City Planning's mission is: According to the national urban development and construction policy, economic and technological policies, long-term economic and social development plans, regional planning, and urban your area of natural, historical conditions and present characteristics and construction conditions, Buzhi urban system; of urban nature, scale and layout; unified planning, rational use of urban land; comprehensive deployment of urban economy, culture, infrastructure and other construction, to ensure the orderly city, and coordinated development, so that the city's good economic development and construction , social and environmental benefits.
Translated by Google
Follow the principles of urban planning
There are five principles of urban planning, including: integration of the principles, economic principles, safety principles, aesthetic principles and social principles. Urban planning principles, is the right treatment of municipal and national, regional, relationship between other cities, urban construction and the relationship between economic development, urban construction, the internal relationship between the guiding ideology. In the urban planning process, should follow and uphold the following principles: 1. Integrating Urban planning should proceed from reality, correctly handle the relationship between the integration and coordination of the principle. (1) urban development should be to scale, the construction standards, norms and criteria. Total Fat program to ask the national and local economic and technological development level. (2) to correctly handle local urban construction and the dialectical relationship between the overall development. From the overall situation of the various components of the urban layout to achieve the functions in the space clear, prioritized, with each course, the city considered various types of construction science intrinsic link between land, reasonable arrangements for urban living areas, industrial areas, commercial area, cultural and educational areas, the formation of a unified and coordinated organic whole. (3) to properly handle the construction and city planning near the dialectical relationship between long-term development. The formation of any city has a development and transformation process of updating the city's long-term development of the recent construction is an important part, therefore, it is necessary to maintain the relative integrity of the recent construction, but also a scientific forecast of long-term development needs, can not just immediate interests to the neglect of long-term development, to leave room for the long-term development. (4) properly handle the city's economic development and the environment of the dialectical relationship. To protect and improve the urban ecological environment, prevent pollution and other hazards, and urban green building construction and appearance and environmental sanitation, protection of historical and cultural heritage, traditional style of the city, the local character and natural landscape; not one-sided pursuit of economic efficiency, to pollute the environment. Destroy the ecological balance, affecting the cost of urban development to avoid duplication of "pollution first, treatment later," the old road, and to make the city's economic development and environment simultaneously. Interdependence with the environment is an organic whole, to maintain coordination between man and nature, the common responsibility of both modern humans, but also the basic principles of urban planning. 2. Economy Urban planning should insist on the application of economic principles, and implement the principle of diligence and thrift, which a developing country like China is particularly important. (1) must be based on rational land use, the principle of land conservation, so plan carefully and cherish every inch of the city, as less farmland. Does not account for farmland. Land is a city carrier, is non-renewable resources. A small number of arable land per capita, the low level of overall quality, not rich reserve of resources to be long-term adherence to the "great value and rational use of every inch of land, effectively protecting cultivated land" policy. 3. Safety principles Security needs is one of the most basic human needs. Therefore, urban planning to urban disaster prevention measures in urban planning index system. (1) City planning shall comply with City towels fire, explosion, earthquake, flood control, anti-debris flow requirements. Possible strong earthquake in the region and serious floods, must be taken in planning for earthquake, flood control measures; special attention to high-rise building fire safety precautions and so on. (2) must pay attention to urban planning law and order, traffic control and air defense and other issues. Such as urban planning should make an effort to eliminate the local environment conducive to crime and prevent the "blind spot." Planning is a comprehensive art, need to follow the laws of the United States to organize the various material elements of the city to form the city's overall beauty, gives a beautiful feeling, to avoid "urban visual pollution." (3) pay attention to the coordination of traditional and modern, to protect the city's history that a representative cultural facilities, places of interest, we should also pay attention to the spirit of the times, including the use of new materials, new processes, so that a combination of both "quite similar "instead of" shape. " (4) to the natural landscape and cultural landscape and coordination, building style and character of the coordination environment. Urban planning needs through the building layout, density. Storey, space and shape and other aspects of intervention, reflecting the city's spirit and temperament, to meet the ecological requirements. 5. Social principles The so-called social principle is _set_ in urban planning as the guiding ideology of the whole community services, and implement favorable production and convenient living, and promote circulation, economic prosperity, culture and education to promote science and technology principles, to meet the various needs of the community. (1) designed to focus on the harmony between man and the environment. Who is the protagonist of the environment, so building a dialogue with people, the introduction of parks, plazas, a public space for exchange of contact so that the public enjoy the full sun, green spaces, clean air, modern public facilities, comfortable and safe living environment, such full of amenities and humane urban environment, has become the 21st century in many cities the planning and construction goals. (2) is designed to promote barrier-free environment. City facilities not only provide convenience for healthy adults, but also for the old, weak, sick, disabled, young sake of the building entrances, street shops, entertainment venues _set_ barrier-free access, reflecting the highly civilized society. China's current and future elderly and the disabled are more countries to promote barrier-free design in the city, its significance is particularly important.
Translated by Google
Follow the principle of detailed urban planning
Urban planning according to their contents and the different tasks, the overall planning and detailed planning is divided into two stages. The adjustment of the overall urban planning and change: the adjustment of the overall urban planning that the city people's government according to the city's economic construction and social development, according to the actual needs of the general plan has been approved for partial change; modify the master plan that the city government in implementation of the overall planning process, we found the overall planning of certain basic principles and framework can not meet the city's economic construction and social development requirements, must make significant changes. Layout of the basic requirements of urban planning: One. Easy to use by residents. Levels of public service facilities should be reasonably service radius, generally: Residential district 800 ~ 1000M Residential Grade 400 ~ 500M Residential group-level 150 ~ 200M II. Should be more convenient in traffic flow of more concentrated location, and to consider the trend of employees to work. III. As an independent mining suburban residential areas or residential areas, should be considered in rural areas near the ease of use, we must also ensure Holding the peace within residential areas. IV. At all levels of public service centers and the corresponding public green space should be arranged adjacent or near the surface of the water and some rivers and lakes to better reflect the face of urban architecture Lots.
Translated by Google
Development of urban planning
As social and economic development, urban appearance, the complexity of the human living environment, urban planning ideas and have been growing. Especially in times of social change, the old urban structure can not meet the requirements of the new circumstances of social life, urban planning theory and practice, there is often a leap. Theory of urban planning in ancient China are scattered, "Kao Gong Ji", "Rule of Law", "pipe", "Mo" and other typical auxiliary being. "Kao Gong Ji" identified "all", "King City" and "feudal city" three-tier system of cities, land zoning and road system; "Rule of Law" discusses the geographical area of a hill hills valley roads and farmland Rhyme appropriate proportion of land distribution, and the founding of the city, preparing for, population, food, land, and other relevant conditions. Emphasis on urban planning in ancient China and the whole concept of strategic thinking, emphasizing the combination of city and nature, emphasizing a strict hierarchy. The city planning ideas and various historical periods in ancient China's achievements in urban planning, embodied in a "quartet of extremely," "pre-eminent," the capital building. Warring States period, the nations capital city with the size of the system, reflecting the "fortification to Wei Jun, Guo made to keep the people" requirements. Han Chang'an City in the Square will be the palace and became one; the Three Kingdoms, Ye City by way of urban functions, the planning district; Northern and Southern Dynasties in Luoyang City, strengthening the comprehensive plan, all pre-urban development of ancient Chinese peak - the city of Chang'an Construction has played a leading role. Achievements in building the city of Chang'an of the Tang Dynasty important part of the brilliant culture, influence, and in Japan, Korea and other countries of the capital building. Song capital of Kaifeng City in China, the importance of history of the building is that it is issued in accordance with the Five King Sejong Chairong edict, to carry out a planned expansion to patients. Later, the development of commodity economy that stretches thousands of years Square made the city increasingly lax. The mid-Northern Song Dynasty, Kaifeng City street system to a more open system, formed the Chinese feudal society, the urban fabric of the late form. Yuan Dynasty Spring and Autumn period of planning the ideal learn the capital of the planning idea, but made a deal with local conditions. Evolved from the large capital of the Ming Beijing, _set_ in ancient China can be said to have been the culmination of the capital city planning. Qing Dynasty in the Beijing suburb of great distance, and Shang Lin and Garden Museum, Beijing became the capital planning and construction of the feudal era of the most brilliant examples. In the West, the ancient Greek city-states have been a hippo Damm during the planning process. Roman architect Vitruvius's "Ten buildings," explained the city location, environmental health, international building Square, public buildings and other basic principles of layout and what was then the "ideal" city mode. The slow development of medieval society, the church as the center of the city mostly. To the Renaissance, architects Alberti, Palladio, Sika Mo tin, also made a number of commercial prosperity and reflect the current diversity of urban life, urban theory and urban patterns. European cities before the industrial revolution, with the exception of Rome and a few other cities, in general, a smaller scale. Most cities are natural, urban functions and infrastructure are relatively simple, sanitary conditions are poor. Urban planning and more focused on defense capabilities and political needs, closed strong. Mainly focus on urban planning road networks and buildings in the arrangement, which is an integral part of architecture. Industrial revolution led to a worldwide urbanization, the establishment of large industrial and rural-urban focus to promote the city scale. The blind development of the city, slums and chaotic social order and environmental degradation caused by urban living, seriously affecting the living. People began to look for a solution from all aspects of modern urban planning discipline that is formed in this case. Disciplines of modern urban planning theory mainly by the urban planning, urban planning practice, urban development legislation of three parts. Modern urban planning theory began in the perspective of people from social reform to solve urban problems by various exploration. Half of the 19th century, a number of utopian socialism, utopian socialists, following after the founder of Mohr, who put forward various ideas to improve housing, improve the treatment of urban planning as one of the measures of urban social disorder. Their theory and practice of urban planning theory was influential. 19th and 20th century, Howard advocated "Garden City", regional principles put forward in 1915, Geddes, urban planning and regional planning advocate a combination of theory. Their academic thinking on the development of urban planning far-reaching thought. En text written by contemporary "urban planning practice - urban and suburban design art concept", which summarizes the history of urban development planning cases and his own experience, can be regarded as the architect to develop the field of urban planning. Subsequently, more and more architects and sociologists, geographers, economists and other research into urban planning theories. In the 19th century and most influential urban planning practice is the beginning of 1853 the Ottoman French officials in Paris presided over the development plan. Although the reconstruction of Paris, a city popular uprising and the suppression of those in power to show off the political purpose of imposing power, but the planning of road reconstruction in Paris, housing, municipal construction, land management and other comprehensive arrangements were made for alterations to make a useful exploration of the city. As a result, Cologne and Vienna and other cities have also follow suit. The initial development of city construction regulations is to maintain neat, clean, stable urban environment, to protect the health of residents. Development of the UK in 1848, "Public Health Law", which provides residential health standards, 1906 was enacted "Housing and Urban Planning Law." Established in 1907 in Sweden on urban planning and land use laws. New York enacted in 1916 to control land use and building height in the district zoning regulations, and later in 1961 to adapt to new situations and modify a zoning resolution. Practice has proved that urban construction and management have the appropriate legal system, strict city building codes to improve the quality of urban planning and construction. Since the 20th century, mankind experienced two world wars, international political, economic and social structure of great changes, rapid development of science and technology, humanities and more advanced, they begin a change in values, all on a profound impact on urban planning. 1933 "Athens Charter" outlines the problems facing modern cities, proposed measures to be taken and urban planning is the task of modern urban planning theory milestone in the development process. After World War II, city planners did not give up, "Athens Charter" the basic principles, and in giving updates on some major issues and supplements, which a view of the 1977 "Charter of Machu Picchu." Both the Charter are two different historical periods, a summary of urban planning theory, urban planning around the world have a considerable impact. Industrial revolution, the internal structure of cities has been a fundamental change, prompting the city from the theory of the structure and form, find the best model. Some people think the city should concentrate on building. French architect Le Corbusier in 1922, "Tomorrow's City" in advocating full use of technical achievements, the construction of high-density high-rise buildings, the urban concentration of development in order to obtain the best living environment and the highest efficiency Such thinking is known as the city centralization. Some have argued the city should be dispersed construction. American architect Wright's "broad acres of the city" that the city should be combined with the surrounding countryside, with an average 2.5 people per hectare residential, known as the city of decentralization, these two modes of city wide. Furthermore, it was proposed departure from the functional requirements of the city layout of various urban forms, such as "strip city", concentric ring city, wedge-shaped structure of the city, multi-core cities, etc.; someone from the organization of the city starting in the various systems , where the macro-urban areas to study the spatial structure and urban form relationships; it was also from the microscopic cells that constitute the city to analyze the unit to study the urban morphology. In recent years, starting from the concept of urban system structure and shape of the scholars is increasing.
Translated by Google
The main content of urban planning
Urban planning is a vision of development, scientific studies, expert decision-making, premised on urban economic structure, spatial structure, planning the development of social structure. Guiding and regulating the important role of urban construction, is the integrated management of the preparatory work for the city, is the leading urban management. Complex giant system features the city's urban planning is a decision with long-term urban development and adjustment of operating conditions, and constantly revised, continuous improvement and continuous improvement of the complex decision-making process. Housing and environmental problems are one of the city's basic problems. American sociologist William Perry neighborhood community problems through research, presented at the age of 20 have green residential area, primary schools, public centers and shops, and should arrange local transportation system. He first proposed the "neighborhood unit" concept, known as a pioneer in community planning theory. Later, Stein Architects Design New York, under the theory of neighborhood units in residential neighborhood near the Red Boone, a major success. Red Boone-style car era neighborhood urban structure is considered the "primary cells." After World War II, the Western countries to a neighborhood as residential construction and urban reconstruction after the war one of the criteria. Neighborhood unit theory is sociology and architecture of the product of the combination. From the 60's, some social scientists believe that it not the realistic demands of social life, because life is diverse cities, people's activities are not limited to the neighborhood. Neighborhood unit theory has gradually developed into a theory of community planning It reflects the increasing freedom of movement of social progress. Urban planners should consider changing traffic requirements. Industrial revolution, the increasing scale of the city, and local transportation issue has become one of the biggest challenges in urban development. Advances in transportation technology conflicts with the old urban structure is increasingly evident. Tripp, director of the British police of "urban planning and road traffic," a book made a lot of practical insights. He's on the "designated area" section of the planning idea is to create sub-level within the transport system to reduce the interference of the local branch. The transportation planning thought planning was thinking the same neighborhood units combined to become "extended neighborhood" concept, the pilot in Coventry, a direct impact on the Greater London plan after World War II. Since then, scholars have put forward dendritic road system, road system and other rating system, urban traffic network model. The principle of the development of public transport is now widely accepted. Urban transport planning and urban with the urban structure is closely related to other planning issues, urban planning has become an essential element. People's understanding of the traffic, but also from a simple understanding of its transport functions, and understand the spatial organization of its significance and the role of spatial contact, and to understand the urban areas is a function of land use. Research on the development of urban transport to the various requirements of the urban environment from the start of traffic. In the 19th century, the city's dirty, put forward to improve the appearance problem. Discovery of America in 1893 to commemorate the 400th anniversary of the World Exposition held in Chicago, the Chicago lakefront to build a magnificent classical architecture, wide boulevards and beautiful open space, so that people see the grand plan on the role of beautifying the urban landscape, As a result, in the United States _set_ off a "City Beautiful Movement." Saarinen architect in Austria, meaning I made the image of the city on the basis that "urban design" and asked to design the physical environment. On the social, economic, cultural, technical and natural conditions into consideration, in order to create to meet the basic needs of residents in a good environment. Formalism for the study was still, he also proposed a free and flexible design, construction coordination between monomers, buildings and building space in harmony with nature constitute some basic principles. This will be the city's landscaping requirements of the various functions of the city together organically, so that further deepened the urban planning ideas. 50 years since the 20th century, urban design point of view apart from the visual arts continue to explore other, but also from psychology, sociology, ecology, anthropology perspective of deeper and more extensive theoretical and applied research. Theory and practice of urban design urban development from the pursuit of beauty to the pursuit of efficient city - more suitable for people to work and live happy and healthy city. Associated with urban design urban park planning and construction. American Landscape Architects in 1858 Olmsted designed Central Park in New York, and later designed the Buffalo, Detroit, Chicago and Boston and other places in the park, which is planned to build the beginning of urban green space system. Practice shows that in urban planning should begin to urban green space system planning into it. The rapid urban development, building on the natural environment of artificial damage, prompting a growing emphasis on natural and artificial environment to maintain balance and coordination of urban and rural development. "The landscape" concept began to attract attention. Some scholars have made the urban planning system, elaborated, extended out of the metropolitan area as part of the human ecosystem and other concepts. Now, the country's urban planning issues are taken into protecting the natural environment. Historical monuments is not only a country and a nation's cultural treasures, but also cultural wealth of all mankind. Since ancient times, visionaries who attach great importance to cultural heritage protection work. However, the rapid development of modern times due to the city, many old buildings and historic city not only by natural erosion and human damage suffered more. 1933, "Athens Charter" from the urban planning point earlier raised the issue protection of ancient buildings. Because of these work, the people are deeply aware of the old buildings, old residential district in the practical, economic and artistic aspects of the long-term value, new ideas began to study old, old, old building renovation problems. Through a comprehensive survey, careful planning, the old, old, old building rational use of them, enabling it to adapt to new needs, while maintaining the city's cultural identity and continuity of local culture, so that the concept of urban planning and program also undergo corresponding changes. Urban development and urban problems have become more serious so that people come to realize that not only in respect of urban cities to be from a larger range - the range of the region and even to study the land and city-related issues. Geddes proposed regional principles since then, regional planning and land planning practices to the United States in 1933 launched the results of regional planning, Tennessee, the most remarkable; metropolitan area regional planning to regional planning in and around New York earlier, but also more representative. 40 years planning the development of the Greater London area in this creative development. Later, some cities have commercial, transportation and other aspects of research in the major cities of the region, there has been regional science. Industrial and mining areas from a regional perspective on planning, is an element of regional planning. More typical example of urban planning in the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union Dayton Dexter Donbas mining area planning. On the scenic spots, recreation resort areas also belong to regional planning area plan. For example, the Soviet Black Sea coast and the Caucasus spa area of regional planning. Content of regional planning is another study in rural areas. American Eagle dry "rural communities Social Analysis" is the earliest results of this study. 1933, German geographer Chris Tal in the "regional center in southern Germany," a book of the rural market centers in the area and scope of services, made the famous "Central Place Theory." According to this theory he explored the distribution of rural centers, urban commercial and service distribution, and regional planning in the urban system. Early 20th century, Geddes proposed "Life Mode", from geography, economics, anthropology perspective, on the people, the working relationship to comprehensive analysis of the city. His famous "survey before the planning, diagnosis prior to treatment" has become the motto of urban planning. The investigation of a work of a planning process has been widely adopted.
Translated by Google
Urban planning approach
Urban planning approach, different countries, such as the UK's development planning, land use planning, Federal Republic of Germany (also known as Master Plan) and the detailed planning region, the Soviet Union's master plan, short-term construction planning and detailed planning. Chinese urban planning preparation, basically since the 1950s to after World War II foreign popular methods: the first demonstration cities in developing nature of the estimated population size; then determine the land-use patterns, organizational structure of architectural space, to determine the road traffic system and other major public works systems; and the preparation of detailed urban planning and urban planning. This plan is basically a physical planning for the future of a city spatial structure of various events, is one to be within the prescribed period (eg 20 to 30 years) to achieve the status of the city's blueprint for the physical environment to guide urban development. After years of practice, a growing awareness of these planning methods can not meet society's rapid economic development. Based on an open city - the city's development and updating of knowledge will never end, urban planning community on the "continuous planning" and "rolling development" planning ideas, which is primarily focused on the recent development and construction of long-term goals is to be continually revised to supplement and adjust the implementation of a dynamic balance, which abandoned the city to urban planning as "the ultimate future state" of old ideas. In this understanding, there has been cut in city planning methods, such as the United Kingdom in 1968 with the new structure plan and local planning two-stage planning approach instead of the original development plan or master plan. In addition to planning the content of physical planning, but also increased economic planning and social planning, in order to achieve the city's socio-economic goals, become more objective, a wide range of more integrated planning. This planning approach is still evolving.
Translated by Google
Development of urban planning
In different times and different areas of urban development, and construction requirements are different, so urban planning research priorities are not the same, and with the development of the times change. Multidisciplinary research in the history of the city since ancient times, more active recently, from geography, sociology, economics, environmental engineering, ecology, behavior, psychology, history, archeology, etc. made of urban problems results, greatly enriched the fair city planning theory. This trend will continue in the future there will be more discipline into urban problems and the development of fields of study. Systems engineering, engineering control theory and other mathematical methods and computer techniques in remote sensing and other new areas of fair application of City Planning in gradually extended their data collection and processing, forecasting evaluation methods and means available, help to improve the quality of urban planning. The city and urban planning, with deepening understanding. Based on the dynamic city is a comprehensive system of urban planning study not only focus on the division of land use on the plane, but also not limited to the layout of three-dimensional space, but the introduction of the time, economic and social variety of the requirements of "a comprehensive study of coherence . " Work in urban planning, will consider the maximum range of predictable and unpredictable, and to provide freedom of choice as much as possible, and to the future development of sufficient room and a variety of possibilities. As all-inclusive urban problems, it was suggested in the relevant discipline group to study the city based on the nature, urban model, urban systems and urban development strategies for the purpose of learning; it was suggested that systematic study of the establishment of villages, towns, cities, various human _set_tlements for the purpose of science and other human _set_tlements. The achievements of these new disciplines, or contribute to a better understanding of the city's macro, but it's progress needs to be done to establish a large number of urban problems in the research work of the foundation. Difficult and intricate task of urban studies, this also shows that it is rich in vitality. Always in the development of the city, urban problems go hand in hand, but humans will be more conscious application of a wide range of knowledge and wealth of imagination and creativity, the development of urban environment planning, construction and management science. Urban planning from the initial study of socio-economic development strategy, the final building to implement the material to form for people to live and work in the body environment. Urban planning is a prerequisite for the construction of buildings and gardens, and the space required to prepare for the conditions, progress of the study urban planning and landscape architecture school also provides an unprecedented pioneering vast. Planners and architects, landscape designers work objective is the same. With the development of human society, the organic integration of these three disciplines and collaborative creation, is bound to shape the environment of the building to a higher level.
Translated by Google
Other branches of Architecture
Architecture overview, building physics, building optical, thermal engineering construction, architectural acoustics, building economics, building construction science, architecture school, room acoustics, Interior Design, Landscape Architecture, urban planning, civil engineering, mechanical engineering, water mechanics, soil mechanics, rock mechanics, coastal hydrology, road engineering, traffic engineering, bridge engineering, hydraulic engineering.
Translated by Google
Planning encyclopedia
urban planning for a period of time the city's economic and social development, land use, spatial layout and the building of the deployment, specific arrangements and implementation management.
Translated by Google
Planning encyclopedia
Urban planning urban planning 】 【Certain period of time the concept of the city's economic and social development, land use, spatial layout and the building of the deployment, specific arrangements and implementation management. 【Description】 terms from the disciplines of urban planning is a comprehensive discipline, it involves sociology, architecture, geography, economics, engineering, environmental science, aesthetics and other disciplines. From the administrative perspective, urban planning is an important duty of the government and important work. In 50 years, said city planning is a continuation of the national economic plan and specific. To the early 80s, a period of time, said urban planning is urban development plans and the construction of an integrated deployment. With the reform in depth, we generally agreed that the preparation of urban planning should not only physical planning, and should include the city's vision of economic and social development, land use, spatial layout and construction of integrated planning. City planning general comprehensive planning and detailed planning in two phases. From formulation to implementation, urban planning should be subject to preparation, approval and implementation of management procedures. When they find urban planning and urban economic and social development requires not suited to large, may by statutory procedures, to adjust part of the overall urban planning and even make some major changes.
Translated by Google
Economic Wikipedia
Urban planning, is developed by the city authority and approved by higher levels of government within a certain period of urban nature, size and deployment of development objectives, as well as urban land, buildings and facilities such as the layout of local regulations or legally binding document.
Translated by Google
Encyclopedia
chengshi guihua Town Planning urban planning A certain period of urban development plans and the construction of an integrated deployment and management of the city is building the basis for the city. Content of urban planning urban planning can be divided into the overall planning and detailed planning stages. Urban planning is a detailed master plan for further concrete. Its main task is the construction of urban planning within the scope of the recent housing construction, municipal engineering, utilities, landscaping, sanitation and other public facilities to make specific arrangements; determine the red line the streets, road sections and the control point coordinates, elevation; _select_ed residential buildings, public buildings, public green projects such as fixed targets. A brief history of urban planning and development of the city by the formation of material means of production constraints, but also by the city's regional economic base and the specific impact of self-construction conditions. Back in slave society, many of the city's distribution and its construction and development already has planning intentions. Such as the capital of the Shang Dynasty in China have neat and rules of the road system in the city pattern. Into the capitalist society, the city developed rapidly, due to large-scale industrial production and changes in the structure of traffic (rail, port water, air and car traffic there), and other effects of urban congestion, layout, confusion, severe pollution and deterioration of working and living conditions situation is getting worse. In 1898, the United Kingdom provided E. Howard
mass transit