Nuclear physics refers to anti-protons and anti-neutrons by the composition of the material with a negative charge. Anti-nuclear (anti-protons and anti-neutrons) composed of anti-nuclear, anti-nuclear and anti-atoms are electrons, various anti-atoms of anti-matter.
Translated by Google
No. 2
Anti-protons, anti-neutrons and anti-electronic If, like protons, neutrons, electrons, combine to form the anti-atoms. Atoms by the anti-anti-matter is material. When you look in the mirror, the mirror that if you really exist, and appear in front of you, what will happen? Scientists have considered this issue, they mirror the one that you called "anti you." Scientists think there is far away and a world much like our world, it is an anti-star, anti-house, food and all the anti-anti-material composition of the anti-world. Antimatter is the opposite of ordinary matter, while ordinary matter that constitute the major part of the universe.
Translated by Google
Antimatter in particle physics concepts
We know that the natural scene to restore a variety of macro-objects to micro origin, they are made of protons, neutrons and electrons are formed. These particles which are called elementary particles, meaning they are the basic things of earth brick structure, in fact, the world of elementary particles is not so simple. In the early 30s, was found to positively charged electron, which is the first step in awareness of anti-matter. To 50 years, with the anti-protons and anti-neutrons, found that people began to clearly aware that any elementary particles in nature, there is a corresponding antiparticle exists. Electronic and anti-electrons of the same quality, but the opposite charge. Protons and antiprotons as well. So the nature of the neutron and anti-neutrons what is the difference? In fact, particle experiments have confirmed that the charge particle and antiparticle is not only contrary, all other properties can also reverse the contrary. Here we discuss the concept of baryon number. Protons and neutrons are collectively known as nucleons. The phenomenon of people from the nuclear study found that the proton can be converted into neutrons, neutrons can also be converted to protons, but before and after the conversion, the system's total nuclear number is constant. 50 years since the particle experiments have shown that there are many weight than the nuclear particles, they also belong to the same class of nuclear, these particles then was renamed as the baryon, nuclear is the only representative of the lightest, the general rule is: When particles through the interaction into place, the number of baryons in the system will not change. Since the conservation of baryon number, the two protons collide do not produce a baryon contains three systems, then how should produce anti-nuclear? Experimental results show that anti-nuclear and nuclear collisions always produced in pairs. For example, p + p → n + n + n + n '+ number of π mesons N behalf of one proton or neutron, n 'representatives or anti-anti-protons neutrons. Anti-nuclear, once produced, it is often very quickly with the surrounding re-touching and salt to a nuclear annihilation on the ground. For example, n + n '→ number of π mesons For a heavier weight than a nuclear sub, the situation is exactly the same. Anti-baryon and baryon always produced in pairs, in pairs annihilation. These experiences led to the recognition that the conservation laws of baryon number need to know. In addition, it is also similar to that of the lepton number conservation. Neutrinos, although not charged, nor has the baryon number, but it has the opposite and anti-neutrino lepton number. By lepton number conservation, neutrinos and anti-neutrinos is very different physical behavior, the experiments also show that the number of mesons and norms do not have particle number is conserved in nature. So we see that the charge is a property of particles, in addition to the number of heavy and light sub-sub-number of other properties such as physical characterization. Positive and negative particles are also the opposite of these attributes. Macroscopic matter around us mainly by baryon number is composed of protons and neutrons. Therefore, such substances are substances known by their anti-particles of substances called anti-matter accordingly. From the perspective of particle physics, particles and anti-lesbian is the nature of almost completely symmetrical, then why are a large number of natural substances, but almost no antimatter it? This is what we are going to discuss the issue.
Translated by Google
Antimatter objects in the universe has it?
Particle experiments have confirmed the strong role of positive and negative particles and electromagnetic properties of exactly the same role, so anti-protons and anti-neutrons can also be combined into a negatively charged anti-nuclear, anti-nuclear and anti-E together, can form anti-atoms. We are the material world there are many kinds of atoms, the corresponding anti-material world can also have many kinds of anti-atoms, and their structure will be completely different, extending it up, a large number of anti-atoms can form antimatter stars and galaxies. If for the same amount of antimatter in the universe, then such anti-anti-galaxies, stars and should exist. So this gives astronomers a profound question: in the sky against the star and anti-galaxies it? Our universe is composed by a large number of galaxies. If the composition of distant galaxies are anti-matter, in principle, also use the same reasoning to find. Between the galaxies is not a vacuum, but filled with very thin gas. Therefore, if both are there galaxies matter antimatter galaxies, then the positive and negative material will be met will be met at the annihilation process takes place. It pains to find the corresponding γ-ray, but never found. So the conclusion: the scope of the three million light years there will not be a huge antimatter galaxies exist. If further afield such annihilation occurs, the signal is too weak because it was not found can not be excluded. So the conclusion is given in today's observational capabilities can answer. In front of such a result, people's views into two. One is that the universe should be the same amount of antimatter, and we need more distance from the galaxy to find evidence of the existence of antimatter. Another fact that has been suggested that the universe is not a lot of anti-matter exists, the need is to find the evolution of the universe we have today is not anti-substance.
Translated by Google
Efforts continue to search for antimatter
The summer of 1998, NASA sent the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer in space. One of its main goals is to find the anti-nuclei in cosmic rays. As our country participated in the study, so the news media have been keen to promote it. If you believe the universe had equal amounts of matter and antimatter, then there should be three million light years beyond the area a wide range of anti-galaxies exist. Where the original cosmic rays should be for anti-protons and anti-α particles. Where part of the cosmic ray particles will fly into our area by making a material composition. Since most places are empty intergalactic gas density is only about the quality of one proton per cubic meter. Therefore, the freedom to fly anti-nuclear long distances. Thus, placed in the magnetic spectrometer outside the Earth's atmosphere will be able to receive it. This is the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer program's basic idea. If the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer observations confirmed the distance there is a huge anti-matter areas, then it is certainly a landmark achievement. It is not only confirmed the significance and implications of anti-material objects in the universe, more importantly, it poses a severe challenge to physics. In the early universe, both positive and negative particles will be mixed. According to the current physical theory, not a force to make them known occurrence of large-scale separation. Therefore, if the distance observation confirmed that there has been a large number of separate anti-matter, physics will require a breakthrough change.
Translated by Google
Difficult antimatter asymmetry
In most theorists view, the universe of large-scale separation of positive and negative material is not possible. Therefore, the three million light years is not anti-matter within the objects have that chunk of antimatter in the universe does not exist. But the theorists also believe that the very early universe antimatter should be equal. This needs to be done is to find the physical mechanism to explain how the universe antimatter equivalent of the state from the transition to the status of being the main material. Here, theorists have encountered difficulties in very sharp. In accordance with the Big Bang theory, the very early universe, the medium temperature is very high. Thermal collisions between particles will result in any elementary particle pairs. When the particles annihilate in pairs and pairs have reached statistical equilibrium, the universe is everything the media mixture consisting of elementary particles, and either stable or unstable particles have nearly equal number density. As for the baryons and anti-baryon number is strictly equal, this is not the physical laws, but by the initial conditions determined. Baryon number b of conservation must be strictly true physical law? Countless experiments so far did not find the particles had a damaged example of baryon number conservation, but this does not mean that it must be a strict rule. Review the development of chemistry can be used for reference. Elements of chemical reaction is the re-combination. Experience has shown that before and after the re-combination, the number of atoms of each element is conserved, and numerous chemical practice shows that there is no exception. Mercury-gold alchemy want to change the failure, but also from the negative to provide the proof. But with the knowledge of nuclear reaction, after it has been clear that mercury into gold is entirely possible, the key is to have high energy to the nucleus changes. Chemical reactions in the particle energy less than 1ev under the conditions, it can not touch each other under the conditions of nuclei, nuclear reactions can not occur. If the energy of particles in the course of more than 1mev, between the nucleus can fully close, then the nucleus can be changed, the conservation of atoms will subsequently destroyed. From this, the number of atoms in the chemical process of conservation is not accidental, but it is only under the phenomenological low-energy law, rather than the established laws of nature in general. Draw on the same token, the conservation of baryon number may only be a certain energy range of phenomenological laws, and not generally established. When the higher energy particles, the conservation of baryon number may not be completely _set_ up, this is today's ideologues see the way out. In short, the universe is completely uncover the mystery of antimatter, preceded by a long way to go. People have to expect to solve this problem is important not only for the understanding of the universe, the physics of it will be very profound. Here the novel "Angels and Demons" (Dan Brown, author) mentioned a few: Antimatter is the most powerful man currently known energy sources. Hundred percent efficiency can release energy (nuclear fission is 1.5 percent chance). Antimatter creates no pollution, no radiation, a small drop of antimatter to the New York City can maintain the momentum throughout the day. Do not be too optimistic, and one to hide a crisis ... ... Antimatter is very unstable and it can come into contact with anything to ashes ... ... and even the air can be no exceptions. Just one gram of antimatter equivalent of 20 kilotons of energy of nuclear bombs - the equivalent of sinking, then throw in the Hiroshima atomic bomb of energy.
Translated by Google
Mysterious unknown phenomena, and anti-matter?
Some scientific discoveries, often make people stunned disbelief. And it is this incredible discovery, and promote people's understanding of the objective world and scientific progress. Discovery of antimatter is the case. In 1932, Anderson, U.S. scientists discovered a special particle, its mass and with the same power with electronic, but it carried a positive charge while the electrons are negatively charged. Therefore, people call it being electronic. Positron is the antiparticle of the electron. Discovery of the electron is caused shock and sensation in the scientific community. It is accidental or universal? If universal, then the other particles are not all anti-particles? So, scientists are exploring the study of the microscopic world has added a search of the goal. In 1955, the laboratory in the U.S. anti-protons was found. Later, they discovered the anti-neutron. 60 years, elementary particles in almost all anti-particles been found. An anti-material world gradually by scientists as a camel archaeological "dig" out. Discovery of antimatter, so it is natural to think of the many riddles of this century. The most famous is known as the "century giant puzzle," the Tunguska explosion. June 30, 1908 morning, Russia's Siberian region of Tunguska taiga forest, suddenly a violent explosion. With a white flash and loud sound earth shattering, a sleepy jungle instantly reduced to ashes. Fire engulfed hundreds of kilometers of the town and the life within, melting the ice and permafrost, causing flash floods, river flooding, as if the "end" to the. It is estimated that the blast equivalent to hundreds of pieces together the hydrogen bomb explosion! Tunguska explosion shocked the world, "Tunguska" is also the world famous overnight. Siberian cold and inaccessible, until 1921 by the former Soviet Union, the first time a team went to visit. After the rest of the world have sent a delegation visit, but so far the mystery of the Tunguska explosion still say, today. One of these claims will be considered to be caused by anti-matter "annihilation" phenomenon. Because the energy levels of a meteor or meteorite explosive unless the fall, or can not explain, but there was no meteorite fragments. September 22, 1979, the U.S. satellite shot in the West African coast in the vicinity of the explosion resembles strong photos, by analysis, its strength is equivalent to a nuclear explosion. At that time, only the United States, Soviet Union, Britain and a few countries have nuclear weapons to such a distant place who would conduct a nuclear test it? After a U.S. government investigation, denied the possibility of a nuclear explosion, meteorite impact that satellite and the instrument made the wrong signal, but the second year, the satellite and recorded in the same area the same phenomenon with the last, so that political and scientific community baffled. Tunguska explosion was adhering to anti-matter "annihilation" phenomenon scientists, one more argument. The evening of 29 April 1984 10 am, a flight arrived in Japan, Alaska, the vice captain in front of the aircraft suddenly found a group huge "mushroom cloud" and rapidly to the edges, and the sky is gray ... ... Meanwhile, the Netherlands, a flight and the route of the other two planes have seen this phenomenon. After landing, the U.S. authorities immediately informed that this message of four aircraft and its crew of radioactive contamination test results found no traces of radioactive contamination. Witnesses are sure that this is the smoke created by nuclear explosions, which left another of the century "explosion of the mystery." The researchers believe that antimatter in the universe that existed between us invisible "anti-material world", and its basic properties with the world around us just the opposite. Antimatter nuclei by anti-protons and anti-neutrons "negative core" around the outside positron. Once the anti-matter with our world "is physical" contact, it will explode in an instant, matter and antimatter into photons or muons, the release of enormous energy, resulting in "annihilation" phenomenon. "Antimatter" Although only a scientific hypothesis, yet to be confirmed, but the anti-particles and other "negative material" is real, and now also found that the anti-deuterium and anti-hydrogen, helium, and so a series of anti-anti-matter. I believe that with the continuous development of science and technology and the deepening of scientific research, people are understanding of the role of antimatter will be more and more profound, and anti-human material world is bound to make a contribution should be done
Translated by Google
Antimatter in particle physics concepts
We know that the natural scene to restore a variety of macro-objects to micro origin, they are made of protons, neutrons and electrons are formed. These particles which are called elementary particles, meaning they are the basic things of earth brick structure, in fact, the world of elementary particles is not so simple. In the early 30s, was found to positively charged electron, which is the first step in awareness of anti-matter. To 50 years, with the anti-protons and anti-neutrons, found that people began to clearly aware that any elementary particles in nature, there is a corresponding antiparticle exists. Electronic and anti-electrons of the same quality, but the opposite charge. Protons and antiprotons as well. So the nature of the neutron and anti-neutrons what is the difference? In fact, particle experiments have confirmed that the charge particle and antiparticle is not only contrary, all other properties can also reverse the contrary. Here we discuss the concept of baryon number. Protons and neutrons are collectively known as nucleons. The phenomenon of people from the nuclear study found that the proton can be converted into neutrons, neutrons can also be converted to protons, but before and after the conversion, the system's total nuclear number is constant. 50 years since the particle experiments have shown that there are many weight than the nuclear particles, they also belong to the same class of nuclear, these particles then was renamed as the baryon, nuclear is the only representative of the lightest, the general rule is: When particles through the interaction into place, the number of baryons in the system will not change. Since the conservation of baryon number, the two protons collide do not produce a baryon contains three systems, then how should produce anti-nuclear? Experimental results show that anti-nuclear and nuclear collisions always produced in pairs. For example, p + p → N + N + N + N '+ number of π mesons One representative of protons or neutrons N, N 'on behalf of anti-anti-proton or neutron. Anti-nuclear, once produced, it is often a rapidly with the surrounding earth from nuclear annihilation re-touching. For example, N + N '→ number of π mesons According to this view reasoning, somewhere in the universe, there must be anti-material world. If the anti-material world really exists, then it can only meet with the material does not exist. How can matter and antimatter can not be together? Where antimatter in the universe? This is to be solved the mystery. For a heavier weight than a nuclear sub, the situation is exactly the same. Anti-baryon and baryon always produced in pairs, in pairs annihilation. These experiences led to the recognition that the conservation laws of baryon number need to know. In addition, it is also similar to that of the lepton number conservation. Neutrinos, although not charged, nor has the baryon number, but it has the opposite and anti-neutrino lepton number. By lepton number conservation, neutrinos and anti-neutrinos is very different physical behavior, the experiments also show that the number of mesons and norms do not have particle number is conserved in nature. So we see that the charge is a property of particles, in addition to the number of heavy and light sub-sub-number of other properties such as physical characterization. Positive and negative particles are also the opposite of these attributes. In 1928, the British young physicist Dirac theory for the first time demonstrated the existence of positron. This is in addition to electrical and electronic electronics outside the contrary, all the same properties and electronic. In 1932, American physicist Anderson found in the laboratory Dirac predicted positrons. In 1955, the American physicist West Gray, who used artificial means to obtain anti-protons. Since then people gradually realize that not only protons and electrons, all the microscopic particles have their own anti-particles. This series of scientific results make it increasingly close to anti-material world. But the problem is not so simple. First of all, difficult to detect antimatter on Earth. And anti-particles because the particles get together, like ice, like the case of the fireball, or disappeared, or transformed into other particles. So on Earth, antimatter soon run into other material will be merged out. Second, the manufacture of anti-matter is difficult and costly, such as SSC or LHC requires high-tech equipment and the like, and even create anti-matter, it is difficult to keep them, by the material composition of all things on earth. Macroscopic matter around us mainly by baryon number is composed of protons and neutrons. Therefore, such substances are substances known by their anti-particles of substances called anti-matter accordingly. From the perspective of particle physics, is the nature of particles and antiparticles is almost completely symmetrical, then why are a large number of natural substances, but almost no antimatter it? This is what we are going to discuss the issue. Fundamentally speaking, antimatter is the material manifestation of a reversal. According to relativity, Einstein had predicted the existence of antimatter: "For a mass m, electric charge e, the material, there exists a mass m, the charge of the material for the-e (anti-matter)." Positron NASA spacecraft envisaged (under development)
Translated by Google
Antimatter universe exist?
From a philosophical point of view, the issue is easy to answer. Diagram of ancient China seems to imply its existence, some astronomers think that there may exist, but modern astronomy also take no convincing evidence. Many people deny the anti-matter, the United States cosmologist Schramm (Schramm), said: "Most of the theorist's intuition, there is no antimatter. This means that if you find it, it was a great find, prove that these theorists is wrong. but most likely, which means you can not find it. " Predictions about from the Laplace Similarly, the corresponding structure of the existing system of galaxies, there is the opposite of the anti-structure of the universe by the system exist? In fact, as early as 1898, a British physicist put forward: and material exist, there is a corresponding antimatter mirror there. By contemporary scientific standards and test conditions, this anti-material without any factual basis for the concept, so there in the universe from the depths of the universe composed of antimatter stars in the cloud can only be a pure sense of the hypothesis. In 1997 scientists announced the discovery of a "fountain of antimatter Silver Heart" greatly shook the entire physics community, allow scientists to search for antimatter enthusiasm suddenly rose. June 3, 1998, sponsored by the Professor Ding Zhaozhong find of global significance with the antimatter universe, the event, making this area became the focus of most scientists around the world.
Translated by Google
Antimatter objects in the universe has it?
Particle experiments have confirmed the strong role of positive and negative particles and electromagnetic properties of exactly the same role, so anti-protons and anti-neutrons can also be combined into a negatively charged anti-nuclear, anti-nuclear and anti-E together, can form anti-atoms. We are the material world there are many kinds of atoms, the corresponding anti-material world can also have many kinds of anti-atoms, and their structure will be completely different, extending it up, a large number of anti-atoms can form antimatter stars and galaxies. If for the same amount of antimatter in the universe, then such anti-anti-galaxies, stars and should exist. So this gives astronomers a profound question: in the sky against the star and anti-galaxies it? 1979, American scientists a great story of 60 balloons into the altitude of 35 kilometers from the ground, the balloon carrying a very sensitive detection equipment as a result, it is hunting in the high altitude of 28 anti-protons. This is the first discovered outside the earth's anti-matter. In addition, also found in interstellar space, anti-material flow. Our universe is composed by a large number of galaxies. If the composition of distant galaxies are anti-matter, in principle, also use the same reasoning to find. Between the galaxies is not a vacuum, but filled with very thin gas. Therefore, if both are there galaxies matter antimatter galaxies, then the positive and negative material will be met will be met at the annihilation process takes place. It pains to find the corresponding γ-ray, but never found. So the conclusion: the scope of the three million light years there will not be a huge antimatter galaxies exist. If further afield such annihilation occurs, the signal is too weak because it was not found can not be excluded. So the conclusion is given in today's observational capabilities can answer. In front of such a result, people's views into two. One is that the universe should be the same amount of antimatter, and we need more distance from the galaxy to find evidence of the existence of antimatter. Another fact that has been suggested that the universe is not a lot of anti-matter exists, the need is to find the evolution of the universe we have today is not anti-substance.
Translated by Google
Black holes and antimatter channel
Launched under the gravitational field equation of general relativity: black holes in the universe is connected to two separate spatial and temporal area of the tunnel, if the anti-material world in another time and space, then the black hole may be the anti-material world of the channel. But we still know nothing about the black hole interior, specifically, within the black hole is an anti-material world, but far from the "black hole no hair Theory" (No Hair Theorem) says it is simple. It was the anti-relationship between the material world and material world with a piece of paper to be proved. Take a small piece of paper, good adhesion to put two together, imagine, if there is an ant crawling in appearance, how it can enter the other side of it? There are two ways: First, climb over the tape edge; one at the paper tape on a hole. But if we rotate the tapes of a 180 ° re-adhesion, the tape becomes a side on both sides, as long as the ants crawling in the tape out of tape can freely inside and outside. If the universe is a whole, we just go to the black hole, you can enter the world of antimatter. But so far, we have never heard people talk about black holes have to travel too. In the universe, the only time limit will not only force. Analogy, a surge of ten kilograms of force, put him in a place where no other power disturbances. Whether taking the footsteps of that time is of any form, no matter how he changes, it always shares ten kilograms or ten kilograms of force. Make changes that shares power and only power it. The original state of the universe is only power. When he did not change, there is no time, both static and can not force this is interference. (Because the power transmission without time limit, an analogy, playing pool, a pool stick to make a million light years long, the other made of a meter long. They ended up as heavy as the weight to one end and Qi, then the other side and put on a ball. again in this side to him plus one thrust, then Qiugan the other end to play the ball. You can think of the two balls until they are stationary, Qiugan after they hit their forward movement. At this time the two balls will also forward the synchronization. wave power transmission of a meter. The other force is driving shares of a million light years. but they are also had an impact on another object.) Constant only when he lost, the only force of change there will be a force after the shaft, the time appeared, and force change would be the side of a large side of small, large side will continue to pull the small side of the force. When he put that kind of pull the small side of the force will pull him to make the air after both there is a reverse of the space. That is, the anti-anti-matter space. At this time the universe does not have any other things that can affect it. The last counter-space will be pulled into a large force here, because with a body, so the side of the force will act on him, and he will become a force carriers. He will be transmitted to the other side of the side of the force to make it into a reaction. So the greater the force, the greater the reaction, to a certain value which shares a space reaction will be softened. That is our space. With the emergence of these two spaces, it is because they are tangible impact will be on the edge. So will our universe began his evolution. Counter-space that is "child" of the most primitive state. Is the smallest "child." His opening words. . . . You may want to look at. . . . He does not force the reverse is never room for material to fill with him. Only fill it full of antimatter. Like the space we can never use anti-material to fill the same.
Translated by Google
Efforts continue to search for antimatter
The summer of 1998, NASA sent the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer in space. One of its main goals is to find the anti-nuclei in cosmic rays. As our country participated in the study, so the news media have been keen to promote it. Samuel Ting, a famous American Chinese scientists are also working on this. If you believe the universe had equal amounts of matter and antimatter, then there should be three million light years beyond the area a wide range of anti-galaxies exist. Where the original cosmic rays should be for anti-protons and anti-α particles. Where part of the cosmic ray particles will fly into our area by making a material composition. Since most places are empty intergalactic gas density is only about the quality of one proton per cubic meter. Therefore, the freedom to fly anti-nuclear long distances. Thus, placed in the magnetic spectrometer outside the Earth's atmosphere will be able to receive it. This is the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer program's basic idea. If the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer observations confirmed the distance there is a huge anti-matter areas, then it is certainly a landmark achievement. It is not only confirmed the significance and implications of anti-material objects in the universe, more importantly, it poses a severe challenge to physics. In the early universe, both positive and negative particles will be mixed. According to the current physical theory, not a force to make them known occurrence of large-scale separation. Therefore, if the distance observation confirmed that there has been a large number of separate anti-matter, physics will require a breakthrough change. Xinhua news mysterious universe, antimatter really exist, are they? Reporter learned yesterday from IHEP, to solve the mystery of this century, China and Italy, 4300 m above sea level in Tibet's Yangbajing area, will build the world's first 10,000 square meters, "carpet" type of particle detector array experiment station for receiving high-energy radiation from the universe and antimatter particles. High Energy Physics Laboratory of the universe, celestial bodies, according to researcher Dr. Lu Hong introduction, high-energy cosmic rays are the only human beings can get samples from the material outside the solar system. Over the years, it has been the scientists to explore mysteries of the universe to study. Since the emergence of the Big Bang theory, scientists have been dedicated to find the suspect from the cosmic rays in the antimatter mystery. But so far, scientists have failed to find traces of antimatter. It is understood that China and Japan as early as ten years ago scientists in the areas _set_ Yangbajain look like beehives scattered particle detector, cosmic ray studies carried out. Has received a positive e, μ sub, л meson and other high-energy particles. And converted the new "carpet" type of detector array, in addition to a larger, but also because it is the same as the square plate composed of glass, you can carpet the same as almost no gap mosaic to make up for the last pitch is too large, loss of information shortcomings. Currently, the capacity of a particle detection million square meters of exhibition experimental hall was completed in June. Italian and Chinese scientists are now the establishment of "carpet", laying and commissioning work about two years. It is learned that the world's highest scientific projects between China and Italy have been about 80 million yuan government support
Translated by Google
Difficult antimatter asymmetry
In most theorists view, the universe of large-scale separation of positive and negative material is not possible. Therefore, the three million light years is not anti-matter within the objects have that chunk of antimatter in the universe does not exist. But the theorists also believe that the very early universe antimatter should be equal. This needs to be done is to find the physical mechanism to explain how the universe antimatter equivalent of the state from the transition to the status of being the main material. Here, theorists have encountered difficulties in very sharp. In accordance with the Big Bang theory, the very early universe, the medium temperature is very high. Thermal collisions between particles will result in any elementary particle pairs. When the particles annihilate in pairs and pairs have reached statistical equilibrium, the universe is everything the media mixture consisting of elementary particles, and either stable or unstable particles have nearly equal number density. As for the baryons and anti-baryon number is strictly equal, this is not the physical laws, but by the initial conditions determined. Conservation of baryon number B, must be strictly true of the physical law? Countless experiments so far did not find the particles had a damaged example of baryon number conservation, but this does not mean that it must be a strict rule. Review the development of chemistry can be used for reference. Elements of chemical reaction is the re-combination. Experience has shown that before and after the re-combination, the number of atoms of each element is conserved, and numerous chemical practice shows that there is no exception. Mercury-gold alchemy want to change the failure, but also from the negative to provide the proof. But with the knowledge of nuclear reaction, after it has been clear that mercury into gold is entirely possible, the key is to have high energy to the nucleus changes. Chemical reactions in the particle energy less than 1eV under the conditions, it can not touch each other under the conditions of nuclei, nuclear reactions can not occur. If the energy of particles in the course of more than 1MeV, between the nucleus can fully close, then the nucleus can be changed, the conservation of atoms will subsequently destroyed. From this, the number of atoms in the chemical process of conservation is not accidental, but it is only under the phenomenological low-energy law, rather than the established laws of nature in general. Draw on the same token, the conservation of baryon number may only be a certain energy range of phenomenological laws, and not generally established. When the higher energy particles, the conservation of baryon number may not be completely _set_ up, this is today's ideologues see the way out. In short, the universe is completely uncover the mystery of antimatter, preceded by a long way to go. People have to expect to solve this problem is important not only for the understanding of the universe, the physics of it will be very profound. Here is the novel "Angels and Demons" (Dan Brown, author) mentioned a few: Antimatter is the most powerful man currently known energy sources. Hundred percent efficiency can release energy (nuclear fission is 1.5 percent chance). Antimatter creates no pollution, no radiation, a small drop of antimatter to the New York City can maintain the momentum throughout the day. Do not be too optimistic, and one to hide a crisis ... ... Antimatter is very unstable and it can come into contact with anything to ashes ... ... and even the air can be no exceptions. Just one gram of antimatter equivalent of more than 4,000 megaton nuclear bomb of energy - more than the sinking, then throw in the Hiroshima atomic bomb 2000 times stronger. When matter and antimatter contact with the outermost atoms because the charge of the electronic off_set_ the contrary, the protons in the nucleus for the same reason also cancel each other out, and anti-neutrons by magnetic and neutron contrast strongly with the collision of neutron to issued amazing energy. Einstein had calculated that the complete energy release rate of energy release with such a complete comparison, nuclear fission as a safety matches burning program as insignificant.
Translated by Google
Mysterious unknown phenomena, and anti-matter?
Some scientific discoveries, often make people stunned disbelief. And it is this incredible discovery, and promote people's understanding of the objective world and scientific progress. Discovery of antimatter is the case. In 1932, Anderson, U.S. scientists discovered a special particle, its mass and with the same power with electronic, but it carried a positive charge while the electrons are negatively charged. Therefore, people call it being electronic. Positron is the antiparticle of the electron. Discovery of the electron is caused shock and sensation in the scientific community. It is accidental or universal? If universal, then the other particles are not all anti-particles? So, scientists are exploring the study of the microscopic world has added a search of the goal. In 1955, the laboratory in the U.S. anti-protons was found. Later, they discovered the anti-neutron. 60 years, elementary particles in almost all anti-particles been found. An anti-material world gradually by scientists as a camel archaeological "dig" out. Discovery of antimatter, so it is natural to think of the many riddles of this century. The most famous is known as the "century giant puzzle," the Tunguska explosion. June 30, 1908 morning, Russia's Siberian region of Tunguska taiga forest, suddenly a violent explosion. With a white flash and loud sound earth shattering, a sleepy jungle instantly reduced to ashes. Fire engulfed hundreds of kilometers of the town and the life within, melting the ice and permafrost, causing flash floods, river flooding, as if the "end" to the. It is estimated that the blast equivalent to hundreds of pieces together the hydrogen bomb explosion! Tunguska explosion shocked the world, "Tunguska" is also the world famous overnight. Siberian cold and inaccessible, until 1921 by the former Soviet Union, the first time a team went to visit. After the rest of the world have sent a delegation visit, but so far the mystery of the Tunguska explosion still say, today. One of these claims will be considered to be caused by anti-matter "annihilation" phenomenon. Because the energy levels of a meteor or meteorite explosive unless the fall, or can not explain, but there was no meteorite fragments. September 22, 1979, the U.S. satellite shot in the West African coast in the vicinity of the explosion resembles strong photos, by analysis, its strength is equivalent to a nuclear explosion. At that time, only the United States, Soviet Union, Britain and a few countries have nuclear weapons to such a distant place who would conduct a nuclear test it? After a U.S. government investigation, denied the possibility of a nuclear explosion, meteorite impact that satellite and the instrument made the wrong signal, but the second year, the satellite and recorded in the same area the same phenomenon with the last, so that political and scientific community baffled. Tunguska explosion was adhering to anti-matter "annihilation" phenomenon scientists, one more argument. The evening of 29 April 1984 10 am, a flight arrived in Japan, Alaska, the vice captain in front of the aircraft suddenly found a group huge "mushroom cloud" and rapidly to the edges, and the sky is gray ... ... Meanwhile, the Netherlands, a flight and the route of the other two planes have seen this phenomenon. After landing, the U.S. authorities immediately informed that this message of four aircraft and its crew of radioactive contamination test results found no traces of radioactive contamination. Witnesses are sure that this is the smoke created by nuclear explosions, which left another of the century "explosion of the mystery." The researchers believe that antimatter in the universe that existed between us invisible "anti-material world", and its basic properties with the world around us just the opposite. Antimatter nuclei by anti-protons and anti-neutrons "negative core" around the outside positron. Once the anti-matter with our world "is physical" contact, it will explode in an instant, matter and antimatter into photons or muons, the release of enormous energy, resulting in "annihilation" phenomenon. "Antimatter said," Although this is only scientific hypothesis, yet to be confirmed, but the anti particles, and "negative material" is real, and now that the anti-deuterium, anti-hydrogen, anti-helium, so a series of antimatter. I believe that with the continuous development of science and technology and the deepening of scientific research, people are understanding of the role of antimatter will be more and more profound, and anti-human material world is bound to make a contribution should be done. Antimatter Introduction The world's largest scientific research institutions, the European nuclear research center in Switzerland recently successfully produced the first of a few drops of antimatter. Anti-matter and ordinary matter, and no difference, the difference is composed of antimatter particles composed of people familiar with the general substance charge opposite. Anti-Matter is known to mankind the most powerful energy source. It can release energy to one hundred percent efficiency. Second, the efficiency of nuclear fission, nuclear fusion is 1.5%, but also 7%. But at the same time will result in a lot of pollution. But anti-nuclear material does not cause pollution, a small drop of antimatter can supply the entire New York City, the kinetic energy of the day. Do not be too optimistic, which may hide a crisis ... ... Antimatter is very unstable and it can come into contact with anything reduced to ashes, even the air is no exception. Just one gram of antimatter equivalent of more than 4,000 tons of energy equivalent of nuclear bombs - more than the sinking, then throw in the Hiroshima atomic bomb 2000 times stronger. Until recently antimatter production is only minimal, just a few drops each time. However, the "European Nuclear Center" is currently developing a new type of anti-matter sub-reducer, which is an advanced antimatter production equipment, this equipment is expected to significantly increase the production capacity of antimatter. A serious problem before the people: this is very explosive anti-matter for the benefit of mankind is, or will be used to make the most destructive weapons ever?
Translated by Google
U.S. claims to have a preservation method of antimatter
People's Daily November 17, 2008 reports: In September, the U.S. Air Force Base in Green "revolutionary munitions" R & D team leader Kenneth Edwards, suddenly appeared the Pentagon, U.S. military officials to report his latest findings . Kenneth Edwards said: "We are the study of antimatter weapons has been a major breakthrough - we have successfully developed a long-term effective storage container of antimatter, which means that the military use of antimatter will become a reality!" Antimatter is a British scientist Dirac (Paul Adrie Maurice Dirac) in 1928, according to Relativity: W2/C2-PR2-m2C2 = 0 And quantum mechanics: [W2/C2-PR2-m2C2] Ψ = 0 Inferred, and December 12, 1933, so he won the Nobel physics prize. Dirac noted that in the relativistic equations and equations of quantum electrodynamics, the quality is proportional to the square appears, that is m2 = (m) (m) = (-m) (-m), then the negative mass is What does that mean? So Dirac antimatter was so easily derived from the theory out. From this, the Nobel Prize is so easy sometimes, but we all turn a blind eye or bold enough, because this was once the Dirac large number of scientists have been ridiculed as a madman. Now, the composition of the material all the 12 elementary particles have anti-particles that scientists found in accelerators. American experimental physicist Samuel Ting, led by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer to the space ---- AMS is to search for antimatter in space, and the composition of the antimatter universe. Antimatter and matter meet because it will annihilate, so the anti-matter can not be found in nature, have to go to deep space to find. French and Swiss border at a cost of 8.0 billion, more than 2,000 physicists from the 14 years spent building the Large Hadron Collider --- (LHC), has been in the September 10, 2008 the first run, to explore the anti-matter and the universe after the Big Bang started the universe within a trillionth of a second material composition. In the annihilation of matter and antimatter will have a tremendous energy, and does not like nuclear radiation contamination as produce, it is considered an ideal clean energy. But science are often double-edged sword that can benefit mankind, of course, can also bring great disaster to human beings. Manufactured by a few grams of antimatter bombs could destroy the earth, 1 gram of antimatter, the energy generated is sufficient to provide power for 23 space shuttle. Antimatter applications that can fundamentally change the pattern of energy supply will be an energy revolution. However, due to the current generated by the high-energy particle accelerator fixed target against an anti-particle, and then by slow synthesis, this process is much larger than the energy required to annihilate the role of energy released, and generated a very low rate of anti-matter, producing a hundred billion of a gram of antimatter, would cost nearly 60 billion U.S. dollars, so not yet have the economic and value.
Translated by Google
Encyclopedia
fanwuzhi Antimatter anti-matter 60 years since the 20th century, on the structure of the quark model of hadrons for important progress. In accordance with the quark model, hadron from the quark and anti-quarks, for example, by the three quark baryon composed of mesons by the positive and negative quarks. On the other hand, modern cosmology there is a hypothesis, the use of anti-matter and is material symmetry point of origin of the universe and the structure, suggesting that there may be a large number of anti-particle concentration of antimatter region, that the anti-matter and the positive particles of material systems collide, annihilation may also occur, and that this process of annihilation of anti-evolution in the universe plays an important role. The discovery of antimatter physics and related substances, said the development shows that the physical form diversity and unity. But natural science has said the anti-matter is about the concept of material form and structure, not the same philosophy as opposed to the concept of material areas. (Willow Zi)
Translated by Google
English Expression
n.: antimatter
Related Phrases
physics
proton
elementary particle
electron transfer
arm
arm
element
color
photon
velocity of light
gravitation
capacity
universe
science
substance
solar system
star
apollo
interstellar
interstellar Travel
hippocampus
Containing Phrases
Antimatter bomb
Anti- banausic
correct antimatter
Antimatter fountain
antiworld
antimatter aside
antimatter hippocampus
antimatter arm
antimatter airship
universe antimatter
a 5-megaton bomb antimatter
antimatter apple
antimatter research
antimatter conduit
antimatter radiation
these antimatter
spot antimatter
antimatter driver
antimatter antiknock
Substance and antimatter
Anti- pancosmism
Antimatter Abstract (past tense marker)
antimatter of Research
Likelihood be antimatter
antimatter relate
Antimatter Tegongde
lead by hand, take with a 5-megaton bomb antimatter
Antimatter apollo dummy
Antimatter universe dummy
contact Antimatter abstract
Antimatter boost a rocket blast
Antimatter reach Dark substance
antimatter arm research
antimatter research Satellites
small table Grammatura of antimatter
antimatter arm beget
Antimatter Anti- hydrogen atom
Anti- banausic Annihilation Time
Antimatter universe antiknock
substance Anti- pancosmism
most correct antimatter
aside Anti- banausic vessel
Antimatter apple Blast Time
therewith Corresponding antimatter
substance Antimatter universe dummy
Complicated and confusing of antiworld
Antimatter grotesquerie of World
Substance And Anti- banausic fusion
Correct antimatter symmetry ruin
Substance And antimatter relate
Hidden Unknown phenomenon antimatter
Presentation (past tense marker) His antimatter arm
Out_set_ monger Antimatter arm research
Antimatter arm Of research On
Out_set_ Lecture so antimatter arm
Antimatter time a bomb explosion
Universe In Antimatter Body final interrogative particle
Abidance quest Antimatter by the good offices of
correctitude Antimatter of Dissymmetry difficult
substance Antimatter universe dummy
granule Muon physics digraph Antimatter notion
Universe In Antimatter Body final interrogative particle
contaminate