Protists (protist / protoctists) are single cell organisms, their cells have a nucleus and membrane organelles. Larger than prokaryotes, more complex. Some protists can make use of photosynthesis in food, native biological contain at least 50,000 kinds of organisms. Characteristics of protists: o native eukaryotic organisms, including simple (ie has real nucleus), mostly for single-cell organisms, while some are more cells, but not with tissue differentiation. The lowest in the sector such as eukaryotes. o unicellular protists _set_ of multi-cellular biological functions in a cell, including water regulation, nutrition, reproductive and so on. o many ways nutrition, and some are like fungus, absorb external nutrients; better part of not only photosynthesis, but also eating organic food, such as Euglena. o all native creatures to survive in the water. By the fossils that, protists has existed 15 billion years ago, he came by the evolution of prokaryotes. Most of the original single cell organisms, it is often considered the most primitive group of the simplest eukaryotes, the five circles in the morphology, anatomy, ecology and life history of one of the largest community variation. The boundaries of this sector is not very clear, the evolution of some protists apparently an extension of the branch into the plant kingdom, fungi and animals in the world. Some of the original cells are very complex organisms, although only a single cell of the individual, but as plants or animals must perform all the body's metabolism. It can be seen, the origin of eukaryotes is an important breakthrough in the history of biological evolution. Wherever there is water all the native creatures, they are very small, microscopic observation required, it is important to plankton (plankton), the edge of the lake or pond of still water especially abundant, and some benthic marine or fresh water in the field . Photosynthesis of these can do for other planktonic protists protists source of food. In moist soil, leaves or on land but also on their trail, there are some symbiotic, some will cause a fatal disease, parasitic protists. Most protists some stage in their life cycle have flagella or cilia, cilia flagella shorter and much more, as paddles as they rhythmically move the cells. Prokaryotic flagellum is in contact with the cell surface (such as bacteria), and eukaryotic flagella and cilia was an extension of the cytoplasm, formed by the micro-tube bundles, covered with the cell membrane, they have a basic structure (9 +2 type micro-tube arrangement). Almost all protists are aerobic respiration. Their nutritional approach is also the largest variation in eukaryotes, and some self-employed (autotrophs), some of the different camps (heterotrophs), and some mixed nutrition (mixotrophs), feasible photosynthesis and heterotrophic (eg Euglena) . Therefore, nutritional way to the original organisms can be divided into three groups: Algae like plants (photosynthetic (plant-like) protists: algae) contains a chloroplast, light-line mode self-nutrition. Native fungi like mushrooms (absorptive (fungus-like) protists, no special name) a phagocytic secretion of organic compounds or enzymes, organic molecules break down and absorb the different camps of nutrition. Protozoa such animals (ingestive (animal like) protists: protozoa) a swallow large food nutrition for the heterotrophic mode. First, the algae Number of species currently known about 23,000 species of algae, the main basis for classification: Types of photosynthetic pigments, The nature of the hoard, Cell wall components, The number and location of flagella, The fine structure of cells. So algae can be divided into ten. Algae (including the prokaryotic community of the paragraphs of the blue-green algae) and is closely related to humans, 50% of atmospheric oxygen is released by the photosynthesis of algae. And higher plants and algae also like to play in the ecosystem primary producers (primary producer) role, especially in aquatic ecosystems (aquatic ecosystem), the algae and other primary consumers (primary consumers) such as fish, shrimp, etc. the main source of food. Some algae can be consumed (such as blue-green algae Nostoc (nostoc), brown algae of the kelp (laminaria) and the group with vegetables, red hair algae food (bangia), seaweed (porphora), asparagus (gracilaria) and Bodhi algae (grateloupia), some large algae can be a feed, and some brown algae can be a fertilizer. some of the cell walls of red algae with calcareous will accumulate as the reef; the remains of diatoms will be diatomite deposits. In addition the cell walls of red algae contains polysaccharides can be extracted and made of agar (agar); the cell walls of brown algae with algae hormone (algin), can be made of gel (gel) or a stabilizer. is still some red algae can be used to dispense some brown algae extract can also be used for industrial use of oil. In recent years, many more were by artificial mass culture of algae and become healthy foods, such as green algae green algae (chlorella) and even the business algae (scenedesmus), blue-green algae Spirulina (spirulina) and so on. Algae problems are brought to mankind, when the water is too high in certain nutrients, likely to cause some kind of overgrowth of algae, algal blooms caused (bloom) or red tide (red tide) phenomenon. In this eutrophication (eutrophication) of the situation, when the algae die, bacterial decomposition of algae, the water will eventually make hypoxic fish, shrimp died. The shape and size of algae, varies greatly: small in size as single-cell single-cell algae (chlamydomonassp.), length of only about 5-25m; and big, such as kelp (laminaria), up to several feet long. Some of the other groups, tubular, filamentous or thin film. Algae can break (fragmentation), or fixed spores (planospore) or non-fixed spores (aplanospore) line of asexual reproduction. When the environment is bad, you can with the form gametes (isogamy), different forms gametes (anisogamy) or sperm-egg binding (oogamy) for sexual reproduction. The life history of algae, there are three types: Zygotic life cycle (zygotic life cycle) to a life cycle of individual gametophyte (haploid) generation of dominant and only a short period of time in the zygote has a double _set_, and the zygotic meiosis (zygotic meiosis), the original multi-line algae Such life history, such as unicellular algae. Life history of gametes (gametic life cycle) of individuals with a life cycle sporophyte (two _set_s), the dominant generation, only a short period of time in the gametes have a single _set_, produced before the gametes undergo meiosis (gameticn meiosis), such a life History like animals, such as diatoms. Spore life cycle (sporic life cycle) of a life cycle alternating sporophyte and gametophyte emergence of a significant generational change, produce spores when meiosis (sporic meiosis), algae and plant life history of this multi-line; some algae sporophytes and gametophytes of the same type (isomerphic alternation of generation), such as Ulva and some different types (heteromorphic alternation of generation), such as kelp. Second, native fungi Myxomycetes Myxomycetes divided into protoplasts (plasmodial slime molds) and cellular slime molds (cellular slime molds). Saprolegnia single flagellum can be divided into fixed cells (uniflagellate motile cells) and two flagella moving cells (biflagellate motile cells). Third, the protozoa Most of the movement of protozoa may be predators or parasites, can be divided into the following categories: A flagellate protozoan (flagellated protozoans) as the cone of African sleeping sickness caused by insects (trypanosomes), human reproductive tract infection Trichomonas class (trichomonads). Protozoa like amoeba (amoeboid protozoans) a move by pseudopodia, if any shell or shell-amoeba (amoebas), foraminifera (foraminiferans), solar insects (heliozoans) and radiation insects (radiolarians .) Sporozoans (sporozoans) one can slide or can not exercise, such as Plasmodium (plasmodium) cause malaria. Ciliate (ciliates) of a large number of cilia to use movement and feeding, such as the paramecium.
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Overview
原生生物 概述
Protists (protist / protoctists) are single cell organisms, their cells have a nucleus and membrane organelles. Larger than prokaryotes, more complex. Some protists can make food through photosynthesis, native biological contain at least 50,000 kinds of organisms.
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Characteristics of protists
原生生物的特征
o native eukaryotic organisms, including simple (ie has real nucleus), mostly for single-cell organisms, while some are more cells, but not with tissue differentiation. The lowest in the sector such as eukaryotes. o unicellular protists _set_ of multi-cellular biological functions in a cell, including water regulation, nutrition, reproductive and so on. o many ways nutrition, and some are like fungus, absorb external nutrients; better part of not only photosynthesis, but also eating organic food, such as Euglena. o all native creatures to survive in the water. By the fossils that, protists has existed 15 billion years ago, it came from the evolution in prokaryotes. Most of the original single cell organisms, it is often considered the most primitive group of the simplest eukaryotes, the five circles in the morphology, anatomy, ecology and life history of one of the largest community variation. The boundaries of this sector is not very clear, the evolution of some protists apparently an extension of the branch into the plant kingdom, fungi and animals in the world. Some of the original cells are very complex organisms, although only a single cell of the individual, but as plants or animals must perform all the body's metabolism. It can be seen, the origin of eukaryotes is an important breakthrough in the history of biological evolution. Wherever there is water all the native creatures, they are very small, microscopic observation required, it is important to plankton (plankton), the edge of the lake or pond of still water especially abundant, and some benthic marine or fresh water in the field . Photosynthesis of these can do for other planktonic protists protists source of food. In moist soil, leaves or on land but also on their trail, there are some symbiotic, some will cause a fatal disease, parasitic protists. Most protists some stage in their life cycle have flagella or cilia, cilia flagella shorter and much more, as paddles as they rhythmically move the cells. Prokaryotic flagellum is in contact with the cell surface (such as bacteria), and eukaryotic flagella and cilia was an extension of the cytoplasm, formed by the micro-tube bundles, covered with the cell membrane, they have a basic structure (9 +2 type micro-tube arrangement).
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Of nutrition
Almost all protists are aerobic respiration. Their nutritional approach is also the largest variation in eukaryotes, and some self-support (autotrophs), there is heterotrophic (heterotrophs), and some mixed nutrition (mixotrophs), feasible photosynthesis and heterotrophic (eg Euglena) . Therefore, nutritional way to the original organisms can be divided into three groups: Algae like plants (Photosynthetic (plant-like) protists: algae) contains a chloroplast, the line of light self-nutritional way. Native fungi like mushrooms (absorptive (fungus-like) protists, no special name) a phagocytic secretion of organic compounds or enzymes, organic molecules break down and absorb the different camps of nutrition. Protozoa such animals (ingestive (animal like) protists: protozoa) a swallow large food nutrition for the heterotrophic mode.
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Alga
Number of species currently known about 23,000 species of algae, the main basis for classification: Types of photosynthetic pigments, The nature of the hoard, Cell wall components, The number and location of flagella, The fine structure of cells. So algae can be divided into ten. Algae (including the prokaryotic community of the paragraphs of the blue-green algae) and is closely related to humans, 50% of atmospheric oxygen is released by the photosynthesis of algae. And higher plants and algae also like to play in the ecosystem primary producers (primary producer) role, especially in aquatic ecosystems (aquatic ecosystem), the algae and other primary consumers (primary consumers) such as fish, shrimp, etc. the main source of food. Some algae can be consumed (such as blue-green algae Nostoc (Nostoc), brown algae of the kelp (Laminaria) and the group with food, vegetable hair red algae (Bangia), seaweed (Porphora), Gracilaria (Gracilaria) and Bodhi algae (Grateloupia), some large algae can be a feed, and some brown algae can be a fertilizer. some of the cell walls of red algae with calcareous will accumulate as the reef; the remains of diatoms will be diatomite deposits. In addition the cell walls of red algae contains polysaccharides can be extracted and made of agar (agar); the cell walls of brown algae with algae hormone (algin), can be made of gel (gel) or a stabilizer. is still some red algae can be used to dispense some brown algae extract can also be used for industrial use of oil. In recent years, many more were by artificial mass culture of algae and become healthy foods, such as green algae green algae (Chlorella) and even the business algae (Scenedesmus), blue-green algae Spirulina (Spirulina) and so on. Algae problems are brought to mankind, when the water is too high in certain nutrients, likely to cause some kind of overgrowth of algae, algal blooms caused (bloom) or red tide (red tide) phenomenon. In this eutrophication (eutrophication) of the situation, when the algae die, bacterial decomposition of algae, the water will eventually make hypoxic fish, shrimp died. The shape and size of algae, varies greatly: small in size as single-cell single-cell algae (Chlamydomonassp.), length of only about 5-25m; and big, such as kelp (Laminaria), up to several feet long. Some of the other groups, tubular, filamentous or thin film. Algae can break (fragmentation), or fixed spores (planospore) or non-fixed spores (aplanospore) line of asexual reproduction. When the environment is bad, you can with the form gametes (isogamy), different forms gametes (anisogamy) or sperm-egg binding (oogamy) for sexual reproduction. The life history of algae, there are three types: Zygotic life cycle (zygotic life cycle) to a life cycle of individual gametophyte (haploid) generation of dominant and only a short period of time in the zygote has a double _set_, and the zygotic meiosis (zygotic meiosis), the original multi-line algae Such life history, such as unicellular algae. Life history of gametes (gametic life cycle) of individuals with a life cycle sporophyte (two _set_s), the dominant generation, only a short period of time in the gametes have a single _set_, produced before the gametes undergo meiosis (gameticn meiosis), such a life History like animals, such as diatoms. Spore life cycle (sporic life cycle) of a life cycle alternating sporophyte and gametophyte emergence of a significant generational change, produce spores when meiosis (sporic meiosis), algae and plant life history of this multi-line; some algae sporophytes and gametophytes of the same type (isomerphic alternation of generation), such as Ulva and some different types (heteromorphic alternation Of generation), such as kelp.
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Native fungi
原生生物 原生菌类
原生生物 原生菌类
原生生物 原生菌类
原生生物 原生菌类
Myxomycetes Myxomycetes divided into protoplasts (plasmodial slime molds) and cellular slime molds (cellular slime molds). Saprolegnia single flagellum can be divided into fixed cells (uniflagellate motile cells) and two flagella moving cells (biflagellate motile cells).
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Protozoa
Most of the movement of protozoa may be predators or parasites, can be divided into the following categories: A flagellate protozoan (flagellated Protozoans) as the cone of African sleeping sickness caused by insects (trypanosomes), human reproductive tract infection Trichomonas class (trichomonads). Protozoa like amoeba (amoeboid Protozoans) a move by pseudopodia, if any shell or shell-amoeba (amoebas), foraminifera (foraminiferans), solar insects (heliozoans) and radiation insects (radiolarians .) Sporozoans (sporozoans) one can slide or can not exercise, such as Plasmodium (Plasmodium) cause malaria. Ciliate (ciliates) of a large number of cilia to use movement and feeding, such as the paramecium. Protists (protist / protoctists) is a single cell (also part of a multi-cell) organisms, their cells have a nucleus and membrane organelles. Than in prokaryotes, protists, larger and more complex. Some protists can make use of photosynthesis in food, native biological contain at least 50,000 kinds of organisms. Alga Native fungi Protozoa Characteristics of protists: Native eukaryotic organisms, including simple (ie has real nucleus), mostly for single-cell organisms, while some are more cells, but not with tissue differentiation. The lowest in the sector such as eukaryotes. Unicellular protists _set_ of multi-cellular biological functions in a cell, including water regulation, nutrition, reproductive and so on. Many ways nutrition, and some are like fungus, absorb external nutrients; more part of both photosynthesis can eat organic food, such as Euglena. All the native creatures survive in the water. All are neither animals, plants or fungi is of eukaryotic protists, including ciliates (ciliates), amoebae (amoebae), Plasmodium (malarial parasites), slime molds, plankton (plankton), algae (sea weed) and photosynthesis of unicellular swimming camp microorganisms, such as Euglena and so on. Defined by the old, native organisms, including single-cell eukaryotic species.
alga