Guangxia for justice because of different definitions from the content of history can be summed up in two. Generalized "history" is "history" for both training and co-produced "history is ambiguous," the unity, including: (1) completely independent of outside people's awareness of the objective of human existence and historical development of society process, and (2) Historians and the process of this objective its rule, and an exploration of the spirit of the production practices and created products. Narrow sense of history does not include the former and specifically refers to the latter. Narrow sense of history is a spiritual practice and the creation of the production is what the concept of unity of form. By its very nature, as historians point of view and study the different starting points, and the "activities" that "knowledge" or "academic," said the "knowledge system" that "science" that "art" that and "half science, half art" that "integration" so that different definitions. Western understanding of history experienced on the process of basically the same. China's ancient "history" concept is also from the "history" of the understanding developed from, or that it initially included in the "history" in the. According to the research, Mr. Historiography, generally speaking, China's ancient "history" of the meaning of experienced historian, history, historical events, history of the development process. Historical concepts may be the beginning of the period for Eantern Shile after the king of Zhao - AD 319 years (Eastern Jin Taixing years). At the time and a half centuries later, it did not make its meaning clear explanation. However, the historical attachment to get rid of the status of classics, and with the traditional classics, law school two separate categories, a school in a completely separate government department, which in ancient Chinese history or the development of very important significance. Later it has been compiled, literature science content; to the Qing dynasty Qianlong period, it also gives a historical narrative techniques of historical method and historical understanding of the content. To sum up, in ancient China, people explain the history of the concept of the highest level of understanding is: History is a course on how to understand, describe, or compilation of past special events, art of learning. This recognition and the Western historians, "history of art," Definition have the same purpose. In the history of ancient Chinese history, as the objective existence of human society in the past "history" and as a specialized knowledge to understand the people it describes the activities and results of the "history" and finally realize the initial separation, which the ancient historians to explore the results of thousands of years, but also in the history of their understanding of the greatest achievements. Because "history" from the "History" in the womb from a hard shell, so, although in view of contemporary historians, "history" and "History" is the meaning and nature of the two concepts are not the same for their respective What is the answer to belong to different ontological categories, but when people define them, they like a strange double-sided - both interact with each other and intertwined. As the "easy" out of hours training for the back, parallel sub-training and training while at the same time together, "but with a three-Justice" - "so-called easy (easy) also, variation is also not easy to have ",--" history" because of a combination of multi-word meaning the same time there is also ambiguous, the situation in modern times is still stubbornly maintain. Therefore, the neighbor on the definition of history is not wiser than the ancients, it is often not completely separated on both sides of the goddess Clio. When they define "what a history" or "historical meaning of" when, in fact, not in determining the "historical" definition, but in determining the "History" is defined; sometimes both at the same time together training and Ambiguity. If the ontology from the perspective of history, there will inevitably put them in the definition of the concept as a form up from the Definition of "historical" concept of history to come to their idealistic view of history is essentially a conclusion. If we explain the actual content from their overall context and text to analyze, you can easily see, they are the narrowly defined historical connotations. For example, modern Great Masters, "New History" revolution initiator Liang, in "Studies of Chinese history," a book, on the out_set_, wrote: "History, what? Describes the activities of human society Continuously bulk, the total school results obtained by the causal relationship between the activities that the modern general who also owned Kam. "Here," history ", obviously refers to the" History "; and that" Studies of Chinese history, "outlined the contents of the book is also How to approach the study of history, rather than discuss the question of what history is. Of course, most historians are also combined with traditional training methods. For example, DU Wei Yun said: "Generally speaking, the so-called history is nothing more than the actual events of the past (short for the past), or the past record of the actual event (past records)."
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"History" in the contemporary ambiguity
People today on the history of the definition or explanation, each can be described as diverse, today. "Learning," said. Mr. Wu Ze in his editor's "Introduction to History," a book "Introduction" in, to determine the definition of history: "History is the study of the development of human society and its laws of learning." "History is half science, half art," said. The origin of this argument is more complex. What history is a science or an art, or both, in the history of Western history, this debate can be traced back to the 2nd century AD the Roman Empire. The first issue of this discrimination, and was the rhetorician, ironic prose writer Greek Roman Luki Anu Si (Loucianos, about 120-180 years. One that about 125-192 years. Ryukyu good old translation , is also, according to the English translation of Lucian Lucian). Luki Anu Si wrote about the traditional dialogue form complex of 80, covering art and literature, philosophy, rhetoric, religious and other propositions, including a monograph Historical Review, "History of essays," "can be defined as the Western History history of the first monograph Historiography. " Luki Anu Si tasks from the history or purpose, nature, value, understanding approach, the historian of the main structure of consciousness, historical data collection and processing, the manifestation of historical works, to judge the merits of the general standard of historical works, etc., proposed ontology of epistemology and methodology of historical issues, revealing the history and literature and art (such as tribute, poetry, drama and other forms) compared to the authenticity of which has the essential characteristics of that plus a fabulous history, although the composition, but also need the help of the appropriate literature and art presentation skills, need to "China and the reality" of the "Beauty of style", "real beauty" and "coherent order of the United States" and other expressions, but these do not constitute the history of the nature of things ; history according to their characteristics, in terms of the nature and purpose, is a science of practical, rather than as an appreciation of poetry is like the school. Luki Anu Si "essays on the history," historian expressed the basic elements of epistemology and methodology summarized as follows, the text in the "history" is "history is ambiguous" in the "history" meaning: "The primary task of the historian is a factual account." "History must strive to do its part, that is to write true." "History is only one task or purpose, which is practical, and useful only as a source, that is true. The history of the ingredients can be no doubt appreciate the external things, not the nature of history." "If the road leading to the real insurmountable obstacles, in this case, the historian should always pay attention to the audience is not the current (ancient history as a publicly read aloud to the audience to hear - of note), and the future will read the history book of his people. " "History is for fear of confusing right and wrong, distorted the truth. History is like the trachea, doctors said, can not tolerate a little bit of food into the trachea of." "If the rhetoric of history, and even appreciate the value is gone." "Historians can not have the temperament of a poet's grace that history as poetry, as is the need to use some high refined tone." "History is praise, but praise should be content with part, should be used properly, do not hate the reader." "When historians in praise must focus on the future generations of readers." "If the historian to add some modifications that are absolutely necessary, he should just to the beauty of the style itself; only this beauty is the real China, but unfortunately today's historians often overlook the real beauty of this, but trifles, to fish , sale, word floating out of nothing. " "The same is true historian's wiles: His art is complex and intricate to the reality of events assigned to the order of coherent beauty, style and smooth as possible write down these events. If the audience or readers feel like the personal experiences of their environment, witnessed the event, and praised the author's skills, then even if the statue of the historian to achieve perfection, his work was not wasted. " "Since we believe that the purpose of history is the spirit of frank and honest, and thus history, style and should accordingly seek to smooth plain, that if the clear sky; it is necessary to avoid the deep words of Ozzie secluded, but also to avoid the vulgar argot Marketplace. We hope that the laity to understand, Scholars can enjoy. rhetoric should be elegant but not excessive, there is no trace of polish, it does not make sense of a strong share of spirits. " "Do not give readers the impression that you rhetorical exercise, rhetoric, regardless of historical development." (Where "history", referring to the objective reality of history. - Of note) "History is like home to mind their own mirror, clear light, such as washing, free of dust, we see the face, no accurate; so that he can truthfully reflect the reality of life, not only does not distort the truth, and not leave the pale . " Historian, "to collect materials should not be careless, but must be hard, repeated investigation; if possible, the historian should visit its territory, witnessed the matter; otherwise, he should be used rather impartial report, _select_ those that will not exaggerated because of bias or belittling of the export license. " "My ideal historian must have two skills: one is political vision, one performance only. The former is given talent, can not learn; the latter is acquired accomplishment, hard work and practice as long as the familiar classics, they can learn to. " "The only task is to praise those who praise him and to please the object, as long as they achieve their goals, even if exaggerated, also do not count." "The right to enjoy unlimited freedom poem, the poem only to comply with a law - the poet's imagination." Therefore, Luki A Nusi view, "can not distinguish between poetry and history, is indeed the scourge of history." Theorists in contemporary Chinese history, historiography workers who took over the Luki A Nusi problem. Adhere to the history of science is a science historian, on the one hand knowledge along the path opened up by Luki Anu Si, from the difference between history and literature in the authenticity of the identified one of the essential character of history; the other hand, , Marx and Engels opened along the dialectical, materialist understanding of history and path history from the history ontology and ontological level, a profound study of history described the objective reality, so as to lay a solid history basis. Other historians hold eclectic view of relativism and even historians, the same knowledge continues Luki A Nusi path, the only difference to have been excluded Romer, "external things is no doubt," and smuggled into history among the essential characteristics of the content, making content on the essential things in history, then this as far as, essentially repeating the "half ... ... half" of the old tune. Mr. He Zhaowu's history is a "both science and non-scientific super-science" humanities is said, can be seen as "half ... ... half," said the contemporary Chinese version. The 20th century, late 80s, Mr. He Zhaowu proposed the famous "History of the false question" proposition that "to make the history of modern science", "historians should leave the past all the paradoxical critical issues and make some re- clarified. " This generation of scholars in Chinese history had a considerable impact. First to be him as a "false problem" to clarify is that the Chinese feudal society long-term, or stagnation, or long-term stagnation problems. Into the 90's, he's such clarification was quickly traced to the history ontology ontology and the scope of the field of history, the "history is the Science?" As a quasi "false problem" - Mr. He is not directly identified It is a "false problem", but only that it is "the only scientific point of view," an expression, so we use the standard "false problem" to call it - to clean up. Some of his published articles, such as "Reflections on Historical Studies," "Duality piece of history," "Duality piece of history", "historians, history and history", and by his own income "Academic Culture Essay" focused "" History and History> preface, "and so it is not difficult to find his history as an arts subject is" super science ", said: "People study and understanding of history constitutes the history." "... ... People experience history (history) ... ..." "History itself contains two levels, first level (History Ⅰ) is a historical fact or historical knowledge or identified, the second level (History Ⅱ) is the first level (History Ⅰ) understanding or interpretations. " "History Ⅰ the given data can have a 'real', that is, a unanimous (or can reach agreement) view of history ... ... Ⅱ structure is essentially a process of thinking ... ..." "History Ⅱ also contains two parts, namely, rational thinking ability and experience, the two integrated to become a historical reason. Rational thinking is to make it agree with the scientific stuff; experience the ability to make it agree with the art, which is different from scientific stuff ... ... So, history is both a science, while not a science; it needs a scientific, but also need to have something outside of science ... ... understanding of history that we need to experience the kind of soul sensitivity, it is essentially a similar sensitivity to art. " "History will become history, the key is that history Ⅱ, not for the history Ⅰ. Ⅰ history of science, history, philosophy Ⅱ." "Scientific Attitude of history, we must recognize the history of the non-scientific elements." Otherwise, "history even so-called 'scientific' history out of the question, let alone 'the humanities' (which is scientific and non- a combination of science, it is super-science, but not anti-scientific) history of. " "History is not an empirical science, you can not conduct controlled experiments to prove it or falsify it ... ... to the historical levels of matter, the things the inevitable law of development; but the history of human-level run, no matter their development and the development of things in that sense the inexorable law of ... ... modern history are asking people to give up the previous period requirement of Modern Historiography in people's thinking on the so-called laws of history, like the natural laws of science worship as the unlimited and infinite faith. " Mr. He Zhaowu "Some Reflections on History" received on the "duality of film history, theory," that if the above points. His "History Ⅰ", "History Ⅱ" dichotomy raised, and some youth workers from historical theory was inspired, in turn, to distinguish the so-called "history Ⅲ". Shows the dichotomy for the history of the "fine" is to make a contribution: it opened a historical study of the structure of ontology or doctrine of hierarchy of the road. The very concept of history is able to make such a fine distinction between the level of the entirely different, then no one has to get to the bottom. Looking at Mr. Ho's on paper, it may be summarized as follows: history is the history of ideas as one of the most essential, the core part of the study of history by the people, knowledge and experience of the composition of both a science, philosophy, art and non-scientific, non-philosophical, non-art, not empirical humanities. This historical explanation, in fact, the new Luki Anu Si Debate, unlike Romer is Ho to Romer's "practical history" and "appreciation of the history of" eclectic approach with kneading together in a make history into a modified gender people. Or, through a sex change operation, history of science from the era of the late 20th century returned to its naive innocence is not qualitative era. According to Mr. He Zhaowu the relevant writings, this is both history and non-duality, the duality is rooted in history. The so-called "History has its dual nature of the argument that as a natural, human history is subject to the laws of nature and necessity, but as free and self-discipline, he is the master of their own history, by his own approach to determine their own The. " In this way, people usually understand the general content of the history of the definition - the process of human society, - to be around people much of the history, not only the "class" is gone, and "society" has been deprived of the content. The dual nature of both the so-called history, or the so-called duality of history, in fact, are rooted in the sense of the individual properties of the "people" duality. What in the interpretation of history, the Ho and he has been entirely too much emphasis on the individual "person" and "freedom and self-discipline" sex; to explore the history of the feature, put the humanities with the general characteristics of the same in the history features. "So this is the reason burst into tears!" General "Science" is the most common definition of history to determine. For example, published in 1999 a new version of "Ci Hai", "History" section: "also known as 'history'. A division of social sciences. Research and describes the specific process of development of human society and rules of science." In another example, Wu the "Introduction to History," a book "Introduction" as defined in the definition of history: "History is a reflection of the science, is a specific historical research and exploration of the inherent laws of science." "Is unique, comprehensive, holistic, and empirical truth of the specific science," said. Mr. Li Zhenhong in the "History of the Theory and Method," a book the provision of a chapter from the "history is the scientific basis", "History of science features and tasks", and the history of scientific study, and explore the history of science What is science and its history, the fundamental difference between the general problem. According to his exposition, history can be divided into two types: First, before the birth of Marxist history, general history, it has not become a science, at best, but in the past to describe and study of human existence and the social objective of a process specialized knowledge; First, Marxist history, which is so far the only history of science. Rather, history of science is "in the Marxist philosophy under the guidance of the general rules provided by [of] nations of the world, the country's numerous historical phenomena, historical events and historical figures of the analysis, to understand their history development of special rules and characteristics ", a is unique, comprehensive, integrity and authenticity of the significant and important features such as concrete and empirical science. Most historians in the past is different is that Mr. Li Zhenhong from the object of study, three aspects of mission and identity, the correct distinction between the history of science and philosophy, especially philosophy of Marxist historical materialism, the general social sciences, literature and other disciplines the differences between historical science, so as to determine the specific study objective is to provide out of the special tasks they should undertake. Given by most historians of science on the history or historical definition, is always confused with the historical philosophy of historical science objects and tasks. For example, after Lee was published, more comprehensive system to reflect the results of the New Historiography of China's "Dictionary of Historical Theory," "historical science" entry. Lee was the absorption of a dictionary entry, "is the scientific basis of history," "historical science features and tasks" on two chapters in the history of the meaning of scientific concepts. However, at the same time, it is still the object of study of philosophy of historical materialism - "the history of human society," - exactly the same, and the history of Marxism as the only scientific study. Lee was in the history of science subjects and tasks, - "in Marxist philosophy under the guidance of the general rules provided by [of] nations of the world, the country's numerous historical phenomena, historical events and analysis of historical figures, to understand their historical development and characteristics of the special laws ", - something in the way of expression with minor changes, the history of Marxism as a science is one of the principal; the study of philosophy should belong to the task of historical materialism -" reveals the human society from primitive society through a variety of class society to a socialist society the universal law of historical development "," specified history forward direction of socialism and communism, for the proletariat to understand the world, to change the world provide a scientific theory and the historical basis " , etc., - are also all included in the history of Marxism among the main tasks of science. The contents of a dictionary entry, in fact, is the "Ci Hai" in the "historical science" based on the contents of a dictionary entry, a blend of Li with the relevant contents of the "half-breed." In the history of science to assume their tasks and carry out specific research specialty areas, while taking full pre-empt land, arranged all the tasks of philosophy of historical materialism and the study. Science Hekan the burden of history? "Integrated learning" said. New historians on the question what is the discussion of history, a new and distinctive definition, is Mr. Jiang Dachun determined. In the "Contemporary Chinese History at the development history of Marxism," a paper, in view of "ordinary people think history is history of the, or, more precisely, the history of the history as expressed in the knowledge" This kind of history The intuitive "is not comprehensive and profound" understanding of current situation, he "broad understanding of the" point of view, for history to determine a new, "comprehensive and profound," clear definition: "History is as a historian of the subject knowledge through a certain way of thinking, and means interact with the historical role of the object of historical research and production practices that created the spirit of the product, that is, knowledge of history. "In this statement, the Chiang does not involve "historical existence" concept, but look at the full text of Mr. Jiang, who is from the "historical existence" sense as historians use as the object of knowledge into areas of historical existence of the "historical object" concept. Thus, according to the related in the article he explained, we can draw: "historians" and "historical existence", is constituted as the spiritual practice of historical research activities in the production of the two prerequisite elements; "historical understanding ways of thinking "" means of historical understanding, "" historical object "," Practice of the spirit of historical research "(" Historical research ") and" historical knowledge "constitute the five basic elements of history. Jiang defined the definition of history is indeed on the history than the existing definition should be comprehensive. Mr. Jiang called it "neo-Marxist historians," and based on its understanding of history the way of integration and the object field of integrated features, the provisions in the nature of it as "a science-based sex blend within the empirical, abstract, value, the integration of art school. "
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What is the history
The above definition or explanation on the history, although in the literature or the history of most people today determine the neighbor, but speaking from a logical sequence, they are in fact the evolution and history of natural history, its own processes and ideas that people should understand the history of its process is a basic match. "History is ambiguous" and the modern people of the "activities" that "knowledge" or "academic" and the "knowledge system" that "super-science" or "half science, half art," said, "Science," said , can be seen as corresponding to the history of its development in the history of the first, second, third, fourth time the objective existence of the fact that historians thought or theory in the form of expression. Among them, the "science" said the general "scientific" explanations that and the other two historians, respectively, reflecting the era of history in the fourth before the development of two different periods; the latter, more precisely, contemporary history the objective state of practice in the form of a historian, the performance of theory, that is, workers in the contemporary history Historiography practice the theoretical results of abstract knowledge. The Definition of China today, historians, historians are divided, but the practice is becoming increasingly complex and diverse historical reality of the chaos caused by confusion about historians practical thinking reflected; and, to determine their own definition of history, in large part defined by the academic background and those who study the impact of specific content. History book definition, is Li, Jiang said that as a basis for determining the second. Because history is not just an activity, not just specialized knowledge or academic, it is not only a knowledge system, it is an object of study and tasks in scientific and clinical aspects of the special disciplines. For the history of Marxism in China, it is not just a general sense of science, it is a form of scientific knowledge to complete the sense of science. Historians for the individual in history, it can be to earn a living his skill or skills of a professional means that he may also wish to become necessary to learn from history or from the history and cultural qualities of their own understanding of human way, or as his experience and enhance their appreciation of arts and culture as a useful mental activity; individual course may be non-historians of Marxist historians, the use of the Marxist view of history other than materialism to guide his historical study; Moreover, not every individual historians, each specific historical practice, we must each take one or reveal the national, state laws mandate specific historical movement. However, the sort produced in historical understanding and history play a role in its function and process, only from history the main form of subjective knowledge and this knowledge, understanding and historical particularity of the means of the special nature of use patterns, or the occurrence of the individual History of the main body of the special phenomenon, from the development process of history produced by the characteristics of a certain stage, but not from history to determine the object of study and the task itself, more history today with the development of non-reality thing, is not a negative history is a science based. From the feature side, though more or less history with the other social sciences or humanities (eg literature, art) and some general characteristics, but it will become an independent science, not in these general characteristics, but rather It is rooted in their research targets and tasks themselves from other social sciences, humanities features, which were more significant and important are: the special nature of its characteristics compared with the philosophy, social science, compared with the general comprehensive , integrated features, compared to the authenticity and literary characteristics. In history who have shown some of the general characteristics of the humanities things, the same can not be denied that it is a scientific basis. Therefore, any history of science history is not a definition or explanation, can not be re-used as a basis for determining the definition of historical material. History is a science. It is generally based on the science of two: First, the objective study of its reality and authenticity. The object of historical studies - the world of national and historical phenomena, historical events and historical figures, etc., and they posed by the facts and the process of historical movement - as a historical existence, is the objective reality of things, it does not to the subjective understanding of history will change, with the objective reality and authenticity. First, it has undertaken the task. The task of history is to reveal the nations of the world, the country's historical development and characteristics of the special laws, history is a history of human society to explore the understanding of the laws of special activities. These two alone, to have a history with the general scientific science. A scientific discipline is based on the general to determine: (1) "the object of study is the objective reality must be something, because as long as the objective reality of things, it may have its inherent law of development"; (2) it "must be object to the development of understanding of the laws of activities. " History is clearly in the two requirements. However, such a history can not be called the true history of science, because it just has to become a necessary prerequisite for a science, not yet ready to become a complete form of scientific knowledge should have the full premise. A discipline to be a complete form of scientific knowledge, but also at the same time meet the requirements of the third layer: "must reveal the premise of the law of things, and then follow the laws of the thing itself (that is, its internal relations) to explain things reason is the form of scientific knowledge to complete. " Such a form of scientific knowledge to complete the true sense of history of science, so far, only the history of Marxism. "The emergence of Marxist history, the Marxist materialist conception of history is the creation of the premise. This view of history as the history of science provides a theoretical guidance, it shows that different from other previous history of tenacious feature, showing its distinctive science. "Marxism in the ideological history of the important features of the method is that it is only to understand history from history itself, rather than the clouds from heaven or from people's hearts, minds to understand history. In other words, Marxist history, first determine the objective nature of the object of historical research, all the history of human society as a natural historical process are to study, so the starting point in the history of research to achieve a profound transformation. "It firmly believe that from the stubborn facts, can accurately reveal the historical truth." Secondly, the "Marxist historians on the practical application of materialist conception of history, received a historical phenomenon, the inevitable link between the methodological guidance, so that truly become a thing of history, and according to their rules describe the regularity of the true history of empirical science. "" make history as the most important scientific basis for human social history of law of motion. However, the history of philosophy since that, so far, only the Marxist philosophy (specifically, a materialist view of history) really reveals the basic law of motion in human history. So, the problem is reduced so that only the Marxist materialist conception of history as a guide, history to become a true science. " Accordingly, the Chinese history of science, except it has a scientific discipline must meet the general requirements of the other, the underlying basis is that it is attributable to the scope of Marxist history of a discipline. In other words, Marxist history of science, fundamental to the decision of China's scientific history. Now, we can give history - history with Chinese characteristics - to determine the definition and a brief description as follows: History is an integrated social science research subject in the history of Marxist philosophy provided the general rules of guidance, understanding of the use of certain ways of thinking and means to interact with the object of the role of historical process, through history Analysis of the object to understand its special rules and characteristics of a spiritual practice and created the production of products - knowledge of history. History in this definition: "Integrated Social Science" in the sense that history is a science and authenticity, based on internally or to "exogenous" approach combines the specificity and comprehensive ( or integrity), empirical, abstract (or philosophical), value, art, integrated social science, so it is different from philosophy, other social sciences or humanities; "History of the principal" that the historian rather than the general public or other groups; "Marxist philosophy", specifically, historical materialism, Marx and Engels mainly refers to "special emphasis", "Special adhere to the" dialectical, historical, materialist thinking of looking at things, rather than its specific historical conclusion; "historical object" means the first as a historical objective reality exists ("thing in itself"), then enter the field of vision and understanding of the historian into a knowledge the object exists ("things for me"), the nations of the world, the country's numerous historical phenomena, historical events and historical figures, and by their peoples of the world posed by the country's objective historical facts and processes, is a historical science target areas, so it is not one of the objects of the general philosophy of the objective historical process of human society; "special rules and characteristics" refers to the nations of the world, the country's historical development and characteristics of the special laws, rather than the historical development of human society general rules and characteristics. In its development history has gone through the process of political activities, notes, attached to the political and the cultural accumulation-based, integrated activities, scholarship or academic, knowledge systems, philosophy, science, and so the development of different forms and links in understanding of the way through the value, the real test, artistic, scientific, philosophical way, and so different forms of knowledge. The development of history until today, although it necessarily have to include previously appeared in all its forms or development links, and use them as indispensable components of their own or in part; to individual or particular historical phenomenon, today The history of its previously may have had some form of expression exists. However, in a general sense, today's history which must not be attributed to any form or part of, or based on which a form or development of a link to determine the general definition of history. Today's history, only one integrated in the social sciences. If you deny this, then the epistemological, methodological and philosophical tendencies to the concept of history or lack of performance, or performance of the vulgarization of materialist dialectics, and as the inevitable end of this vulgar relativism, skepticism, or eclecticism. Lenin speaking "materialist dialectics is no doubt contains relativism, but it does not boil down to relativism" principle, said: "Dialectics, as Hegel already indicated, contains relativism, denial, skepticism factor, but it does not boil down to relativism. materialist dialectics of Marx and Engels undoubtedly contains relativism, but it does not boil down to relativism, that is, it is not in the negative sense of objective truth, but in our knowledge of the boundaries close to the objective truth constrained by the sense of historical conditions, recognition of the relativity of all our knowledge. "Lenin and the Marxist materialist dialectics between relativism principle, determine the history for us today definition, analysis of the existing definition on the value of history, understanding "of history is an integrated social science", and even look at other things ideology, have a very important methodological guidance.
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Notes
Li Zhenhong book: "History of the Theory and Method," revised, 11 pages, Kaifeng, Henan University Press, 1999; Li Zhenhong "historical understanding of the significance of ambiguity", "Historiography," 1988 3, 119 . Outline of History of the: "Chinese Historiography" ,2-12, Beijing, Beijing Publishing House, 1999. Qian and said: "Guan" the first book, 2, 1-6, Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1986. Liang: "Studies of Chinese history", 1, Republic of the academic library of the classics, Beijing, Oriental Press, 1996. DU Wei Yun: "Historical Methodology", 21 pages, Taiwan, 1981. Cited in Li Zhenhong: "History of the Theory and Method", 11 pages. Outline of History: "Chinese Historiography", 1 page. WU Ze: "Historical Introduction", "Introduction", 1, Hefei, Anhui Education Press, 1985. Guo Xiaoling: "Classic Western history and the principles of objectivism in the practice of personal historians", "Historiography," 1996, No. 1, the first 121-129 pages. Okinawa good: "History of essays", see chapter Anqi Code: "Translations of Miao Ling Zhu aesthetics", Volume 1, Beijing, China Renmin University Press, 1987. Cited Xu Shanwei: "Liu Xie Historical Criticism and glossy good comparison," "Qilu Tribune" 4 1996 50-54; Dan Guo: "Lucian <On the essays" A History of Historical Criticism and Comparison of Ancient China "" Qilu Tribune "2000 4 ,124-129 pages. See also Guo Xiaoling: "Classic Western history and the principles of objectivism in the practice of personal historians", "Historiography," 1996, No. 1, the first 121-129 pages. Zhaowu: "History of a false problem - from the so-called long-term stagnation of China's feudal society of Speaking," "encyclopedic knowledge" of 1989, No. 5. See Zhaowu: "Zhaowu academic and cultural essay" ,200-207, Beijing, China Youth Press, 1998. Zhaowu: "On the _set_ of rational criticism of history", Beijing, Tsinghua University Press, 2001. The following quotations are from the articles. Zhaowu: "Critique of Historical Collection", page 47. Cited Zhaowu: "译序: Historical and Philosophical Reflections - A Review of Russell's view of history", "Zhaowu academic and cultural essay" ,216-217 pages. "Dictionary", 2048, Shanghai, Shanghai Dictionary Publishing House, 1999. WU Ze: "Historical Introduction", "Foreword", 1. Li Zhenhong: "History of the Theory and Method" ,48-62. Jiangda Chun, Chen can: "Historical Dictionary of Theories", 100-101, Hefei, Anhui Education Press, 2000. Jiang Dachun: "Contemporary Chinese History at the development history of Marxism," "Historical Research" 2001 4, 5 pages. Li Zhenhong: "History of the Theory and Method" ,55-62 page. Li Zhenhong: "History of the Theory and Method", 34 pages. Li Zhenhong: "History of the Theory and Method", 34 pages. Li Zhenhong: "History of the Theory and Method" ,42-46 page. Lenin: "Materialism and the experience of Criticism", "_Select_ed Works of Lenin", Volume 2, 136 pages, Beijing, People's Publishing House, 1972.
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English Expression
n.: history, study of history, study of past events, esp the political, social and economic development of a country, a continent or the world
Chinese history