, add built in the garden Hetang, Stones and other buildings, the Ji Ji Tan temple doors were replaced. 1925 Sun Yat-sen's coffin was parked in the park Baidian. 1928 changed to Zhongshan Park, Central Park. In turned into Central Park, except to retain the altar outside the boat, has created a cedar cross Chui Ting, motto Pavilion, Huifang Park landscape, also Raymond Ting, eight columns Lanting Pavilion, secure the peace of Hebei Daming Temple Square and the Song Dynasty lions into the park, the park also placed a number of the Qing Dynasty palace in the name of the block of stone. After the Japanese occupation of Peking in 1937, to Peking Park, in October and then into Central Park, after the war resumed in 1945, Zhongshan Park, the name still in use. Zhongshan Park in 1988 by the Chinese State Council as the national key cultural relics protection units, is now preparing to apply for world cultural heritage. Park Ji Tan the main building is located in the axis center, the altar was a square, three-tiered platform for the white marble altar was covered by the country paying tribute to the colored soil. North of the altar of "Baidian" aka Xiangdian or temple festival, is a grand wood construction, Miankuo 5, into the deep 3, yellow glazed tiles, Dan Yan Dianding veranda, Whitehead pedestal, no ceiling. Ming bare beams and brackets, painting and seal painting. 1925 parked in the Hall of Sun Yat-sen coffin. To accept all walks of life visited the condolences. Renamed the Chung Shan Hall in 1928. Former Residence of Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall 7, Guangdong Cuiheng Is located in Zhongshan City, Guangdong Province, Tsui Hang Village, Zhongshan City in south-east at 17.6 km, the main road next to the Guangzhou-Zhuhai Highway. About 100 kilometers south of Guangzhou, about 30 km north of Macau, and Shenzhen across the Pearl River Estuary, Hong Kong, sea, land and adjacent to Zhuhai City. Excellent location and beautiful former residence of Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall of the natural environment exposure to verdant forests, among the flowers. Memorial Hall was established in 1956, 1986, the State Council as national cultural heritage, in 2000 the first national AAAA level scenic spots, national patriotism education bases. Museum area of 12 thousand square meters, open area to the audience about 7 million square meters. Open the main attractions are: the former residence of Sun Yat-sen, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall, Sun Yat-sen to listen to the story of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom anti-sculpture, test explosives at the Sun Yat-sen - Rui Chang Gung then arch, Tsuiheng residential display area, display area of agriculture Tsuiheng, Zhongshan Ding , word of warning bell. Sun Yat-sen had a significant childhood here, also here, after practice, the drafting of "Li on the book", planning organizations, the military, such as the Guangzhou armed uprising.
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Chronology of Sun Yat-sen
Home November 12, 1866, was born in Guangdong Province, Xiangshan County (now Zhongshan City) Tsuiheng Name of God like a child. Name text, Yat Sun, word Deming Father Sun Dacheng, Young's mother, brother Sun Mei Brother Sun Mei returned home in 1877 married, in September, and then back to Hawaii Venture Married in 1884 and Ms. Lu Muzhen Died 1888 Father Sun Dacheng Early 1891 Ms. Chen Cuifen knowledge Son Sun Kesheng at Tsui Hang Village Sun Yan 1894 older women (Yuan) was born 1896 Ching-wen Sun Yuen women (Wan) was born April 1902 with large smoked marriage (doubtful) Miyagawa 1906 Fumiko was born (doubtful) Young's mother died in 1910 1912, Ms. Chen Cuifen leave Sun Yan 1913 older women (Yuan) passed away in Macau 1914 Sun Yung-Chen Cui Fen adoption Death of brother Sun Mei 1915 Divorce by agreement with Ms. Lu Muzhen Married with Ms. Song Qingling 1925 death of Sun Yat-sen Died in 1952, Ms. Lu Muzhen Sun Yung died in 1958 In 1960 the death of Ms. Chen Cuifen Section 1973, the death of sons Ms Ching-wen granddaughter died in 1979 Died in 1981, Ms. Song Qingling Revolution 1883 and Lu Haodong destruction of statues 1884, "before aspiring to revolution" Agitation, "Do not respect the court," was regarded as "outrageous", and Shao-Bai, especially columns, Yang Heling as the "Big Four Bandits" "To Cheng Tsao-ju book" 1894 "Li on the book" The establishment of the Revive China Society Plotting a failed uprising in 1895 in Hong Kong, Lu Haodong such martyrdom Kidnapped in London 1896 1898 calls Kang, Liang Cooperation between the two parties failed 1899 A failed uprising in 1900 in Huizhou Joined the Association in 1904 caused League was established in 1905 "People Daily" founded, raised nationalism, democracy and people's livelihood Three People's Principles 1906, that "five-power constitution" Huanggang uprising in 1907 in Chaozhou Lake Huizhou uprising seven women Chow, inexpensive state, Fangcheng Uprising Zhen Nanguan Uprising Chow 1908, uprising Lianzhou Hekou Uprising New Army uprising in 1910 in Guangzhou Wuchang Uprising in 1911 1 January 1912 the interim government in Nanjing in the Republic of China, Sun Yat-sen was elected Provisional President of the Issued a "Declaration of external SUN Da President" Promulgated the "Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China" Interim President level speech By Ren Quanguo rail handling Assassination in 1913 Jiaoren Launched the Second Revolution Chinese Revolutionary Party was established in 1914, Prime Minister In 1915 he published "Taoyuan statement," launched the "National Protection Movement" Law enforcement campaign launched in 1916 Extraordinary meeting of the elected Grand Marshal of the Army and Navy Republic of China Sun Yat-sen 1917 Grand Marshal was forced to resign post Lenin and the Soviet government made Lenin's reply Sun Yat-sen, the "leader of the Chinese revolution," tribute, "joint struggle" 1918, "Principle of State mental construction," submitted for publication Issued a "Declaration on law enforcement" Restructuring of the Chinese Revolutionary Party for the Chinese Kuomintang Became a great president in 1921, once again the regime in Guangzhou "National reconstruction material construction," submitted for publication Meets zhao Grand Marshal in 1922 to a mobilization order issued in the name, the command of the Northern Expedition Army sending troops shunt And Chen disharmony, Northern Expedition Zhao Shanghai from Beijing to talk to the meeting and joined the KMT introduced zhao 1923 issued a "Declaration of the Chinese Kuomintang," published "Chinese Kuomintang party platform", "Chinese Nationalist Party General Chapter" Published "Sun - Yue Fei Declaration" and the more complex life Zhongkai joint Sino-Soviet talks flight details To build Marshal House, became the Army and Navy Marshal Issued a "Declaration on the restructuring of the Chinese Kuomintang," "Chinese Nationalist Party draft platform" Published "over the issue on the Guangdong Customs Declaration" in protest against U.S. and British interference in China's internal affairs Dazhao arrived in Guangzhou, helping to complete the restructuring and the KMT held its first National Congress of the preparatory work In 1924 the Kuomintang held its first National Congress Organizing the Whampoa Military Academy Published "National Government Reconstruction" Through the "Bill KMT-CPC cooperation," "Draft the KMT and the world revolutionary movement" Issued "Declaration on the Northern Expedition," oath-taking ceremony held at the Northern Expedition Feng was invited to be agreed to north Issued a "north Declaration" reaffirmed the anti-imperialist and anti-warlord, to abolish the unequal treaties, national conference Released "into the Beijing Declaration" Dying in 1925, dictated the will, "To the Soviet Union testament" In the "will" and "testament" to sign Death, last words of "peace, struggle, save China,"
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Sun's Art of Calligraphy
Sun is not well-known calligraphy, but he can see his works of calligraphy on the Yen Chen, Su and the North side of the monument is quite accomplished. His calligraphy has an unusual flavor - not only have broad and bold, magnificent book list works, but also refined, relaxed style and fresh flavor is long running script works. Law of the word from the word structure of view, the word Kuanbo Yen is still faintly visible and heavy, but has been converted as a style in his works is "deified," melted into a kind of spirit or a state. The strong male Weibei also be diluted in the works, depicting the work subject to the overall style of running script. Read from the work style, refined romantic, fresh and natural, but also revealed a "culture" sense of aesthetic implications. This is the Chinese art of calligraphy in modern intellectuals in common. Such as Zhou Enlai, Cai, Liang, Guo, Wang Guowei, Lu Xun and other famous works, all in a "cultural" level, passing the art of calligraphy with their different life style and Grand.
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Sun Life
(A) of the early years and the birthplace of revolutionary ideas 19 at the age of five years of Sun Yat-sen Sun Yat-sen in early October 六日 wen yin shi (November 12, 1866) was born in Guangdong Province, China Xiangshan County (now Zhongshan City) Tsui Hang Village Farmers Home, the third child for the home . The age of seven into the private school to receive the traditional. In 1879, fourteen-year-old brother Sun Mei Sun Yat-sen by the philanthropic, the mother's _set_ sail across to Hawaii, only to see "the wide sea of ships of the Church." Sun will run in the local Anglican primary schools teach in English, "meaning Ao Lanni College" (Iolani School) study English, British history, mathematics, chemistry, physics, the Bible and other subjects. Graduated in 1881, awarded by the Hawaiian king of English grammar, pro-prize. After entering the local top universities, the U.S. church school "Oahu College" (Oahu College) (equivalent to secondary level) to continue their studies. Sun Yat-sen in 1883 as a Christian intention, by his brother back home. In the same year to Hong Kong in winter, together with Lu Haodong baptized into Christ at the Congregational Church, and studied at the Diocesan Book Store (Diocesan Boys today.) The following year into the Central School (today's Queen's College.) To enter Hong Kong College of Medicine in 1887 (the predecessor of the University of Hong Kong), July 1892 to the first graduates graduated in the second and was the then Governor of Hong Kong Wei Lianluo Robinson over the ceremony. He then in Macau, Guangzhou and other places to practice. In Guangzhou during practice, often with the particular columns, Chen Shao-Bai, Yang Heling, Lu Haodong, who talked about, criticized the state, and often talk about the revolution, the Guangzhou people this so called four "Four Bandits", and even add the water next to the word in the text next to become the "Timor." (B) during the revolution February 21, 1895 (the first month on the 27th), the Revive China Society Association in Hong Kong, the participants begin with "drive out the Manchus and the restoration of China, the establishment of the Republic of China, the average land ownership" as the oath, the Revive China Society elected Yang Quyun to be done (then known as Bo Li Xi De days, that is President), Sun is secretary. March 16 (February 20) decided to attack and seize the first staff meeting in Guangzhou as a base, and designed by Lu Haodong the flag of the flag for the uprising, the division launched a variety of activities hosted in front of Sun Yat-sen launched an attack mission, presided over Quyun rear support work. Sun Yat-sen into the Guangzhou Institute for the authority of agricultural innovation, and solicit gay, will be Chung Yeung Festival (October 26) the day the intifada. But because the prior disclosure, failure to close the uprising, led by Lu Haodong arrested most members of the penal, Sun Qing were wanted by Hong Kong authorities deported into exile. Sun avoidance to Japan in November and cut off from the queue at this time, to wear suits. Hawaii with his wife and children arrived in early 1896, then transferred to the United States, want the Chinese in America in the development of the Revive China Society, and fundraising. In the fall, Sun transferred to London, the local agents arrest by the court into the Chinese Embassy, an international event. The matter was later referred to as "London Kidnapped in mind" (Kidnapped in London), Sun and invited to a book describing their experiences, Yi Yin matter has become famous. In 1897, the Sun of Canada, transferred to Japan. Possession of the first to know Miyazaki Yin, Ping Shan Zhou, the two later became the long-term supporter of Sun Yat-sen; by Miyazaki and Hirayama, Sun re-acquainted with the Japanese military, local gang, including Yang Yi, the dog, Okuma Shigenobu, mountain Tianliang Zheng et al ; and once contact with Liang and other royalists. China to attract 1900 Boxer Rebellion Boxer, Sun Yat-sen when he took the opportunity to contact the Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi Li, hoping to separate southern provinces planning to _set_ up similar to the United States of America government, Lee has promised to meet with him. However, the assistance of friends in Japan have found that the Qing court, but a trap. Lee then went to Beijing to coordinate things the treaty, this meeting is also aborted. In the same year in September, Sun Yat-sen and the original Japanese friends will be key figures in the first Hing went to Hong Kong, was banned after the transfer to Taiwan's entry, the local Japanese officials have agreed to support the uprising in Guangdong (Huizhou three continents, said Tian uprising). After the temporary change of attitude by Japanese officials fail, Sun has returned to Japan. In 1907, the Japanese government by the imperial pressure to fifteen thousand yuan Sun, please leave Japan. Sun Yat-sen left Japan in March after payment. Since this internal deliberations without the League, so the cause will be within the division. Sun went to Southeast Asia after Hu, Wang Jingwei and other support, _set_ up another League headquarters in Southeast Asia. May 1907 uprising in Chaozhou life than ugly Huanggang, calendar 六日 and lost, is the third intifada. June 1907 uprising Sun Life Deng Ziyu Lake in Huizhou and seven women (and then this Ru Town Huizhou City), Li Shi Yuri and lost, is the fourth uprising. July 6 Xu Xilin uprising in Anqing, failed martyrdom. In the same year in July, Sun Zhen Nanguan hosted by the Vietnamese to go to the uprising of Guangxi, and then failed. Sun Yat-sen by the French authorities refused entry to the Revolution has been successful before we _set_ foot on Chinese soil later. March 27, 1908 Huang Xing attack by the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Qinzhou Annan rate, is the seventh uprising. April, Huang Mingtang uprising in Yunnan estuary, is the eighth uprising. Ni Yingdian February 1910 launch of a new Army uprising in Guangzhou, is the ninth uprising. 1909-1911 period, Sun Yat-sen on the road most of the time, had around the Earth many times in various countries overseas Chinese, students studying in foreign government funding and planning support for the revolution, however, very limited income. (C) of the provisional president Sun Yat-sen became provisional president by the best looking of the Qing government, Sun Yat-sen since 1907 have permanent residence in Europe and America countries. Wuchang Uprising, the Sun Yat-sen in Denver rather than in China. Heard of the revolution is successful, the Sun and some surprised, but then in the overseas Chinese and the United States to raise funds among sympathizers. Dec. 20 Sun rushed to Shanghai, and the Republic of China on the 28th was elected provisional president, in January 1, 1912 (Xinhai November 13) was sworn in Nanjing, and through the Revolutionary Army and Yuan secret agreement, special application "subversive autocratic government in Manchuria, to consolidate the Republic of China, attempts and happy life ... ... to authoritarian government fell, the Republic Standing out in the world, that is, when the post of provisional president of solutions." At the end of formation of an interim Senate. February 12 the first year of the Republic of China, the Qing emperor Pu Yi issued "abdication edict," Sun is at 13 Yuan to the Senate to resign and recommend self-generation. After the painstaking assistance is hereby Yuan elected in accordance with democratic procedures, office, cabinet level group, Ute emphasis on its pledge to the people concerned, into the democratic process to guide the Yuan stage. April 1 to the Senate, announced the formal lifting himself provisional president. (D) the second, third revolution August 24, 1912, Sun Yat-sen should be invited to Beijing to meet with Yuan Shikai, Yuan said to exit the political, China Railway Construction. August 1912, the Jiaoren mediation, and the unity of the Republican Alliance, together the National Council, the National Party merged company, reorganized as the Kuomintang. 25, Sun Yat-sen founded the Kuomintang held in Beijing, was elected chairman of the General Assembly, but the Sun to "never wanted to be home politics, offer themselves as free people.", That is, as acting chairman of the Committee Jiaoren. Sun Yat-sen himself as Prime Minister of China Railway Corporation, headquartered in Shanghai. March 1913, Jiaoren was assassinated, Yuan suspected as culprits. Argue that the southern provinces revolted against Yuan Sun, called the second revolution. The lack of strength, the second revolution failed immediately. Sun Yat-sen wanted, had to go to Japan again seeking assistance. In 1914, Sun established the Chinese Revolutionary Party in Japan, and issued two Taoyuan declaration. Members of the Chinese Revolutionary Party demands absolute allegiance to Sun Yat-sen people, according to Shoumo oath; and will be divided into national level by joining the party time to enjoy different treatment. Exile in Japan, while some of this opposition KMT members, the original League of important figures such as Huang Xing, Li Lieh-chun, Bowen Wei, Tan Renfeng so not all join. October 25, 1915 in Japan, married Sun Yat-sen and Song Qingling. After the failure of Yuan Shikai proclaimed himself emperor, Sun Yat-sen returned to China. In 1917, Duan Zhang Xun Restoration in after "re-republic", repealed in 1913 elected to Congress. Sun Yat-sen was in Shanghai to start law enforcement activities (also known as the third revolution), called on members of Congress went to Guangzhou, the Congress held an extraordinary meeting to organize the government and law enforcement office for the generalissimo, pledging the Northern Expedition. However, the government gradually by the Custodian of Guangxi, Guangzhou, Yunnan and military control systems, Sun Yat-sen limited strength, or even a "decree no Shimin Tu Factory (generalissimo House)" situation. Sun has tried and failed mutiny. 1918, Guangxi, Yunnan and the restructuring of various departments control of Congress Government of the Custodian, to replace the seven Grand Marshal, president, Sun Yat-sen sidelined, forced to resign. October 1919, changed the Revolutionary Party of China Nationalist Party. In 1920, Chen repulse the entrenched along the Guangxi, Guangzhou, Yunnan Department, please return to Guangzhou Sun Yat-sen. The following year, Congress canceled the military government in Guangzhou is very, Sun Yat-sen was elected the President (the president customarily referred to as very large), start the second law-enforcement campaign. Sun Yat-sen took office advocated military Northern Expedition, the final suspension of the military and claims, together provincial autonomy Chen An intense conflict broke out in June 1922 shelling of the presidential palace events, Sun Yat-sen retreated from Shanghai and Guangdong. (E) a total capacity of United Russia After the second law enforcement, Sun began to consider the possibility of cooperation with the Communist Party. January 1923, the Government Plenipotentiary for Sun Yue Fei and the Soviet Union met in Shanghai, formally discussed cooperation with the Communists. Sun, the more after the meeting has issued a "Joint Declaration on Sun Yue Fei." The first time the KMT National Congress held in Guangzhou, the Sun Yat-sen and the Soviet Union Communist Party of China Communist Party to accept help, reorganizing the Kuomintang, the "United Russia, to co-workers to help farmers," the three policies, the KMT "a great" success, signs the first cooperation was officially formed. After realization of this cooperation, to Guangzhou as the center, bringing together the country's revolutionary forces, and soon created a new situation in the revolution against imperialism and feudalism. (F) the revolution has yet to succeed On the same day, Hu ordered to stop all over the banquet: "on the 12th afternoon, one o'clock Hu Wang received calls that the Sun was at 9:40 on the 12th Sickness apartment in Beijing, Hu ordered the sub-agencies of all sizes, from twelve date, half-mast for seven days, and ordered that the city public security bureau points restaurants, banquet suspended with immediate effect, the public to stop for seven days, serving officers to stop a month, with the blue print of the authority in January, the soldiers stopped and the authority staff members wrapping January, crape. "Apr. 2, 1925, Sun Yat-sen burial in the stone tower in the Western Hills of Beijing Temple of Azure Clouds. After the success of the Northern Expedition, in June 1, 1929 the permanent re-interment in the Mausoleum in Nanjing Purple Mountain. Dying, Sun Yat-sen's last words referred to affairs of state is: "Peace ... ... ... ... struggle to save China!"
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Suicide note
孙中山 遗书
A family suicide note "I do weary state affairs, died of properties. They left the books, clothing, housing, etc., all have to pay my wife Soong Ching Ling, a commemoration. Than the children, has grown into, viable, hope their love to continue Stephen. This Well! " 2 political testament "I devoted to the revolution, where four years with the aim of seeking freedom of equality. Forty years of experience, knows that to achieve this objective, we must arouse the people, and unite in the world waiting for me to the national level, together struggle. Now the revolution has yet to succeed. All my comrades are advised to book in accordance with more than "nation-building strategy," "Reconstruction", "Three People's Principles" and "First National Congress of the Declaration," continue their efforts to implement it. recently advocated the convening of the National Assembly and the abolition of unequal treaties, and in particular in the shortest possible time, to promote its implementation. is Suozhi Well! " To the Soviet Union testament 3 "United Soviet Socialist Republic as the Central Executive Committee Dear comrades: I was suffering from an incurable disease. My mind, this time turning upon you, and turn in our party and our country's future. You are free to the leader of the Republican coalition, this coalition of freedom of the Republic, is the enduring legacy of Lenin and the oppressed peoples of the world of real estate. Imperialism refugees, will take to defend their freedom, from slavery to ancient war based on favoritism in the emancipation of the international system. I left the KMT, I hope that the KMT regime in the completion of its liberation from the imperialist aggression against China and other countries is the historical work, were made together with you. I have to lay down my fate to unfinished business, the transfer of doctrine and the lessons they arise and keep the KMT organized person I really gay. So I have asked the National Revolutionary Movement of the KMT to work can be free of imperialism in China China's semi-colonial status imposed on the custodial tied. To achieve the purposes of this project, I have ordered the KMT to continue with your guide and support for this long. I am sure your government doubtless continue to be of the assistance previously. Dear Comrades! When this occasion with you farewell, I wish to express my warm wish, I hope soon to dawn, when the Soviet Union to Sri Lanka and welcomed the prosperity of your good friend and ally independent of China, the two countries in the fight for the freedom of the oppressed peoples of the world war, work in hand to win. Brothers of Friendship would like to wish you peace! "
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Sun Yat-sen death
As to why the diagnosis are different. The answer given by the medical profession is. Living human beings is a very complex biological, modern medical equipment and can not check out the cause and the respective parts to be fully confirmed only after dissection.
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Anecdotes
孙中山 趣闻轶事
孙中山 趣闻轶事
According to Tong has said: After the success of the Wuchang Uprising, when Sun Yat-sen received a telegram is typical of China Colorado City (modern translation of Denver) with a friend's restaurant in Lurie as "enterprise platform", Duan Panzi. ("Late seventies (5) Yuan, Sun Yat-sen and the Revolution") Von free "revolution Nan Yi Shi" recorded Sun likes to play chess, but chess is not fine: "life is not addicted to tobacco and alcohol, Zhongshan, apart from reading, playing chess with people between, then do not learn the fine, good to take the offensive and relentless on defense, it is easy enemy was riding, I mused with Hu Xiangning taste victory. foreign cards, especially not his, then quite prevalent thirty years of expertise in nine days in Guangdong Brand, Otomi former home in Yokohama, each with Chen Si Gu ( Name Xiangling), Zhang and his wife can play it. " XI memorial ● Sun Yat-sen in Nanjing ● Guangzhou Zhongshan Memorial Hall ● Shanghai Soong Ching Ling Residence ● Beijing Museum of Sun Yat-sen line ● Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall in Taipei ● Beijing Zhongshan Park ● Former Residence of Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall in Guangdong Cuiheng
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Related to film and television work (including Sun Yat-sen actor):
相关影视作品（含孙中山扮演者）：
1, film: "Sun Yat-sen" (Liu governance decoration) "October Rising" (Zhang letter to the decoration) "Once Upon Strength of Men" (lin brings a decoration) "Soong Sisters" (Zhao Wenxuan decoration) "Night out" (Zhao Wenxuan decoration) "Song Qingling and Sun Yat-sen" (hua ornaments horse less) "Great president" (Sun Daolin decoration) 2, TV "Sun" (Zhao Wenxuan decoration) "The President of civilians" (hua ornaments horse less) "Towards the Republic" (hua ornaments horse less) "Oriental Sunrise" (Lucci decoration)
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Encyclopedia
孙中山 百科辞典
孙中山 百科辞典
Sun Zhongshan Sun Yat-sen The great revolutionaries of the country's democracy. Clerical, word Hsien, Guangdong Xiangshan County (now Zhongshan County). November 12, 1866 students. Chinese Alliance Prime Minister, 29 December 1911 after the success of Revolution, was elected provisional president. He is also strongly advocated reform of the education of feudalism, to follow the development of capitalism in Western education advocates. In 1894, in the "book on the Li", the Sun pointed out: "Rise of Modern Tessie various states" because their education is developed. Capitalist countries in Europe and America, "the number of personnel who" is the "education of the Road." Sun Yat-sen that the European and American capitalism, national science and technology so rapidly, in addition to national awards, social importance, but in education is a broad _set_ of specialized schools, training of experts of all kinds of doors. He said: "Tessie governance regulations, ... ... for the civil service, their way will be by the official College; as military attache, their way will be by the Wu Xuetang. If the other literature knowledgeable persons as judges, agriculture familiar with those for agricultural long, works up to training by the supervisor, who is commercial director of Trade workshops, which are learned on the juvenile any of its staff, in short, all school classes of this industry, the country has such a government, as children, scholars of the line is strong, the school and excellent in the energy official. and abide by the one way, there is no more transfer promotion. husband is a long term experience deep, used the ingenuity out. "By contrast, he criticized the Chinese feudal system of education and use of personnel is" the learning not be used by non-director used ", the result must have a" wise not to call staff, and are easy to skillfully decorated with its non-"the abuses, and caused" Wild has left Yin, □ progress toward more "consequences. Meanwhile, Sun Yat-sen special emphasis on learning Western science and technology, to machine production, the development of productive forces. He mentioned the development of natural science, "the fundamental business Shengmin" height. He said: "The study clearly Gezhi, the electric fire are all I use feng shui." In view of the backwardness of agriculture in China at that time, he proposed to the development of agriculture science, "Agriculture not only out, then the field can yield many times the same thing." He also suggested a farm school teachers and train agricultural technicians. Sun Yat-sen as the leader of the revolutionary bourgeoisie, the revolutionary activities tense and busy, so he rarely has time to reform education in published remarks. But after the Revolution, he headed to Nanjing Provisional Government, in a short period of time, promulgated a number of education reform, feudalism, capitalism, the development of education law. Developed at that time, "Prince Guichou school system" and _set_ the course, in addition to emphasis on the development of general education, but also attach importance to industrial education and teacher education; curriculum reform Zeyi bourgeois social and political theory instead of instilling "loyalty to the emperor," " on Confucian "feudal courses; the same time also increased the natural science class, to strengthen the production skills education. After 1912, Sun Yat-sen in China, a number of north and south of schools and education groups gave a lot of enthusiastic welcome speech. Welcome reception in Beijing, the education sector, he said: "cover the basic knowledge to statehood, something the civilized countries, chosen by learning to share." The second school in the Guangdong Women Teachers lecture, said: "Four hundred million of people, all should be education. However, For forty thousand people who obtain an education, will rely heavily on Normal, the Normal School, who also run the Yiji. Normal is particularly important for women. ... ... but there must be knowledge, only as education. cover the knowledge of students, advance and retreat, as the teachers thought that constant, so the teachers a great responsibility. " From the beginning of the establishment of the Republic of China, Sun Yat-sen advocated universal education, care for poor children and working class education. Years he published in 1912, "Socialism of the factions and Methods" article in full agreement with the then socialist idea of equality of education: "Every society, regardless of the poverty, can be into the public schools, Buffett did not take school meals and other expenses, that is, clothing, shoes, books, the cost of public office. " March 12, 1925 Unfortunately, Sun Yat-sen died in Beijing. Edited by his major works as "_Select_ed Works of Sun Yat-sen." (Zhou Dechang)
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English Expression
: Sun Zhongshan
n.: Sun Yat-sen, Sun Yat-Sen, founder of the Nationalist Party, Sun Yatsen
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