With the same atomic number (ie the same number of protons) of the same type of atoms in general. Referred to as elements.
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huà xué yuán sù
Nuclei in the same number of protons, which have the same charge a few general term for a class of atoms. Carbon is a chemical element such as carbon, whether in the form of simple substance or compound form, its atomic number is always 6. Now there are 106 chemical elements found in species of the "element"
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No. 3
【Pinyin】: huà xué yuán sù 【English】: Chemical element 】 【Explained: On the theory of the elements that constitute the elements of nature as the object of all is the easiest part of the doctrine, as early as ancient times has been produced. However, in ancient times as a material element of a specific form of this modern concept does not exist. Both in the philosophy of ancient China or in India or the West in ancient philosophy, regarded as an abstract element, a form of the original spirit, or with the basic properties of substances. Such examples are many. After about 900 years ago in BC, the era of the Western Zhou Dynasty, "Book of Changes" in these words: "Easy Tai Chi, is two appearances, astrotech Health and four images, four images and raw gossip." This is a " Tai Chi "as the center of the world to create said. A 403 BC 221 BC, China's Warring States Period and the origin of some of the discourse of all things, such as "Lao Tzu Tao Te Ching" wrote: "Tao gave birth to one, one two, two three, comes all things." Again " pipe water to, "said:" Water who, why? all things primitive people. " Of the five elements theory is a physical sense, but sometimes the performance of the basic properties. China's Five Elements first appeared in the late Warring States Period of the "Book", the text is: "Five Elements: water, one said, the 2nd fire, third is wood, Si Yue Jin, Wu Yue soil. Shui Yun said, the fire, said Yan, the Wood said, right and wrong, Kim from leather, earth love (said) out with farming. "translated into the language of today is:" the five elements: First, water, and second fire, three-wood, four is a gold, five is the soil. The nature of water moistening and down, the nature of the fire burning up. The nature of wood can be curved to straight, the nature of gold can be cast transformation of the nature of soil arable harvest. "later in the" national language ", the five elements that more clearly all things original concept. Reads: "Husband and real creatures, not following the same. To his flat and he said that the, it could be the abundance of raw materials long. If the same barnyard with and do is give up carry on. Therefore, in order to land kings of metal, wood , water, fire complex in order to become soaring. "translation is:" Harmony is the principle of creating things, the same can not always be long and some continuous. put a lot of different things together causing them to strike a balance, this is called harmony , so that the material rich and grow up. If added together the same thing, would be abandoned. So, the last emperor earth and metal, wood, water, fire caused all things combined. " Philosophers in ancient India and China also has five elements similar to the so-called five. This is the 7th century BC, a 6th century BC, the ancient Indian scholars Capilla (Kapila) made to the land, water, fire, wind, air. Western Philosophy from the Greeks. Seven Sages of Greece, one of the revered philosopher of materialism Talleys that water is the mother of all things. The earliest Greek thinkers Anaximenes that all things are composed of gas. Is known as one of the founders dialectics of Heraclitus (Heraclito, a 535 BC 475 BC) thought that all things born from the fire. Greek natural scientists, doctors Empedocles (EmpedOCles, a 430 BC 490 BC) consolidated the previous philosophers view, referred to in their water, air and fire in addition, coupled with the soil , called the four elements. Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle (Aristotle, 384 BC, a BC 322) a combination of these simple but also distorted the views of materialism, that "immunogenicity doctrine." He believes that nature is contradictory 4 "fundamental nature" - hot and cold, dry and wet formed. Different combinations of them, constitute a fire (hot and dry), air (hot and wet), water (cold and wet), earth (cold and dry) 4 elements. "Essential nature" can be removed from the original material, or into, causing material between the transformation. Thus, the origin of the universe, the world will not matter entity basis, and can leave the physical and independent existence of the "nature", and which direction the idealist. 13-14 century, the Western alchemists and the elements of Aristotle were added, an increase of 3 elements: mercury, sulfur and salt. This is the three alchemists called primitive. But they say the mercury, sulfur, salt, just show the nature of the substance: mercury - the embodiment of the nature of objects of metal, sulfur - the embodiment of combustible materials and metallic properties of salt - the embodiment of soluble material. To the 16th century Swiss physician personification Wales, the alchemists of the three primitive medicine applied to him. He presented material is composed of 3 elements - Salt (flesh), mercury (soul) and sulfur (spirit) composed of different proportions, the cause of disease is the lack of organisms in one of the above 3 elements. For medical treatment, will inject in the body of the missing elements. Whether the ancient natural philosophers or alchemists, or the ancient medical scientists, their understanding of the elements of objective things through observation or speculation the way to solve. It was not until the mid-17th century, due to the rise of scientific experiments, the accumulation of some material change in the experimental data, only preliminary results from the chemical analysis of the concept to solve for the element. 1661 British scientists Boyle and the four elements of Aristotle's three primitive alchemists doubt, the publication of a "skeptics chemist" booklet. Wrote: "Now I understand for those elements of the original and simple or completely unmixed substances. These substances are not posed by other substances, nor is it another form, but the composition of objects in direct form, and After they enter the body will eventually break down. "Thus, the concept elements to the performance of the composition of the original objects and simple substances. Lavoisier in the recognition and description of what kinds of materials are often primitive and simple, stressing the importance of experiments. He who can no longer break down the material as simple substance, which is the element. After a long period of time, the element is considered to be divided by chemical methods can not be a simple matter. This brings the concepts of elements and elemental confusion or equivalent up. Moreover, in the later period of time, due to lack of precise experimental materials, what kinds of material should be attributed to chemical elements, or what kinds of material is no longer a simple matter points, this problem is not resolved. Lavoisier published in 1789, "Chemical basis of discourse," a book listed in the table of chemical elements he made a total of 33 chemical elements listed, divided into four categories: 1. Is a simple gaseous substances can be considered elements: light, heat, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen. 2. To oxidation and non-metallic substances into simple acid: sulfur, phosphorus, carbon, hydrochloric acid-based, hydrofluoric acid base, boric acid base. 3. Salt can be oxidized and the simple metals: antimony, arsenic, silver, identify drilling, copper, tin. Iron, manganese, mercury, molybdenum, gold, platinum, lead, tungsten, zinc. 4. To the simple salt soil: lime, magnesia, heavy soil, alumina, silica. From this table of chemical elements can be seen, Lavoisier not only as an element of non-elemental, but also as elements of the light and heat. Therefore, the hydrochloric acid-based Lavoisier, hydrofluoric acid base as the base and the element is created according to his own theory that all acids contain oxygen are. Hydrochloric acid, which he believes is hydrochloric acid and oxygen-based compounds, that is, is a simple matter and oxygen compounds, it was his view that the base hydrochloride is a chemical element. Hydrofluoric acid base and the base as well. He reasons that "simple non-metallic material" before the words "can be oxidized and become sour" the truth is also here. In his view, since the oxidation, of course, can become acid. As Lavoisier element in the table, "soil" in the 19th century, they were chemical researchers say the time is an element, is no longer a simple matter points. "Soil" at the time that has such a simple matter of common properties, such as a basic, easy to melt when heated, or chemical changes, almost insoluble in water, and the acid does not produce bubbles meet. Thus, lime (calcium oxide) is a kind of soil, heavy soil - barium oxide, magnesia - magnesium oxide, silica - silica, bauxite - alumina. Today they are less Tu Tu element or element oxides. This "soil" characters as the resulting. Early 19th century, founded Dalton's atomic theory in chemistry, and atomic weight determination to proceed, the concept of chemical elements and composition of the atomic weight began to be linked, so that each element into a certain (quality) of the same amount of atoms. In 1841, 贝齐里乌斯 has been found according to some elements, such as sulfur, phosphorus can exist in different forms the fact there are diamond-shaped sulfur sulfur, monoclinic sulfur, phosphorus white phosphorus and red phosphorus, created with the (yuan) allotrope the concept that the same elements can form different elemental. This shows that the concept of elements and simple substance is different, not the same. Half of the 19th century, the establishment of chemical elements in the Mendeleev Periodic System of the time, clearly pointed out that the basic properties of the element is the atomic weight. He believes that the difference between elements of different atomic weight focused on the performance. He proposed a single mass and elements should distinguish between two different concepts, that in the red mercuric oxide (H Shanghai) does not exist in the metal mercury and the gas oxygen, only elemental mercury and elemental oxygen, which is missing a single performance of the quality of metal and gas. However, with the development of social productive forces and science and technology, in the 19th century, electronics, X-rays and radioactivity have been discovered, leading scientists study the structure of atoms. 1913, British chemist Soddy proposed the concept of isotopes. Isotopes with the same mass number and atomic weight of different variants of the same elements, they are in the periodic table in the same grid position. Subsequently, the British physicist Aston in 1921 have proved that most of the different isotopes of chemical elements. The quality of isotopes of elements by atomic weight isotopes exist in nature, the mass fraction of the average obtained. In this same period in 1913, British physicist Moseley systematic study of the cathode made from a variety of elements from the X-ray wavelengths, the characteristics of that element is the element of the atom's nuclear charge number, that is, atomic number was determined. Thus, if several different isotopes as a separate element, which is obviously unreasonable. Because the characteristics of the decision element is not the atoms atomic weight, but its nuclear charge. In 1923, the International Atomic Weight Committee decided: chemical element is based on the number of the atomic nucleus charge a method of classification, the same nuclear charge as an element of a class of atoms. Of course, until today, people's understanding of the chemical elements are not the end of the process. The current chemistry research on the molecular structure, nuclear particle physics research and so on in depth, can be expected that it will bring a new understanding of the chemical elements. 【1】 ~ 119 chemical elements 1 H Hydrogen 1.0079 2 He Helium 4.0026 3 Li Lithium 6.941 4 Be Beryllium 9.0122 Boron 5 B 10.811 6 C Carbon 12.011 7 N N 14.007 8 O oxygen 15.999 9 F fluorine 18.998 10 Ne 20.17 Ne 11 Na Na 22.9898 12 Mg Magnesium 24.305 13 Al Aluminum 26.982 14 Si Silicon 28.085 15 P P 30.974 16 S sulfur 32.06 17 Cl chlorine 35.453 18 Ar Argon 39.94 19 K K 39.098 20 Ca Calcium 40.08 21 Sc Scandium 44.956 22 Ti 47.9 Titanium 23 V Vanadium 50.94 24 Cr Chromium 51.996 25 Mn Manganese 54.938 26 Fe Iron 55.84 27 Co Cobalt 58.9332 28 Ni Nickel 58.69 29 Cu Copper 63.54 30 Zn Zinc 65.38 31 Ga Gallium 69.72 32 Ge 72.5 Germanium 33 As arsenic 74.922 34 Se 78.9 Selenium 35 Br Bromine 79.904 36 Kr Krypton 83.8 37 Rb Rubidium 85.467 38 Sr Strontium 87.62 39 Y Y 88.906 40 Zr Zirconium 91.22 41 Nb niobium 92.9064 42 Mo Molybdenum 95.94 43 Tc Technetium (99) 44 Ru Ruthenium 161.0 45 Rh rhodium 102.906 46 Pd Palladium 106.42 47 Ag Silver 107.868 48 Cd Cadmium 112.41 49 In Indium 114.82 50 Sn Sn 118.6 51 Sb 121.7 Antimony 52 Te 127.6 Tellurium 53 I iodine 126.905 54 Xe 131.3 Xenon 55 Cs Cesium 132.905 56 Ba Ba 137.33 57 ~ 71 La ~ Lu lanthanides 57 La 138.9 Lanthanum 58 Ce Ce 140.1 59 Pr Pr 140.9 60 Nd Neodymium 144.2 61 Pm Promethium (147) Samarium 62 Sm 150.3 63 Eu Europium 151.96 Gadolinium 64 Gd 157.25 65 Tb terbium 158.9 66 Dy 162.5 Dy 67 Ho Holmium 164.9 68 Er Erbium 167.2 69 Tm thulium 168.9 70 Yb ytterbium 173.04 71 Lu Lutetium 174.967 72 Hf 178.4 Hafnium 73 Ta Ta 180.947 74 W 183.8 Tungsten 75 Re Rhenium 186.207 76 Os 190.2 Osmium 77 Ir Iridium 192.2 78 Pt Platinum 195.08 79 Au Gold 196.967 80 Hg 200.5 Mercury 81 Tl 204.3 Thallium 82 Pb Lead 207.2 83 Bi Bismuth 208.98 84 Po polonium (209) 85 At astatine (201) 86 Rn Radon (222) 87 Fr francium (223) 88 Ra Radium 226.03 89 ~ 103 Ac ~ Lr actinide 89 Ac actinium (227) 90 Th thorium 232.0 91 Pa protactinium 231.0 92 U Uranium 238.0 93 Np Neptunium (237) 94 Pu Plutonium (239,244) 95 Am americium (243) 96 Cm curium (247) 97 Bk Pei (247) 98 Cf Californium (251) 99 Es einsteinium (252) 100 Fm javascript (257) 101 Md mendelevium (258) 102 No Nuo (259) 103 Lr lawrencium (262) 104 Rf Jin Lu (261) 105 Db Jin Du (262) 106 Sg Jin-hi (266) 107 Bh Jin Bo (264) 108 Hs Jin Black (277) 109 Mt Jin Mai (268) 110 Ds Jin Da (281) 111 Rg Jin Lun (272) 112 Uub 113 Uut 114 Uuq 115 Uup 116 Uuh 117 Uus 118 Uuo 119 Uue Element Description: 1. H hydrogen qīng 1.00794 (7) H [hydrogenium]. Gas element symbols. Colorless, odorless and tasteless. Is the lightest element. Is widely used in industry. {H Gas} 1H protium [protium]. Nucleus has one proton, is the main component of hydrogen, normal hydrogen containing 99.98% of protium. 21H D or deuterium [deuterium]. Nucleus has a proton and a neutron, the average 0.02% of hydrogen containing deuterium. For the thermonuclear reaction. {Deuterium} T or 31H tritium [tritium]. Nucleus has one proton and two neutrons. Radioactive. {H} overweight 2. He helium haì 4.002602 (2) Helium [helium]. Gas element symbols. Colorless, odorless, very little content in the atmosphere, the chemical properties of extremely lively. Used to fill light bulbs and neon tubes, also used to make foam. Liquid helium refrigerant used to do. {Helium} 3. Li Li lǐ 6.941 (2) Li [lithium]. Metallic element symbols. Silver-white, easily oxidized in air and dark, soft, is the lightest metal Chemically active. For the atomic energy industry and metallurgical industry, also used for making special alloys, special glass. 4. Be beryllium pí 9.012182 (3) Be [beryllium]. Metallic element symbols. White, hard and light. For the atomic energy industry, beryllium aluminum alloy used for making Aircraft, rockets and so on. 5. B B pēng 10.811 (5) Boron [Boron]. Metallic element symbols. Solid black or silver. Crystalline boron is black, the melting point of about 2300 ° C, boiling point 3658 ° C, density 2.34 g / cm ³, hardness only to diamond, more brittle. 6. C C tan 12.011 (6) C [Carbonium]. Carbon is a nonmetallic element. Carbon is a very common element, it exists in various forms into the atmosphere and crust. Elemental carbon has long been recognized and the use of a series of carbon compounds - organic matter is essential for life. 7. N N dàn 14.007 (7) N [nitrogen]. Gas element symbols. Element name derived from Greek and means "saltpeter." 1772 by the Swedish chemist Scheele and British chemist Rutherford also found that, after the French scientist Lavoisier identified as an element. Nitrogen content in the crust of 0.0046%, nitrogen is the single most natural quality of the molecular form of nitrogen in the atmosphere, nitrogen accounts for 78% of the volume of air. The most important mineral nitrogen is nitrate. There are two natural isotopes of nitrogen: nitrogen 14 and nitrogen 15, nitrogen 14, which is 99.625% abundance.
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Encyclopedia
huaxue yuansu Chemical elements chemical elements Elements in the evolution of the concept of ancient times, philosophers and scientists have been exploring what is the composition of matter. The most ancient Greek philosophers that all matter is made of an element composed of Thales that this element is water; Heraclitus thought the fire; Anaximenes is considered to be air. Later, Empedocles that all matter is made of four elements, they are air, earth, fire, water. Aristotle in favor of the views of Empedocles, and developed, he "took place and eliminate" a book, said composition argument: the nature of four of the most primitive ─ ─ heat, cold, dry and wet ─ ─ basis, put them together in pairs to form the four elements. For example, the air hot and wet with nature; earth with cold and dry nature; fire with dry and hot in nature; water with wet and cold in nature. Thus, by these four elements of all things, it has the basic properties of the four combinations of the various properties. This view is called the four elements said. The concept of domination in philosophical circles for two years or so. The end of the century, scientists have done a lot of chemical experiments. They found that many of the properties of matter is difficult to dry, cold, wet, hot nature of these four instructions. So they said the flammability of sulfur; salt that is not flammable; mercury, said volatile liquid. Therefore, there are three elements (or three elements), said that the material is composed of sulfur, mercury, salt, composed of three basic elements. 1661, British chemist R. Boyle of "skeptics chemist," a book that says whether the four elements, or the three elements of that proposed in the elements, chemical elements are not true. In his book, the first time the science of chemical elements under the definition: "They should be certain not help any other substances, or another composition consisting of the original and most simple substances." "It should have determined the nature of some, indeed, can be perceived in kind, with the general chemical methods can not be decomposed into simpler then some kind." This is defined as the composition of matter chemists pointed out the direction. In 1789, the French chemist Lavoisier A.-L. defined according to Boyle, proposed the first table of chemical elements. Lavoisier's table of chemical elements Under the experimental conditions at the time, magnesium oxide, silica, lime, barium earth, bauxite, are very stable, the material can not be broken, so Lavoisier them as chemical elements. Until 1808, the British chemist H. Davy had the legal system with electrolytic magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, lime was no longer seen as a chemical element. Origin of today, most scientists accept the hypothesis that the origin of elements are: the proton and the neutron capture fusion is the formation of chemical elements in the universe, the two main processes. This assumption that all chemical elements in the universe
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