Chemical industry (chemical industry), chemical engineering (chemical engineering), chemical processes (chemical techno-logy) are referred to as chemical. Chemical industry, including petrochemicals (petrochemicals), agricultural chemicals (agrochemicals), chemical medicine (pharmaceuticals), polymer (polymers), coatings (paints), fat (oleochemicals) and so on. They appear in different historical periods, each with different meanings, but is closely interwoven with continuity, and have been given new content in its development process. Early human life more dependent on the direct use of natural substances. Gradually, the inherent properties of these substances can not satisfy human needs, so have a variety of processing techniques, conscious purposefully to transform natural materials for the new material with a variety of properties, and gradually put into practice on a large-scale industrial production. Broadly speaking, any method of changing the use of chemical composition or structure of the material, or the synthesis of new materials, have a chemical production technology, which is a chemical process, the resulting product is called the chemical or chemical products. Early production of chemicals is hand workshops, the evolution of the plant, and gradually formed a certain production sectors, namely chemical industry. With the development of the productive forces, and some production sectors, such as metallurgy, oil refining, paper, leather, etc., have been classified as an independent production sector from the chemical industry. When the large-scale oil refining and petrochemical industries thrive in chemistry, physics, mathematics-based and other common law combined with engineering, research chemical production processes to solve large-scale production scale-up and appeared in many engineering Chemical engineering disciplines birth and rapid development, which will increase the production of the chemical industry to a new level, from the state or semi-empirical theory and experience into a new stage of forecasts. Humans in order to survive and develop, continue to struggle with nature, gradually deepened understanding of the world around them, thus capturing the conquest of nature, the ability to change the world. After a long historical practice, the more adept at using the natural condition of mankind, and create a wealth of material world for themselves. Ancient people's lives more dependent on the direct use of natural substances, or extract what they need. Due to the inherent properties of these materials can not meet people's needs, they produce a variety of processing technologies to convert natural substances into new substances with a variety of properties, and gradually put into practice on a large-scale industrial production. Where the use of chemical substances to change the composition or structure, or the synthesis of new substances belong to chemical production technology, which is the chemical process; resulting product is called chemical or chemical products. Thus, many natural substances have not been created out of an endless stream. Initially, the production of these products are hand-workshop, and later evolved into the plant, and gradually formed a certain production sectors, namely chemical industry. With the development of the productive forces, and some production sectors, such as metallurgy, oil refining, paper, leather, etc., have been classified as an independent production sector from the chemical industry. When the large-scale oil refining and petrochemical industries thrive in chemistry, physics, mathematics, and in combination with other projects based on technology, research chemical production processes common law, to solve many engineering problems and larger scale-appearing disciplines - chemical engineering to further improve it. It is to raise the production of the chemical industry to a new level, and predictions from theory into empirical or semi-empirical status of the new phase (see History of Chemical Engineering Development), the chemical industry for its ability to create more large-scale production, adding a large number of substances for human wealth and accelerate the process of development of human society. In modern Chinese, chemical industry, chemical engineering and chemical processes are referred to as chemical, they appear in different historical periods, each with different meanings, but closely related, mutual penetration. In people's minds, "chemical" word, the habit has become synonymous with a general knowledge categories and career, it is important that national economic and engineering technology has attracted widespread interest, attracting thousands thousands of people, whom have dedicated their lives. The following briefly from all aspects of human social life, to illustrate the chemical content of its important contribution to the colorful. Fine Chemicals Fine chemical industry is the production of fine chemicals industry known, referred to as "fine chemicals." Meaning fine chemicals, is still under discussion so far abroad. Currently, any chemical product with the following characteristics is known as fine chemicals, namely: 1 varieties, replacement fast; (2) production of small, mostly in a batch mode of production; 3 or a functional end-use of; 4 Many of complex products, recipes and other technical decisions product performance; 5 product quality requirements; 6 marketability strong majority tradename; 7 high technology-intensive, requiring ongoing research of new products, technology development and application of technology, attention to technical services; 8 small investment in equipment; 9 and other high added value. Range of fine chemicals, including countries not very consistent, can be roughly summarized as: medicine, pesticides, synthetic dyes, organic pigments, paints, perfumes and fragrances, cosmetics and toilet hygiene products, soaps and synthetic detergents, surfactants, printing Auxiliaries inks, adhesives, photographic materials, magnetic materials, catalysts, reagents, water treatment agent and a polymer flocculant, paper additives, leather additives, synthetic materials, additives, agents and textile finishing agents, food additives, feed additives, veterinary drugs, oilfield chemicals, petroleum additives and refinery chemicals, cement additives, mineral flotation agents, casting chemicals, metal surface treatment agent, synthetic lubricants and lubricant additives, automotive chemicals , aromatic deodorant, industrial bacteria mildew, electronic chemicals and materials, functional polymer materials, bio-chemical products, such as more than 40 industries and categories.
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Chemical and human civilization
Relationship between humans and the chemical is very close, in modern life, are inseparable from almost anywhere chemical products, from clothing, food, shelter, and other material living, arts and culture, entertainment and spiritual life, we need chemicals to whom services. Some chemical products in the history of human development, and plays an important role in the epoch-making. Their production and application, even on behalf of a certain historical stage of human civilization. Pyrophoric human ever cooked a great step forward; until Sunburn system drugs, wine vinegar, pottery brick, copper iron, boil the oil paint making, textile printing and dyeing, paper printing and other chemical processing techniques have emerged, tens of thousands of years of history has elapsed. The accumulation of these skills, from antiquity to the Middle Ages created a valuable heritage, and also for the formation of the chemical industry, laid the foundation. (See the history of the development of the chemical industry) Industrial Revolution assistant chemical industry when it formed from the starting material for the provision of the necessary infrastructure for the industrial sector. As the Industrial Revolution assistant in each period, it is responsible for the mission. Industrial Revolution of the 18th and 19th centuries, handicraft production machines into production, the invention of the steam engine, socialized production began, which is formed when the modern chemical industry. Faced with the urgent need of the industrial revolution, Lv Bulan legal soda and other technologies have emerged, which makes the existing legal system lead chamber sulfuric acid have also been developed to address the needs of textile, glass, soap and other industrial acid, alkali. Meanwhile, with the rise of iron, coking industry, coal tar and aromatic hydrocarbons separated to produce calcium carbide acetylene-based organic chemicals have also been developed. Synthetic dyes, chemical synthetic drugs, synthetic fragrances have come out, rubber tires, celluloid and cellulose nitrate, also put into production. Thus, the early chemical industry will provide the necessary raw materials and auxiliary chemicals for the textile industry, transportation, power industry and machinery manufacturing, contributed to the success of the industrial revolution. After two world wars of the 20th century, while the oil refining industry in catalytic cracking, catalytic reforming technology has emerged to make gasoline, kerosene, diesel and lubricating oil production has grown considerably, particularly propylene hydration differences After propanol industrialization, cracking of hydrocarbons, such as ethylene and propylene to take a successful succession process, so that the production of basic organic chemicals in the petrochemical industry to establish a solid technical foundation, so that it can provide a large number of organic materials, solvents, additives for various industrial sectors, etc. . Since then, people often hydrocarbon cracking ethylene production capacity, as a national symbol of petrochemical development of productive forces. On the other hand, Haber - Bo cast ammonia pressure and temperature technology in the industry to achieve nitrate into production, so a lot of nitrification substances appear, especially from industrial development to make explosives to Octogen black powder, explosives improve the specific energy ten times. This is not only an urgent need to resolve the war, more importantly, in the mines, railways, bridges and other civil blasting has been applied. In addition, for isotope separation and nuclear engineering in the aerospace industry in the application of rocket propellant, chemical have made a key contribution. Agriculture has long been a pillar of development, human food and clothing depend mainly on agriculture. The slash and burn agriculture since ancient, has been relying on a lot of human labor, subject to the constraints of a variety of natural conditions, the development is very slow. The 19th century, the use of agricultural machinery, gradually improving labor conditions. However, in agricultural production, to truly improve the yield per unit area, it is the application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides for the future. Practice has proved that the stimulation of agriculture, the role of fertilizers by 40% to 65%. On the basis of the booming petrochemical industry, large-scale production of ammonia and urea, making fertilizer production account for a large proportion of the chemical products. World fertilizer production in 1985 amounted to approximately 140Mt, become one of the bulk chemical products. In recent years, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and trace elements fertilizer compound fertilizer developed further to meet the different soil structure, the needs of different crops. Early human use of natural animals, plants and minerals to control crop pests. Until the 19th century, after the formation of the modern chemical industry, the use of Paris green (arsenic preparations) kill potato beetles, grape downy mildew prevention Bordeaux mixture, agriculture began a new era of chemical control. 1940s produced organochlorine, organophosphate, phenoxy acetic acids, such as pesticides and herbicides, widely used in agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and public health. But this generation due to high pesticide residues in some, highly toxic, causing ecological pollution, many countries have been disabled. In recent years, developed a number of efficient, low-residue, low toxicity of new pesticides, including pyrethroids (Pyrethrum is a plant pest effects) is a bionic pesticide usage only a few grams per acre, do not pollute the environment, has been put into industrial production. In addition, bio-pesticides in pesticide research is currently one of the most active areas. Application of modern agricultural plastic film (such as high-pressure polyethylene, linear low density polyethylene, etc.), used as mulching or greenhouse nursery, can significantly increase crop yields, the ongoing large scale. Weapons to overcome the disease has been a medical and pharmacological fields of human endeavor, China's first pharmacy book, "Shen Nong's Herbal Classic" (eds around the 1st century AD), the record of the 365 kinds of drugs on performance, preparation and compatibility. Ming Li's "Compendium of Materia Medica" has reached 1,892 kinds of drugs contained in the. These drugs collected from natural mineral, animal or plant, subject to cook most of the processing, in order to highlight the use of herbs or eliminate the toxicity. Early 19th century to the 20th century, the production of anti-inflammatory drugs, aspirin, anti-syphilis drug "606" (arsenic preparations), antimalarial Arab equality, these chemical synthetic drugs low cost, high purity, free from the influence of natural conditions , showing a significant effect. 30's, people use chemical profiling method, fruit and rice bran identified vitamin structures with synthetic methods, production of vitamin B1 and vitamin C, etc., to solve the substances extracted from natural vitamin yield enough quality unstable contradictions. After 1935 sulfa drug production, save tens of thousands of puerperal fever patients. Discovery and production of penicillin in World War II, where the sick and wounded, has received amazing results. Streptomycin and sodium aminosalicylate, isoniazid and so defeated the tubercle bacillus, ending the threat of a historical period of this disease to spread to humans. Smallpox, plague, typhoid, etc., until the 19th century, has been one of mankind can not control the disaster, anti-viral vaccines put into industrial production only after essentially eliminated these diseases. Now the vaccine is still a powerful weapon in the fight against human and viral diseases. There are a variety of clinical chemistry reagents and a variety of new pharmaceutical dosage forms continue to emerge, so that greatly improved the medical cause human health have a more reliable guarantee. To improve the lives of people with the means of chemical products are colorful, which in addition to the production of a large number of materials used to make a variety of products used by the people outside, as well as the amount is small, but the effect is very obvious products that make people's lives constantly improvements. For example: for food preservative, flavoring, fortified various food additives; raise vegetables, fruit production and maintaining the freshness of plant growth regulators and preservatives; procure meat, eggs yield of feed additives; production of cosmetics and fragrances, flavors The basic raw materials and additives; houses, furniture and various industrial and decorative coatings appliances; variety of printing ink pigment; and surfactants used in detergents, and many others. There are movie film (photosensitive material), recording (like) tape (magnetic material), and the recently launched Laser TV LP (CD) and so on. Using these means of disseminating sound image, enhance communication links, reproduce historical scenes, performing arts skills. By means of information recording materials, the people's vision extended into space, the depths or in-depth internal organs, and even anatomical atomic structure, in order to improve the human spiritual civilization, uncover the mysteries of nature, provided the conditions.
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Chemical and Materials
These industrial and agricultural production and improve lives, are inseparable from the material. According to statistics, up to 1984, the world of chemical substances has actually amounted to about 900 million species, of which about 430,000 kinds used in industrialized countries for the material. Amount of material, though many, if classified according to chemical composition, can be summarized as metal materials, inorganic non-metallic materials and polymer materials three categories. The composite material is also ranked as the fourth largest category, or see it as derived from the three categories out of a new class of materials. Generally, except metal products metallurgical sector, the rest are chemical production materials. Inorganic non-metallic materials are divided into two types of traditional materials and new materials. The former is a silicate material; latter is composed of diverse, developed rapidly in recent years. Silicate material refers to glass, ceramic, cement and enamel. They are silicate-containing minerals as raw materials for production, widely used as building materials, daily necessities, and can also be used as arts and crafts products. Glass and ceramics brittle breakable though its main drawback; However, due to readily available raw materials, production process is simple, good chemical stability, but also has high hardness, heat and corrosion, etc., wide range of uses, yield very large, and is still evolving. New inorganic non-metallic materials are mainly special ceramics. With the development of agriculture and industry, military industry and science and technology, the new has come out structural ceramics. They are made of different oxides, silicides, carbides, nitrides, fluorides, borides, and other components. Including refractory materials, electric insulation materials, ferroelectrics, piezoelectric materials, semiconductor materials, ceramics, special purpose, do not yield but high value. Recently developed a ceramic engine for automobiles, the gas temperature can be increased to 1400 ℃, to improve efficiency, energy saving is important. Characteristics of the manufacturing process of these materials are: high purity raw material requirements, composition, microstructure and surface of the product are subject to strict control and interface, detailed and complex shape, requiring precision machining. Such was the success of the new material at a high level on the technical basis of science. Polymeric materials include plastics, chemical fiber and rubber three categories. Where many varieties of synthetic materials, which are produced by the petrochemical monomers after polymerization and made. Some natural materials with special properties unattainable, widely used in industrial and agricultural production and daily life, it is developing rapidly. 1930s, world production of polymeric materials is not over 100kt, the 1980s already reached approximately 80Mt, plastics accounted for 3/4. As the plastic is lighter than metal, by volume, over the ferrous metal production. A plastic base material is a synthetic resin. Plastics light (generally only steel 1/9), corrosion resistance, heat resistance, electrical insulation, easy molding, in recent decades a large number used in place of metal, glass, paper, wood and so on. The plastic film is mainly used as a packaging material, in the agricultural, have been widely used. A large plastic tube used car oil and water pipes. Housing and car parts are made of plastic. PVC flooring and doors processing wood processing increase the wear resistance of five. Half the normal density of PMMA glass, up to 17 times the impact strength, may be used as aircraft windshields. Plastic is also used extensively for electrical and electronic industries, made of wires, cables, switches and instrumentation housing and so on. Plastics can be said that has penetrated into every corner of people's production and life. There are a number of synthetic resin has a special feature, called functional polymer materials, such as conductive materials, semiconductor materials, photosensitive resin, photoconductive materials and superconducting materials, causing people a lot of interest. Chemical fibers, including rayon and synthetic fibers. Man-made fiber is a natural fiber as raw material through chemical processing and production, has been popular in the 20 to 30 years, but its production is limited by natural fiber sources. Synthetic products are appearing in the mid-1940s, a rich source of raw materials for the petrochemical products. Many varieties of chemical fiber, another filament, staple fiber, bristles, stretch yarn and various special-shaped wire. They are pure spin can be blended, so very many varieties of fabric, and high production efficiency, free from the restrictions of natural conditions, effectively solve the dispute in contradiction with the grain and cotton. Tons of chemical fiber production can be the equivalent of 30 million mu (1 mu = 666.6m2) a year in cotton production and cotton; or a year from 2.5 million sheep wool clippings. By the 1980s, the textile world has 2/3 is made of chemical fibers. Some polymers are made as hollow fiber separation membranes in desalination, gas separation, and biotechnology preparing ultrapure materials, etc. is important. Rubber is a strategic material. Natural rubber is only grown in tropical and subtropical regions, countries do not consider the wartime production of rubber will be blocked, both attached great importance to the establishment of industrial chemicals in synthetic rubber on the basis of oil. Multiple varieties of synthetic rubber, natural rubber and some varieties better than heat, cold, oil and other properties. The maximum consumption of rubber tires are doing, in addition to the production of rubber hose, belt, shoes and latex products. Rubber is also indispensable for various equipment sealing materials. Since the 1970s, natural rubber production stable at 3 ~ 3.5Mt, while synthetic rubber production in the 1970s reached 6Mt, 80 years to 8Mt, and still continued increasing trend. Composite material is a new structure. Which is characterized by the intensity ratio of the volume, the volume ratio of stiffness and corrosion resistance are more than a metallic material. It is made of synthetic resin, metal or ceramic substrate such as an inorganic or organic material and a reinforcing material composed of synthetic fibers. And a reinforcing material has a variety of substrates, which can be _select_ively mating to obtain a satisfactory performance of various composite materials. Emergence of composite materials, so that chemical materials has become more broad prospects.
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化 工 与 能 源
Energy can be divided into primary energy and secondary energy. Primary energy refers obtained from nature, but also heat or power can be applied directly, usually including coal, oil, natural gas and other fossil fuels and hydropower, nuclear energy. World energy consumption is huge, mainly fossil fuels. World primary energy consumption in 1985 amounted to 10610Mt of coal, of which 39.9% of oil, coal 29.7%, natural gas 21.1%, 7.7%, hydropower, nuclear power 4.9%; China's primary energy consumption amounted to 764Mt of coal, of which 75.9% of the coal, oil 17.1 %, hydro 4.8%, natural gas 2.2%. Secondary energy (electricity except outside) usually refers to primary energy from (mainly fossil fuels) through various chemical processes processing obtained, higher value fuels. For example: gasoline, jet fuel, diesel, fuel oil and other liquid fuels obtained from petroleum refining, they are widely used in automobiles, aircraft, ships, etc., are important materials of modern transportation and military; still made from industrial coal processing gas, coal and other important civilian fuel gas; addition, including coal and oil shale taken from the man-made oil. Chemical and Energy relations are very close, but also in products derived from fossil fuels and not only energy, but also an important raw material in the chemical industry. Petroleum-based, forming a powerful modern petrochemical industry to produce thousands of petrochemical products. In chemical production, processing some materials as some (such as the production of synthesis gas) fuel, but it is also the raw material, the two are one. Therefore, both the production of chemical production of secondary energy sector, energy consumption itself is often large.
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Chemical and other science and technology
Promote the development of the power of chemical industrial and agricultural production and people's lives are on the chemicals needed to rely on the basis of it is chemistry, physics, mathematics, and various engineering techniques. Which is particularly close relationship with the chemical, the chemical is a moment not leave chemical disciplines. Between them, have had "industrial chemicals", "Applied Chemistry" and other subjects, played a certain role in history. Chemical infrastructure is inseparable from civil engineering, electrical engineering. Chemical machinery manufacturing inseparable mechanical engineering and metal materials, especially stainless steel, as well as special steel. Chemical Machinery Of particular note is the high temperature, high pressure reliability, referring to systems, equipment, components to perform a required function probabilities under specified conditions. Modern chemical plant tends to large, single-family production, the reliability of the study is particularly important. Control of chemical process is inseparable from electronics, computers and automation, and instrumentation of these theories, not only can be applied to the production, and even can be applied to solve development forecasting, decision-making and management issues. 1980s, a number of new technological revolution in the field of vigorous development, in addition to the aforementioned energy and materials, microelectronics and biotechnology frontier science, with their strong vitality, the chemical has put forward higher requirements to the chemical forward. Microelectronics computer, microprocessor, and information technology are inseparable from the microelectronics technology. In the microelectronics technology, large-scale and ultra large scale integrated circuit applications, the chemical proposed new requirements. E.g., pure gases and water, for electronic industry, photoresist and etchant liquid crystal, doping agents, binders and the like. Ultra-pure gases for use in microelectronics have dozens of common gases, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, argon, etc., there borane, boron trichloride, dichlorosilane, carbon tetrafluoride is not natural gas present. The chemical purity of the product a great influence on the finished semiconductor. When using industrial gases, the yield is only 10%; less than when using a gas containing an impurity 10ppm and corresponding purity chemical reagents, the yield can be increased to 70% to 80%. In the case of water, the degree of integration of integrated circuits 1Mb allow water particles size not larger than 0.1μm. In order to obtain the water close to the theoretical production methods from distillation, ion exchange and the development of ion-exchange membrane separation 70s combination of methods to make pure water technology has reached a new level. Key production of microelectronic devices that resist. VLSI is used for the photoresist stack of photosensitive resin, an aromatic nitrogen compound made of the advantage of high resolution, is easy to glue, clear image. Microelectronic device is a liquid crystal display material is indispensable. It is an organic compound, since the requirement that at a temperature between -20 ~ 60 ℃, generally are lower than the single crystal such requirements, must use the same type or different types of multiple liquid crystal mixed use. Biotechnology microorganism is a living cell catalyst at atmospheric pressure and the temperature is not high by fermentation process, the raw material into the product. Over the years, the application of this conventional technology to produce a bio-ethanol, butanol, acetone, acetic acid and other products. In recent years, research and development of the use of immobilized cells, the production of acrylamide from acrylonitrile yield of 99.8%. In addition, also the use of an enzyme catalyst, especially immobilized enzyme, the production of organic products. Biotechnology for the chemical, less investment, saving energy and raw materials, less pollution, can be prepared by conventional preparation methods are difficult substances, such as interferons, insulin, monoclonal antibodies. These drugs are prepared using recombinant DNA technology, pharmaceutical industry is expected to make a new look. Biotechnology to chemical engineering made new demands, mainly to resolve the mass culture of microorganisms suitable for biochemical reactor, to meet the complex biochemical processes of separation technology, and process control. In this respect, has formed a new interdisciplinary ─ ─ biochemical engineering, it is the research and development of chemical engineering theory, applied biological catalysts of biochemical reactions and new engineering unit operations, has made many achievements.
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Divided branches
As a chemical categories of knowledge, in various historical periods, under the requirements of a variety of purposes, decomposition or a combination of a variety of classification. Sources of raw materials in accordance with the product nature, but also in accordance with the process of law, history, contact classification. Each division methods are difficult to strictly adapt. This volume seeks to reduce unnecessary cross, take a comprehensive classification method was designed starting from the raw fuel chemical branch; starting from inorganic chemical products, basic organic chemicals, polymer chemicals, fine chemicals and other branches; well as from common starting the process of chemical engineering branch of the law, as well as from the historical development and horizontal linkages starting consolidated on a branch. Chemical feedstock fuel oil, natural gas, coal and oil shale and other combustible minerals, so in turn divided into petroleum refining, petrochemical, natural gas, coal chemical and shale oil industry. Among them, the oil refining industry is creating higher value of the industrial sector is an important economic lifeline of the country. Natural gas and petroleum often symbiotic, and is often attributed to the natural gas chemical petrochemical industry. At this stage, petroleum refining and petrochemicals are the main fuel chemical. Fuel chemical products, including fuels and chemical raw materials, which are mainly organic chemicals (except for the production of synthesis gas also inorganic chemical products, such as ammonia endures). So, petrochemicals are also a major component of basic organic chemical. Can be produced from petrochemical plastics, synthetic rubber, synthetic fibers, such as three synthetic materials, which are the main polymer chemical products. Therefore, the fuel industry, basic organic chemicals and polymer chemicals three are organically linked. As both combustible mineral and inorganic chemical raw materials used, there are inorganic minerals. Its main products are fertilizers, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, soda ash, caustic soda and other bases, as well as inorganic salts, industrial gases and inorganic non-metallic materials. Inorganic non-metallic materials silicate materials are sometimes included in the field of traditional building materials. Fine chemical production in small quantities, with specialized functions, mainly for consumer chemicals. Since the development of market demand, some products have become a large number of products, but by habit, often still regarded as fine chemical products. There are dyes, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, explosives, information recording materials, coatings, paints, adhesives, catalysts, various additives and chemical reagents. Production of pharmaceuticals and explosives and were often classified as independent industrial sectors. If considered from raw materials, it is both the inorganic fine chemicals, there are organic, as well as polymers, is a comprehensive look at the use of functional departments. In the new technological revolution microelectronics, biotechnology and new materials flourish in fine chemicals for the chemical industry has added new vitality. Chemical Engineering is divided into chemical thermodynamics, transfer processes, unit operations, chemical reaction engineering and chemical systems engineering. The first two is the theoretical basis of chemical engineering unit operations in chemical engineering concept is first formed, it is the physical chemical production process is divided into several units, such as fluid transport, distillation, extraction, heat transfer, drying and the like. These units are now operating not only plays an important role in chemical production, is also widely used in metallurgy, light industry, food, nuclear and chemical industry and other industrial sectors have common characteristics. Unit operations continued development and improvement, such as the recent development of particle science, as a theoretical powder engineering design has been applied to the catalyst particle size, high-temperature gas dust removal, grain drying and conveying. Chemical Reaction Engineering and focused on delivery kinetics of chemical reactions on an industrial scale of such rules to solve the reactor design and scale problems. As for chemical engineering, is the application of systems engineering theory and methods to solve chemical process optimization problems interdisciplinary. Chemical core content contained basically can be summed up in these six branches being, and also the Comprehensive theory consists of six branches. However, this classification is not entirely justified, as the catalyst is included in the fine chemical industry. Although in theory, increase the reaction rate of the catalyst has a special feature, a small amount of material does not participate in the reaction, but in today's large-scale production, yield, and the amount of catalyst loading is quite large, the amount of Chinese oil refining catalyst 1985 up to 20kt. And the use of a catalyst throughout all areas of fuels, inorganic, organic, polymer and fine chemicals. There are so many attribution. In addition, the common problems of environmental protection departments continue to solve both the chemical, but also be able to contribute to the field of chemical engineering. 18th-century rise of the modern chemical industry, so far, more than 200 years of history, creating a myriad of chemical products, as well as emissions from the waste gas, waste water, waste, pollution of the environment. Therefore, it requires the chemical industry in the transformation of raw materials into products, and strive to make the best use, become no emissions works. Development of other sectors of the national economy more or less cause pollution. Over time, beyond the self-purification capacity of the natural environment emissions, will make human living environment is deteriorating. Therefore, insight on the world's air, water, soil, biological contamination and damage suffered, issued a hazard warning. In order to solve the pollution, protect the environment, so that the ecological balance of nature in harmony toward a new chemical will become a major force.
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Chemical and Internet
With the rapid development of China's Internet, the emergence of a large number of Chinese also went Chemical Network service industries, such as Chinese chemical market seven news http://www.qrx.cn, China Chemical Network http://www.chemshows.com demand China's chemical product marketing network http://www.chemshows.cn, Fine Chemical http://www.efinechem.com, China Chemical Network http://china.worldchembiz.com, China Chemical Network (Netsun) http :/ / china.chemnet.com, Chemical (HC) http://www.chem.hc360.com Chemical Download Network http://www.chemdown.cn, etc., for the development of China's chemical industry to make network services outstanding contributions to create tremendous value for the chemical industry, China's chemical industry is an integral part of a strong Italian force, has brought great convenience to China's chemical trade, is another best embodies the concept of scientific development. Reviewing the past and looking to the future, the chemical will not be limited to the traditional range for the transformation of the world made immeasurable contributions. Chemical industry is very important for national development, which is a measure of the ethylene industrial development.
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History of Chemical Development
Since ever, the chemical industry has been the development of the productive forces with the guarantee of human society to cope with the war and other necessities and inseparable process in order to meet the needs of these areas, it was originally a simple process of natural substances in the production of chemicals, and later conducted Depth processing and imitation, as well as nature did not create a product which the history of the industrial revolution and the new technological revolution and other contemporary plays an important role, enough to show its important role in the national economy. Ancient chemical processing in the form of industrial chemical processing prior history can be traced back to ancient times from the mid-18th century, and since then mankind will be able to use chemical processing method for making some necessities, such as pottery, brewing, dyeing, metallurgy, manufacture paint, paper and pharmaceutical manufacturing, gunpowder and soap. In China there is a residual pottery Neolithic cave. Yangshao 50 century BC, there are terracotta, gray pottery, pottery, pottery, etc. appear (see pictures [Chinese Neolithic period (2500 BC years) fired pottery jar], [Sui Dynasty (581 - 618) fired three pottery camel], [the Western Han Dynasty (206 BC-AD 25) produced moire paint], "[the Tang Dynasty (618 ~ 907) more states celadon kiln firing water column], [ancient Chinese alchemy line drawing figure]). Zhejiang Hemudu relics in China, there are wooden bowl tire same period, coated with vermilion lacquer. Shang Dynasty (17 BC before the 11th century) has a lacquer fragments ruins the Warring States Period (475 - 221 BC) lacquer is very beautiful. 20th century BC, Yu wine for drink and for worship. 25th century BC, Egypt dyeing materials wrapped mummy in the 21th century BC, China has entered the Bronze Age, the 5th century BC, into the Iron Age, with the smelting of copper, iron making weapons, farming tools, cookware, cutlery, musical instruments, currency, etc. salt for human consumption early In the 11th century BC, the Zhou dynasty already has official palm of Salt. 7 to the 6th century BC, the Phoenicians made with mountain ash suet and soap. Chinese Han 1st century AD, the paper-making process has been quite perfect . After BC, China and Europe into alchemy, alchemy period. Chinese Because refining elixir, and pharmaceutical research. Earliest drugs in the Qin and Han Dynasties completed monograph, "Shen Nong's Herbal Classic", summarizes the move, plant, 365 kinds of mineral drugs .16 century, Li's "Compendium of Materia Medica" summed up before the culmination of drugs, with a high academic level. Moreover, there are about 7-9 century three ingredients mixing records law, and in the early Song Dynasty when Gunpowder was used as a military. European superstitions alchemy since the 3rd century until the 15th century by the alchemy getting into pharmacy, known as 15 to 17 century pharmacy period in pharmaceutical research in order to prepare the drug, was prepared in the laboratory of some chemicals such as sulfuric acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, and organic acids Although not forming industry, but it leads to the development of the chemical preparation process, the chemical industry to establish the mid-18th century, the preparation conditions. Early in the chemical industry from the early 18th century to the 20th century is the initial stage of the chemical industry in this stage has taken shape inorganic chemicals, organic chemicals are forming, polymer chemicals in the embryonic period. Inorganic Chemicals typical chemical plant is the first in the 1740s to build a sulfuric acid plant in the United Kingdom. First with sulfur as raw material, after pyrite as raw materials, which are mainly used for making nitric acid, hydrochloric acid and drugs, then the output is not Big in industrial revolution, the textile industry has developed rapidly. it and glass, soap and other industries are heavily alkaline, and alkali plants and trona demand .1791 years under the French Academy of Sciences reward, access to patents, plant salt as raw materials prepare and bring sulfuric acid (one of the materials) industrial development; hydrogen chloride used for making hydrochloric acid, chlorine, bleaching powder as the industry generated in the production of much-needed materials into soda ash can be harsh, the raw materials and by-products are make full use of it, which was then the chemical industry initiative; filling device for absorbing hydrogen chloride, rotary kiln calcination of raw materials and semi-finished products, as well as concentration, crystallization, filtration equipment used, and gradually applied to other chemical companies, the chemical unit operations吕布兰 law laid the foundation in the early 20th century, gradually Solvay process (see) replaces .19 century the emergence of such a salt electrolysis, the foundation of the chemical industry - .. acid, alkali production has begun to take shape. After the organic chemical textile industry developed, can not meet the needs of natural dyes; With the development of the steel industry, coking industry, the byproduct of coal tar in organic chemistry chemists need to use the achievements of the separation of coal tar,,,,. anthracene, phenanthrene .1856, the British made of synthetic aniline purple dye, after analysis to determine the structure of natural Alizarin dihydroxyanthraquinone, then the coal tar anthracene as raw material, through oxidation, substitution, hydrolysis, rearrangement other reactions, imitation of natural Alizarin identical product. Similarly, the pharmaceutical industry, synthetic fragrance industry with natural products also have the same chemicals, increasing varieties .1867 years, on behalf of the Swedish invention that Matt explosives (see) , used extensively for mining and military. At that time there was another pillar of the production of organic chemicals that acetylene chemical. Was established in 1895 with coal and limestone as raw material, the production of calcium carbide heating method (ie) the first plant, and then by hydrolysis of calcium carbide acetylene, as a the starting point for the production of acetaldehyde, acetic acid and a series of basic organic raw material development after the mid-20th century, the calcium carbide energy is too high, most of the original acetylene series, replaced by raw materials for production. Polymer sticky heat, the cold hard .1839 U.S. natural rubber with sulfur and heated to crosslink into elastomers used in tires and other rubber products, uses a wide, which is the embryonic period Polymer Chemical .1869, the United States plasticized cellulose nitrate with camphor is made of plastic, very useful .1891 in Besancon, France built the first man-made silk factory .1909, the United States made, commonly known as bakelite, for the first a widely used electrical insulating materials. These budding products, varieties, yield, quality and other aspects can not meet the requirements of society, so the production of the above-mentioned basic organic chemicals and polymer materials production, petrochemical industry in the future to build, have gained great development. Period of great development of the chemical industry in the early 1900s to 60 to 70 years after the war, which is the chemical industry to truly become the main stages of mass production, some of the main areas are formed in this period. Been developed and petrochemical , were developed gradually. beginning of this period, the concept of the United Kingdom and the United States, who proposed the foundation of chemical engineering, which promote the development of production technology, whether it is the size of the device, or product output is growing rapidly . Ammonia Industry meteoric rise early 20th century, with the physical and chemical reaction equilibrium theory, proposed direct catalytic method ammonia nitrogen and hydrogen, as well as the feed gas and product separation, supplemented by the idea of recycling, to further address the equipment problems. Thus making Germany can established at the time of the first World War by the ammonia production plant to meet the need of war. ammonia raw coke as raw material, after 40 years instead of oil or natural gas, the chemical industry and oil industry two departments closer linked, rational use of raw materials and energy. Petrochemical production in 1920 with the United States, this is the beginning of large-scale development of petrochemical industry 1939 American Standard Oil Company to develop the presence of hydrogen catalytic reforming process, which has become an important source of aromatics .1941 thought the United States into the first _set_ of materials used Ethylene devices. after World War II, due to the chemical products market continues to expand, providing plenty of cheap oil organic chemical raw materials, and because of the development of chemical production technology, and gradually form a petrochemical even without oil-producing regions, such as the Western Europe and Japan, but also with crude oil as raw material, the development of petrochemical industry. same material or the same product, each business has a different chemical process routes or different catalysts because of basic organic raw material monomer and polymer are petrochemical raw materials, So people ethylene production as a measure of organic chemical symbol of .80, more than 90% of the organic chemical products, from petrochemicals, for example, so in the past with calcium carbide acetylene as raw material, then switch to oxychlorination of ethylene production vinyl chloride, ammonia, propylene oxide (see) method to produce acrylonitrile .1951, using natural gas as feedstock, carbon monoxide and hydrogen obtained by steam reforming, so get attention, currently used in production, with the production of individual regions. Polymer chemical polymer materials used in wartime military to civilian use after the war, was a great development and become the new materials industry. Strategic materials as natural rubber production in the tropics, blocked at sea, all the countries studied .1937 In Germany and France the company has developed successful. later developed countries has gradually butadiene, butyl, neoprene, nitrile, isoprene, B and C class variety of synthetic rubber, each with different characteristics and uses. terms, 1937 United States succeeded in synthesizing nylon 66 (see), melt spinning, because there is good strength, used for parachutes and tires. later polyester, vinylon, acrylic, etc. come on stream, but also because of its petrochemical raw materials guarantee, natural and synthetic fibers gradually occupy most of the market. plastics, following the phenolic resin, and the production of alkyd resins and other thermo_set_ting resins .30 years later, emerging species, such as the date is still a large variety of plastics, as was excellent insulation material for the successful development of high-voltage submarine cables in 1939 and radar, low-pressure polyethylene, isotactic polypropylene, a plastic open widely for civilian purposes, which is Ziegler - Natta catalyst for the polymer chemical made a significant contribution. This period also appeared high temperature, corrosion-resistant materials, such as, where PTFE plastic king said. After World War II, a number also went for the automotive industry, also as building materials, packaging materials, and has become a large variety of plastics. In terms of fine chemicals, the invention of reactive dyes, the dye and the fiber chemically combined. Require new synthetic and blended fabric dyes, such as for polyester, used acrylic, cotton blended activity for disperse. In addition, for the laser, LCD, microscopy and other special dye in the side, after the 1940s, the invention of a Swiss PH Miller organochlorine pesticides, has developed a series of organochlorine, organophosphate, which has the stomach to kill, tag, uptake, and other special effects. Subsequently requires efficient and low or no pesticide residues, such as biomimetic synthesis of class .60, and develop fast, there are some very good performance of varieties, such as pyridine herbicides, benzene benzimidazole fungicides, etc. In addition, there are antibiotics, pesticides (see), such as China in 1976 developed into the Jinggangmycin for rice sheath blight resistance. medicine, in 1910, France made 606 arsenic preparations (radical Misu cure) after he made improvements in the structure of compounds 914,30 era, steroids, etc. are improved from the structure, play a role in the effects .1928, the British discovered, opening up a new field of antibiotic drugs . after successful treatment of the physiological study of drug diseases, such as treatment of cardiovascular disease, mental illness and other drugs, and contraceptives. Additionally, there are special diagnostic drugs available. away from the traditional natural paints, instead, such as alkyd resins, , acrylic resins, etc., in order to meet the needs of the automotive industry and other senior finishing after World War II, made of styrene-butadiene latex coatings, architectural coatings become a big variety. using high-pressure airless spraying, electrostatic spraying, electrophoresis coating, cathodic electrodeposition coating, the light curing technology (see), which can save labor and materials, and thus the development of the corresponding coating species. Modern chemical industry since the 1960s to the 1970s, among the chemical industry enterprises competitive, on the one hand due to the in-depth understanding of the reaction process, you can make some of the traditional production for basic chemical products, an increasingly large scale to reduce costs. And Meanwhile, due to the rise of the new technological revolution, the chemical industry put forward new demands, promote technological progress in the chemical industry, the development of fine chemicals, ultrapure substances, new structural materials and functional materials. Large scale of 1963, the U.S. design and construction of the first _set_ of Kellogg Company Nissan 540t (ie 600sh.t) Ammonia single family unit, is a sign of large-scale chemical production equipment from the 1970s onwards, a single series of synthetic ammonia production capacity has grown to Nissan 900 ~ 1350t, 80 years appeared Nissan Design 1800 ~ 2700t ammonia, its total energy consumption per ton of ammonia dropped significantly. vinyl single series production scale, from the 1950s to the 1970s the development of an annual 50kt annual 100 ~ 300kt, early 1980s, the new ethylene plant maximum annual production capacity of 680kt. due to the metallurgical industry provides heat pipe, consequent millisecond cracking furnace can be achieved, thereby increasing the yield of olefins and reduce energy consumption. other chemical production facilities, such as sulfuric acid, caustic soda, basic organic raw materials, synthetic materials etc. to large-scale development. thus, reducing environmental pollution, improve the reliability of long-running, to promote the rapid development of safe, environmentally friendly technology forecasting and protection. IT chemicals since the 1960s, the rapid development of large-scale integrated circuits and electronics industry, the required computer recording device materials and information materials developed after .60, polycrystalline and monocrystalline silicon production at a rate of 20% per year Growth .80 ~ Periodic Table Group V binary compounds for electronic devices have been developed as a semiconductor device, a gaseous source such as phosphine (PH) such increasingly important in the LSI manufacturing process, the required variety, the impurity content of less than 1ppm, to water and dust content, there are strict requirements. alternative substrates for LSI, which directly affects the quality and stability of integration and yield. Additionally, the matrix material, sealing materials, such as flux, there are strict requirements .1963 Dutch Philips Cas_set_te recording successfully developed, increasingly popular, which is not only used for audio recording, video recording, etc., is more important as an external memory and a calculator for memory, a magnetic tape, disk, drum, magnetic bubble, magnetic, and other types of important information material, not only for optical communication, and in the industrial, medical material as an endoscope. S performance synthetic material 60 has started (commonly known as nylon), polyacetal (eg), and acrylonitrile - butadiene - styrene copolymer () as the structural material of their high strength, resistance. impact, abrasion, chemical resistance, heat resistance, and excellent electrical performance characteristics, and light weight, easy to shape, widely used in automotive, electronics, building materials, packaging, etc. After .60, appeared,,, etc., especially for high temperature resistance, high-vacuum, self-lubricating material that can be used in spacecraft. their space suits fibers do with anti-radiation. polybenzothiazole and polybenzimidazole resin of high temperature, high heat resistance, ablative materials may be used for rocket copolymerization, blending, and composite materials of structure modified, for example polyol prepolymer by reaction with catalytic, nylon polyether block copolymer having a high impact strength and heat resistance, for agricultural and construction machinery is another fiber-reinforced polymeric resin composite material. resin is mainly used as an epoxy resin, unsaturated polyester, polyimide, polyamide glass fiber used, or (propylene used nitrile or asphalt base). proportion of these composite materials light, high specific strength, good toughness, especially for structural parts in aerospace, aviation and other transport vehicles, instead of metal, saving energy and fluorine-containing materials are also developing rapidly, Because of their outstanding resistance to high temperature performance, excellent electrical properties, anti-aging, anti-radiation, widely used in electronics and electrical industry, nuclear industry and the aerospace industry and since they have a physiologically compatible, can be used for artificial organs and biomedical equipment. Energy materials and energy-saving materials 1950s began to develop atomic energy industry, requiring the production of heavy chemical industry, neutron absorbing material and heat transfer materials to meet the needs. Aerospace industry requires high-energy propellant from the adhesives, plasticizers, antioxidants and additives consisting of The liquid has a high-energy liquid hydrogen fuel, kerosene, unsymmetrical dimethyl hydrazine, anhydrous hydrazine, liquid oxygen oxidizer, fuming nitric acid, nitrogen tetroxide. these products have strict performance requirements, has formed a specialized production industry In order to meet the requirements of energy conservation and environmental protection, in 1960 the United States can be made practical test membrane to dilute the treatment of industrial waste water, and later extended to the pharmaceutical, food industry, but this film is readily biodegradable, but also susceptible to hydrolysis, using .1970 short life, development of aromatic polyamide reverse osmosis membrane which is resistant to biodegradation, but not anti .1977 free chlorine, the improved composite membrane for seawater desalination, power consumption per cubic meter of fresh water only 23.7 ~ 28.4MJ addition, the development and use of the film. polysulfone hollow fiber gas separation membrane for separating hydrogen and nitrogen and many other exhaust gases ammonia separation This technique can be compared to other energy industrial separation methods. Narrow its hardness Kyo, used as a cutting tool In 1971, Ford Motor Company and Westinghouse Electric Company to β-silicon nitride (β-SiN) was fired steam turbine structural materials, operating temperature was as high as 1370 ℃, improve effect, save fuel and reduce pollution, energy-saving materials for the good, but after 10 years of testing, there are still many problems need to be further improved. currently mainly used for ceramic engine, turbine blades, conductive ceramics, artificial bone. Ceramics There are mainly based oxide material, such as aluminum oxide (AlO), zirconium oxide (ZrO), etc., and non-oxide type, such as carbide (SiC), a nitride (BN), silicon nitride (SiN) and the like. 80 years, to improve the brittleness of ceramics, but also in the development of carbon fiber reinforced ceramic silicon. Further development of specialty chemicals, which amount to a few other products to enhance or impart specific features to obtain high value such as food and feed additives, plastics and rubber chemicals, leather, paper, oil and other specialty chemicals products, and adhesives, anti-oxidants, surfactants, water, catalysts, etc. In the catalyst, since the development of the electron microscope, electron spectrometer and other modern devices help to understand the mechanism of catalysis, thereby producing a variety of special catalyst, marking a new phase of the catalyst.
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English Expression
: Wuxi China Petroleum Chemical industry, China Petroleum Chemical industry, chemical technology
n.: chemical industry, chemical engineering, the operations of nature in producing changes, Nature's work, operations of Nature
French Expression
n. industrie chimique
Thesaurus
chemical industry chemical industry Community chemical industry Residential areas, Chemical industry Juweihui Huagong Town Huagong Subdistrict
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