The sun as the center of the celestial system. By the sun, nine planets and their satellites, asteroids, comets, meteoroids and interplanetary material composition. Mass of the sun which accounts for 99 86%, other celestial bodies in the gravitational effect of the sun around the sun. The origin of a variety of theories, such as nebulae that catastrophism, are currently inconclusive.
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tài yáng xì
The sun and by its gravitational suck and rotate objects around its base (ie planets, asteroids, satellites, comets, meteorites, etc.)
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No. 3
The sun and the sun as the center and surround it by its gravitational movement dominated the nine planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto) and the nine planets, satellites, and numerous asteroids, comets , Meteor, etc. constitute the system. The Milky Way in a small celestial system.
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About Solar System
(Solar system) is that we are now the star system. By the sun, eight planets (there are nine planets in the original, as a dwarf planet Pluto is excluded), 66 satellites (the original 67, Pluto's moon is removed), and numerous asteroids, comets and meteorites formed. Planet from the sun is starting out in the order: Mercury (mercury), Venus (venus), Earth (earth), Mars (mars), Jupiter (jupiter), Saturn (saturn), King (uranus), Neptune (neptune). From the sun closer to Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars is called the terrestrial planets (terrestrial planets). Spacecraft have carried out to detect them, had also landed on Mars and Venus, obtained important results. Their common characteristic is the density (> 3.0 g / cc), small size, slow rotation, a small satellites, the internal components are mainly silicates (silicate), with a solid shell. Farther from the sun Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune called the Jovian planets (jovian planets). They have a very thick atmosphere, its surface features is difficult to understand it, be inferred that they have the terrestrial planets similar to the solid inner core. Between Mars and Jupiter, more than 1 million asteroids (asteroid) (that is, composed of irregular rocky small bodies). Speculated that they may be in the position between Mars and Jupiter circles the fragmentation of a planet made of, or failure to accumulate a number of stone fragments into a unified planet. Present in meteorites between planets, components of stone or iron. These planets are in elliptical orbits with the sun as the center of the revolution, although very close to the circle in addition to Mercury, the planets orbit more or less the same plane (called the ecliptic and the Earth to the orbital plane as the base). Ecliptic equator the sun is only 7 degrees of tilt. Pluto's orbit most out of the ecliptic, the inclination of 17 degrees. The above chart from a particular perspective above the ecliptic angle shows the relative size of each track and the relationship (the phenomenon of apparent non-circular). They are the same direction around the orbital motion (counter-clockwise from the point of view is the North Pole the sun), so the scientists put out of the nine planets beyond Pluto. In addition to the direction of rotation of Venus and Uranus is also the case outside. Solar diameter 300 billion kilometers, there are eight planets and two asteroid belts, and one hundred billion comets and other components. Solar system (solar system) the position in the universe The edge of the solar system in the galaxy, the Milky Way spiral arm III - the Orion spiral arm. By the sun and solar system is under the effect of gravity in its operation of the objects around it constitute the celestial system. It includes the sun, eight planets and their satellites, asteroids, comets, meteoroids and interplanetary matter. Earth is inhabited by human beings in a solar system.
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Solar system composition
All objects in the solar system mainly by hydrogen, helium, neon and other gases, ice (water, ammonia, methane), and contain iron, silicon, magnesium and other elements of the rock formations. Terrestrial planets, Earth, Moon, Mars, Jupiter, part of the moons, asteroids composed primarily of rock; Jupiter and Saturn mainly hydrogen and helium, whose nucleus may be rocks or ice.
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Origin and evolution of
Generally believed that the planetary system is part of the process of star formation, but some scholars think that this is made of two stars almost hit. The most common theory is that the solar system was formed from the nebula. The basic process of star formation for this: 1 nebula's core becomes more dense too, the focus of instability, began to split and collapse of the fall. Focus energy into a part of the infrared radiation, the rest of the increase in core temperature. Became the core of the disc shape. 2 When the road density and temperature high enough, deuterium fusion burn began, the outward radiation pressure slows down (but not stop) near the other core collapse. 3 other raw materials continue to drop this one of the original stars, the role of angular momentum may lead to bipolar process. 4 Finally, hydrogen begins to melt in the star's core, surrounded by the rest of the outside material is cleared. The solar nebula hypothesis, is Immanuel Kant in 1755 by the proposal. He said, slowly rotating solar nebula, due to gravity gradually condensed and flattened, and ultimately the formation of stars and planets. In 1796 a similar model proposed by Laplace. Diameter of the solar nebula began about 100au, quality is now two to three times the sun. In this nebula, the heavier material to the middle, the accumulation of the piece, is to become the future of the planet. The nebula is getting cold outside, so inside the planet by a lot of heavy minerals, and the outer planets are gas or ice. Original sun formed about 4.6 billion years ago, eight hundred million years after the planets formed.
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Solar Sports
Solar system is part of the Milky Way. Milky Way is a spiral galaxy, million light years in diameter, including over two hundred billion stars. The sun is more typical of Milky Way stars from the center of the galaxy roughly 25,000 to 28,000 light-years. Speed solar system about 220 kilometers per second and 200 million two thousand six hundred years in the galaxy revolution. Eight planets in the solar system are located in nearly circular orbit about the same plane running on the same direction around the sun. In addition to Venus, other planets and the rotation direction of the revolution in the same direction. Comet's direction of revolution around the sun most of the same, most elliptical orbit, orbital period is generally longer.
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Exploration and research
Human living environment for their own desire to understand the earth's resources and the growing tension, the constant from 1959 through to space exploration and other space probes to study the solar system. Currently focused on the moon and Mars exploration and the detection of asteroids and comets. 1 of the solar system's long-term studies, such differentiated several disciplines: [Chemical] Solar System Division of Chemistry is an important space to study the chemical composition of the solar system all objects (including material sources, elements and isotope abundance) and physical - chemical properties and the chronology and chemical evolution of the problem. Chemistry and origin of the solar system is closely related to the solar system. [Solar system physics] Study of the solar system planets, moons, asteroids, comets, meteors and interplanetary matter of physical properties, chemical composition and cosmic environment of the subjects. 2.'s Law of gravity within the solar system: Objects within the solar system by gravitational interactions between the laws followed. 3 Stability of the solar system: Cosmogony and celestial mechanics of the basic problems. 4. Solar system and other planetary While scholars agree that in addition to other similar celestial system and the solar system, but until 1992 only to find other planetary systems. Has been found in dozens of planetary systems, but more material is still very small. These planetary discovery is to rely on the Doppler effect, by observing the periodic changes in stellar spectra, analysis of stellar velocity changes, and to infer whether there are planets there, and can calculate the planet's mass and orbit. The application of this technique can only be found in wood-star planets, like Earth-sized planets to be found. In addition, similar to solar system objects on the system, another purpose of the study is to explore whether there are other planets with life.
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Sun and planets
Sun and eight planetary data table (diameter of the Earth's equatorial diameter of 6370 km as a unit), distance and orbital radius in astronomical units as a unit. The following table of data values are relative to the sun: -------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------- Celestial | distance (au) | equatorial diameter | Quality | track radius (au) | Inclination (degrees) | orbital period (years) | Rotation period (days) | the number of satellites has been found -------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------- Sun 0109 333,400 - - - 27.275 - -------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------- Mercury 0.39 0.382 0.05528 0.38710 7.0050 0.240852 58.6 0 -------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------- Venus 3.4 0.615 0.72 0.949 0.82 0.72 243.0185 (reverse rotation) 0 -------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------- Earth 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0 1.00 0.9973 1 -------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------- Mars 0.11 1.52 1.9 1.88 1.5 0.53 2 1.0260 -------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------- Jupiter 5.2 5.20 1.3 11.2 318 63 11.86 0.4135 -------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------- Saturn 9.5 2.5 29.46 0.444 9.41 95 9.54 47 (with 34 named) -------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------- Uranus 19.2 3.98 14.6 19.22 0.8 84.01 0.7183 29 -------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------- Neptune 30.1 3.81 17.2 30.06 1.8 164.79 0.6713 13 -------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------- (1) In 1930, the International Astronomical Union, Pluto was officially recognized as a planet, some astronomers as their planets remain skeptical. (2) August 24, 2006 the International Astronomical Union General Assembly resolutions: the solar system, Pluto is considered a "dwarf planet" is no longer considered planets. [First] nine planets In the 19th century, many astronomers speculated that there are other planets beyond Neptune, because the test calculated the orbit of Neptune and the orbit is not the same theory. They called this star "planet x", meaning the planet is unknown. American astronomer 帕西瓦尔罗 Weir in 1909 and 1913 to find two planets beyond Neptune, but not found. After the end of 1915, Lowell published papers, written estimate of the planetary data. In fact, in that year, he shines the observatory where Pluto pictures, but until 1930 only recognize this is a planet. But Pluto's mass is too small to explain the orbit of Neptune. Astronomers continue to search for "planet x", but this name have a meaning of the tenth planet, since x is Latin 10. Until the "Voyager 2" detector near Neptune, discovered Neptune's quality has been a lot of miscalculations. With the right quality, coupled with the impact of Pluto, Neptune's orbit and calculate the orbit consistent with reality. Calculated in accordance with planetary orbits, and about the size of planet Earth can not be within the 60au (Pluto from the sun is now about 30au). If there is a tenth planet, its orbit will be inclined, is likely to objects outside the galaxy, the sun too close by, and attracted by the sun orbit. All along, the astronomical community on Pluto's status has been controversial. Even some parts of the planetarium will be the status of Pluto from the nine planets removed. According to August 24, 2006 the International Astronomical Union General Assembly resolutions: the solar system, Pluto is considered a "dwarf planet" is no longer considered planets. Since the 21st century, scientists in the distant Pluto were discovered three large outer planets. Order of 2004 years for the discovery of "sedna", code-named 2003 vb12; 2005 年 also published "santa", code-named 2003 el61 and code-named 2003 ub313 (discoverer did not announce its name) of the planet. July 19, 2005 U.S. scientists discovered 2003 ub313, researchers estimate the diameter of 3,000 kilometers, by some people think that is likely to be the tenth planet solar system. But in 2006 the International Astronomical Union General Assembly resolutions: to include dwarf planets. "Water inside the planet." Astronomers have found closest to the sun, Mercury has some slight movement can not be explained, astronomers suspect there may be a closer to the sun than Mercury, the planet's gravity-induced, and the name of a Vulcan named to the planet "Vulcan Star" (Chinese often translated as "Vulcan Star"), but astronomers have observed more than 50 years is still not found the planet. "Water inside the planet" hypothesis, Einstein's general theory of relativity has been ruled out. General relativity theory of gravity explains the strange movement of Mercury, astronomers have yet to give up on the "water inside the planet," to explore. [Classification] planet Solar system contains a number of solid surface, and its more than 1 km diameter objects, their total surface area of 1.7 billion square kilometers. Some people think that the sun is actually a binary system's main star, far away there is a companion star, called "Niemi Sith" (nemesis). The assumption is that there used to explain Earth's mass extinctions of some regularity, that its companion would be perturbed asteroids and comets within the Department to change the track burst into the solar system, increase the chance of colliding with Earth and the emergence of periodic extinction. The formation of planets Earth-like planets are gathered by the collision of material particles as micro-solid asteroid, and then gathered the formation of micro-asteroids. Jupiter-like planet with water ice as a starting point of mutual absorption, the quality is large enough, the further adsorption of hydrogen, methane, the formation of gas planets. Solar system planets can be divided into two categories: terrestrial planets and Jovian planets Earth-like planets Members include Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars. Is small, dense rock world, with more sparse atmosphere. Internal structure: central metal core, rocky outer crust is surrounded by a considerable number of holes in the surface, the average density of about 3-5g/cm3. Giant planets Members include Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune. Is large in size, mass, but the density of the gas world, with a dense atmosphere. Average density of about ≤ 1.75 g/cm3, the density of Saturn is about 0.7g/cm3, the mass of Jupiter is about 318 times Earth's. Structure: from the inside out, center rocky core, liquid metallic hydrogen, liquid molecular hydrogen, gas-filled atmosphere, the surface of swirling clouds. Another large number of planetary rings and satellites around the solar system eight planets, the sun as the center in order: Mercury (mercury), Venus (venus), earth (earth), Mars (mars), Jupiter (jupiter), Saturn (saturn), Uranus (uranus), Neptune (neptune). In the end who is the farthest planet in the solar system? From 11 February 1999 began, the solar system, Pluto has finally become truly the farthest planet. According jpl astronomers calculated from the international standard (ut) 9:08 a.m. (17:08 Greenwich Mean Time) began 228 years, Pluto will be the farthest planet from the sun. February 18, 1930, clyde tombaugh research lowell Observatory Telescope sky photos found Pluto. Pluto around the 248 day period, the orbital inclination of about 17 degrees, eccentricity of about 0.2480. It is mainly composed of rock and ice, there are the seasons change. Only a satellite of Pluto, called Chalong (charon), in 1978 only to find it there. As the eccentricity of Pluto's orbital inclination and much larger than the other planets, that is, the orbit of Pluto near perihelion, some will fall inside the orbit of Neptune, so from February 7, 1979 to February 1999 start 11 until 20 years, Pluto to the sun than Neptune is also near. It would appear, on February 11 when Pluto and Neptune will collide it? The answer is: No! Why? Pluto and Neptune to the collision, then both must reach the intersection of their orbits. Pluto and Neptune's synodic period is about 497 years, that Pluto around the Sun every two weeks on Neptune have been around three weeks. So whenever the track through the intersection when Pluto, Neptune always around to other places, little chance of a collision. In addition, compared to Pluto's orbital inclination of the ecliptic plane are much larger than the other planets, but also one of the reasons do not collide. So we are very limited knowledge of Pluto. NASA (nasa) belongs under the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (jpl) is currently being called "Pluto Cooper band (pluto-kuiper express)" the plan is expected to launch the spacecraft in the year 2004, about another 10 years later, the spacecraft will flyby Pluto and Chalong, and detection of objects with Cooper. According to August 24, 2006 the International Astronomical Union General Assembly resolutions: the solar system, Pluto is considered a "dwarf planet" is no longer considered planets. From that day, Pluto is no longer the farthest planet in the solar system, Neptune instead of its position.
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Eight planets, astronomical information
1 Mercury Average days from 57,910,000 km (0.38 au) Diameter of 4,878 km Quality 3.30e23 kg Density of 5.43 gm / cm Gravity 0.376 g 87.97 Earth days of the revolution 58.65 Earth days rotation Mercury is the planet closest to the sun, away from the sun as Mercury is too close, the surface temperature is high, the spacecraft is not easy to close, is not easily observed on Earth, because the observable time are concentrated in a few minutes before the morning sun , and a few minutes after sun_set_ fall, time is not easy to grasp, but, in the background brightness is still high in the case, to find a much bigger than the moon, Mercury, is not an easy thing for the planet Mercury is closest to the sun , so it runs faster speed than the other planets, close to the speed 48 kilometers per second, and less than 88 days on the revolution the sun a week. Mercury is very small, is a rocky surface covered by a meteor impact craters and potholes to form, the other has a smooth, sparse plains of the holes. Mercury's surface in addition to the ridge, which is the core of the planet 40 million years ago formed the gradual cooling and contraction, so the surface undulating. Mercury rotates very slowly, rotates nearly 59 Earth Day, the Mercury of a solar day (from sunrise to another sunrise) almost 176 Earth days - the equivalent of the Mercury twice as long as 88 days a year. Mercury's surface temperature is very poor, sunny side up to 430 degrees Celsius, the dark side of the minus 170 degrees Celsius. When night falls, because Mercury is almost no atmosphere, temperature decreases rapidly. Composition of the atmosphere, including solar wind captured by the traces of helium and hydrogen, and perhaps a little of other gases. 2 Venus Average daily distance 108,200,000 km (0.72 au) Diameter of 12,103.6 km Quality 4.869e24 kg Density of 5.24 gm / cm Gravity 0.903 g 224.7 Earth days of the revolution Rotation of 243 Earth days Venus is the second planet in the solar system, the day is Venus the brightest planet, is usually only seen in the early morning or evening, when the brightness of the brightest of more than -4, hanging like a side street in the mountains, the average telescope can be observed, can often see the phenomenon as the moon's profit and loss. In the ancient Western world, Venus represents the goddess Venus is a beautiful rocky planets, is far from the sun, the second planet. Venus around the sun but also the slow rotation of the opposite direction, thus making it the longest rotation period of the solar system, planets, takes about 243 Earth days. 3 Earth Average daily distance 149,600,000 km (1.00 au) Diameter of 12,756.3 km Quality 5.976e24 kg Density of 5.52 gm / cm Gravity 1 g (9.8 m/s2) Revolution 365.26 Earth days 1 Earth day rotation Beautiful Earth, the miracle of life, the universe of coincidence or God's masterpiece? Earth is the third planet solar system, a satellite called the moon, the Earth's atmosphere from the position of the sun protection and proper, is an important condition for the origin of life. 4 Mars Average daily distance 227,940,000 km (1.52 au) Diameter of 6,794 km Quality 6.4219e23 kg Density of 3.94 gm / cm Gravity 0.38 g Revolution 686.98 Earth days 102.6 Earth days rotation Solar system, Mars is the fourth planet in the clear night sky, the fire on behalf of Mars Mars color flashing light to attract the attention of millions of people past and present. There are a hundred thousand years ago the rocks falling from the Martian polar regions on Earth, ice. People found in this meteorite, and may have left traces of fossil life, this fossil is three billion years ago formed on Mars, scientists are actively research and exploration Fengyun surface mystical river and volcanic planet , there was life on Mars it? Mars is often called the red planet, Mars is the third small planet in the solar system to find the diameter of about one-half the volume is about one-tenth of the Earth, the Earth's surface gravity about one-third. Thin atmosphere of Mars than the Earth, only one percent of Earth's atmosphere, the main component is carbon dioxide. Along with a small amount of clouds and morning mist. Because the atmosphere is thin, there is no greenhouse effect on Mars. Temperature during the day near the equator of Mars up to 27c, can be reduced to below zero at night, 111c. The largest volcano on Mars, Olympus ------- Perth Mountain, 24 km above the ground, almost three times the highest mountain on Earth, but also the highest mountain in the solar system. 5 Jupiter Average daily distance 778,330,000 km (5.20 au) Diameter of 142,984 km (equatorial) Quality 1.900e27 kg Density of 1.31 gm / cm Gravity 2.34 g 11.86 Earth years revolution 0.414 Earth days rotation Jupiter has a thin, dark main ring, which has extended from the planet towards the formation of thin halo of particles. Currently there are 16 known satellites. The four largest satellites (called Galileo Ganymede) is Ganey Pate, Calis, Io and Europa. Ghani Pate and Callisto surface has many more holes, there may be ice. Europa surface of the table slide, and covered with ice and perhaps water. Io's surface has many shiny red, orange and yellow spots. These colors come from the volcano's sulfur substances emitted by the surface up to several hundred kilometers of lava caused villous. 6 Saturn Average daily distance 1,429,400,000 km (9.54 au) Diameter of 120,536 km (equatorial) Quality 5.688e26 kg Density of 0.69 gm / cm Gravity 1.16g 29.46 Earth years revolution 0.436 Earth days rotation Saturn is the sixth planet in the solar system, the volume is the second largest planet, has a beautiful ring, to normal telescopes on Earth can see Saturn, Jupiter, Uranus and Neptune are gas surface, so the rotation is very fast. Saturn's rings are mainly ice and dust particles from the composition, according to scientists speculate, may be due to a satellite can not stand the strong attraction of Saturn and the disintegration into pieces. Saturn's ring plane with the surface of Saturn's orbital plane is not the same, so when the company transferred to a position of Saturn, Saturn's ring plane exactly parallel to our line of sight, we on Earth can not see this one rings of Saturn, because Saturn ring is too thin, and we can not see from the side, in addition, when Saturn's rings and parallel to the sun, because the ring plane is not affected by light, so we can not see. Saturn is the sixth from the sun counting planets, Jupiter is almost as big as a gas giant, the equatorial diameter of 120,500 kilometers. Saturn may have a small rock and ice constitute the core, surrounded by metallic hydrogen (liquid hydrogen, as the nature of the metal) constitute the Mainland letter. The outside is a letter in the Mainland by the letter of the field consisting of liquid hydrogen, integrated into the gaseous atmosphere. The formation of Saturn's cloud band and the district level, just like Jupiter, but because the outer layer of thin clouds appear more blurred. Storm and swirl in the clouds, look for the red or white oval. Saturn has a very thin but very wide ring system, although less than a kilometer thick, but never the planet's surface about 420,000 km extending outwards. The narrow main ring, including thousands of small rings, from small and large particles to a few meters wide, composed of ice. Saturn has 18 satellites, some of which operate within the halo, which will exert gravity, affects the ring shape. Interestingly, the seven satellites in orbit for the total, with other satellite sharing the same track. Astronomers believe that these shared from the same satellite orbits, but later fragmentation of the satellite. 7 Uranus Average daily distance 2,870,990,000 km (19.218 au) Diameter of 51,118 km (equatorial) Quality 8.686e25 kg Density of 1.28 gm / cm Gravity 1.15g Revolution 84.81 Earth years 0.72 Earth days rotation Nine thin rings of Uranus's equator has nine rings, the nine rings combined width of about 100,000 km, about one-third width of Saturn's rings. Uranus' ring structure and composition of Saturn and Jupiter's rings with different, Saturn's rings are sandwiched by the thousands of ring formation of a narrow gap, and the nine rings of Uranus are separated each other very much. Nine ring of eight inside ten kilometers wide, the outermost one is more than one hundred kilometers wide. 8 Neptune Average daily distance 4,504,000,000 km (30.06 au) Diameter of 49,528 km (equatorial) Quality 1.0247e26 kg Neptune is the eighth planet in the solar system, eight satellites, the main surface of Neptune is composed of gas, has a similar surface of Jupiter's Great Red Spot storm clouds, we call the big spots, this storm is about half of Jupiter's Great Red Spot, but also accommodate the entire planet. Neptune also have rings like Saturn, Uranus is more than just the small ring. Neptune has four narrow and dark thin ring, which ring is caused by a tiny meteorite because of the collision caused the satellites of Neptune and the formation of dust particles.
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Origin of the universe that
The origin of the universe, is now generally accepted, "big bang" model. While we can not 100% sure this model 100% correct, but so far, this model is still the most scientific and rational. In the absence of sufficient evidence to overturn it before, we use this model to explain the origin of the universe. About 50 billion years ago, our solar system is a mass of slowly rotating gas cloud. Because of its gravitational effects, or the energy of a supernova explosion near the knock-on effects, this gas cloud began to collapse, to the dense core into a primitive sun, the gas and dust rotating around to form a thin disk. Over time, this large number of thin disk material gradually split into groups. Most of these substances group solidified slowly collapse into the nucleus of today's asteroids and the other part of the merger by the formation of the collision of planets and their satellites now, such as the Earth and the Moon. Some of the planets near the sun, only refractory rock bar can survive, gas and ice are volatile substances lost; so small terrestrial planet's mass, density is higher. On the contrary, in some far away solar system planets, due to very low temperature, not ice melting substances, where you can form a larger mass, density, lower Jovian planets. Because the size of gravity reasons, the larger Jovian planets smaller terrestrial planets can attract more of the original material group, thus the satellite more. Planets like Jupiter form a ring of satellite debris left to the original, and comets in the solar system boundary is the accumulation of raw material. Astronomical Data Object name from the (* au) radius (compare Earth) Mass (more Earth) Inclination (degrees) eccentricity inclination Density (g/cm3) ----------- ----------- ------------- -------------- - --------------- ------------- -------------- Sun 0109 332,800 --- --- --- 1.410 Mercury 0.39 0.38 0.05 70.2056 0.1 ° 5.43 Venus 0.72 0.95 0.89 3.394 0.0068 177.4 ° 5.25 Earth 1.0 1.00 1.00 0.000 0.0167 23.45 ° 5.52 Mars 1.5 0.53 0.11 1.850 0.0934 25.19 ° 3.95 Jupiter 5.2 11.0 318 1.308 0.0483 3.12 ° 1.33 Saturn 9.5 9.5 95 2.488 0.0560 26.73 ° 0.69 Uranus 19.2 4.0 17 0.774 0.0461 97.86 ° 1.29 Neptune 30.1 3.9 17 1.774 0.0097 29.56 ° 1.64 Note: * au, as an astronomical unit, the distance between the Earth to the sun for a au. Eight planets in general, the Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars is called the terrestrial planets, their common feature is the main form from the stone and iron, and quality of a smaller radius, but the density is higher. To Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune called the Jovian planets, their common feature is the main hydrogen, helium, ice, methane, ammonia, etc., stone and iron only a very small proportion of their quality and radius are much larger than Earth, but the density is lower. As dwarf planet Pluto is a special planet. The distance between the planets from the sun with regularity, that is, from near to far away from the sun by the calculated distance from the planet to the Sun (indicated by a) a = 0.4 +0.3 * 2n-2 (astronomical units) where n is the first from near to far n planets (see table above) the Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune's rotation period of 12 hours to a day or so, but Mercury, Venus, Pluto's rotation period is very long, were 58.65 days, 243 days and 6.387 days, the majority of the planet's rotation and revolution in the same direction, but Venus is the opposite. In addition to Mercury and Venus, the planet has a satellite orbiting the other, constitutes a satellite system.
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Classification of the solar system:
Category: The classification of these objects is a secondary issue. According to the traditional view, the solar system is divided into planets (around the sun the large objects), their satellites (such as the moon orbiting satellite revolution of the stars of various sizes), asteroids (small dense around the sun the stars) and comets (small icy objects with highly eccentric orbits of revolution around the star). Unfortunately, the complexity of the solar system than mentioned here: There are several moons larger than Pluto and two larger than Mercury; There are several small satellites that are probably captured asteroids; Comets and asteroids are sometimes differences; kuiper with objects and other similar chiron objects do not fit; Earth / Moon and Pluto / Charon systems are sometimes considered "double planets." Other classifications based on chemical composition based, or origin can be proposed, which attempt to be more physically, but they are often due to too many levels or too many exceptions to the termination of use. Most of the bodies are unique; our current understanding is insufficient to establish clear categories. In the following few pages, I will use a common classification. This nine planets usually following several ways: By composition: Solid state by terrestrial or rocky planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars: Terrestrial planets are composed primarily of rock and metal composition, high density, slow rotation, solid surfaces, no rings, few satellites. Large gaseous planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune: Gaseous planet composed primarily of hydrogen and helium, low density, rapid rotation, deep atmospheres, rings and many satellites. Pluto. According to size: Planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars and Pluto. Asteroids with diameters less than 13000 km. Giant planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Giant planets have diameters greater than 48000 km. Mercury and Pluto are sometimes referred to 行星 (lesser planets) (not with the secondary 行星 (minor planets) - the official naming of asteroids - with chaos). Giant planets are sometimes referred to as gas giants. According to the relative position of the sun: Inner planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. Outer planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto. Mars and Jupiter in the asteroid belt between the composition of the difference between the inner planets and outer planets of the sign. According to the position relative to Earth: To the inner planets: Mercury and Venus. Closer to the Earth from the sun. To look inside the planet's point of view as the Earth's moon is sometimes incomplete. Earth. To the outer planets: Mars to Pluto. Far away from the sun and Earth. Extraterrestrial planets seem usually complete or nearly complete. According to history: Classical planets: Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn. Shi Qian namely that Naked eye observation Modern planets: Uranus, Neptune, Pluto. Found in modern Telescope Earth Unknown points: What is the origin of the solar system? Generally by the dust and gas nebula compressed form, but the details are unclear. Other planetary systems and galaxies co-existence? Have a Jupiter-sized objects in the vicinity of the orbital motion of the stars of excellent evidence. Composed of solid planets are the conditions? Earth looks like the stars are not unique, but there is no direct evidence that this or other. Other parts of the solar system have life? If not, why on earth would be special? There is life outside our solar system do? Intelligent beings exist? Life is not the entire universe evolved not unusual or even rare and unique event or that it is not adaptable, widespread development of broad, usually have it?
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Solar system composition
The center of the solar system is the sun, although it is only a small star, but its quality has occupied the entire solar system, the total mass of 99.85%; including the quality of the remaining planets and their moons, planetary rings, and asteroids, comets, Kuiper Belt Objects, objects outside Neptune, the theory of the Oort cloud, interplanetary dust, gases and particles such as interplanetary matter. All celestial bodies throughout the solar system's total surface area of about 1.7 billion square kilometers. The sun with their powerful gravity of all objects in the solar system tightly controlled in his own surroundings, to make them in an orderly manner around its own rotation. At the same time, the sun and with all members of the solar system around the center of the Milky Way campaign. All objects in the solar system mainly by hydrogen, helium, neon and other gases, ice (water, ammonia, methane), and contain iron, silicon, magnesium and other elements of the rock formations. Terrestrial planets, Earth, Moon, Mars, Jupiter, part of the moons, asteroids composed primarily of rock; Jupiter and Saturn mainly hydrogen and helium, whose nucleus may be rocks or ice.
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Sun and planets
Sun and eight planetary data table (diameter of the Earth's equatorial diameter of 6370 km as a unit), distance and orbital radius in astronomical units as a unit. The following table of data values are relative to the sun: (number of satellites at the end of 2005) -------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------- Celestial | distance (au) | equatorial diameter | Quality | track radius (au) | Inclination (degrees) | orbital period (years) | Rotation period (days) | the number of satellites has been found -------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------- Sun 0109 333,400 - - - 27.275 - -------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------- Mercury 0.39 0.382 0.05528 0.38710 7.0050 0.240852 58.6 0 -------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------- Venus 3.4 0.615 0.72 0.949 0.82 0.72 243.0185 (reverse rotation) 0 -------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------- Earth 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0 1.00 0.9973 1 -------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------- Mars 0.11 1.52 1.9 1.88 1.5 0.53 2 1.0260 -------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------- Jupiter 5.2 5.20 1.3 11.2 318 63 11.86 0.4135 -------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------- Saturn 9.5 2.5 29.46 0.444 9.41 95 9.54 47 (with 34 named) -------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------- Uranus 19.2 3.98 14.6 19.22 0.8 84.01 0.7183 29 -------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------- Neptune 30.1 3.81 17.2 30.06 1.8 164.79 0.6713 13 -------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------- [Note] (1) In 1930, the International Astronomical Union, Pluto was officially recognized as a planet, some astronomers as their planets remain skeptical. (2) August 24, 2006 the International Astronomical Union General Assembly resolutions: the solar system, Pluto is considered a "dwarf planet" is no longer considered planets. [First] nine planets In the 19th century, many astronomers speculated that there are other planets beyond Neptune, because Neptune's orbit and the theory test track is not the same as calculated. They called this star "planet x", meaning the planet is unknown. American astronomer 帕西瓦尔罗 Weir in 1909 and 1913 to find two planets beyond Neptune, but not found. After the end of 1915, Lowell published papers, written estimate of the planetary data. In fact, in that year, he shines the observatory where Pluto pictures, but until 1930 only recognize this is a planet. But Pluto's mass is too small to explain the orbit of Neptune. Astronomers continue to search for "planet x", but this name have a meaning of the tenth planet, since x is Latin 10. Until the "Voyager 2" detector near Neptune, discovered Neptune's quality has been a lot of miscalculations. With the right quality, coupled with the impact of Pluto, Neptune's orbit and calculate the orbit consistent with reality. Calculated in accordance with planetary orbits, and about the size of planet Earth can not be within the 60au (Pluto from the sun is now about 30au). If there is a tenth planet, its orbit will be inclined, is likely to objects outside the galaxy, the sun too close by, and attracted by the sun orbit. All along, the astronomical community on Pluto's status has been controversial. Even some parts of the planetarium will be the status of Pluto from the nine planets removed. According to August 24, 2006 the International Astronomical Union General Assembly resolutions: the solar system, Pluto is considered a "dwarf planet" is no longer considered planets. Since the 21st century, scientists in the distant Pluto were discovered three large outer planets. Order of 2004 years for the discovery of "sedna", code-named 2003 vb12; 2005 年 also published "santa", code-named 2003 el61 and code-named 2003 ub313 (discoverer did not announce its name) of the planet. July 19, 2005 U.S. scientists discovered 2003 ub313, researchers estimate the diameter of 3,000 kilometers, by some people think that is likely to be the tenth planet solar system. But in 2006 the International Astronomical Union General Assembly resolutions: to include dwarf planets. "Water inside the planet." Astronomers have found closest to the sun, Mercury has some slight movement can not be explained, astronomers suspect there may be a closer to the sun than Mercury, the planet's gravity-induced, and the name of a Vulcan named to the planet "Vulcan Star" (Chinese often translated as "Vulcan Star"), but astronomers have observed more than 50 years is still not found the planet. "Water inside the planet" hypothesis, Einstein's general theory of relativity has been ruled out. General relativity theory of gravity explains the strange movement of Mercury, astronomers have yet to give up on the "water inside the planet," to explore. [Classification] planet Solar system contains a number of solid surface, and its more than 1 km diameter objects, their total surface area of 1.7 billion square kilometers. Some people think that the sun is actually a binary system's main star, far away there is a companion star, called "Niemi Sith" (nemesis). The assumption is that there used to explain Earth's mass extinctions of some regularity, that its companion would be perturbed asteroids and comets within the Department to change the track burst into the solar system, increase the chance of colliding with Earth and the emergence of periodic extinction. * The formation of planets Earth-like planets are gathered by the collision of material particles as micro-solid asteroid, and then gathered the formation of micro-asteroids. Jupiter-like planet with water ice as a starting point of mutual absorption, the quality is large enough, the further adsorption of hydrogen, methane, the formation of gas planets. Solar system planets can be divided into two categories: terrestrial planets and Jovian planets * Earth-like planets Members include Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars. Is small, dense rock world, with more sparse atmosphere. Internal structure: central metal core, rocky outer crust is surrounded by a considerable number of holes in the surface, the average density of about 3-5g/cm3. * Giant planets Members include Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune. Is large in size, mass, but the density of the gas world, with a dense atmosphere. Average density of about ≤ 1.75 g/cm3, the density of Saturn is about 0.7g/cm3, the mass of Jupiter is about 318 times Earth's. Structure: from the inside out, center rocky core, liquid metallic hydrogen, liquid molecular hydrogen, gas-filled atmosphere, the surface of swirling clouds. Another large number of planetary rings and satellites around the solar system eight planets, the sun as the center in order: Mercury (mercury), Venus (venus), earth (earth), Mars (mars), Jupiter (jupiter), Saturn (saturn), Uranus (uranus), Neptune (neptune). * In the end who is the farthest planet in the solar system? From 11 February 1999 began, the solar system, Pluto has finally become truly the farthest planet. According jpl astronomers calculated from the international standard (ut) 9:08 a.m. (17:08 Greenwich Mean Time) began 228 years, Pluto will be the farthest planet from the sun. February 18, 1930, clyde tombaugh research lowell Observatory Telescope sky photos found Pluto. Pluto around the 248 day period, the orbital inclination of about 17 degrees, eccentricity of about 0.2480. It is mainly composed of rock and ice, there are the seasons change. Only a satellite of Pluto, called Chalong (charon), in 1978 only to find it there. As the eccentricity of Pluto's orbital inclination and much larger than the other planets, that is, the orbit of Pluto near perihelion, some will fall inside the orbit of Neptune, so from February 7, 1979 to February 1999 start 11 until 20 years, Pluto to the sun than Neptune is also near. It would appear, on February 11 when Pluto and Neptune will collide it? The answer is: No! Why? Pluto and Neptune to the collision, then both must reach the intersection of their orbits. Pluto and Neptune's synodic period is about 497 years, that Pluto around the Sun every two weeks on Neptune have been around three weeks. So whenever the track through the intersection when Pluto, Neptune always around to other places, little chance of a collision. In addition, compared to Pluto's orbital inclination of the ecliptic plane are much larger than the other planets, but also one of the reasons do not collide. So we are very limited knowledge of Pluto. NASA (nasa) belongs under the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (jpl) is currently being called "Pluto Cooper band (pluto-kuiper express)" the plan is expected to launch the spacecraft in the year 2004, about another 10 years later, the spacecraft will flyby Pluto and Chalong, and detection of objects with Cooper. According to August 24, 2006 the International Astronomical Union General Assembly resolutions: the solar system, Pluto is considered a "dwarf planet" is no longer considered planets. From that day, Pluto is no longer the farthest planet in the solar system, Neptune instead of its position. [Eight planets, astronomical information] * 1 Mercury Average days from 57,910,000 km (0.38 au) Diameter of 4,878 km Quality 3.30e23 kg Density of 5.43 gm / cm Gravity 0.376 g 87.97 Earth days of the revolution 58.65 Earth days rotation Mercury is the planet closest to the sun, away from the sun as Mercury is too close, the surface temperature is high, the spacecraft is not easy to close, is not easily observed on Earth, because the observable time are concentrated in a few minutes before the morning sun , and a few minutes after sun_set_ fall, time is not easy to grasp, but, in the background brightness is still high in the case, to find a much bigger than the moon, Mercury, is not an easy thing for the planet Mercury is closest to the sun , so it runs faster speed than the other planets, close to the speed 48 kilometers per second, and less than 88 days on the revolution the sun a week. Mercury is very small, is a rocky surface covered by a meteor impact craters and potholes to form, the other has a smooth, sparse plains of the holes. Mercury's surface in addition to the ridge, which is the core of the planet 40 million years ago formed the gradual cooling and contraction, so the surface undulating. Mercury rotates very slowly, rotates nearly 59 Earth Day, the Mercury of a solar day (from sunrise to another sunrise) almost 176 Earth days - the equivalent of the Mercury twice as long as 88 days a year. Mercury's surface temperature is very poor, sunny side up to 430 degrees Celsius, the dark side of the minus 170 degrees Celsius. When night falls, because Mercury is almost no atmosphere, temperature decreases rapidly. Composition of the atmosphere, including solar wind captured by the traces of helium and hydrogen, and perhaps a little of other gases. * 2 Venus Average daily distance 108,200,000 km (0.72 au) Diameter of 12,103.6 km Quality 4.869e24 kg Density of 5.24 gm / cm Gravity 0.903 g 224.7 Earth days of the revolution Rotation of 243 Earth days Venus is the second planet in the solar system, the day is Venus the brightest planet, is usually only seen in the early morning or evening, when the brightness of the brightest of more than -4, hanging like a side street in the mountains, the average telescope can be observed, can often see the phenomenon as the moon's profit and loss. In the ancient Western world, Venus represents the goddess Venus is a beautiful rocky planets, is far from the sun, the second planet. Venus around the sun but also the slow rotation of the opposite direction, thus making it the longest rotation period of the solar system, planets, takes about 243 Earth days. * 3 Earth Average daily distance 149,600,000 km (1.00 au) Diameter of 12,756.3 km Quality 5.976e24 kg Density of 5.52 gm / cm Gravity 1 g (9.8 m/s2) Revolution 365.26 Earth days 1 Earth day rotation Beautiful Earth, the miracle of life, the universe of coincidence or God's masterpiece? Earth is the third planet solar system, a satellite called the moon, the Earth's atmosphere from the position of the sun protection and proper, is an important condition for the origin of life. * 4 Mars Average daily distance 227,940,000 km (1.52 au) Diameter of 6,794 km Quality 6.4219e23 kg Density of 3.94 gm / cm Gravity 0.38 g Revolution 686.98 Earth days 102.6 Earth days rotation Solar system, Mars is the fourth planet in the clear night sky, the fire on behalf of Mars Mars color flashing light to attract the attention of millions of people past and present. There are a hundred thousand years ago the rocks falling from the Martian polar regions on Earth, ice. People found in meteorites may be fossils of life, the traces left by this fossil is three billion years ago formed on Mars, scientists are active research, and detect Fengyun surface mystical river and volcanic Xingqiu , there was life on Mars it? Mars is often called the red planet, Mars is the third small planet in the solar system to find the diameter of about one-half the volume is about one-tenth of the Earth, the Earth's surface gravity about one-third. Thin atmosphere of Mars than the Earth, only one percent of Earth's atmosphere, the main component is carbon dioxide. Along with a small amount of clouds and morning mist. Because the atmosphere is thin, there is no greenhouse effect on Mars. Temperature during the day near the equator of Mars up to 27c, can be reduced to below zero at night, 111c. The largest volcano on Mars, Olympus ------- Perth Mountain, 24 km above the ground, almost three times the highest mountain on Earth, but also the highest mountain in the solar system. * 5 Jupiter Average daily distance 778,330,000 km (5.20 au) Diameter of 142,984 km (equatorial) Quality 1.900e27 kg Density of 1.31 gm / cm Gravity 2.34 g 11.86 Earth years revolution 0.414 Earth days rotation Jupiter has a thin, dark main ring, which has extended from the planet towards the formation of thin halo of particles. Currently there are 16 known satellites. The four largest satellites (called Galileo Ganymede) is Ganey Pate, Calis, Io and Europa. Ghani Pate and Callisto surface has many more holes, there may be ice. Europa surface of the table slide, and covered with ice and perhaps water. Io's surface has many shiny red, orange and yellow spots. These colors come from the volcano's sulfur substances emitted by the surface up to several hundred kilometers of lava caused villous. * 6 Saturn Average daily distance 1,429,400,000 km (9.54 au) Diameter of 120,536 km (equatorial) Quality 5.688e26 kg Density of 0.69 gm / cm Gravity 1.16g 29.46 Earth years revolution 0.436 Earth days rotation Saturn is the sixth planet in the solar system, the volume is the second largest planet, has a beautiful ring, to normal telescopes on Earth can see Saturn, Jupiter, Uranus and Neptune are gas surface, so the rotation is very fast. Saturn's rings are mainly ice and dust particles from the composition, according to scientists speculate, may be due to a satellite can not stand the strong attraction of Saturn and the disintegration into pieces. Saturn's ring plane with the surface of Saturn's orbital plane is not the same, so when the company transferred to a position of Saturn, Saturn's ring plane exactly parallel to our line of sight, we on Earth can not see this one rings of Saturn, because Saturn ring is too thin, and we can not see from the side, in addition, when Saturn's rings and parallel to the sun, because the ring plane is not affected by light, so we can not see. Saturn is the sixth from the sun counting planets, Jupiter is almost as big as a gas giant, the equatorial diameter of 120,500 kilometers. Saturn may have a small rock and ice constitute the core, surrounded by metallic hydrogen (liquid hydrogen, as the nature of the metal) constitute the Mainland letter. The outside is a letter in the Mainland by the letter of the field consisting of liquid hydrogen, integrated into the gaseous atmosphere. The formation of Saturn's cloud band and the district level, just like Jupiter, but because the outer layer of thin clouds appear more blurred. Storm and swirl in the clouds, look for the red or white oval. Saturn has a very thin but very wide ring system, although less than a kilometer thick, but never the planet's surface about 420,000 km extending outwards. The narrow main ring, including thousands of small rings, from small and large particles to a few meters wide, composed of ice. Saturn has 18 satellites, some of which operate within the halo, which will exert gravity, affects the ring shape. Interestingly, the seven satellites in orbit for the total, with other satellite sharing the same track. Astronomers believe that these shared from the same satellite orbits, but later fragmentation of the satellite. * 7 Uranus Average daily distance 2,870,990,000 km (19.218 au) Diameter of 51,118 km (equatorial) Quality 8.686e25 kg Density of 1.28 gm / cm Gravity 1.15g Revolution 84.81 Earth years 0.72 Earth days rotation Nine thin rings of Uranus's equator has nine rings, the nine rings combined width of about 100,000 km, about one-third width of Saturn's rings. Uranus' ring structure and composition of Saturn and Jupiter's rings with different, Saturn's rings are sandwiched by the thousands of ring formation of a narrow gap, and the nine rings of Uranus are separated each other very much. Nine ring of eight inside ten kilometers wide, the outermost one is more than one hundred kilometers wide. * 8 Neptune Average daily distance 4,504,000,000 km (30.06 au) Diameter of 49,528 km (equatorial) Quality 1.0247e26 kg Neptune is the eighth planet in the solar system, eight satellites, the main surface of Neptune is composed of gas, has a similar surface of Jupiter's Great Red Spot storm clouds, we call the big spots, this storm is about half of Jupiter's Great Red Spot, but also accommodate the entire planet. Neptune also have rings like Saturn, Uranus is more than just the small ring. Neptune has four narrow and dark thin ring, which ring is caused by a tiny meteorite because of the collision caused the satellites of Neptune and the formation of dust particles.
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Origin of the universe that
The origin of the universe, is now generally accepted, "big bang" model. While we can not 100% sure this model 100% correct, but so far, this model is still the most scientific and rational. In the absence of sufficient evidence to overturn it before, we use this model to explain the origin of the universe. About 50 billion years ago, our solar system is a mass of slowly rotating gas cloud. Because of its gravitational effects, or the energy of a supernova explosion near the knock-on effects, this gas cloud began to collapse, to the dense core into a primitive sun, the gas and dust rotating around to form a thin disk. Over time, this large number of thin disk material gradually split into groups. Most of these substances group solidified slowly collapse into the nucleus of today's asteroids and the other part of the merger by the formation of the collision of planets and their satellites now, such as the Earth and the Moon. Solar system eight planets, according to the sun by far and away into the order: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune. Some of the planets near the sun, only refractory rock bar can survive, gas and ice are volatile substances lost; so small terrestrial planet's mass, density is higher. On the contrary, in some far away solar system planets, due to very low temperature, not ice melting substances, where you can form a larger mass, density, lower Jovian planets. Because the size of gravity reasons, the larger Jovian planets smaller terrestrial planets can attract more of the original material group, thus the satellite more. Planets like Jupiter form a ring of satellite debris left to the original, and comets in the solar system boundary is the accumulation of raw material. * Astronomical Data Object name from the (* au) radius (compare Earth) Mass (more Earth) Inclination (degrees) eccentricity inclination Density (g/cm3) ----------- ----------- ------------- -------------- - --------------- ------------- -------------- Sun 0109 332,800 --- --- --- 1.410 Mercury 0.39 0.38 0.05 7 0.2056 0.1 ° 5.43 Venus 0.72 0.95 0.89 3.394 0.0068 177.4 ° 5.25 Earth 1.0 1.00 1.00 0.000 0.0167 23.45 ° 5.52 Mars 1.5 0.53 0.11 1.850 0.0934 25.19 ° 3.95 Jupiter 5.2 11.0 318 1.308 0.0483 3.12 ° 1.33 Saturn 9.5 9.5 95 2.488 0.0560 26.73 ° 0.69 Uranus 19.2 4.0 17 0.774 0.0461 97.86 ° 1.29 Neptune 30.1 3.9 17 1.774 0.0097 29.56 ° 1.64 Note: * au, as an astronomical unit, the distance between the Earth to the sun for a au. Eight planets in general, the Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars is called the terrestrial planets, their common feature is the main form from the stone and iron, and quality of a smaller radius, but the density is higher. To Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune called the Jovian planets, their common feature is the main hydrogen, helium, ice, methane, ammonia, etc., stone and iron only a very small proportion of their quality and radius are much larger than Earth, but the density is lower. As dwarf planet Pluto is a special planet. The distance between the planets from the sun with regularity, that is, from near to far away from the sun by the calculated distance from the planet to the Sun (indicated by a) a = 0.4 +0.3 * 2n-2 (astronomical units) where n is the first from near to far n planets (see table above) the Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune's rotation period of 12 hours to a day or so, but Mercury, Venus, Pluto's rotation period is very long, were 58.65 days, 243 days and 6.387 days, the majority of the planet's rotation and revolution in the same direction, but Venus is the opposite. In addition to Mercury and Venus, the planet has a satellite orbiting the other, constitutes a satellite system.
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Overview and track
The protagonist of the solar system is among the center of the sun, it is a spectral classification of G2V main sequence star, with the quality of the solar system known to 99.86%, and gravity dominates the solar system. Jupiter and Saturn, the solar system's largest planets, but also the quality of accounting for the remaining 90% or more, is still an hypothesis, the Oort cloud, do not know what percentage of quality possession. The main objects of the solar system orbit in the earth around the sun's orbital plane (the ecliptic) in the vicinity. Planets are very close to the ecliptic, while comets and Kuiper Belt Objects, usually have more obvious angle. Bird's eye view from the north down to the solar system, all the planets and other celestial bodies, most of all to counter-clockwise (right) direction around the sun. Some exceptions, such as Halley's Comet. Movement of objects around the sun are to comply with Kepler's laws of planetary motion, the sun is elliptical orbits have a focus and closer to the sun, the faster. Nearly circular orbits of planets, but many comets, asteroids and Kuiper Belt objects orbit is highly elliptical. In such a vast space, there are many ways in the solar system can be shown the distance of each track. In fact, the more distant planet from the sun or ring, and will be farther away from the previous one, and only a few exceptions. For example, Mercury, Venus in astronomical units outside the range of about 0.33, while the distance between Saturn and Jupiter is 4.3 astronomical units, Neptune and Uranus in astronomical units outside 10.5. Some have attempted to explain the relationship between changes in the orbit from the interaction.
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Formation and evolution
Been identified as areas of the original solar nebula that formed the solar system after the area, the diameter is estimated at 7,000 to 20,000 astronomical units, but the quality just a little more than the sun (mostly from 0.1 to 0.001 solar masses). When the nebula began to collapse, the law of conservation of angular momentum to accelerate the speed of it, within the atoms collide with each other frequently. The central focus of most of the quality of the region, the temperature is hotter than the surrounding disc. When gravity, gas pressure, magnetic field and rotation effects on the contraction of the nebula, it became a flat rotating protoplanetary disk, and a diameter of about 200 astronomical units, and in the center of a hot and dense protostars. The young T Tauri star study, I believe that quality and pre-fusion stage of development is very similar to the sun, often displayed in the formative stages of planetary material will have the original disc along with. These discs can be extended to several hundred astronomical units, and some of the hottest temperatures can reach thousands of K. A billion years after the collapse of the nebula in the center of pressure and density will be large enough to make the original sun began to heat fusion of hydrogen, which has been increased until hydrostatic equilibrium, so that heat can be sufficient to resist the gravitational contraction. When the sun did not become a real star. I believe through the accretion of the role of various planets from the gas cloud (solar nebula) of gas and dust remaining in the birth: 1. When the dust particles are still around when the center of the original stars, planets had already started to grow; 2 and by direct contact, gathered into a 1-10 km diameter of the cluster; 3 Then the formation of larger individuals by the collision, a diameter of about 5 km of the stars; 4 was millions of years in the future, through further collisions with the speed of 15 cm per year continue to grow. In the inner solar system, because the warmth of the water over that volatile and methane molecules can not be condensed, so the stars formed on relatively small (only 0.6% of the quality of a disc), and melting point than the main ingredient is high silicate and metal compounds. These stone objects like planets has become final. Little further the stars by the gravitational influence of Jupiter, the planet can not gather together as the original, but is now seen as the asteroid belt. At greater distances, in the freezing line, the volatile material can be frozen into a solid, Jupiter and Saturn on the formation of these huge gas giant. Uranus and Neptune get the small amount of material, and is considered mainly because of the ice core (hydride), is known as the ice stars. Once the young sun began to produce energy, the solar wind will be blown into the proto-planetary disk material and interplanetary space, thus ending the growth of planets. Taurus T young star stellar wind than in a stable phase of the much stronger than the old stars. According to astronomers speculate that the current solar system will remain until the sun left the main sequence. As the sun is the use of hydrogen as a fuel in its internal, in order to be able to use the remaining fuel, the sun will become more and more heat, so burning speed faster and faster. This leads to the sun continue to brighten, lighten speed about every 11 million years for the brightening of 10%. From now on another about 76 million years, the sun's core will be hot enough to make the outer layer of hydrogen fusion occurs, which causes swelling to the present radius of the sun 260 times, becomes a red giant. At this point, due to the expansion of volume and surface area, the sun's total luminosity increases, but the surface temperature drops, dimming the brightness per unit area. Subsequently, the sun's outer layer is gradually stripped, and finally exposing the core to become a white dwarf, an extremely dense object, only the size of Earth but the sun had half the original quality. Finally, the formation of dark dwarfs.
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Structure and composition
Solar system is constrained by the solar gravitational system composed of objects in the universe is a small object system, The structure of the solar system can be roughly divided into five parts: 3.1 The Sun (Sun) The sun is the solar system parent star, is the most important and the most important members. It has sufficient mass so that the internal pressure and density sufficient to inhibit and to withstand the tremendous energy generated by nuclear fusion, and radiation patterns, such as visible light, so that a stable energy into space. Sun's position in the HR diagram The sun is in the category of a medium-sized yellow dwarf star, but this name is very easy to misunderstand, in fact, in our galaxy, the sun is quite large and bright. Luminosity of stars is based on surface temperature and brightness of the corresponding relationship to classification. Typically, the high temperature will be relatively bright stars, and stars to follow this rule will be located in the so-called main sequence to bring the sun in the center of the tape. But, but brighter than the sun and the stars are not many, but relatively dim and cold stars are unlimited. Stage in the evolution of stars the sun is in the prime of life, have not been exhausted in the core of the nuclear fusion of hydrogen. The brightness of the sun will still be growing, but now the brightness of the early 75%. Hydrogen and helium inside the sun calculated the ratio that the sun has completed half of the life cycle in about 5 billion years the sun will leave the main sequence and become larger and brighter, but the surface temperature is lower red giant, then its brightness will present thousands of times. The sun is born in the late evolution of the universe's first stars, stellar populations, stellar populations than the second star with more than heavy metal hydrogen and helium (which is astronomical to say: atomic number greater than helium are metal. ). Heavier than hydrogen and helium in the star's core element is formed by a supernova explosion can be released into the universe of space. In other words, after the death of the first generation of stars in the universe have these heavy elements. Only a small amount of the oldest stars in the metal, and later the birth of the only more metal. High metal content is considered to be solar planetary systems developed critical because planets are formed by the accumulation of the metal material. Interplanetary matter In addition to light, the sun also emits continuous flow of electrons (plasma), also known as solar wind. This flow rate of particles 1.5 million kilometers per hour, the solar system to create a thin atmosphere (solar cycle), the range of at least 100 astronomical units (Heliospheric top), which is our awareness of interplanetary matter. The sun's sunspot cycle (11 years) and frequent flares, coronal mass ejections in the solar circle disruption, resulting in a space weather. With the sun's rotation and the rotation of the interplanetary magnetic field generated by the material in the solar ring current sheet, is the largest structure of the solar system. Earth's magnetic field from the solar wind interaction with the protection of the Earth's atmosphere. Mercury and Venus is no magnetic field, solar wind so that they gradually lost to the atmosphere and space. Interaction between solar wind and Earth's magnetic field generated by the aurora, the Earth's magnetic poles can be close to (such as the Antarctic and the Arctic) near the see. Cosmic rays from outside the solar system, the barrier of our solar system circle the sun, planets, planetary magnetic field itself provides some protection. Cosmic rays in the interstellar matter density and the intensity of solar magnetic cycle changes, and therefore within the solar system's cosmic ray variation in exactly how much is still unknown. Interplanetary matter in at least two disk-shaped region in the aggregate into cosmic dust. The first area is the zodiacal dust cloud, in the inner solar system, and is the cause of the zodiacal light. They may be within the asteroid belt between the planets and celestial bodies produced by the impact. The second stretch in the region of about 10-40 AU range, may be in the Kuiper belt objects similar to each other under the impact produced. 3.2 in the solar system Within the solar system is in the traditional terrestrial planets and asteroids with the name of the region, mainly composed of silicate and metal composition. Crowded in the region close to the sun within a radius greater than that distance between Jupiter and Saturn is also short. All the inner planets inner planets Four inner planets, or terrestrial planets are characterized by high density, rocky, only a few or no satellites, no-loop system. Their high melting point of minerals, such as silicate minerals, the surface composition of solid and semi-liquid mantle, crust, as well as iron, nickel-metal composition composed of the core. Four in three (Venus, Earth, and Mars) have substantial atmosphere, all have impact craters and tectonic surface features (graben and volcanic, etc.). Easily and the inner planets closer to the Sun than the Earth's inner planets (Mercury and Venus) confusion. Planets in a plane, moving in one direction. Mercury Mercury (Mercury) (0.4 astronomical units) is closest to the sun, is the smallest planet (0.055 Earth masses). It has no natural satellites, the only known geological features in addition to impact crater, only about the history of early wrinkles and ridges produced during contraction. Mercury, including the solar wind bombardment of the gas atoms, and only negligible atmosphere. Now we can not quite explain the relatively large iron core and a thin mantle. Hypothesis, including a huge impact stripped of its shell, and the young during the solar inhibited shell growth. Venus Venus (Venus) (0.7 astronomical units) is similar to Earth's size and volume (0.86 Earth masses), and also as a planet surrounded by a thick silicate mantle, core, and a strong atmosphere and evidence of internal geological activity. However, its atmospheric density 90 times higher than the earth and very dry, there is no natural satellites. It was a star of the hot planet, the surface temperature exceeds 400 ° C, the atmosphere is likely to have a lot of greenhouse gases. Venus is no clear evidence of geological activity still in progress, but there is no magnetic field to protect the air should be exhausted, so that Venus's atmosphere is obtained by the eruption supplement. Earth Earth (Earth) (1 astronomical unit) is the largest of the inner planets and the highest density, is the only geological activity is still ongoing and has a life-bearing planet. It also has a unique terrestrial planets in the water cycle and the observed plate structure. Earth's atmosphere is completely different to other planets, is alive in here with 21% bio-transformed into free oxygen. It is only satellite, the moon; the moon is the only terrestrial planet in the large satellite. Earth to (the sun) around about 365 days, the rotation circle about 1 day. (Direct sun is not always the equator because the Earth rotates around the sun, some tilt slightly.) Mars Mars (Mars) (1.5 astronomical units) smaller than Earth and Venus (0.17 Earth's mass), only to carbon dioxide-based thin atmosphere, its surface, such as Mount Olympus are intensive and a huge volcano, Mariner Canyon deep graben, shows recent geological activity is still intense. Mars has two small natural satellites, Dai Mosi and Fu Bosi, may be captured asteroids. Asteroid belt The main asteroid belt and Trojan asteroids are asteroids in the solar system small bodies in the most important members, composed primarily of rock and non-volatile substances. The main asteroid belt between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter from the sun from 2.3 to 3.3 astronomical units, which are considered to be in the process of formation of the solar system, Jupiter's gravitational perturbations and not by the residual polymer material. The scale of large asteroids to hundreds of kilometers from the small to have a micron. Ceres, the biggest addition, all of the asteroids have been classified as small solar system objects, but a few asteroids, such as Vesta, Jianshen star, if that can be confirmed has reached the state of hydrostatic equilibrium, may will be re-classified as a dwarf planet. With tens of thousands of pieces of the asteroid belt, possibly up to several million pieces, more than one kilometer in diameter of small objects. Nevertheless, the total mass of the asteroid belt still can not reach one-thousandth of Earth's mass. The members of the main asteroid belt is still sparse, so it has no accidents across the spacecraft. 10 to 10.4 meters in diameter, small objects called meteoroids. Ceres Ceres (Ceres) (2.77 astronomical units) is the largest main belt objects, but also with the only main dwarf planets. Its diameter is nearly 1,000 kilometers, so its own gravity is enough to make it a sphere. It was discovered in the 19th century, it was considered a planet, in the 1850s because there are more small bodies were found was re-classified as an asteroid; in 2006, again re-classified as a dwarf planet. Asteroid family In the main belt asteroids can be divided into several elements according to track asteroids Asteroid groups and families. Asteroid satellites around the larger asteroid operation of small bodies, their identification as a satellite around the planet as clear, because some of the satellite around the parent is almost as large. There are also in the main belt comets, they may be the main source of Earth's Sheung Shui. Trojan asteroid position in the L4 or L5 points of Jupiter (the planet orbits the gravitational instability of the front and rear balance point), but "Troy" is the name also used on other planets or satellites orbit in Rugby Lagrangian point of the small bodies. Greece is the orbital period of the ear of ethnic 2:3 resonance with Jupiter asteroid family, when Jupiter around the sun two laps, these asteroids will turn three times around the sun. Within the solar system also contains many "naughty" and asteroids and dust, many of which will cross the orbit of the inner planets. 3.3 in the solar system Central region of the solar system is like the gas giant planets and their satellites measure the size of the home, many short-period comets, including the Centaur group is also in this area. This area is not a traditional name, and occasionally will be classified as "outside the solar system", while the outer solar system beyond Neptune usually refers to the area. Solid in the region, the main ingredient is "ice" (water, ammonia and methane), different from the rock-oriented of the solar system. Planets All of the four outer planets in the outer planets, also known as Jupiter-like planet, around the Sun encompasses 99% of the known quality. Jupiter and Saturn's atmosphere has a lot of hydrogen and helium, Uranus, and Neptune's atmosphere, there are more "ice", such as water, ammonia and methane. Some astronomers think that they the others into a class called "Uranus family" or "ice giant." This four gas giant planets have rings, but only Saturn's rings can be easily observed from Earth. "Planets," the name is easy and the "outer planets" confusion, which actually refers to a planet outside Earth's orbit, but also have in addition to the outer planets Mars. Jupiter Jupiter (Jupiter) (5.2 astronomical units), mainly composed of hydrogen and helium, the quality is 318 times Earth's, but also the quality of the other planets combined 2.5 times. Abundant heat in Jupiter's atmosphere cause some approximation of its permanent features, such as cloud bands and the Great Red Spot. Jupiter has been found to have 63 satellites, the largest of the four, Gan Ni Mide, Callis more, Io, and Europa, show similar characteristics of the terrestrial planets, such as volcanism and internal heat. Gan Niemi bigger Derby Mercury, the solar system's largest satellite. Saturn Saturn (Saturn) (9.5 astronomical units), because obviously the famous ring system, it is very similar to Jupiter, for example, the structure of the atmosphere. Saturn is not large, only the quality of the Earth 95 times, it has 60 known satellites, Titan and En Sela Meadows, has a huge ice volcano, showing signs of geological activity. Titan large than Mercury, the solar system and is only practical with an atmosphere. Uranus Uranus (Uranus) (19.6 astronomical units), is the lightest of the outer planets, the Earth's mass is 14 times. Its rotation axis tilted to the ecliptic of 90 degrees, so is the cross lying around the sun, the planet is very unique. In the gas giant, its core temperature is the lowest, only very little heat radiation into space. Uranus has 27 known satellites, Titan is the largest of the few Virginia, Oubei Long, 乌姆柏里厄尔, Ariel, and Miranda. Neptune Neptune (Neptune) (30 astronomical units) Although it looks smaller than Uranus, but the density is still high so the quality of the Earth 17 times. Although he was radiating more heat, but far less than Jupiter and Saturn. Neptune has 13 known satellites, the largest Cui Dayton still active geological activity, with eruptions of geysers of liquid nitrogen, it is the only solar system's largest retrograde satellite. Neptune's orbit in a 1:1 orbital resonance with some of the asteroid, composed of Neptune Trojan population. Comet Small Solar System Bodies comets belong to, usually only a few kilometers in diameter, mainly by the volatile ice components. Their orbits with high eccentricity, perihelion of planetary orbits are generally included inside the aphelion beyond Pluto. When a comet into the inner solar system, the sun close to the lead with her cold surface of the material sublimation and ionization, resulting in coma and drag out the gas and dust formed by the naked eye can see the tail. Short-period comets is the orbital period shorter than 200 years of comets, long-period comets orbit period can be up to several thousand. Short-period comets, like Halley's Comet, is considered to be from the Kuiper Belt; long-period comets, like Hale-Bopp comet, was believed to have originated in the Oort cloud. There are many groups of comets, comet like Cruz, the mother may result from a crash. Some comets with hyperbolic orbits, it may come from outside the solar system, but accurate measurements of these tracks is very difficult. Volatile substances to disperse the sun's heat after the comet will often be classified as an asteroid. Centaur group Centaur group is spread in 9 to 30 astronomical units range, that is, between the orbits of Jupiter and Neptune, similar to comets to the ice-based objects. Centaur largest known group of objects is 10199 Chariklo, diameter 200 to 250 km. First to be discovered is 2060 Chiron, because close to the sun as the comet-like coma produced, has been classified as a comet. Some astronomers will be classified as a Centaur family of discrete objects within the Kuiper belt, but rather as a continuation of the external discrete plate. 3.4 outside the Neptune Area In the region beyond Neptune, often referred to as the outer solar system or outside the Neptune area, is still not detecting the vast space. This area seems to be the world's solar system small bodies (the largest diameter of less than one-fifth of the Earth, the quality is much less than the moon), composed primarily of rock and ice. Kuiper Belt Kuiper Belt resonances with and generally can be divided into two parts with the traditional resonance orbit with Neptune by a resonance with the relationship between the composition of celestial bodies (when the sun three times Neptune's revolution around the sun on the two-loop, or Neptune, with only two laps around the revolution circle), in fact, the resonance with Neptune in itself be considered a member. Member is not a traditional resonance with Neptune, spread from 39.4 to 47.7 astronomical units within the object. Kuiper Belt objects to the traditional first three were found in the name of one of 1992 QB1, QB1 is classified as class objects. Pluto and Charon Pluto and the satellites are known at present can not determine, Charon (Charon) should be classified as belonging to the current view of the satellite or dwarf planet, because Pluto and Charon orbit each other around the center of mass is not any one person under the surface the formation of Pluto - Charon binary system. The other two small satellites Nix (Nix) and Hydra (Hydra), then around Pluto and Charon revolution. Pluto in the resonance band, has a 3:2 resonance with Neptune (Pluto around the sun two laps, three times Neptune's revolution). Kuiper belt objects with this track objects referred to as class offerings. Discrete plate Discrete plate overlap with the Kuiper Belt, but reaching out to more distant space. Discrete _set_ of objects should be in the early solar system formation process, because the outward migration of Neptune was only caused by the gravitational perturbations from the Kuiper belt thrown into volatile orbit. Most recently the ecliptic point discrete objects in the Kuiper belt, but can be much aphelion to 150 astronomical units; orbital plane of the ecliptic is also a great angle, or even perpendicular to the ecliptic plane. Some astronomers believe that the ecliptic discrete objects should be another part of the Kuiper Belt, and should be called the "Kuiper Belt discrete objects." Eris Eris (136199 Eris) (average distance of 68 astronomical units) is the largest known ecliptic discrete objects, and triggered a debate on what is a planet. He diameter of at least 15% larger than Pluto, an estimated 2,400 km (1,500 miles), is the largest known dwarf planet in the. Eris has a satellite, Eris Triton (Dysnomia), the track is the same as Pluto has a large eccentricity, perihelion distance of 38.2 astronomical units (roughly the average distance of Pluto and the sun), aphelion 97.6 astronomical unit, the tilt angle of the ecliptic plane is also great. Xena Scientists at the California Institute of Technology in 2003, the edge of the solar system discovered a planet, number 2003UB313, tentatively named Xena, until July 29, 2005 was announced this discovery to the outside world. It is reported, countries astronomers in August 24, 2006 of the International Astronomical Union General Assembly, denied that it is a planet. According to reports, Xena's diameter of about one thousand four hundred and ninety miles, over the edge of the dwarf planet Pluto, the solar system bigger seventy-seven miles. The Xena nine billion miles from the sun, this distance is approximately the distance between Pluto and the sun three times, which is about 97 astronomical units, an astronomical unit refers to the distance between the Sun and the Earth. Xena orbiting the Sun once, it would take five hundred and sixty years is what we know so far the farthest star in the solar system, is "Kuyiboer Star with" the third largest in brightness of stars. It is lower than the temperature of Pluto's surface, about minus 214 degrees Celsius, is a very suitable place to live. This star takes the shape of round, most likely twice Pluto. He estimated that discovered the star of the new estimated diameter of 2,100 miles, Pluto is 1.5 times. The star and the main plane of the solar system to maintain 45 degree angle, most of the other planets orbit in the plane in the main. Brown said that it has not been found is the reason. 3.5. Farthest regions Where the end of the solar system, and the interstellar medium begins there is no clear definition of boundaries, because it requires the sun by the solar wind and gravity to decide between the two. Solar wind affects the interstellar medium, the distance is about four times the distance of Pluto, the Sun's Roche sphere but also cited the reach of the sun, is a thousand times over this distance. Heliospheric top Solar circle can be divided into two regions, the solar wind to pass the maximum distance of about 95 astronomical units, which is three times the orbit of Pluto place. Here is the edge of the terminal shock wave, that is, the solar wind and interstellar medium collide with a delta of the Department. Solar wind deceleration in here and unite and become more chaotic, form a huge oval structure, also known as Japanese sheath, look and behave like a tail in the direction towards the stellar wind extends outward to about 40 astronomical units, but the end of the extension of the opposite direction several times this distance. The outer circle is the sun on the top layer of the ball, here is the final termination of the solar wind at the outside that is interstellar space. Edge of the sun outside of the circle shape and form are likely to be interacting with interstellar material impact of fluid dynamics, but also by the dominant southern tip of the impact of the solar magnetic field; for example, the shape in the northern hemisphere than the southern hemisphere it extends more than nine astronomical units (about 15 billion km). In addition to the top layer on the ball in at about 230 astronomical units, there is a bow shock, which is when the sun is generated when walking through the Milky Way. Not to the heliospheric spacecraft flew over the top outside, so it can not ascertain the environmental conditions of interstellar space. The sun circles under the protection of cosmic rays in the solar system, is currently poorly understood. To this end, people are asking the sun to circle over the task. Oort Cloud (Oort cloud) Assuming the solar system is a sphere surrounded by clouds, filled with a lot of inactive comets from the sun, about 50,000 to 100,000 astronomical units, about equal to one light, that the sun and the next star (Proxima) distance of a quarter. Theoretical Oort Cloud hundreds of trillions of icy objects and great quality, in about 5,000 astronomical units, the farthest reach a distance of 10,000 astronomical units surrounding the solar system, is considered to be a source of long-period comets. They are considered by the gravitational pull of planets outside the solar system was thrown from the inside to where the comet. Oort cloud objects move very slowly, and can be subject to some unusual situations the impact of such collisions, or through the gravitational pull of celestial bodies, galaxies, or tidal. Sedna and Neiaoerte cloud Border Our solar system there are still many unknowns. Consider the neighboring stars, the sun's gravity is estimated to control two light years (125,000 AU) range. Oort Cloud extends out the extent of probably not more than 50,000 astronomical units. Although the discovery of Sedna, the range between the Kuiper Belt and Oort cloud, there are still tens of thousands of astronomical units in radius of the area is yet to be detected. Mercury and the Sun is also continuing between the regions of study. Unknown regions of the solar system may still be found. Dwarf planet Is a dwarf planet Ceres (Ceres), Xena Star (Xena) and satellite Charon (Charon) consisting of
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Galaxies associated with
Solar system is located in a galaxy called the Milky Way, 100,000 light years in diameter, with about two hundred billion stars in the barred spiral galaxy. Sun ranked outside of our Milky Way spiral arm of one, called the Orion Arm or Local Arm. Sun from the galactic center 25,000 to 28,000 light-years away in the Milky Way is roughly 220 km / sec, so a turn around the public need for the Galaxy 200 million $ 25 from 1 million to 200 million 50 million years, the orbital period known as the Milky Way years. The location of the solar system in the Milky Way The sun to the point (apex) is the sun in front of interstellar space in the direction of movement near the close of Hercules bright Vega direction. 4.1 The adjacent area The location of the solar system stars in the Milky Way is sparsely yo, known as the interstellar cloud area. This is a shaped like an hourglass, the gas density and star rare, about 300 light years in diameter of the interstellar medium, galaxies known as the bubble area. This bubble is full of high-temperature plasma, is considered by some recent supernova explosion generated. The sun at a distance of 10 light years (94.6 trillion kilometers), only a few a few of the stars, the closest is 4.3 light years away from the triple star, Centaur α. Α Centauri A and B are very close and similar to the stars and the sun, and C (also known as the star next to Centauri) is a small red dwarf star, a distance of 0.2 Guangnian of the binary around the . Next is 6 light-years away from the Barnard Star, 7.8 light years Wolf 359,8.3 light of La Lande 21185. Distance of 10 light years away from the biggest star is 8.6 light years of a blue star - Sirius, its mass of about 2 times the sun, there is a white dwarf (Sirius B star) around its revolution. Within 10 light years, there are 8.7 light years away from the red dwarf star composed of two Cetus UV; and 9.7 light years distance, the solitary red dwarf Ross 154. Similar to the Sun and our nearest star is our single 11.9 light years away from the Cetus τ, a mass of about 80% of the sun, but only 60% brightness.
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Discovery and exploration
The five planets closest to Earth, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn, the sky is the five brightest objects in the ancient Greek known as the "πλανήτης" (planets, meaning wanderers), has been know In a stellar move on the background of the celestial sphere, which is the "planet" the origin of the term. Although the brightest Uranus can also use the naked eye when seen, but still escaped the naked eye observation, until 1781 was discovered. 5.1. Telescopes The solar system to open a probe by the telescope, the astronomers first began to start drawing the dark and invisible because of brightness of objects on the occasion. Galileo was the first astronomer discovered the details of solar system objects. He found that the moon's crater, the sun's surface are sunspots, Jupiter has four satellites around. Huygens chase with Galileo's discovery, discovery of Saturn's satellite Titan and Saturn's ring shape. Follow-up of Saturn Cassini discovered four satellites, and rings of Saturn Cassini gap, Jupiter's Great Red Spot. In 1705, 爱德蒙哈雷 recognize comet appeared in 1682, is actually 75-76 years will be repeated at intervals of a comet, now known as Halley's Comet. This is in addition to day experience of the planets around the sun than the first evidence of the revolution. In 1781, William Herschel in the observation of a comet when it considers a new, found a joint in the Taurus star. In fact, it shows the track is a planet, Uranus, this is the first one to be discovered planet. 1801, Chu Se Pupi Aceh found that Ceres, which is located between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter a small world, but a beginning, he was as a planet. However, the ensuing discovery in this region up to tens of thousands of small bodies, causing them to be re-classified as an asteroid. To 1846, Uranus orbits led many to question the error is not a planet at a distance there is another force for him. Eban LeVier calculations eventually led to the discovery of Neptune. In 1859, because some of the perihelion of Mercury's orbit Newtonian mechanics can not explain the slight movement ("Mercury perihelion"), which some people assume there is a water planet Vulcan in Star (Chinese often translated as "Vulcan Star") exist; but This movement eventually proved to be of general relativity to explain, but some astronomers have yet to give up on the "water of the planet," to explore. Outside the orbits of the planets to explain the apparent deviation 帕西瓦尔罗 Will that on the outer planet must have a presence, and call it Planet X. After his death, it's Lowell Observatory continues to search for work, and finally in 1930 by Tombaugh discovered Pluto. However, Pluto is so small, it is not enough to affect the planet's orbit, so its discovery is purely coincidental. Like Ceres, he was initially treated as planets, but in the neighboring region of similar size found in many objects, so in 2006 the International Astronomical Union Pluto was reclassified as a dwarf planet. In 1992, the University of Hawaii astronomer David Zhu Massachu_set_ts Institute of Jennifer Witte and Nilu found 1992 QB1, proved to be a cold, similar to the asteroid belt of the new population, which is now known as Kuiper belt, Pluto and Charon are is one of the members. Michael Brown, Chad Gaudet Luxi slightly and David Rabinowitz announced the discovery in 2005 of Pluto, Eris is larger than the discrete objects on the disk is orbiting the sun in Neptune after the largest object . 5.2 spacecraft observations Since entering the space age, many of the national space agencies are probing the organization and execution of unmanned spacecraft exploration missions. All solar system planets have been visited by a spacecraft launched Earth, had varying degrees of study. Although there are no tasks, humans can still watch all the planet's surface close to the photo, in the case of a landing craft, also carried out some soil and atmospheric experiments. The first man-made objects in space in 1957, the former Soviet Union launched Sputnik One, the success of a year-long around the earth. In 1959, the United States launched Pioneer 6, the first images sent back from space satellites. The first successful flying over the other celestial bodies within the solar system is the Moon 1, 1959 over the moon. Was originally intended to hit the moon, but it missed the target to become the first man-made objects around the Sun. Mariner 2 was the first man-made objects around other planets, orbiting Venus in 1962. The success of the first one is around Mars Mariner 4 in 1964. Until 1974, only 10 to the Mercury Mariner. The first detection of extrasolar planets is the Pioneer 10 spacecraft in 1973, Jupiter. In 1979, Pioneer 11 became the first spacecraft to visit Saturn spacecraft. Travelers plan launched in 1977, has two large outer planets spacecraft cruise, visited Jupiter in 1979, 1980 and 1981 visits have a Saturn. Voyager 2 continue to close in 1986, close to Uranus and Neptune in 1989. Travelers have been away from the spacecraft outside the orbit of Neptune, the discovery and study of the terminal shock wave, on the top layer of the sheath and on the path of the ball on the move. Based on NASA data, the spacecraft has been in two travelers from the sun at about 93 astronomical units access to the terminal shock wave. No spacecraft has visited the Kuiper Belt objects. In the January 19, 2006 launch of New Horizons will be the first one man-made spacecraft to detect this region. Unmanned spacecraft is expected to ship over Pluto in 2015. If this proved to be feasible, the task will be expanded to continue to observe some of the other Kuiper belt objects. In 1966, in addition to the Earth than the moon to become the first of a satellite orbiting the solar system objects (Moon 10), then in 1971 Mars (Mariner 9), Venus in 1975 (No. 9 Venus), Jupiter 1995 (Galileo, also in 1991, passing first to fly a small Gaspra), Eros in 2000 (to join - Shoemaker Road), and Saturn in 2004 (Cassini - Huygens) . Messenger spacecraft is en route to Mercury, is expected to begin in 2011, the first orbiting Mercury's orbit; the same time, the Dawn spacecraft will _set_ the track around Vesta in 2011 and 2015 to explore Ceres. Other celestial bodies in the solar system first landing plan is the former Soviet Union in 1959 are the moon the moon 2. Since then, more and more distant planet arrived in 1966, planned landing or crash Venus (Venus 3), 1971 to Mars (Mars No. 3), but until 1976 only the success of the Viking 1 landing on Mars, 2001 landed in Eros (rendezvous - Shoemaker Road), and the 2005 landing Saturn's moons Titan (Huygens). Galileo spacecraft in 1995, also threw a probe into Jupiter's atmosphere; because there is no solid surface of Jupiter, the probe is in the process decreased gradually increasing the temperature and pressure to destroy out. 5.3. Manned exploration The detection limit is still being manned in the environment near the Earth. The first into space (more than 100 km height definition) who is a former Soviet astronaut Yuri Gagarin, on April 12, 1961 aboard the East at the sky. The first objects outside the earth to walk on Neil Armstrong, it is in the 1969 Apollo 11 mission, on July 21 completed on the moon. U.S. space shuttle is the only re-use of the spacecraft, and many times the task has been completed. In orbit, NASA's first space station was Skylab, the crew can have a number, 1973 to 1974, while successfully by carrying three astronauts. Make the first real life human in space of the former Soviet Union's Mir space station from 1989 to 1999 continued to operate in orbit for nearly a decade. It retired in 2001, subsequent international space station has since then continued to sustain human life in space. In 2004, SpaceShipOne became the No. 1 private funded Dir to enter sub-orbital spacecraft. In the same year, former U.S. President George Bush announced the space exploration vision: replace the aging space shuttle, return to the moon, to Mars and even manned.
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Research and other
6.1 of the solar system Long-term studies of the solar system, such differentiated several disciplines: * Solar System Chemistry: Chemical space is an important division, various objects of the chemical composition of the solar system (including source materials, elements and isotope abundance) and physical - chemical properties and the chronology and chemical evolution of the problem. Chemistry and origin of the solar system is closely related to the solar system. * Solar physics: the solar system's planets, moons, asteroids, comets, meteors and interplanetary matter of physical properties, chemical composition and cosmic environment of the subjects. * The law of gravity within the solar system: all objects within the solar system by gravitational interactions between the laws followed. * Stability of the solar system: cosmogony and one of the basic problems of celestial mechanics Painters of the HD69830 planetary 6.2 Other planetary systems (including the earth-moon system) While scholars agree that in addition to other similar celestial system and the solar system, but until 1992 only to find other planetary systems. Line has been found hundreds of galaxies, but more material is still very small. These planetary discovery is to rely on the Doppler effect, by observing the periodic changes in stellar spectra, analysis of stellar velocity changes, and to infer whether there are planets there, and can calculate the planet's mass and orbit. The application of this technique can only be found in wood-star planets, like Earth-sized planets to be found. In addition, similar to solar system objects on the system, another purpose of the study is to explore whether there are other planets with life.
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Titius series
Titius - Bode _set_ is (Titius-Bode law), referred to as "wave was the law," is about the solar system planets orbit a simple geometric rules. It was in 1766 Germany lost a secondary school teacher Dai Weiti Adams (Johann Daniel Titius, 1729 ~ 1796) found. The station was later the Berlin Observatory, was long-wave (Johann Elert Bode) summarized the experience into a formula. The average distance of the planets with the sun, the experience of law. In 1766, the Germans put Christie lost out to take a series 0,3,6, 12,24,48,96,192 ... ... and then the number with four each, divided by 10, can be approximated astronomical units of the various planets with the sun's average distance. 1772, German astronomer wave was further studied the problem, this _set_ is released, which was named Titius - Bode _set_ is sometimes referred to as Titius was given then or wave is determined. This _set_ can be expressed as: from near to far from the sun by the calculation, corresponding to the n-th planet (in terms of Mercury, n is not taken to be 1, but - ∞), its distance from the sun with a = 0.4 +0.3 × 2n-2) (astronomical units) Planetary Formulas push the value measured Mercury 0.4 0.39 Venus 0.7 0.72 Earth 1.0 1.00 Mars 1.6 1.52 Asteroid belt 2.8 2.9 Jupiter 5.2 5.20 Saturn 10.0 9.54 Uranus 19.6 19.18 Neptune 38.8 30.06 [Pluto 77.2 39.44 (does not meet series)]
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Overview and track
The protagonist of the solar system is among the center of the sun, it is a spectral classification of G2V main sequence star, with the quality of the solar system known to 99.86%, and gravity dominates the solar system. Jupiter and Saturn, the solar system's largest planets, but also the quality of accounting for the remaining 90% or more, is still an hypothesis, the Oort cloud, do not know what percentage of quality possession. Solar system orbits within the main objects of the solar system orbit in the earth around the sun's orbital plane (the ecliptic) in the vicinity. Planets are very close to the ecliptic, while comets and Kuiper Belt Objects, usually have more obvious angle. Bird's eye view from the north down to the solar system, all the planets and other celestial bodies, most of all to counter-clockwise (right) direction around the sun. Some exceptions, such as Halley's Comet. Movement of objects around the sun are to comply with Kepler's laws of planetary motion, the sun is elliptical orbits have a focus and closer to the sun, the faster. Nearly circular orbits of planets, but many comets, asteroids and Kuiper Belt objects orbit is highly elliptical. In such a vast space, there are many ways in the solar system can be shown the distance of each track. In fact, the more distant planet from the sun or ring, and will be farther away from the previous one, and only a few exceptions. For example, Mercury, Venus in astronomical units outside the range of about 0.33, while the distance between Saturn and Jupiter is 4.3 astronomical units, Neptune and Uranus in astronomical units outside 10.5. Some have attempted to explain the relationship between changes in the orbit from the interaction. According to the distance from the sun, planets order of Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, (away from the sun closer to Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars is called the terrestrial planets, Jupiter and Saturn as giant planets, Uranus and Neptune planet called aphelion) 8 in 7 there is a natural satellite around these stars is customary because the Earth's satellite is called the moon and the moon are considered. In the outer planets have many small particles of dust and form rings around the planet, and in addition to the earth, the visible planets in the name of the five elements, in the West is all Greek and Roman myth in the name of god.
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Titius series
Titius - Bode _set_ is (Titius-Bode law), referred to as "wave was the law," is about the solar system planets orbit a simple geometric rules. It was in 1766 Germany lost a secondary school teacher Dai Weiti Adams (Johann Daniel Titius, 1729 ~ 1796) found. The station was later the Berlin Observatory, was long-wave (Johann Elert Bode) summarized the experience into a formula. The average distance of the planets with the sun, the experience of law. In 1766, the Germans put Christie lost out to take a series 0,3,6, 12,24,48,96,192 ... ... and then the number with four each, divided by 10, can be approximated astronomical units of the various planets with the sun's average distance. 1772, German astronomer wave was further studied the problem, this _set_ is released, which was named Titius - Bode _set_ is sometimes referred to as Titius was given then or wave is determined. This _set_ can be expressed as: from near to far from the sun by the calculation, corresponding to the n-th planet (in terms of Mercury, n is not taken to be 1, but - ∞), its distance from the sun with a = 0.4 +0.3 × 2n-2) (astronomical units) Planetary Formulas push the value measured Mercury 0.4 0.39 Venus 0.7 0.72 Earth 1.0 1.00 Mars 1.6 1.52 Asteroid belt 2.8 2.9 Jupiter 5.2 5.20 Saturn 10.0 9.54 Uranus 19.6 19.18 Neptune 38.8 30.06 [Pluto 77.2 39.44 (does not meet the number of columns)] (2006, Pluto has been "kicked" out of the solar system)
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Encyclopedia
taiyangxi Solar System solar system By the sun, planets and their moons, asteroids, comets, meteoroids and interplanetary material composition of the celestial system. In the solar system, the sun is the central object; other celestial bodies are under the gravitational pull of the sun, around the sun. Establish the concept of the solar system far in ancient times, people will notice the relative position of stars in the sky over the long term remains unchanged, called stars, but there are five bright star (Venus, Jupiter, Mercury, Mars, Saturn) in the public constantly moving between stars called planets. In China, the five planets plus the Sun and the Moon, known as the "Qiyao." Aerial view of solar system In human understanding of the universe, there has been a materialism and idealism, dialectics and metaphysics two opposing world view. Chinese ancient books record the movement of the Earth's point of view simple materialism and dialectics, such as "days of L, to the right action" ("Spring Wei Yuan life bud"), "the earth is found in the Sky" ("Win fight record ")" to move beyond constant, people do not know, for example, in a large boat, sitting close lattice window, boat trip and the people feel are "(" Book of Cowling Wei Yao "). The third century BC, the ancient Greek scholars speculate Arleigh Stark sun than Earth, that the earth rotating around the sun, not the sun around the earth rotation. However, from ancient times to the Middle Ages, that the earth does not move to living in the center of the universe dominated misconceptions. In China, there have been "celestial dome", "celestial globe that" and "infinite space." In the West, the "seventh heaven," saying that the stars embedded in nine crystal ball, crystal ball from the inside out on each floor was covered with the moon, Mercury, Venus, Sun, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, the eighth floor on the ball pinned all the stars, the highest day of the ninth layer is the gods reside; nine-day rotation around the earth in harmony. Later, the crystal ball has been replaced by a circular orbit. The fourth century BC, the ancient Greek scholar Aristotle are right to assume that the earth is spherical, but he believes the earth does not move to live in the center of the universe. He also insisted on the celestial perfection, that things in heaven and earth is very different, the stars are perfectly circular orbit along the run. In order to explain the eastward shift of the planets relative to stars and sometimes ("anterograde"), sometimes westward movement ("retrograde") phenomenon, the ancient Greek scholar Awa Clooney proposed "round all round eccentric model" that the five planets in the smaller circle track ("round") to make constant rotation, round center in a larger circular orbit ("all round") on constant rotation around the Earth, but Earth is located in the center off all round. About AD 140, the astronomer Ptolemy of Alexandria wrote, "Almagest", summed up and developed the previous results, the establishment of a geocentric system, the "round" and "all round" made some choices, to fit the movement of planets and planetary ephemeris developed, broadly in line with the observation position was consistent with low accuracy. Geocentric system because God created the moon and stars with the religious teachings and human step, by the religious rulers of the long-term shelter and use. Although with the development of society, the practice of astronomical observations in the geocentric system increasingly exposed the fallacy, however, this system is still confined people's thinking, many people within this system is only tinkering. Summary and analysis of the Polish astronomer Copernicus predecessors on the day, month and planetary observations, and according to his own practice, thirty years a large number of observations, published in 1543, "celestial bodies" theory proposed a heliocentric system that "moving day carefully, said." He concluded that: the earth is not center of the universe, the sun is the center of the universe, the Earth is a planet, and with the other planets around the sun; moon and stars Dongsheng West fall is a reflection of the Earth's rotation; the moon is Earth's satellite, one revolution around the earth every month, and follow the Earth around the sun. This is the history of human knowledge a big leap forward, the natural sciences from theology of liberation. Through the test of practice, that is increasingly moving day carefully recognized and developed. Early 17th century Galileo discovered the telescope's four large satellites of Jupiter, Venus, the observed losses and so on. Then, the German astronomer Johannes Kepler Tycho analyzed a large number of observations, proposed three laws of planetary motion. Eighties the seventeenth century, Newton discovered the law of gravity, theoretically clarify the law of planetary motion around the sun. The early eighteenth century, English astronomer Halley calculated the orbit of many comets, Halley successfully predicted the re-emergence in early 1759. 1781 FW Herschel (see Herschel a) found that Uranus was discovered satellites of Uranus. In 1846, the projected use of celestial mechanics
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English Expression
: the solar system, the sun and the planets which move around it, soalr system
eight major planets