Protozoa protozoa An animal kingdom, the most original, the most simple, single-celled animals, such as a minimum. Each protozoan is a complete organism. Protozoa can be distributed in the ocean, land, air. Parasitic species, almost all multicellular animals and plants can be parasitic. In addition, there are epiphytic, symbiosis, parasitism type. Currently protozoa have been described about 6.8 million species, half of which is fossil species extant species, free-living camp accounted for 2/3, parasitic life accounted for 1/3. Protozoa great shape change. There protoplasm free flowing shapes uncertain amoeba has compact structure of radiolarians and foraminifera. Outside there is a layer of membrane protoplasts, some flagellates, amoebae, ciliates have a siliceous, calcareous, fiber shell. Cytoplasm containing various particles (droplets, starch, paramylon, pigment, etc.) and various organelles. Sustain life and has all the features necessary for the continuation of future generations, such as action, nutrition, respiratory, excretory and reproductive. And flagellates, amoebae, ciliates corresponding motion organelles have flagella and cilia pseudopodia. Cryptosporidium is a parasite, by buckling, the sliding movement of the body, etc.. Reproduction and life cycle including reproductive life cycle of protozoa and cysts on. Can be divided into asexual reproductive and sexual reproduction. Most protozoan asexual reproduction by binary fission. Sexual reproduction has fusion bonding, self-fertilization and the false with three kinds. Most parasitic protozoa, including three times the life history of spores: bilharzia reproductive gametes reproductive and reproductive spores. There are the obvious alternative sexual asexual generations and generations. Ecological impact of environmental factors protozoa are temperature, dissolved oxygen, dissolved carbon dioxide, salinity, light, sediment, water, storms and so on. Phylogeny and classification of protozoa is generally considered the ancestors of some ancient "plant - animal" of groups, known in ancient vegetation flagellate. Classical classification of the protozoa are divided into four classes - flagellate Gang, Gang amoebae, ciliates Sporozoa and Gang. ① Since many flagellates deformation of the life cycle, and many amoebae flagellated life history of some species itself both flagella and pseudopodia, so the two combined for the meat whip animal outline Amon. ② a traditional Sporozoa some types do not appear in the life cycle of the spores, which top has a complex structure of submicroscopic - the polar ring, class vertebrae, the membrane sheet microtubules, porous, rod-like body, Top actin complex body composition, and thus its independence as a top complex animal Amon, and Amon Nosema, sticky substance animal Amon, Amon sac carinii tied. ③ traditional classification of insects on the disc Sarcodina curled up inside. It has been demonstrated that it is not a pseudo-foot screen, but hard, inanimate wire, thus independent of the disk curled animal Amon. There are 30 kinds of protozoa known meaning direct invasion of the human body. Soil Protozoa can help break down plant debris into useful humus. Foraminifera and radiolarian fossils have complete preservation, can be used to identify stratigraphic age and draw with. They are also a good indication of sea water biological group dynamics. Such as the use of radial bone strontium sulfate radiolarian to manufacture bones, so you can view measured as radioactive substances of marine pollution indicator organisms. In the field of protozoan cells, genetics, physiology, biochemistry, biology, etc. are often used in the experiment materials. Protozoa are animal kingdom, such as the minimum weight of a class of eukaryotic unicellular animals, cells from a single individual. Relative protozoa, all animals by a number of cells, called metazoans. Generally small individual protozoa, most only between 2-5mm. Protozoa very broad areas of life, can live in seawater and freshwater, benthic or pelagic, but there are a lot of life in the soil or other parasites in animals. Protozoa are generally two kinds of sexual and asexual generations alternate with each other reproductive methods. Mainly based on the movement of organelles, protozoa can be divided into: Flagellate Gang (mastigophora) Body front with students one or more flagella flagellum. Some body with pigments body can borrow sunlight energy, homemade food, camp vegetable (autotrophic) nutrition, are planted flagellates (phytofla gellates); Another is the body does not have the body of heterotrophic type of pigment, called flagella move class (zoo flagellates). Planting flagellates can secrete hardware, and therefore more fossils. Class can not move flagella secretion hardware, so far no fossils, although its earlier Cambrian fossils may already exist. Ciliates Gang (giliata) Born in dense ciliary movement in vitro. Typical extant paramecium (paramecium) as the key link, bell fiber insect fossils are important in this program. Sporozoa (sporozoa) No moving organelles to spores, no fossils. Amoebae Gang (sarcodina) Sarcodina organelle movement of filopodia, made prominent by the cytoplasm outwards, with leafy, filamentous, branching, mesh and needle-like. Most can secrete shell, is a key link in the fossil protozoan most. Foraminifera subclass - dragonfly head foraminifera Radiolarian subclass Relationships with people Protozoa not only for understanding the evolution of animals is important, but also the relationship and life more closely. For example, parasitic species directly harmful to people. Some also have a direct relationship to the national economy, some parasitic protozoan pests in vivo, but also biological pest control materials research. Free-living protozoa. Some species can contaminate water, red tide caused harm fisheries. On the other hand, some species of animals can be used as an indicator of organic pollution. Most of the planting flagellate. Ciliates and a few roots millipedes are part of the plankton, is a natural bait fish. Plankton in the oceans and lakes is an important raw material for the formation of oil. Foraminifera. Radiolarian shell crust form meaningful. Therefore, they are also a sign of detecting oil deposits. In addition, protozoa structure is relatively simple, breed fast, easy to train, so good material to study the basic theory of biological sciences, such as Euglena, amoebas, paramecium. The basic theory of biological science, cell biology is an important part, which itself is a single cell protozoa, thus revealing some of the basic laws of life, and protozoa have been shown to play a larger display its scientific value. Systems Development Protozoa are single-celled animals, to discuss the development of protozoan system is bound to involve the origin of life and cellular origin. In principle, the development of millions of years, the first is the development of organic matter from the inorganic to simple organic development from simple to complex organic compounds, the development of imaging proteins, nucleic acids, macromolecules such as complex, developed with the metabolic functions, but without the original living cell structure. This is the first living matter, life forms. And later after a long time, before the development of non-living substances in cell morphology become primitive biological cell structure. Modern development from primitive organisms differentiate primitive animals and plants. And then developed into a modern kinds of protozoa. In these four classes of protozoa which category is the most primitive: the past, some people think that this type of amoeba Sarcodina animal is the most primitive. Because of its simple structure, but it is swallowed nutrition it needs to eat other protozoa or plants, so it will not be the earliest. Gang cilia structure is more complex, and is swallowed nutrition, can not be the earliest. Arachnid spores are all parasitic, parasitic species are developed from species to live independently from, and therefore can not be the earliest. Only Mastigophora have three kinds of nutrition, it is generally believed flagellated protozoan fine is one of the most original outline. In Mastigophora the earliest in the end is what kind of problem there is controversy. Past, some people think that the most eye appear colored flagellates. Because it can manufacture their own food, but because the pigment structure is more complex, it is impossible to imagine the earliest such complex structures exist. Some people think that it is also not the earliest colored flagellates, but colorless flagellates permeability nutrition, because nutrition colorless flagellates permeability generally relatively simple structure, this argument seems to be acceptable. Because the development of the material is from the simple to the complex, while in the previous single-celled animals appeared already exists organic conditions, of course, does not mean that from now to the development of colorless flagellates, which may be somewhat similar to the current colorless flagella insects, assuming it is called primitive flagellate. After the original flagellate long years, the formation of the current kinds of flagellates. Now, some people think is the most primitive choanoflagellates, which is the ancestor of all multicellular animals. Sarcodina also come from the original flagellate development, because many amoebae such as foraminifera, whose gametes with flagella, according to Jin biogenesis, indicating their ancestors have flagella. Some species such as deformation and flagellate flagellum and filopodia, which may explain flagellates and amoebae relatives close. Ciliates may be developed from the original flagellate flagellate into the process, but also a form of separation, because the structure of cilia and flagella is consistent with the description of the relationship between these two classes closer. Gang because spores are all parasitic, more difficult to trace its origin. There are generally two sources can be seen as the malaria parasite, coccidia, whose gametes have a flagellum, may be derived from Mastigophora while Myxosporean, its nutritional whole body is deformed body, may be derived from Sarcodina.
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Outline
Animal kingdom one, for the most original, the most simple, single-celled animals, such as a minimum. Protozoa are about 30,000 kinds of species. Protozoa are unicellular, there is a variety of specialized organelles within the cell, has maintained all the features necessary for life and the generations to come, such as action, nutrition, respiratory, excretory and reproductive. Each protozoan is a complete organism. Protozoa widely distributed. Energy distribution of free-living species in the ocean, land 9 including fresh water, salt water, soil, ice, snow and hot springs), and even in the air there are protozoan cysts; regards parasitic species, almost all multicellular animals The parasitic protozoa can, plants can also become a protozoan host; addition epiphytic, symbiosis, parasitism type. Currently protozoa have been described about 6.8 million species, half of which is fossil species extant species, free-living camp accounted for 2/3, parasitic life accounted for 1/3. Individual cells of multicellular animals generally can not live independently from other cells, but did not have all the functions of life like protozoa. Protozoa including a considerable diversity of taxa in the system during development they can evolve into multicellular animals through a variety of ways. Animals such as sponges and choanoflagellates have very similar flagellated cells; vegetable insects flagellate Volvox groups began to differentiate between functional cells have specially ─ ─ nutrition and specially bred individuals are considered evolutionary process may be coelenterate ancestor. People speculate that no purpose planarian intestine may have originated in the original multi-core ciliates, which envisaged inferior to the origin of multicellular animals with multiple different groups of protozoa.
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Research Brief History
300 years ago, A.van Leeuwenhoek used about 270 times zoom lens, the first to see a lot of free-living and parasitic protozoan life, he Euglena described as "middle green, both ends of the white" worms , later called him the father of protozoa Studies. 1758 C.von Linnean binomial method named application Volvox giant insects, worms big changes. GA Gold Fuss 1817 the first year with Protozoa (protozoa) term, but he also cnidarians included. Under the correct definition for protozoa is CTEvon Siebold (1845). CG Ehrenberg 1838 to classify the observed protozoa described preliminary classification system. Early 20th century, gradually extended from the classic to the classification of protozoa field physiology, nutrition, ecology, genetics and so on. Beginning in the 1950s, due to the application of the electron microscope, so that the level of research into protozoa submicroscopic structure. Over the past decade, new technologies microscopic spectrophotometer, enzyme chemistry, etc., at the molecular level to perform microscopic protozoan research. Meanwhile, through the application of computer models, but also on ecological communities protozoa were macro-level research.
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Systems Development
Protozoa are single-celled animals, in principle, in the course of millions of years of development, the first is the development of simple inorganic to the organic development of organic compounds from simple to complex organic compounds, the development of imaging proteins, nucleic acids and other such complex macromolecules, developed with metabolic function, but without the original structure of living cells. This is the first living matter, life forms. And later after a long time, before the development of non-living substances in cell morphology become primitive biological cell structure. Modern development from primitive organisms differentiate primitive animals and plants. And then developed into a modern kinds of protozoa. In these four classes of protozoa which category is the most primitive: the past, some people think that this type of amoeba Sarcodina animal is the most primitive. Because of its simple structure, but it is swallowed nutrition it needs to eat other protozoa or plants, so it will not be the earliest. Gang cilia structure is more complex, and is swallowed nutrition, can not be the earliest. Arachnid spores are all parasitic, parasitic species are developed from species to live independently from, and therefore can not be the earliest. Only Mastigophora have three kinds of nutrition, it is generally believed flagellated protozoan fine is one of the most original outline. In Mastigophora the earliest in the end is what kind of problem there is controversy. Past, some people think that the most eye appear colored flagellates. Because it can manufacture their own food, but because the pigment structure is more complex, it is impossible to imagine the earliest such complex structures exist. Some people think that it is also not the earliest colored flagellates, but colorless flagellates permeability nutrition, because nutrition colorless flagellates permeability generally relatively simple structure, this argument seems to be acceptable. Because the development of the material is from the simple to the complex, while in the previous single-celled animals appeared already exists organic conditions, of course, does not mean that from now to the development of colorless flagellates, which may be somewhat similar to the current colorless flagella insects, assuming it is called primitive flagellate. After the original flagellate long years, the formation of the current kinds of flagellates. Now, some people think is the most primitive choanoflagellates, which is the ancestor of all multicellular animals. Sarcodina also come from the original flagellate development, because many amoebae such as foraminifera, whose gametes with flagella, according to Jin biogenesis, indicating their ancestors have flagella. Some species such as deformation and flagellate flagellum and filopodia, which may explain flagellates and amoebae relatives close. Ciliates may be developed from the original flagellate flagellate into the process, but also a form of separation, because the structure of cilia and flagella is consistent with the description of the relationship between these two classes closer. Gang because spores are all parasitic, more difficult to trace its origin. There are generally two sources can be seen as the malaria parasite, coccidia, whose gametes have a flagellum, may be derived from Mastigophora while Myxosporean, its nutritional whole body is deformed body, may be derived from Sarcodina.
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The main features of protozoa
An entire body from a single cell protozoan that is composed of single-celled animals. All cells with the general basic structure: cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, organelles (mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, etc.). This is a single-celled animals have all the characteristics and physiological function, independence and integrity of the organism. As with exercise, digestion, respiration, excretion, sensing, reproductive function. The above is from a variety of physiological functions specific organelles to complete: eg: Sports organelles --- cilia, flagella; feeding --- intracellular organelles mouth, pharynx cells, food vacuole; feeling organelles --- eye point; regulate body water organelles --- collection tube, telescopic bulbs. Defined protozoan: protozoa is a complete, independent living can camp, unicellular organism structure. 2 tiny body 3 Original: either morphological or physiological functions in all kinds of animals is the simplest, most primitive, reflecting the earliest ancestor of the animal kingdom type characteristics. 4 has a special adaptation Under adverse environment can form cysts, after losing most of the structures huddled, and the formation of cysts in vitro secretion of glial membrane that separated itself from the external environment, reducing the level of metabolism, dormant. And other environmental conditions to grow a good time and the corresponding structure, de-sac out, return to normal life. 5 groups of single-celled animals. Features: Single-cell aggregation by a number of individuals from the population, but the vast majority of single-celled individuals within the group with relative independence. Such as disk algae, Haematococcus empty, solid ball algae, algae and other groups. Morphology and function 6 of nutrition including vegetable nutrition, animal nutrition, nutrition permeability Protozoa great shape change. There protoplasm free flowing shapes uncertain amoeba has compact structure, like a carved floral crafts radiolarians and foraminifera. Different species may result in the same or different environmental conditions during the life cycle and change shape. Individual size generally between 10 microns to 1 mm. The youngest only 2 microns (such as parasites in the red blood cells Babesia, big up to 19 centimeters (such as coins early Cenozoic insect). 1 membrane: a layer outside the protoplast membrane, so that protozoa and separated from the external environment. Any substance into the body or excreted must pass through this layer of the cell membrane. Planting Mastigophora trichomoniasis and other clothing in the bag also has a cell wall outside the cell membrane, but was resilient in Euglena surface membrane. It is this surface membrane structure, so that most protozoa both relatively stable shape, but also to act freely. Table thin film amoeba is conducive to extend pseudopods. Some flagellates, amoebae, ciliates have a siliceous, calcareous, fibrous shell, people think these shell matrix is formed in the cell membrane and then moved to the sheet. 2 cytoplasm: general can be divided into transparent, dense outer mass and liquid flow endoplasmic. Cytoplasm containing various particles (droplets, starch, paramylon, pigment, etc.) and various organelles (mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes). Many Golgi apparatus, absent or underdeveloped in ciliates in flagellates. Golgi apparatus and cell synthesis of refined products, processing and storage related, such as co-tail trichomoniasis, scaly shell insects, worms and other surface radiation pattern was arranged scales, these scales is in the Golgi apparatus of vesicle formation, then These vesicles move to the plasma membrane, and then scales arranged in a certain pattern on the surface. Most ciliates electron microscopy revealed mitochondrial inner membrane broke inward, forming a tubular crest, but in some lamblia is a sheet or plate ridge in amoeba and insects are clustered vesicles crest. In the stomach of a ruminant parasitic anaerobic mitochondria no ridge ciliates sacs Balantidium mitochondria without the ridge and the ridge is a mixture thereof. Many vegetable and certain other flagellate protozoa have reddish - purple pigment granules, called hemoglobin, the red rain coccidia, Gini Euglena, Red worms, insects ocher. Ectoplasm azure trumpet horn worm contains one kind of pigment, which is blue worms. 3 nuclei: According to chromatin structure can be divided into the nucleus vesicular nuclei and dense-core categories. Vesicular nuclei common in amoebae and flagellates, commonly found in large dense core of the nucleus ciliates. In flagellates, amoebae, Cryptosporidium, some species have many nuclei, but they are the same type of nucleus. Many protozoa during nutrition, nuclear chromosomes are polyploid, diploid or haploid compared to some. Ciliates large and small nucleus of the points, a small nucleus is diploid nucleus is highly polyploid. Large nuclear size, shape, number vary greatly in shape also varies very different. Large and small nucleus inclusive DNA (DNA). Generally small nuclear genetic control of cell nucleus controls cell nutrition, but it is not absolute. Known large nuclear genetic control in phenotype, indicating that there are some large nucleus factor controlling heredity. Only a small nucleus without nuclear energy division and although strains to survive, but in the end still aging. In joining the reproductive process, a large nuclear degradation, generate new nucleus from small nucleus, indicating that despite the large nuclear autonomy, but they still rely on a small core. Ciliate nuclear dimorphism is unique in the entire biosphere. Flagellate nucleus and hair matrix systems are closely related. Flagellar filaments root matrix linked to the core. Nuclear matrix in a proportion of the number. In general, low flagellate 2:1, ie 2 matrix, a nucleus. With the evolution and expansion of the proportion of heads in the ultra flagellum is a 100 to 1000:1. 4 pigment organelles and its subsidiary bodies: the majority of plant photosynthesis flagellate with relevant bodies and red pigment eye point. Eye from one point to multiple red ball composition, light sensitive and can guide flagellates swim at the sun. There are four types of body pigment: chlorophyll, carotenoids, lutein and phycobilin. Due to the different pigments in body composition and weight, vegetable flagellates vary greatly in color, green, yellow and blue. Colored flagellates such a long time in the dark and organic-rich environment, body and eye pigmentation points are fading, no photosynthesis, they use penetration function of the body surface to absorb nutrients directly through the cell mouth or swallowed foods (such as Euglena ). 5 organelle movement: and flagellates, amoebae, ciliates corresponding motion organelles have flagella and cilia pseudopodia. Cryptosporidium is a parasite, non-specialized organelle movement, by buckling, the sliding movement of the body, etc., only the deformation of the life cycle, and its small gametes may by pseudopodia and flagella. Giardia lamblia, in addition there are many super-flagella, in general, usually 1 to 2, few have eight. Flagellar cytoplasmic filaments, usually extending from the front of the body, a few self-side, waist ditch, extending into the body of the rudder flagella. There flagella predation, attachment, sensory function. It consists of two parts: the central one flexible shaft wire consists of several parallel fibers, the axis of the plasma sheath wrapped wire outside. Protozoa in all eukaryotic flagella and flagella, is "9 +2" format (see the cilia, flagella). Flagellum is buried from the table in the cytoplasm of the film can be dyed hair, also known as the base substrate, in ciliates called kinetoplast extends to the body. There are two general flagellates substrate at the top of the cell, but only one out of a flagellum substrate, another substrate is male (as low trypanosomiasis) or flagella that traces (such as Euglena). In higher dynamic flagellates, the matrix may have 2,6,8 or even hundreds of dollars. There flagella super flagellates about 2000, the number of the base 5 more than flagellin, which is not long flagella 5 matrix has important significance in ontogeny. The substrate itself is not split, a new matrix is formed near the base of the original. Electron microscopy confirmed that the outer periphery of the base of the flagellum microtubules arranged in a similar format, with the addition of the first three in a double body, becoming a triple body. In the parasitic flagellates constructed there undulating membrane and flagella related ribs, ridges, sub-base, a deputy Jisi, shafts, shield, hammer, spindle clusters and so on. From the top to the base of the flagellum as wave motion, there are two kinds of plane waves and spiral forms of exercise, can make the worm move in any direction. Can be divided according to the form pseudopodia foot leaves, silk foot, foot root (also known as Network foot) and the shaft foot four. Pseudo-foot addition to the action, as well as predation, solid, feeling function. Deformation campaign on pseudopodia been studied for over 100 years, has yet to be resolved. When the amoeba is generally believed that action, the endoplasmic sol transition from semi-liquid semi-solid gel, the gel has a contraction, it produces micro-pressure sol, sol Bianxiang then flow to the weakest, and the formation of pseudo- foot. So pseudopodia like gel tube, sol forced to flow to the pipe. Sol-gel tube reaches near the front end of the sheet is transformed into a gel film. Gel contraction at the rear and into the new sol. This constant repetition, constant flow of forward sol, on the back of the body is shrinking, the result will be increased pseudopodia become a substantial part of the body, while the front and constantly forming new pseudopodia. This deformation types of leaf movement is common in the foot type. Silk foot, mesh foot, foot-axis movement is another form, as these very fine pseudopodia, Central has a hard fiber, sol wildly flowing like a conveyor belt to the two opposite directions along the fiber. Cilia and flagella, just as the axis of the wire and sheath composed of submicroscopic structure axoneme also press the "9 +2" format arrangement. Each cilia projecting a fine fiber matrix, the matrix on the left side and the other within the same row of filaments extending cilia substrate linked to become movable in the longitudinal filaments. Short cilia and flagella and more than quantity. Functional cilia movement, predation and feel, but with a different division of labor and specialization. Some cilia healing into small film, in a striped arrangement rim, strong and coordinated action to facilitate the entrance of the food drive. Some films into large fluctuations healing cilia, prominent outside rim. Mao next class, back cilia degradation, abdomen fused into a brush-like cilia cirri. Protozoa is the fastest moving ciliates. Each cilium when fetching water, and recovery of potency hitting hitting two. Coordinate the cilia hit, four types of rhythms generated waves along the body. 6 fiber structure: Most protozoa have shrinkage, particularly evident in some species, such as the mouth of the horn worms and insects muscle spin silk, silk bell retractor handle the insects, which are strong contraction. Electron microscopy has proven fiber structure within the cytoplasm, in addition to helping the body shrink, there to help sports (such as cluster insects subclass), to stay in shape (such as frogs piece worms, insects and other small melon) function. 7 organelles support and protection: such a cell is extracellular structure, such as the pattern, the shell, internal and external bone cysts, spores, etc. These structures are not found in multicellular animals. If the shaft moving flagellates are within the bones, ribs, radiolarian radiation or bone needles protruding spines, pharyngeal basket bare mouth CILIATES mouthparts within barbed rod, etc., mostly from the support and protection. The most common are the exoskeleton is thickened in the outer surface film with a protective shell. There shell chitin, siliceous, strontium sulfate and other ingredients, and sometimes calcareous sedimentation. Some shells are whole piece, some scaly, some are beautifully carved patterns. Protozoa emitted from the body but also from a variety of prominent quality, used for defense, attack and feeding. There are seven outstanding quality ciliates: barbed wire foam (eg paramecium), sticky filament bulbs (such as Tetrahymena), Venomshroud bulbs (such as long-necked worms), the Department of filament bulbs (on straw worm tentacles), fiber filament bulbs (such as the proposed small chest insects), wire rod bubble (such as tube worms thorn) and mesh foam (such as comb caterpillars). Flagellate also has barbed wire filament bulbs and sticky foam, such as dinoflagellates have nematocysts, there are very Myxosporean wire, they play a role in fixing. 8 telescopic bulbs and various other vacuole: living in freshwater protozoan has a plurality of flexible foam to live in seawater and parasitic protozoa generally do not have telescopic bulbs. Amoeba only a telescopic bulbs, simple structure, location uncertain, stretching around the bubble are small vesicles, mitochondria greater density. There are two flexible foam front Paramecium, and have a central bulb 6 projecting radiation collection tube branching tubules of the endoplasmic reticulum and is connected to the collecting pipe conduit system. Telescopic main function is to regulate the osmotic pressure of the bubble. According feeding food vacuole were divided into two types: phagosomes containing large particles of food containing dissolved nutrients pinocytosis vesicles. Food particles or nutrients enter the food vacuole, food vacuole and cytoplasm lysosomes merger, the food is digested lysosomal enzyme release, undigested waste is excreted.
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Physiological characteristics
A reproduction and life cycles: life cycle including reproductive protozoa and cysts of. Some species have lost the ability to form cysts. Can be divided into asexual reproductive and sexual reproduction. Most protozoan asexual reproduction by binary fission. Giardia is a vertical split, ciliates is a cross-division. Peritrichs Based in appearance, such as vertical split, but intracellular components (such as nuclear, peristomial ciliary band) is still horizontal split. The parasite, coccidia the germ line of bilharzia. Straw insects in vivo or in vitro to give birth to many buds (budding). Some protozoa such as plastic filarial multicore, multi-core amoeba occasionally split into two to several small, is still multicore individuals (protoplasm group split). The above four ways only budding also retained broodstock, the rest had no pro, progeny are equivalent. There are three kinds of protozoa sexual reproduction: fusion bonded with self-fertilization and false. Self-fertilization and conjugation similar, but only within an individual. Several small nuclear fission, nuclear fusion in which two gametes into the nucleus, and the rest degradation. Mitotic together to form a new large and small nucleus. False equipped with conjugation, requires two individuals contacted, but no nuclear exchange gametes, each individual separately from each other after the completion of the process of self-fertilization. Had been found in the paramecium in two special nuclear phenomena. The life cycle of parasitic protozoa more complicated. Most spores life cycle including three periods: bilharzia reproductive, reproductive gametes and reproductive spores. There are the obvious alternative sexual asexual generations and generations. Reproductive spores spore mother cells are produced by the zygote formed after spores, further formation of sporozoites. Sporozoite general packet has shell can resist adverse environment conducive to spread. 2 ecological factors: environmental factors affecting protozoa in the following areas: ① water, no matter how small protozoa are also required to have a minimum of water. ② temperature, protozoa can live in the Earth's poles and snow and ice, but also live in the high temperature hot springs, such as China's Tibet Autonomous Region in the spa 67 ℃, they live skate jaw Difflugia. Stored frozen in the laboratory methods available protozoa, at -95 ℃ when Tetrahymena pyriformis survive four months, the parasite Trichomonas bovine embryos survive five and a half years. Under natural conditions of 5 ~ 35 ℃ protozoa are suitable for most. ③ dissolved oxygen, most protozoa need oxygen to sustain life activities. But in the deep water of the lake the lake, the pool of sewage anaerobic fermentation of living flagellates, ciliates are anaerobic, most parasitic protozoa also anaerobic. ④ dissolved carbon dioxide, can withstand most protozoa low CO2 concentration. For vegetable flagellate it, CO2 is an important source of carbon. ⑤ pH, the pH is in the range are likely to survive in the 2.2 to 9.2. ⑥ salinity, protozoa can be distributed in fresh water, brackish water, sea water, brine. Most species can only survive within a certain range of salinity, and some species are euryhaline, using telescopic bulbs regulate the body's osmotic pressure to adapt to environmental changes in salinity. ⑦ light, light is the energy source of vegetable flagellate photosynthesis. In bright light, Volvox and Euglena insects can escape. On the snow-capped mountains of Tibet to see the clothes trichomoniasis can produce glare resistant protective pigment ─ ─ red pigment, causing the snow red. ⑧ sediment, water, waves, etc., radiolarians in the body cavity can expand and contract to adjust their depth in the water, unencumbered by storms blow by. There is a life in the intertidal zone anxious eye worm swim in the pool, their habits can meet the rhythm of tides. Exposed at low tide pools, anxious eyes swim swim to the surface feeding insects, divide and multiply. Before the tide came in, it to the bottom of the pool to form cysts. Cysts stuck at the bottom, to avoid being taken away tide. ⑨ food and nutrition, nutrition methods are plant type, animal type and saprophytic type three kinds. Most parasitic protozoa are saprophytic type of nutrition, recently found several parvum can devour a particular host red blood cell cytoplasm mouth formed food vacuole. In addition, certain growth factors required protozoa such as vitamin B1, B12, H, etc. Parasitic protozoa from the free-living protozoa to the evolution in the long process of adaptation morphological and physiological changes, such as losing a feeding organelle, the addition of fixed organelles (sucker, wire pole, handle, etc.) to improve the reproductive capacity and improved ways to transfer the new host (host development from a single intermediate host and reservoir host). In addition, protozoa can also be parasitic or other biological symbiosis with other organisms, such as foraminifera small parasitic amoeba, the body has a parasitic worm clusters Nosema, dual-core paramecium small grains also bacteria in vivo Kappa In many ciliates were found in the body of the symbiotic algae. 3 and genetic variation: the potential for genetic variation in diploid and polyploid protozoa populations larger than haploid, large off than asexual reproduction process in sexual reproduction process. Trichomoniasis among different clothes and ciliates of different mating types for cross-fertilization, we can expand the scope of the new gene combinations. Ciliates are joined germ must have two conditions: ① two bodies must belong to the appropriate mating type, ② their mating type pure lines must be mature age. In a kind of genetic photogenic several separate genes, each gene cluster have the same gene pool, but there are several different mating type. Probability within the same mating type gene cluster bonding with each other up to 95%. Little is known dual-core paramecium has 14 genes, each with two mating types, bursaria has six genes, there are two to three mating type genes within each group. Hypotrichida evolution in protozoa is relatively higher in a class, there are many complex pattern of distribution of certain cilia and non-ciliated structures on their skin. These genetic structures are autonomous. Ciliates cilia formation and decision model is difficult to completely control the effects attributed to the effect of genes on a phenotype or gene products. In the cortex and hair matrix has yet to find a carrier of genetic information in DNA molecules. So it was not considered hereditary monopoly of nucleic acid molecules can.
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Taxonomy
Protozoa are generally considered the ancestors of some ancient "plant - animal" of groups, known in ancient vegetation flagellate. From ancient flagellate planting roots into several different strains, each root plants rise to the ancestors of modern protozoa. This is a theory of multiple systems. Some people think that the evolution from ancient vegetation flagellate as amoebae. Cryptosporidium is a dual origin of a class derived from amoebae, originated in a class action lamblia. Ciliates directly originated flagellate just said is not clear large and small nuclear differentiation and evolution of conjugation. Whatever views are from the modern speculate protozoa, the lack of sufficient basis. Classical classification of the protozoa are divided into four classes ─ ─ flagellate Gang, Gang amoebae, ciliates Sporozoa and Gang. With the increase of the kind found in the application of new technologies (such as electron microscopy, etc.), taxonomists traditional classification system of protozoa were corrected. More consistent with: ① Since many flagellates deformation of the life cycle, and many amoebae flagellated life history of some species itself both flagella and pseudopodia, so the two combined for the meat whip animal outline Amon. ② Sporozoa the traditional life cycle of some species does not appear spores should point out. Electron microscopic observation that in certain species of sporozoites or merozoites during its top with a complex of submicroscopic ─ ─ polar ring structure, class vertebrae, the pellicle microtubules, porous, rod-like body composed of filaments top complex body, and thus its independence as a top complex animal Amon, and Amon Nosema, sticky substance animal Amon, Amon sac carinii tied. ③ traditional classification of insects on the disc Sarcodina curled up inside. It has been demonstrated that it is not a pseudo-foot screen, but hard, inanimate wire, thus independent of the disk curled animal Amon. The following classification system is mainly referring to protozoologist Association classification and evolution of a program committee chairman ND Levine negotiated in 1980 with 16 taxonomists. In this paper, the seven gates in the program dropped to 7 Amon, Amon dropped to Chaogang, Chaogang There is enough meat classes, subclasses and Head, protozoa remain as a door: Protozoa (Protozoa) Whip animal meat Amon (Sarcomastigophora) Whip Mao Zonggang (Mastigophora) Planting Mastigophora (Phytomastigophorea) Implicit trichomoniasis mesh (Cryptomonadida) Whip mesh waist (Dinoflagellida) Euglenoidida (Euglenida) Gold trichomoniasis mesh (Chrysomonadida) Iso whip mesh (Heterochlorida) Green trichomoniasis mesh (Chloromonadida) Whip fixed mesh (Prymnesiida) Volvox insect mesh (Volvocida) Trichomonas Creek project (Prasinomonadida) Silicon whip mesh (Silicoflagellida) Move Mastigophora (Zoomastigophorea) Jaw whip mesh (Choanoflagellida) Moving body head (Kinetoplastida) Trichomonas original mesh (Proteromonadida) Qu trichomoniasis mesh (Retortamonadida) Dual trichomoniasis mesh (Diplomonadida) Trichomonas sharp eye (Oxymonadida) Trichomonas mesh (Trichomonadida) Ultra whip mesh (Hypermastigida) Frog film Master (Opalinata) Frog film Gang (Opalinatea) Frog filmography (Opalinida) Meat foot master (Sarcodida) Rhizopod Gang (Rhizopodea) Ye foot subclass (Lobosia) Bare becomes Head (Gymnamoebidea) Deformed mesh (Amoebida) Crack gravy mesh (Schizopyrenida) Mud raw mesh (Pelobiontida) Shell Leaf Head (Testacealobosidea) Case mesh (Arcellinida) MAO mesh (Trichosida) Microgel Siya Gang (Acarpomyxia) Fine plastic wire mesh (Leptomyxida) Kennedy plastic wire mesh (Stereomyxida) Mixed plastic Siya Gang (Acrasia) Mixed plastic wire mesh (Acrasida) True gum Siya Gang (Eumycetozoia) Original Star Head (Protosteliidea) Original Star mesh (Protosteliida) Network Star Head (Dictyosteliidea) Network Star mesh (Dictyosteliida) Head embryo glue (Myxogastridea) Spine column head (Echinosteliida) No wire mesh (Liceida) There are wire mesh (Trichüda) Calcium mesh (Stemonitida) Calcium-mesh (Physarida) Original quality subclass (Plasmodiophoria) Quality of the original mesh (Plasmodiophorida) Filopodia subclass (Filosia) No shell mesh (Aconchulinida) Network isopod (Gromiida) Grain network subclass (Granuloreticulosia) No room mesh (Athalamida) Single-chamber head (Monothalamida) Foraminifera mesh (Foraminiferida) Pill shell subclass (Xenophyophoria) Wireless mesh (Psamminida) Wire mesh (Stannomida) Spoke foot Gang (Actinopodea) And so spoke bone subclass (Acantharia) Head shot the whole spine (Holacanthida) Adhesive spine head (Symphyacanthida) Song spine head (Chaunacanthida) Festival spine head (Arthracanthida) Radiation mesh (Actineliida) Polycystic subclass (Polycystinia) Foam mesh (Spumellarida) Cover the cage mesh (Nassellarida) Dilute synapsids (Phaeodaria) Dark sac mesh (Phaeocystida) Dark ball head (Phaeosphaerida) Dark urn mesh (Phaeocalpida) Dark-foot mesh (Phaeogromida) Dark Bay Head (Phaeoconchida) Dark tree mesh (Phaeodendrida) Sun subclass (Heliozoia) Cabbage Head (Desmothoracida) Sun insect mesh (Actinophryida) Column isopod (Taxopodida) Yang mesh (Centrohelida) Disk curled animal Amon (Labyrinthomorpha) Disk curled Gang (Labyrinthulea) Disk curled mesh (Labyrinthulida) Top complex animal Amon (Apicomplexa) Beat Qin Gang (Perkinsea) Shoot the piano mesh (Perkinsida) Spore Gang (Sporozoea) Gregarine subclass (Gregarinia) Original cluster insect mesh (Archigregarinida) True clusters insect mesh (Eugregarinida) The new cluster insect mesh (Neogregarinida) Coccidia subclass (Coccidia) Intends coccidia mesh (Agamococcidiida) Original coccidia mesh (Protococcidiida) True coccidia mesh (Eucoccidiida) Babesia subclass (Piroplasmia) Babesia mesh (Piroplasmida) Nosema Amon (Microspora) II spores Gang (Rudimicrosporea) Shaped mesh (Metchnikovellida) Nosema Gang (Microsporea) Small spores mesh (Minisporida) Nosema mesh (Microsporida) Sac parvum Amon (Ascetospora) Star spores Gang (Stellatosporea) Endospores mesh (Occlusosporida) Manhole Cover spores mesh (Balanosporida) Nonporous Gang (Paramyxea) No hole mesh (Paramyxida) Adherends animal Amon (Myxozoa) Myxosporean Gang (Myxosporea) Bivalve mesh (Bivalvulida) Husky head (Multivalvulida) Radiation spores Gang (Actinosporea) Radiation spores subclass (Actinomyxia) Radiation spores mesh (Actinomyxida) Cilia Amon (Ciliophora) Moving substrate Gang (Kinetofragminophorea) Naked mouth subclass (Gymnostomatia) Before opening mesh (Prostomatida) Side port project (Pleurostomatida) Naked mouth subclass undecided position two objectives: Fibril mesh (Primociliatida) Nuclear remnants mesh (Karyorelictida) Vestibular subclass (Vestibuliferia) Burrs mesh (Trichostomatida) The hair mesh (Entodiniomorphida) Kidney-shaped head (Colpodida) Under the mouth subclass (Hypostomatia) Blue mouth Head (Nassulidea) Laminated film project (Synhymeniida) Blue Port head (Nassulida) Ye pharynx Head (Phyllopharyngidea) Nozzle head (Cyrtophorida) Funnel Head (Chonotrichida) Kiss Hair Head (Rhynchodea) Kiss Hypotrichida (Rhynchodida) After opening Head (Apostomatidea) After opening mesh (Apostomatida) Suctoria (Suctoria) Suctorida (Suctorida) Few films Gang (Oligohymenophorea) Film mouth subclass (Hymenostomatia) Hymenostomatida (Hymenostomatida) Scuticociliatida (Scuticociliatida) No mouth mesh (Astomatida) Edge Maoya Gang (Peritrichia) Ciliate mesh (Peritrichida) Multiple film Gang (Polymenophorea) Rotary Maoya Gang (Spirotrichia) Iso hair mesh (Heterotrichida) Teeth mouth mesh (Odontostomatida) Oligochaeta (Oligotrichida) Hypotrichida (Hypotrichida)
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Significance
There are 30 kinds of protozoa known direct invasion of the human body. Soil Protozoa can help break down plant debris into useful humus. Foraminifera and radiolarian fossils have complete preservation, can be used to identify stratigraphic age and draw with. They are also a good indication of sea water biological group dynamics. Such as the use of radial bone strontium sulfate radiolarian to manufacture bones, so you can view measured as radioactive substances of marine pollution indicator organisms. In the field of protozoan cells, genetics, physiology, biochemistry, biology, etc. are often used in the experiment materials. Protozoa are animal kingdom, such as the minimum weight of a class of eukaryotic unicellular animals, cells from a single individual. Relative protozoa, all animals by a number of cells, called metazoans. Generally small individual protozoa, most only between 2-5mm. Protozoa very broad areas of life, can live in seawater and freshwater, benthic or pelagic, but there are a lot of life in the soil or other parasites in animals. Protozoa are generally two kinds of sexual and asexual generations alternate with each other reproductive methods. One meaning:. ① known 30 species of protozoa direct invasion of the body, at least 1/4 of the human parasitic protozoa due to illness. Each year, 350 million people suffer from malaria in Africa, the Pacific Islands, South Asia and Southeast Asia, suffering from malaria deaths each year about 100 million people. Africa African sleeping sickness caused by a trypanosome, acute infection can be fatal. South America has 700 million people infected with T. cruzi derived M.Cangas's disease, people with heart failure and death. Leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania in Southeast Asia, South Asia, Africa are distributed, it can cause death. Although rarely fatal intestinal amoebiasis, amoebic dysentery but can hepatomegaly, United States 1/10 or more people contracting this disease. There are two types of China's five major parasitic diseases are protozoa. Since the 1990s found in soil, water and living amoeba can invade the human central nervous system, causing primary amoebic encephalitis. Livestock, poultry and other meat from the animals also have dozens of diseases caused by protozoa. Turkey coccidia parasite in the United States lost several hundred million dollars. Toxoplasmosis is a human and livestock (pigs, cattle, sheep), one of the most popular disease. The red tide is by the ocean dinoflagellate blooms caused, it can kill or secrete toxins accumulate in fish, shrimp, shellfish, after people eat can also cause death. There is a _set_ called the Little Golden trichomoniasis whipworm, hemolysis can secrete toxins, in Israel there is a lot to make the fish deaths were reported. ② soil protozoa can promote cycling in soil organic matter, can help break down plant debris into useful humus, alter microbial community structure and so on. ③ foraminifera and radiolarian fossils have complete preservation, can be used to identify stratigraphic age and draw with, and thus became an oil prospecting phase of the important biological means. In the oceans, they are also a good indication of sea water biological group dynamics. ④ such as the use of radiation radiolarian bone strontium sulfate (SrSO4) to manufacture bones, so you can view measured as radioactive substances of marine pollution indicator organisms. Structure and function parameters protozoan community can use to monitor, evaluate and predict the degree of contamination of water quality. ⑤ Because protozoa with materials readily available, medium size, breeding season is short, easy to train, easy to simulate, etc., in the area of the cell, genetics, physiology, biochemistry, biology, etc., they are often used as experimental material. Also used in the medical field to track protozoa anticancer drug in the body. Parasitic protozoa application of tissue culture to replace the natural host for the parasite to observe the living conditions accurately and provide better control methods. Research is also looking for new ways to parasitic protozoa serum. Ciliates pure line to prevent population aging and with conjugation, self-fertilization, etc. activate the nucleus, which is the study of human aging very enlightening. In the study of protozoan phylogeny, proposed using biochemical means to resolve relationships among species of protozoa. Ciliates subcortical structures in the study of non-genetic control of genetic phenomena, if the mechanism can solve the problem, will be a new contribution to genetics. 2 relationships with people: protozoa not only for understanding the evolution of animals is important, but also the relationship and life more closely. For example, parasitic species directly harmful to people. Some also have a direct relationship to the national economy, some parasitic protozoan pests in vivo, but also biological pest control materials research. Free-living protozoa. Some species can contaminate water, red tide caused harm fisheries. On the other hand, some species of animals can be used as an indicator of organic pollution. Most of the planting flagellate. Ciliates and a few roots millipedes are part of the plankton, is a natural bait fish. Plankton in the oceans and lakes is an important raw material for the formation of oil. Foraminifera. Radiolarian shell crust form meaningful. Therefore, they are also a sign of detecting oil deposits. In addition, protozoa structure is relatively simple, breed fast, easy to train, so good material to study the basic theory of biological sciences, such as Euglena, amoebas, paramecium. The basic theory of biological science, cell biology is an important part, which itself is a single cell protozoa, thus revealing some of the basic laws of life, and protozoa have been shown to play a larger display its scientific value.
Sarcomastigophora