(A) Classification of wind instruments:
The pronunciation of the wind instruments mostly bamboo or wooden body. According to its start-up in different ways, can be divided into three categories: the first category, in order to provoke airflow blowing mouthpiece string vibrations are: flute, flute (Qudi and bangdi), whistle and so on. The second category, the air blown through the reed vibrating string are: suona, sea flute, pipes, tubes and pipes, etc. double. The third category, airflow through the reed vibration caused by the column are: Sheng, hold Sheng, Pai Sheng, Bau and so on.
(Two) wind instrument features:
Because of different wind instruments pronunciation principle, so highly personalized musical instruments, the type and tone colorful. And due to a variety of different instruments playing skills as well as regional, ethnic, age and different players, making national instrumental in the development of wind instruments in the long process of forming an extremely rich musical skills with a unique playing style and genre.
(Three) the introduction of wind instruments:
1: Xiao
(A) the origin of flute: flute in the Six Dynasties era called by (plus bamboo head), by (plus bamboo head) is transmitted from the Central Plains region of northwest China Qiang areas, initially only four press Kong, Han Jing Fang (BC 77 years - 37 years ago) plus a hole in the back, only five by holes. Jin musicians columns and in about 247 BC by the blowing of the flute (flute), there are six press Kong, with today's flute almost. In the Tang Dynasty, there is a wind instrument called a shakuhachi, flute shape similar to today's. (2) flute composition: the bamboo flute wind instrument, blowing straight at the first five holes after an upper end opening a blow hole. (3) the form of flute playing: flute mellow, soft, for accompaniment, ensemble and solo.
(1) flute origin: ancient horizontal blowing flute. Formerly popular in Northwest Minority Areas, incoming Han Chang'an, after the popular country, for the common folk musical instruments. Have emerged as early as the Han Dynasty bamboo flute, flute, mostly Han seven holes century BC, a Han Dynasty, called the transverse flute blowing, advocating music occupies an important position. This and Zhang Qian Western (now Xinjiang and Central area), the incoming Western Hu flute flute music playing experience and relevant. Late Sui Zhou and flutes in the name. Tang and Song Dynasties flute no film holes. Flute with membrane hole records found in "History of Qing Dynasty Music": "flute, cut bamboo whom, all wrapped in a silk tail ends Garonne first, left a hole, another blow hole, the second hole plus Dimo" . After using Dimo, flute sound, the volume has a significant change. (2) flute composition: Ancient bamboo flute, mostly, but there are also iron flute, steel flute, porcelain flute, flute, flute common in the Tang and Song poetry since being. Palace Museum and China Academy of Art Music Institute are in possession of the Qing Dynasty leading flute, flute body lacquered, depicting dragon. Modern popular multi-purpose black bamboo flute, water hyacinth bamboo (Bamboo), Xiang Fu bamboo, Withered yellow, long-stemmed bamboo, bamboo Merlot production, may be increased according to the length, bore to the festival hollow tube body blow open holes , membrane pore, one each, by the sound hole six, crisp sound, the range is wider, often play a musical instrument as the main melody, expressive very rich. Can blow a little more than two tones. Front and rear sound hole a sound hole two. Blowholes seven side tube plugging with soft wooden flute cold, cold to blow hole flute section of the tube body bore flute called submarine or brain. Used to tuning out the sound hole before and after the end of the flute tone pitch recently, can beautify the tone, increase volume, can also be based floating spike purposes. Some flute carved dragon and phoenix birds henselae pattern, painted tail ends of bone or ivory inlay. Ming and Qing Dynasties, is used for a variety of opera music flute accompaniment, gradually ceded bangdi (past for accompaniment Clapper Opera) and Qudi (past or used for accompaniment opera ensemble) two kinds. Bangdi shorter than Qudi, pitch difference generally four degrees. State first major accompaniment Bangzi named, slightly higher range, tone and bright, common tongue skills, rich rhythm, decorative figurations change, good performance live wave brisk, energetic expansive mood, with the characteristics of the northern music ; Qudi accompaniment to the main Queensland strong (opera), named after the lower range, plump mellow tone, pay attention to the techniques of gas, rich in dynamics and timbre changes, good performance of the internal subtle, soft and graceful temperament, has the characteristics of the South . After the liberation, for flute conducted a number of reforms, has prepared a _set_ of twelve tone flute and Qudi basis of restructuring the Canadian bond flute, retain the original six sound hole, with the key sub-control of the new increasing semitone, easy and temporary lifting semitone transpose. (3) flute playing forms: bamboo flute flute pronunciation crisp loud, full of vitality. Particularly good at playing the beautiful lyrical melodies, often instrumental ensemble served as lead player. Flute sound crisp, bright, large volume, skill-rich, very strong performance, is the wind instruments in an important instrument. Flute can play a variety of styles, mood music, can solo, trio and ensemble. In western band, sometimes as a color instrument, get unique effects. Bangdi (piccolo) pronunciation pitched unrestrained, tone zone is higher. Qudi (flute) pronunciation elegant Run thick tone areas are generally lower than bangdi four degrees. Flute playing skills are: China photo (also known as "whirring", "roll tongue", issued trembling tongue tremolo) portamento (a finger slip, slide two kinds of gas, means portamento amplitude) chop sound (with rapidly, largely due to strong finger glide tone) calendar tone (large scale along the top or bottom of the ornament) reduplicated (above the second or third degree sound short and light Yi Yin) to play sound (the sound After blowing the top two, three short and light ornamentation) vibrato, Yin tone (or "vibrato") spit tone (slow tonguing is to make the melody or long tone disconnect, rapid tonguing a single spit , double spit), etc. (4) the representative works of flute playing and characters: often played the flute song are: "Flying Partridge", "357", "morning", "Suzhou OK", "good news", "Past and Present", "Pamir spring "," Yam Bird, "" Happy Encounter "," five clapper "," small cattle "," birds cited "and so on.
3: suona
(A) the origin of the suona: suona, ancient Zohar Liao, Su Ernai. Known speakers, small suona, sea flute. Originally a Persian musical instrument, introduced into China before the Ming Dynasty, the first of the army of the music, after the entry folk. Yamashina Qi "ternary graph" (1607) that "Suo Nye" The system as speaker ...... I do not know what effect on generations, when Is the army is fun. Today's multi-folk. "Suona Jin Dynasty (265 AD - 420 years) has been popular in the Xinjiang region in the Qing Dynasty called" Su Ernai. "Surna its name comes from Arabic transliteration. Ming Wang West Wing" overturned child "word, saying:" Speaker Lock Which, music and small, large cavities children, Guan Chuan exchange tangled, only been you pretentious. "artistic expression of its function at the time portrayed very vivid. (2) The composition of the suona structure: suona, a wooden conical tube opening eight holes (front seven after a), top mounted a brass woodwind, brass and reed system top cover a whistle, woodwind bottom mounted a brass horn loudspeaker. pitched tone and bright, some folk Artists can control the breath, blowing gentle voice. reformed suona has high, medium and low, and some also add a sound button, expanding the range. suona whistle by a double reed (Phragmites australis is made), the core member (copper ), poles (wooden cone, a total of eight vents, front seven after a) and copper bowls (flare) four parts, vertical wind, the size of different specifications. (3) suona playing forms: suona civil One of the most widely used musical instruments, the use of a wide range of regional and, except for the ensemble, solo, but also for opera, dance and other accompaniment sound percussion music in China or local opera orchestra, often used as a lead instrument suona use suona huge volume, sound rough, suitable performance cheerful, warm, majestic music and a warm and lively scene, playing skills can be highly cadenza, but also to imitate birds and insects chirping. mostly used folk festivals, weddings and marriage and drama scenes, often with percussion cooperation. playing style of the big points north and south factions. faction mostly for men or for opera tunes playing opera accompaniment Northern School wider spread, also playing skills is very complicated. suona good imitation of the human voice and other animal tweets and natural sound. northern kind of "click cavity", complete imitation of opera, the task of singing songs, and even imitate read white lines are very realistic. playing skills are: portamento, vibrato, tonguing, flower tongue, gas arch tone, gas cap tone, three string sounds, Xiao Yin, etc. In addition, suona caused by a "loop ventilation Law", that is, in the long drum gills inspiratory breath sounds continuously method (4) suona playing Representative works: Representative works: "Bainiaozhaofeng"
4: Pipe
(A) the origin of the pipe: pipe popular in northern China, ancient Hichiriki or Tartar pipe. About 581-618 (SUI) by the Western Kucha (now Xinjiang Kuqa) into the Central Plains. The nine Yue Sui, ten music in the Hichiriki are very important instrument. Tang Dynasty, with the musical culture of Learning, he was introduced into Korea and Japan. The Nara Shosoin today still treasure Tang Hichiriki. Song after the inflow of folk. Now mainly in northern China folk pop, mainly in southern Guangdong, Fujian generation use. (2) The composition of the tube structure: a wooden tube, open on eight holes (after a previous seven). Nozzle _insert_ a whistle made of reed. After the liberation, pipe manufacturing and wind technology has been developed. A reformed tube, range extended to two groups and six tones, plus key tube can be played twelve semitones, in ensemble and solo play a greater performance. Currently the band has often used alto pipes, bassoon and processing key tube. (3) pipe performance forms: high-pitched tone tube, solid sound quality, sound neighbor, possession double reed whistle (reed system) and a pole (multi-purpose mahogany, useful also made of lead or tin) two parts, the pole of eight holes. In addition, there is a two tubes in parallel play. Called "double tube." Pipe playing skills and suona roughly the same, but its courage than suona difficult. Because high-pitched tone pipe band in the north tube is often used to lead player. (4) pipe played Representative works: Representative works: "River Water" was originally called "Jiang child water" after the well adapted for the erhu, and very moving.
5: Sheng
(A) the origin of Sheng: Sheng is a very ancient Chinese musical instruments. As the ancient Chinese reed wind instrument s, early in the Yin Oracle (BC 1401 - before 1122) in there on Sheng records. "The Book of Songs" in the "I have guests, harp Flutist. Flutist drum spring, bearing baskets is." (Xiaoya, Luming) records. "Mailyard music" in mind: "Big Sheng that the nest, the small that sum." To the Warring States, Qin, Sheng as an important instrument has become very popular, which coexist with yu, at the time not only for vocal accompaniment main instrument, but also ensembles, solo form. Southern and Northern Dynasties to Tang Dynasty, yu, Sheng still coexist applications, but yu generally used only for Gagaku, gradually lost in the history of heavy warp effect, and was in the Sui and Tang Yan Sheng Yue Yue nine, ten of the Qing Yue Yue , Western Liang Yue, Korea music, music in the Kucha were used. Sheng's shape was built mainly nineteen, seventeen springs, thirteen springs. There are seventeen springs Tang Sheng Yi tube, outside of the seventeenth spring to keep separate two upright tubes, when needed, then it is temporary accord. Song Yuan three years (AD 1080), Yang Jie describes "this nest and dulcimer, and dulcimer, its tubes 19, 22 Guan Fa LvLv of the sound, to seven as crashed, with the long-standing, while Sheng to and . "Ming and Qing Dynasties, the popular folk reed Sheng seventeen and thirteen springs. (2) The composition Sheng: Sheng structure is: copper reed mounted on the lower end of a number of bamboo, these bamboo system _insert_ed in a gourd, wood or copper with a blow hole on Satoko. Blowing time by means opened by pressing the bamboo bottom hole, so that the reed resonance occurs with the tube column and emit tones. Playing, in addition to mono, but mostly with two tone, three or four syllables dubbed sound and tone. Sheng early as bamboo, later changed to copper. Ming and Qing Dynasties, well-folklore, round, large and small Sheng of various shapes. After the liberation, Sheng instrument category has been further improved. Appeared twenty-one spring, round spring, and spring and PA thirty-six sheng, alto hold Sheng, Sheng row keyboard, etc., to form a series of Sheng each zone's establishment, in a large national orchestra plays an important effect. Small row Sheng, Pai Sheng (keyboard Sheng) and many other shapes. Sheng's technology is also playing a greater development, except for the accompaniment, ensemble, but has developed into a solo instrument. The shape mainly by Sheng Sheng bucket, Sheng tube, outstanding sheng three parts. Sheng bucket with square, round two kinds, the plug Sheng tube and through the mouthpiece. Sheng tube mostly bamboo, is a copper. Wind blowing Sheng bucket will flow through the tube is outstanding sheng Sheng vibration and sound. (3) Sheng playing forms: Sheng sounds sweet, soft, smaller volume, changed slightly, while the bright color. Sheng can blow tone, but also can blow and tone (two to four tones), the most common are parallel octaves, four, five degrees, and sometimes can play three or chords. Sheng is therefore mostly used to suona, flute accompaniment. Or in the band as "fusion agent", to reconcile ethnic instrument sounds, ornaments embellish, softening some of the solo instrument's personality. Sheng's solo industry has great development. (4) Sheng played Representative works: Representative works: "Phoenix wings" (Hu Tianquan), "Prairie cavalry" and so on.
6: Lusheng
(A) the origin of Lusheng: Lusheng is southwest Miao, Yao and Dong ethnic groups common reed wind instrument. Early Western Han Dynasty had emerged. (2) Lusheng of the structure: Lusheng sizes, number of tubes are not the same, single-tube, double tube with five tubes, six, eight, ten have, but more commonly is six Lusheng. Six Lusheng with six different lengths of bamboo, wooden _insert_ two rows Sheng bucket, each tube of the tube with a copper reed roots; lower end of each tube to open a small hole when playing finger holes pronunciation. Some Lusheng, put on top of the bamboo bamboo strips folded into a triangle slightly larger speakers or put on bamboo, from the resonance effect. After the liberation of Lusheng conducted a number of reforms, there have been fifteen, twenty, twenty-six, thirty-six Lusheng appears. Some will be replaced by a metal bucket wooden Sheng Sheng bucket, add some sound button, expanding the range, can play twelve semitones, to solve the problem of swapping, you can play more complex music. (3) Lusheng playing forms: Lusheng used for solo, ensemble and dance accompaniment. Guizhou Miao region, there are four different sizes Lusheng of the band, and there is a _set_ of traditional Lusheng song.
7: Pai Sheng
(1) Pai Sheng origin: Pai Sheng is the liberation of reform based on the principles of Lusheng evolved. (2) The composition Sheng Pai: Pai Sheng has thirty tubes, use the keyboard to play, with a foot bellows blowing. (3) Pai Sheng playing forms: Pai Sheng of 30 tubes increases the volume, extended range, is the band's bass wind instrument.
8: Bau
(1) Bau origin: Yunnan region Bau Yi, Miao, Hani and other minorities to use a single-reed wind instrument. (2) Bau of the structure: Bau use made of bamboo, there are eight press Kong (front seven after a), mouthpiece mounted a sharp tongue-shaped brass reed. Playing transverse blowing top, vibrating reed pronunciation. (3) Bau played forms: Bau smaller volume, range is narrow, but the mellow sound, commonly used in dance accompaniment, solo. Bau is a very ethnic musical instruments, commonly played lyrical, wide pitch, but also playing skills and strong cadenza. Ensemble sound when Bau and other instruments together easily.
9: Xun
(1) The origin Xun: Xun as a wind instrument. Are at least 7,000 years of history. Xun is endemic to China closed wind instrument in the world, original art history occupies an important position. The origin and ancestors Xun labor productivity activities, may initially be ancestors imitate sounds of animals and birds which make for trapping prey. Followed by social progress and evolution of simple musical instruments, and gradually increase the sound hole, developed into a melodic instrument can play tunes. (2) of the structure Xun: primitive society Xun, the shape diversity, such as Zhejiang Yuyao County Hemudu site excavated pottery Xun, oval, only blow holes, no sound hole, since about seven years. Xi'an Banpo Village Ruins Yangshao pottery whistle, its shape slightly as olives, and only a blow hole, with dough made of fine clay, is the original form of Xun, one of about six thousand years ago. Shang Xun than the original period and the summer generation has made significant development, there are ceramic, stone and bone system to ceramic most common form mostly flat oval. Warring States period, Tao Xun also for flat oval, but there are other shapes. Qin and Han dynasties, ancient palace Ting Ya Xun mainly for fun. Archaeological excavations and handed down Xun also occasionally some special shapes or porcelain pottery Xun Xun. Palace Museum and China Academy of Art Institute of possession of the Qing court music used red paint Yunlong Xun, it high 8.5 cm, abdominal diameter seven centimeters. Xun body has six sound hole: the top four after two, whole body red paint, depicting dragon and moire. Improve the development of modern people abalone Tao Xun to the ancient system based on tin Xun, and then expand its shoulder and tubes to increase the volume, sound hole to eight: after the first six two, plus blow holes for a total of nine holes. For ease of transport means playing to minimize the complexity of the fork fingering, which is similar to the sound hole on the flute sound hole order. Professional players can blow twenty-six sound, including two full chromatic octaves and one overtone. (3) Xun playing forms: professional player can blow twenty-six sound, including two full chromatic octaves and one overtone. Fingering on the vibrato, playing sounds, sound, etc. wiping techniques. Yixing pottery Xun abalone in today's commonly used in Chinese folk orchestra.
10: Hulusi
(1) Hulusi origin: Hulusi is popular in Yunnan Dai, Yi, Achang other ethnic instruments. (2) Hulusi composition: Hulusi small gourd as a speaker with a half to three different lengths of bamboo and bamboo strip at the bottom of the gourd, inlaid with copper build sheet, in the middle of a long bamboo Open seven holes. When playing, mouth-blown hoist the smaller end of the middle finger on bamboo sound hole, play the melody at the same time, about two bamboo also issued a fixed tone, composition and tone and melody. (3) in the form of playing Hulusi: Hulusi sound soft, commonly used in solo and ensemble. |
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