Hemiptera bugs or insects commonly known as stink bugs, because it is able to secrete a variety of volatile oil smell, so called bugs, stink bug board. Subclass are winged, gradually perverted kind. Known worldwide about 3.5 million species, China recorded about 2000 species. Distributed throughout the animal world's major geographic areas to tropical and subtropical species is most abundant. Mostly herbivorous species, damage crops, fruit trees, trees or weeds, sucking their stems or fruit juice for a certain degree of harm caused by agriculture. Is a larger project Insecta. Known as the stink bug. Sucking mouthparts, more than half the front wing into the bone into half Coleoptera insects. Worldwide distribution, is known about 3 million. China is known more than 2000 kinds. Ranging from small to large body, body, body color are diverse. With scent glands; scent gland openings on the adult side inside the chest, nymph stink gland openings at the back of the abdomen. Gland secretions often smelly odor and irritating, there are predators repellent effect. Incomplete metamorphosis. No pupal stage life cycle. Eggs to the surface or _insert_ed into the plant tissue. Most species are herbivorous, taking the various parts of the plant. Can cause all kinds of damage to crops, some species are known as the spread of plant virus disease vectors. Part of the groups feeding animal food, foodstuff to Small software mainly insects and other invertebrates, also taking higher animals (including humans) by the blood. These groups, many of the natural enemies of pests, a few species carry human and animal pathogens because, in medicine is important. The department has a large common purpose: Pentatomidae, Coreidae, Pentatomidae long, Tingidae, Reduviidae, Miridae and so on.
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Form
Body, mostly in the form and shape of small, individual types of large shape. Mostly oval, flat back, upper and lower flat. More rigid body wall. Piercing-sucking mouthparts. Two pairs of wings, wing semi Coleoptera, membranous hind wings. Most species have developed scent glands, their secretions volatile in the air, produce strong odors, can be used to defend. Mostly triangular or pentagonal head, said in its front center piece, part of its sides, said side panels. After the opening ceremony, sucking mouthparts, beak pipe section is usually 3-4, but Homopteran The difference is in front of the base of bald beak protruding. Section 4-5 tentacles, mostly filamentous. Developed compound eyes, protruding from the side of the head; monocular 2, located in the compound eyes later party. A few species without monocular. Pronotum developed, usually hexagonal; some were long-necked shape on both sides of a prominent horn. Scutellum developed in the chest, usually triangular, semicircular or those with tongue-shaped, some species developed, can cover the entire abdomen. There are usually two pairs of wings, wing base thickened into a leathery, membranous ends of, so called half Coleoptera. Ministry leathery and often divided into leather pieces, claw pieces, edge pieces and wedge; membranous part is called the diaphragm, the diaphragm of the number and arrangement of veins varies depending on the type. After membranous wings, veins vary greatly. Pereiopods due to different habitat types and feeding habits and often change, in addition to the basic types of walking foot, there to capture foot, swimming and digging foot and other foot. Tarsus three, sometimes two or l the section, with 2 claws. Most species have scent glands, opening the chest on the hind side near the base section of the Department. During and after the valve chest, each with l right. Abdomen usually 10. Back and join the web formed prominent ventral margin, saying flanked edge (connexivum), no tail required. Ventral surface of the l each with an 8-valve one pair of aquatic species or a breathing tube. Female genital pore opening in the eighth abdominal segment, ovipositor flap composed of two pairs of spawning, spawning missing the first three lobes.
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Feeding habits
Stink bug mostly herbivorous, with a variety of plant sucking mouthparts sucking young shoots, stems, leaves and fruit juice, some species can also spread plant diseases. Vampire stink bug damage to humans and the poultry and livestock, and infectious diseases. Aquatic species predator tadpoles, other insects, fish eggs and fry. Hunting bugs, bugs Kyi, flower bugs and other various pests and predatory mites are important natural enemies of pests. Hemiptera are small to large, flat body. Sucking mouthparts, and Homoptera same, but the students in the front part of the head. Thorax with two pairs of wings, the hind wings membranous wing base half hard, half membranous end, said half-sheath quality, which is the purpose of the main distinguishing features. Coleoptera part can be further divided into half leather district, claw area, and the flower MIRIDAE there Pentatomidae wedge area. Ventral body often with scent gland openings can secrete "Ailanthus" odor of volatile oil. In the adult stink gland openings are located in the chest, but many families do not. Nymphs some subjects in the abdomen and ventral sections 4 and 5 with the other two scent gland openings. Metamorphosis is gradual metamorphosis. The vast majority of head herbivorous insects, but the assassin bug, assassin bug Kyi spent carnivorous bugs and other subjects, are an important class of natural enemies of pests.
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Multiplication
Gradual metamorphosis. Single grain or egg into pieces, produced in the host body surface, the soil within the organization or negative sub bugs lay their eggs in the male body back. Eggs are divided into two basic types. - Class as a drum-shaped, short cylindrical and short oval, prolific in the host plant surface, multi-grain neatly arranged (eg Pentatomidae); other for long ovate or kidney-shaped, single grain or grain yield trip in the plant tissue (eg MIRIDAE). Egg bugs, Rhamnomia, hunting bugs, bugs and bugs and other subjects tumors often with egg cover, effectively breaking the egg shell structure when the nymphs hatch. 5th instar nymphs general, the larger the change in color, with a scent gland located by its opening on the back of the abdominal section 4-6 have 1 pair. Adult stink gland opening shift in the ventral chest, only one pair. Scent glands secrete volatile liquid can be used for self-defense, and some plants can also cause heart leaves, buds, flowers, young fruit, such as scorch. Most species has one generation a year to adult winter, a few species occurred many generations. Overwinter in the egg.
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Economic significance
Most types of adult basic half leathery forewings end half membranous, semi Coleoptera. Often stink glands, some people can be issued disgusting smell. Nymphs and adults of similar shape and habits, suck sap from plants or prey on small animals, some of eating pests or beneficial insects, a few taking blood-borne diseases.
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Species and distribution
The world has known more than 38,000 kinds, is one of the major categories of Insecta. The world's major geographic animals are distributed. China already has more than 3100 kinds of kinds of records.
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Section describes the common classification system
1951, fieber will be divided into explicit and implicit angle corner suborder suborder. Recent decades, studies have shown that significant angle suborder is a multi-evolutionary groups, but hidden corner suborder do not have a sub-purpose classification status. stys and kerzhner (1975) will be divided into seven types, 73 Division:.. t schuh and p stys (1991), jaslater (1992) will be divided into seven types 23 families and 76 families total. Because more cumbersome, not presented here, based upon the usual two suborder system are described below: (1) hidden corner suborder cryptocerata Antennae shorter than the head, now hidden in the complex of trenches; mostly aquatic species. a, negative child Pentatomidae (Tian Trionychidae) belostomatidae Body length 9-110 mm. Forefoot capture style, abdominal breathing tube at the end of a short and flat, can be retracted into. Antennae 4, the side with the former three lobed protrusions. Adult stink glands developed. 143 kinds of the world's known and widely distributed. There are seven kinds of 3 large sweet-scented osmanthus cicada lethocerus indica lep. & Serv. Edible. Many live in still water, often attached to the plants still wait prey, predatory ferocity. Phototaxis strong. Females lay eggs in the male back, which is often enough to swim to the surface of the water or the water used to make the eggs to get enough oxygen to facilitate hatching. b, scorpion Pentatomidae nepidae Body length of 15-45 mm. Head flat. Section 2 or 2,3 tentacles two sections have finger-like protrusions. Forefoot capture style, medium slender hind foot, for walking. Each tarsus are a foot. World-wide distribution, 231 kinds are known. China has five genera and 16 species. Life in still water, poor swim in the water sports have also taken full crawling mode, feeding a variety of small animals. c, Yang Pentatomidae notonectidae Body length of 5-15 mm. Often more narrow, the body gradually narrow tip backwards, showing beautiful streamlined. White, gray or a blue plaque. Lifetime to back down, belly up position in the water of life. Longitudinal ridges on the back of the whole body, the bottom was like. Concave ventral abdomen, there is a vertical ridge. Well-developed hind feet, flattened into a paddle-shaped swimming foot, toward the front of the rest. Predatory. The world's known 340 kinds, China has 21 kinds. d, plan Pentatomidae corixidae Body length 2.5-15 mm, and more narrow body into a streamlined parallel sides. On a lighter background with a typical style of black zebra cross walk markings, it is easy to identify. How many head of the trailing edge of the front chest and back cover plate. General stubby front foot, tarsus 1, specialization bold as spoon-shaped; hind foot swimming style. The world has known more than 550 kinds, China has 51 kinds. Living in a variety of still water and slow the flow of water, from small ponds to large lakes are distributed in some species can survive high salt lakes. Basically algae for food. Most species can be pronounced, there is a strong phototaxis. (2) significant angle suborder gymnocerata At least equal to the length of the head tentacles ,4-5, revealed. Scent glands developed. Herbivorous. Mostly terrestrial species. a, soil Pentatomidae cydnidae Small to medium and large. Brown, dark brown or black, white or individual species are blue and white spotted. Antennae mostly 5, a few four shorter rough. Scutellum about a half or longer wing, the longer some species scutellum and ends wide circle. Front tibia flat sides with strong spines for digging. , The hind foot brush the top with hair. The world has known about 600 species, widely distributed, China has more than 50 kinds. Habitat in the lower surface and ground cover, or between the rhizosphere of plants, soil cracks of life, taking the plant roots or stem base. Soil bugs can discharge a strong odor, and many species have phototaxis, adults have some kind of habits to protect the eggs, nymphs have a cluster of habits. b, Pentatomidae pentatomidae Small to large, multi-oval, the back is generally flat, body color and diverse. Antennae 5, very few 4. Monocular, pronotum often hexagonal. Scutellum developed, triangular or tongue. Beak 4. No strong hind tibia with small spines or thorns. Scent glands developed. Pentatomidae Hemiptera is one of the most common large families, as reflected larger and more exposed camp life, so well known. 4100 kinds of the world's known that China has 360 species. Live on plants, mostly herbivorous. Hi taking fruit or seeds, but also suck sap from plants, many species are pests. Common valleys bug, bugs and other green rice. c, shield Pentatomidae scutelleridae Small to medium and large. Long round the back of strong, ventral flat, oval. Many species have bright colors and piebald. How short head wide. Antennae 4 or 5. Scutellum great, u-shaped, to cover the vast majority of the entire abdomen and forewings. Such as wing and body length, the diaphragm can not turn back. Scent glands developed. 450 kinds of the world's known, widely distributed, is more common in tropical and subtropical regions. About 40 species known in China. Live on plants, larger variety perched on trees. Herbivorous, often taking partial hi fruit, can cause a variety of hazards. There Korea common shield bug, bug shields, etc. Camellia wide. d, turtle Pentatomidae (round Pentatomidae) plataspiddae Small to medium and small. Body short and wide, the number of _truncate_d edge. Trapezoidal or obovate, belly flat and round the back of the long, slightly granular turtle-shaped or beans. Black shiny, often with yellow markings. And shield Pentatomidae similar, but are small and round, wing than the body length, the diaphragm can be folded back. Pronotum front of a leafy side edges extend to both sides. The world's known 500 species distributed in the Old World tropical and subtropical species rich. China has more than 90 kinds. Multi perched on twigs, bark minorities inhabit crevices. Often gather in small groups, you can send a strong odor. Legumes as host to many species. Common has a round tortoise bug, bugs and other turtle beans. e, Coreidae coreidae Medium to large. Varied shape, often oval. Takes the shape of yellow, brown, dark brown or bright green, bright individual species are spotted. Often secrete a strong odor. Antennae 4, beak 4, monocular, 8-9 of veins on the wings of the diaphragm. The world has known about 1800 species, widely distributed, warmed the heart of many. China has nearly 200 species. All herbivorous, taking the host juice, is particularly fond of taking fruit. Many species on a hazard. Common are rice, etc. Rhamnomia spine. f, long Pentatomidae lygaeidae Small to medium-shaped. Varied shape, often oval. Dull, but a few large groups of bright red spots. Similar Coreidae, but 4-5 on the forewing veins diaphragm. The world has known about 4000 species, widely distributed. Of about 320 kinds. Life on the surface and ground between the material and the plant is, the latter including the sheath, capsule, a conifer cone scales inferior fruit. There are a considerable number of species addicted to eating fruits and seeds, suck sap from plants are also many species. Nymphs intended species of ants with a lot of states. Important pests of sorghum and other long bug dimorphopterus japonicus hidaka. g, red Pentatomidae pyrrhocoridae Medium to large. Oval, mostly bright red and dark spots. Antennae 4, beak 4, no monocular. The world has known about 300 species, widely distributed, mainly in the warm hot zone. China has 36 kinds. Herbivorous, feeding on fruits and seeds. Common are red cotton bug and so on. h, Miridae miridae Small to medium-shaped body and diverse. Most non monocular body relatively weak, easily broken down often enough. Forewings often folded diaphragm only 1 large 1 small two-winged room, the rest of veins disappeared. Bachelor of Hemiptera one of the largest families in the world known about 10000 species, widely distributed. Known in China more than 560 kinds, the actual number of species estimated to reach one thousand kinds. Many live on plants, lively action, good flying, eating flowers and plants. Part of the prey taxa aphids, mites and other small animals and eggs. Some species of plants and animals can be two kinds of food and foodstuffs. Common with Korea lucorum and so on. i, Tingidae tingididae Small to medium-sized. Body and more flat, relatively wide flat wing, body color lack bright colors. Pronotum and wing ribs from all over the grid-like pattern composed of easily identifiable. Known the world over 2000, worldwide distribution. China has more than 170 kinds. Live on plants, mostly inhabit opposite leaves, nymphs in particular. Some species also live in bark cracks, under the Inter-matter is and moss layers. All herbivorous, few can form galls. Common are bright Stephanitis so on. j, Reduviidae reduviidae Small to large, up to 40 mm in length. Body is extremely diverse. Most types of body wall hard, yellow, brown or black, and many species have red spots. Often in the eye of the head tapers elongation. Antennae 4, beak 3, beak does not stretch enough to reach the base. Many types of specialized to capture full forefoot. The world has known about 68 species, widely distributed, especially in warm hot zone and diverse. Known in China about 400 species. Almost all of predatory capture insects, spiders and multi-legged animals, different species have different options for prey and partial hi. k, flower Pentatomidae anthocoridae Small, oval, flattened back. Antennae 4. Beak 4, Section 2 pole short beak foot stretch of the base. The wing membrane without wings closed room, little veins. 500 kinds of the world's known and widely distributed. 90 kinds of known. Live on plants, more common in lower flowers, bark, leaf axils, fruit cone scales etc.. Some species are living in the land and animal nests inside, mainly predators, predator of aphids, mites, scale insects, thrips, psyllids and other small animals. Are common flower bug, bugs and other original flower. l, jump Pentatomidae saldidae Body length 2.3-7.4 mm, oval, relatively flat. Gray, dark gray or black, often some pale or dark porphyroclastic. Large compound eyes. Antennae 4, beak 3, beak foot stretch of the base. There are 4-5 wing on wing diaphragm chamber. 260 kinds of the world's known, widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere more. China has 39 species. Jump bug is quite common in nature, living among the rivers, lakes, marshes and tidal shore zone, activity on the surface or for low-flying, action-sensitive, have a good protective coloring, can not easily be found. Some species also live in a dry environment, and some species have a strong tolerance to cold. m, smelly Pentatomidae cimicidae Known bugs, small to medium and small. Oval, flat, reddish-brown. Look almost wingless. No monocular, antennae 4, beak 3. Fin degradation, leaving only vestiges of wing base of the triangle. The world has known about 90 species, widely distributed, multi-warmed areas. Our little research, only three kinds of records, including Cimex lectularius cimex lectularis l., And tropical bugs c. Hemipterus (fabricius) feed on human blood in the living room. n, water striders Branch (strider Pentatomidae) gerridae Body size varies greatly, from 1.7 mm to 36 mm range, in order to narrow the type of majority. Most of the species covered by the entire body composed of micro water repellent wool hair. No monocular, Section 1 very long antennae. Stubby deformed front foot, with a grab grip effect. , The extremely slender hind stretched sideways, legs Festival and tibia saving length. Distributed worldwide, about 530 known species. A total of 75 kinds of records. Almost a lifetime of living on the water, and more like there is no open water plants covered. Common are Yuantun big strider bug aquarius paludum (fabricius) and so on.
banchi mu Hemiptera Hemiptera Winged subclass of a larger project. Sucking mouthparts, more than half the front wing into the bone into half Coleoptera insects. The mesh insect known as the "stink bug." Worldwide distribution, is known about 3 million. China is known more than 2000 kinds. Ranging from small to large body, body, body color are diverse. Morphological features: the head piece of bone healing closely; reach 4 to 5; lip base developed; long tubular section of the lower lip ingredients, jaw and lower lip hard to form fine needle structure. Pronotum and scutellum developed in the chest, the chest and back panels and other parts of the chest and back panels of pronotum and wings are covered. In most cases, the base wing half ossification ends half membranous, said half Coleoptera. Membranous hind wings. Still time to calm down the back of the wing body, cover the wings. Tarsus section 2-3. Male ninth abdominal segment specialization, external genitalia concealed them. Female ovipositor needle or flake. With scent glands; scent gland openings on the adult side inside the chest, nymph stink gland openings at the back of the abdomen. Gland secretions often smelly odor and irritating, there are predators repellent effect. Incomplete metamorphosis. No pupal stage life cycle. Eggs to the surface or _insert_ed into the plant tissue, the front end of the egg and the cap may have some fertilized egg, protruding structures related to respiration. Fifth instar nymphs of general experience, 3rd instar wing buds began to appear; build more with adults generally similar, but quite different in color; nymph number of antennae and tarsal losing less than adults. Can be divided by terrestrial habitat, semi-aquatic and aquatic 3 types. Terrestrial species live up to; groups of semi-aquatic life living on the water, by the surface tension of water without sinking; aquatic life who are living in the water, there are a series of changes to adapt to aquatic life in the form of construction, such as streamlined body shape enough to change the formation paddle, snorkel and storage devices with air. Most species are herbivorous, taking the various parts of the plant, with the species-specific; among flowery reproductive organs (ovaries), fruit, seeds often the most attractive. Except for a few species, generally do not discharge honeydew. Herbivorous species can cause a variety of harm to a variety of crops, some species are known as the spread of plant virus disease vectors. Part of the groups feeding animal food, foodstuff to Small software mainly insects and other invertebrates, also taking higher animals (including humans) by the blood. These groups, many of the natural enemies of pests, a few species carry human and animal pathogens because, in medicine is important. The following projects are generally divided into hidden corner suborder (Cryptocerata) with significant angle suborder (Cymnocerata) categories; or terrestrial group (Ceocorisae), amphibious group (Amphicorisae) and aquatic group (Hydrocorisae) categories. Since the 1970s, P. Stice et al divided into seven types (Whip bug type Dipsocoromorpha, odd bug type Enicocephalomorpha, fine bug type Leptopodomorpha, strider bug type Cerromarpha, □ bug type Nepomorpha, bug type Cimicomorpha, bug type Pentatomo -morpha) comments received wide attention, multi-user day. Dake common purpose are: Pentatomidae, Coreidae, Pentatomidae long, Tingidae, Reduviidae, Miridae and so on. (Zheng Leyi)
Heteroptera