Of animal morphology, physiology, ecology, classification, distribution and how to control the animal subjects.
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No. 2
zoology Reveal the law of animal survival and development branch of biology. It studies the animal species composition, morphology, life habits, reproduction, development and genetics, classification, distribution and historical development and other mobile-related characteristics and laws of life activities. Origins and development of a long history of zoology, and human activities are closely related. In a fishing and hunting as the main mode of production primitive society, human beings gradually realize that a number of closely related animal and human habits and physical structure, and then try to raise a useful domesticated animals, prevention of harmful animals, some animals accumulated knowledge. 4700 years ago in the Shang oracle bones, can identify many animals, birds, fish, insects and other characters, then the hieroglyphics are the "bug", "fish", "Quan" as a radical, shows that the concept has a certain classification . 3000 years ago, book, "Summer is small" in the records of the "floating there in May and December of ants into the nest" and other ecological phenomena. Spring and Autumn Period of the "Book" referred to in more than 100 species of animals. 2500 years ago, "Shangshu Yu Gong Chapter" was recorded in 9 major regional economic animal species, the seeds of the Chinese animal geography. Dating back 2000 years ago, "Zhou Li" in the animals were divided into hair, feathers, rings, scales, win five categories, roughly equivalent to the modern classification of the mammal animals, birds, crustaceans, fish and molluscs. Han, "Ya" in the interpretation of insects, fish release, release birds, release animals, livestock release of Category 5, each have written hundreds of species of animals. Sui and Tang Dynasties, "Bian Que hard by" referred to the phenomenon of human blood circulation than the British scholar w. Harvey about early 1000. Wei Jia Sixie's "Arts for the People," summed up a lot of fishing, mulberry, agriculture, animal husbandry experience. Chen Tang possession of device "Herbal Supplements" in the lateral line scales of fish classified as a major character, so far used. 265 ~ 420 AD, the Jin Dynasty, China has compiled the first map of the animal, verifying with the "Southern grass-like" (304), drawing the people to use citrus pest ants fight scene, is the world's earliest examples of biological control. Ming Li, "Compendium of Materia Medica," describes the 400 species of animals, and many are accompanied by outline drawing, called the great books in the history of zoology. 384 West 322 years BC, the ancient Greek system of Aristotle had described the hundreds of species of animals, known as the father of zoology. Volume 37, prepared by Pliny the Elder's "Natural History", the first 7 to 11 volumes of Zoology content. After the 16th century, zoology showing a vitality, academic works have come out, in which the progress of taxonomy and anatomy is particularly rapid. The advent of the 17th century microscope, but also promoted the field of micro-histology, embryology and Protozoology prosperity. 18th century Swedish biologist c.von Linnaean classification system created the animals and two were law, the animals and plants are divided into classes, orders, genera, species and varieties elements of order 5, and laid the foundation of modern taxonomy. Late 18th to early 19th century, the French biologist Lamarck j.-b.de the evolution of species proposed idea that the environmental impact of animal life, you can change, development and improvement. Cuvier also in the same period of comparative anatomy and paleontology has made a contribution. Ye Deguo 19th century biologists tah schwann illustrates the basic structure of animal unit is the cell. In 1859, British scientist Charles Darwin established the cr theory of biological evolution, with the "struggle for existence" and "natural _select_ion" of the original and vivid specific examples, analysis of the diversity of animals, nature, identity, variability, etc., contributed to Zoology forward. Evolutionary theory of the 20th century, new achievements and further proof that a new mutation in the genetic basis of evolutionary significance in natural _select_ion and reproductive isolation in different populations of the same species in different direction. Since the 20th century, due to mutual penetration of disciplines and research methods of continuous improvement, led to a leap in zoology. Today's zoology, has been described in the last stage of observation, up to the peak of regular life activities. Branch of the study subjects can be divided into invertebrate, Protozoology, Parasitology, molluscs science, entomology, crustaceans zoology, ichthyology, ornithology, mammalogy and so on. According to research priorities and the scope of services, but also by the theoretical zoology, applied zoology, resources, zoology and bionics. The traditional main branches are: Animal physiology animal body function, and general physiological phenomena, such as nutrition, growth, reproduction, and is closely related to medicine and animal husbandry. In recent years, also according to the research of progress, the separation of endocrinology, immunology, enzymology, and so on. Animal taxonomy has changed from a simple classification, taxonomy development, research animals, each other's similarities and differences between each group and the extent of the similarities and differences, categorize them, as a system to clarify their genetic relationship and evolution and laws. Modern taxonomy is Linnaean taxa in the past the goal under the additional of the Branch, in the community and the key link between the increase in the door, each order element can be subdivided, such as subclass, suborder, General Division , subspecies and so on. Taxonomy of the 20th century to try to make classification system reflects the evolutionary relationship between species and history. Animal Ecology in which animals and their environmental factors (including biological and nonbiological) the inter-relationship between the individual ecological research from the past, the development of population ecology, community ecology and even eco-system. In recent years, space technology development, causing the attention of ecologists for outer space, which will be animals in the biosphere to be more in-depth research. Also related to this animal behavior, animal behavior research, including instinct, learning, memory, etc., from the protozoa swimming model to ape social organization and communication, made a lot of work and achieved outstanding results. Zoogeography of the geographical distribution of animal species status, and the ways and laws of animal distribution, while, from the geographical point of view of animal species in each region and classification laws. Often called to zoology. The branch of taxonomy, morphology, ecology by combining fauna of the region to conduct a comprehensive study and submit a nature conservation, resource management and natural transformation plan, to be called fauna study. Additionally, animal genetics has always been a branch of zoology, but because of genetics study often include the entire biosphere, it was that difficult to continue as a branch of animal genetic. Currently, the genetics and cytology, enzymology and other combination of microscopic life from the essence of the phenomenon. One of the molecular structure of proteins and nucleic acids and evolution of molecular biology, has become a particularly active area of research. Because of the genetic material of the in-depth exploration of the directional changes in animal traits, and guide the formation of new species, is possible. Animal research methods in various categories, as a discipline is also extremely complex, but together, the research methods are no more than: Describe the method through observation, the animal shape, internal structure, habits, and economic and academic significance of words and graphics accurately recorded. Comparison between the systems through animal comparison standpoint of scientific differences, understanding the intrinsic link between them, so as to arrive laws. Experiment in artificial conditions, with the physical, chemical and biological methods of animal life and life activities to observe the phenomenon to reveal the activities of animal life and the essence of life. Experimental and comparative law often simultaneously. Relationship with other disciplines and meaning of zoology and other life science, medicine, veterinary science, agriculture, animal husbandry and human production and environmental protection are closely linked (see biology). In fact today has developed into zoological content very comprehensive animal science. It is the whole basis of the universal law of biology, not only to animals for the content of the academic and production activities in all aspects, but also as a way to illustrate a wide range of biological activities, and therefore it has become an important means of developing the future of humanity.
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zoology
Reveal the law of animal survival and development branch of biology. It studies the animal species composition, morphology, life habits, reproduction, development and genetics, classification, distribution and historical development and other mobile-related characteristics and laws of life activities.
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Origin and development
Zoology has a long history, and closely related to human activities. In a fishing and hunting as the main mode of production primitive society, human beings gradually realize that a number of closely related animal and human habits and physical structure, and then try to raise a useful domesticated animals, prevention of harmful animals, some animals accumulated knowledge. 4700 years ago in the Shang oracle bones, can identify many animals, birds, fish, insects and other characters, then the hieroglyphics are the "bug", "fish", "Quan" as a radical, shows that the concept has a certain classification . 3000 years ago, book, "Summer is small" in the records of the "floating there in May and December of ants into the nest" and other ecological phenomena. Spring and Autumn Period of the "Book" referred to in more than 100 species of animals. 2500 years ago, "Shangshu Yu Gong Chapter" was recorded in 9 major regional economic animal species, the seeds of the Chinese animal geography. Dating back 2000 years ago, "Zhou Li" in the animals were divided into hair, feathers, rings, scales, win five categories, roughly equivalent to the modern classification of the mammal animals, birds, crustaceans, fish and molluscs. Han, "Ya" in the interpretation of insects, fish release, release birds, release animals, livestock release of Category 5, each have written hundreds of species of animals. Sui and Tang Dynasties, "Bian Que hard by" referred to the phenomenon of human blood circulation around than the British scholar W. Harvey early 1000. Wei Jia Sixie's "Arts for the People," summed up a lot of fishing, mulberry, agriculture, animal husbandry experience. Chen Tang possession of device "Herbal Supplements" in the lateral line scales of fish classified as a major character, so far used. 265 ~ 420 AD, the Jin Dynasty, China has compiled the first map of the animal, verifying with the "Southern grass-like" (304), drawing the people to use citrus pest ants fight scene, is the world's earliest examples of biological control. Ming Li, "Compendium of Materia Medica," describes the 400 species of animals, and many are accompanied by outline drawing, called the great books in the history of zoology. 384 West 322 years BC, the ancient Greek system of Aristotle had described the hundreds of species of animals, known as the father of zoology. Volume 37, prepared by Pliny the Elder's "Natural History", the first 7 to 11 volumes of Zoology content. After the 16th century, zoology showing a vitality, academic works have come out, in which the progress of taxonomy and anatomy is particularly rapid. The advent of the 17th century microscope, but also promoted the field of micro-histology, embryology and Protozoology prosperity. 18th century Swedish biologist C.von Linnaean classification system created the animals and two were law, the animals and plants are divided into classes, orders, genera, species and varieties elements of order 5, and laid the foundation of modern taxonomy. Late 18th to early 19th century, the French biologist J.-B.de Lamarck thought evolution of species is proposed that the environmental impact of animal life, you can change, development and improvement. Cuvier also in the same period of comparative anatomy and paleontology has made a contribution. Ye Deguo biologists in the 19th century illustrates the TAH Schwann animal unit is the basic structure of cells. In 1859, British scientist Charles Darwin established the CR theory of biological evolution, with the "struggle for existence", "natural _select_ion" of the original and vivid specific examples, analysis of the diversity of animals, nature, identity, variability, etc., to promote the Zoology forward. Evolutionary theory of the 20th century, new achievements and further proof that a new mutation in the genetic basis of evolutionary significance in natural _select_ion and reproductive isolation in different populations of the same species in different direction. Since the 20th century, due to mutual penetration of disciplines and research methods of continuous improvement, led to a leap in zoology. Today's zoology, has been described in the last stage of observation, up to the peak of regular life activities.
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Subject branches
The study can be divided into invertebrate, Protozoology, Parasitology, molluscs science, entomology, crustaceans zoology, ichthyology, ornithology, mammalogy and so on. According to research priorities and the scope of services, but also by the theoretical zoology, applied zoology, resources, zoology and bionics. The traditional main branches are: 【Animal Physiology of animal body function, and general physiological phenomena, such as nutrition, growth, reproduction, and is closely related to medicine and animal husbandry. In recent years, also according to the research of progress, the separation of endocrinology, immunology, enzymology, and so on. Animal taxonomy has changed from a simple classification, taxonomy development, research animals, each other's similarities and differences between each group and the extent of the similarities and differences, categorize them, as a system to clarify their genetic relationship and evolution and laws. Modern taxonomy is Linnaean taxa in the past the goal under the additional of the Branch, in the community and the key link between the increase in the door, each order element can be subdivided, such as subclass, suborder, General Division , subspecies and so on. Taxonomy of the 20th century to try to make classification system reflects the evolutionary relationship between species and history. Animal Animal Ecology Research 【their environment factors (including biological and non biological) relationship between, the individual has in the past ecological research, the development of population ecology, community ecology and even eco-system. In recent years, space technology development, causing the attention of ecologists for outer space, which will be animals in the biosphere to be more in-depth research. Also related to this animal behavior, animal behavior research, including instinct, learning, memory, etc., from the protozoa swimming model to ape social organization and communication, made a lot of work and achieved outstanding results. 】 【Zoogeography of the geographical distribution of animal species status, and the ways and laws of animal distribution, while, from the geographical point of view of animal species in each region and classification laws. Often called to zoology. The branch of taxonomy, morphology, ecology by combining fauna of the region to conduct a comprehensive study and submit a nature conservation, resource management and natural transformation plan, to be called fauna study. 【Animal Genetics has always been a branch of zoology, but because of genetics study often include the entire biosphere, it was that difficult to continue as a branch of animal genetic. Currently, the genetics and cytology, enzymology and other combination of microscopic life from the essence of the phenomenon. One of the molecular structure of proteins and nucleic acids and evolution of molecular biology, has become a particularly active area of research. Because of the genetic material of the in-depth exploration of the directional changes in animal traits, and guide the formation of new species, is possible. Animal research methods in various categories, as a discipline is also extremely complex, but together, the research methods are no more than: ⒈ descriptive method through observation, the animal shape, internal structure, habits, and economic and academic significance of words and graphics accurately recorded. ⒉ comparison system through the comparison between animals, deducing similarities and differences, recognize the intrinsic link between them, so as to arrive laws. ⒊ experiment in artificial conditions, with the physical, chemical and biological methods of animal life and life activities to observe the phenomenon to reveal the activities of animal life and the essence of life. Experimental and comparative law often simultaneously. Relationship with other disciplines and meaning of zoology and other life science, medicine, veterinary science, agriculture, animal husbandry and human production and environmental protection are closely linked (see biology). In fact today has developed into zoological content very comprehensive animal science. It is the whole basis of the universal law of biology, not only to animals for the content of the academic and production activities in all aspects, but also as a way to illustrate a wide range of biological activities, and therefore it has become an important means of developing the future of humanity.
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Zoology scientist
Elton (Charles Sutherland Elton, 1900 ~ 1991) British animal ecologist. Born in Manchester, died in Oxford. He graduated from Oxford University in 1922, Department of Zoology. He has served as an assistant professor at Oxford University, went to Norway to participate in Huxley 1921, Spitsbergen Island tour. In 1923,1924 and later participated in the study the Arctic and the Swedish Lapland. 1925 Hudson's Bay Company in Canada hired biological consultants. He used about 200 years, the company's acquisition of records of fur animals, the number of these changes. In 1932 he established at Oxford University, Institute of animal populations, which later became the number of animals and ecology of international research and information center. He studied creative animals (especially small mammals) the number of natural population change in law, their research focus is reflected in his book "voles, mice and lemmings: population dynamics issues" (1942) book. He population dynamics of rodents and rodent control methods of research, directly to the food stored during World War II brought tangible benefits. He attached great importance to the basic theory of ecology, his book, "Animal Ecology" (1927,1935,1947), "Animal Ecology and Evolution" (1930), 30 to 50 years there have been significant ecological impact. His later works include "invasion ecology of plants and animals" (1958) and "the type of animal communities" (1966). 1953 was elected member of the Royal Society, was awarded the 1968 Scientific American Academy of Arts and Sciences Foreign Honorary Fellow of the title. 1967 Gold Medal by the Linnean Society, 1970, Darwin, Gold Medal by the Royal Society in 1976 by the Tyler Ecology Award, Environmental Award 1977 by the Browning. American animal ecologist. June 5, 1885 Born near Bloomington, Indiana, March 18, 1955 and died in Florida. Ele Mu 1908 University in Indiana received a bachelor's degree in 1910 and 1912, the University of Chicago has received master's and doctorate. 1910 to 1912, appointed assistant professor of zoology school, 1914 ~ 1915 Associate Professor for the Oklahoma City University. Ren Lei Kefu 1915 and 1921 Professor Lister. Appointed Associate Professor, University of Chicago in 1921, 1925 ~ 1927, he served as dean, a professor from 1928 to 1950, retired in 1950 after an honorary professor. 1950 to 1955 as director of the University of Florida biology professor. He is an ecologist Shelford (VEShelford) students, early succession of animal communities in the pond, then ecology of marine invertebrates. His life to the study of animal social behavior and cluster known; "cluster of animals" (1931), "Animal life and social growth" (1932), "social life of animals" (1938) and other books of his major works . He found that the cluster can improve the survivability of animals, ecology Allie law, is that too sparse and too close to the population's interest. In 1949, the Arleigh ecologists, led by 5, eds, "Principles of Animal Ecology," the publication, marking the animal ecology has matured as an independent discipline, there are still valuable. In 1929, the Ecological Society of U.S. President Ilham. 1930 to 1955 he served as "physiological zoology" magazine editor in chief. 1944 to 1950 he served as "Encyclopedia Britannica" zoology thesis revision committee. Niko Tinbergen (N. Tinbergen, 1907 ~) British Dutch ethologists. 15, two days in April 1907 was born in The Hague. Strong interest in animals since childhood. Their 1-cylinder two thorns feeding back the fish, often for hours for observation. He observed the habits of animals, for he will become the basis for behavioral biologist. Doctorate by the University of Leiden in 1932, he served as lecturer in the school. Appointed professor of experimental zoology in 1947. 1949 professor of zoology at Oxford University, and the establishment of the Institute of Animal Behavior, has been working to retire in 1974. He has worked with character Ricci K · cooperation of the bird's behavior. Later, continue to study the back of the three spines of fish. The fish in the back with three spines to prevent carnivorous fish swallowed. He observed that, during the breeding season, males have a strong defense of its own waters "territory" behavior, are not allowed into the other male, but female does not make any attacks on the entry. Because there is a significant male abdomen red patches, aggressive behavior is caused by stimulation of male production conditions. Through a variety of model experiments show that males have red painted on the model of the abdomen were also attacked. Thus Niko Tinbergen that most animals are often only an object of local stimulation (signal stimuli) to respond. The behavior of this signal stimulation, more animals are born with, the behavior in the form of relatively fixed, not with the individual's life is changed. Males as females see expansion into the abdomen, it will be "Z" shape of the mating dance. If the female reaction to this, you can swim into the male have been "building better" nest. Males in the nest the female tail touches the bottom of his mouth, so ovulation, while stimulation of male sperm injection. Niko Tinbergen in the United Kingdom have for many years presided over the living habits of seagulls, and to Europe, the Americas, Africa and the Arctic region to observe and examine the types of activities gull, a seabird behavior of the highest reputation of one of the scientists. Because of his three thorns on the back of the courtship behavior of the fish and the gulls type of social behavior known achievements. His major works include "herring gull's world", "bird life", "instinct of," "animal social behavior". In 1973, with the K · Lorentz and K · Feng Fu Ricci won Nobel Prize in Medicine with. Lorentz (Konrad Lorenz, 1903 ~ 1989) was born in Vienna, Austria childhood to like animals, and their actions had a tremendous curiosity. 1922 Columbia University in the United States, and later into the Department of Anatomy, University of Vienna and received a medical degree, and since then stayed on to teach and spend some time observing jackdaw (Corvus monedula) behavior. University, he studied comparative anatomy and comparative anatomy of the method began to study animal behavior. Published in 1935, "the social behavior of birds," a book, a summary of his comparison of 30 species of birds, analyzes the birds, chicks, sex spouses and other relatives of the behavioral function and cause these behaviors conditions. The book is the application of comparative method as a model for study of animal behavior. Lorentz study bird behavior is another important method is to have his own imprint of birds, so that he will be able to study the bird with the close relationship established to facilitate research on bird behavior. In this way he has studied the gray goose, mallard, and jackdaws and other birds imprint behavior, and compare the differences between them. Lorenz also studied in depth and made instinctive desire behavior theory concepts. He is one of the founders of modern behavior, and Niko Tinbergen in 1973 and shared the costs Friedrich Nobel Prize. His major works include "the social behavior of birds", "King Solomon's Ring," "Man and Dog," "attacks and human nature" and "Animal and Human Behavior," and so on. Frisch (Karl von Frisch, 1886 ~ 1982) zoologist. Born in Vienna, his childhood love of nature, and raised many animals, in high school, has published several articles on the observation of nature. University of Vienna to study in a medical degree, after the transfer of Zoology, University of Munich. 1910, Assistant Professor at the University of Munich. Rostock was hired in 1921 (Rostock), Professor of Zoology, University of Munich back in 1925, professor. During World War II in Australia, after the war in Australia Graz (Graz) University as a professor, but soon returned to Munich. 1973, and Niko Tinbergen, Lorenz shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Frisch at the University of Munich, the first study was to determine the ability of fish to feel the color, he passed to provide compensation to train the fish to distinguish between different colors of fish, fish is not the first demonstration of color blindness. He also used the cloud channel catfish fish (Amiurus nebulosus) for the experiment to show that fish have a hearing. Frisch life of most of the time fish and bees, usually in the winter of fish, the summer retreat home of bees. Frisch won the honor of his scientific behavior and sensory abilities of bee research. 20 years of this century, he has raised the smell of bee communication theory. But the 40's that he made some of the experiments took place on the odor of suspected communication theory, and found the bee dance language. Fame for his 1965 book "bee dance language and orientation," a book. Bee dance language theory has been widely accepted. Lorenz (K. Lorenz, 1903 ~ 1988) the Austrian animal behaviorist, founder of modern behavioral biology. November 7, 1903 born in Vienna. Childhood love of animals, in particular, like to keep birds. In the United States in 1928 after graduating from Columbia University assistant professor of comparative anatomy either stayed, received his Ph.D. in 1933. In 1936, Germany's "Animal Psychology" magazine deputy editor. In 1937, he served as university lecturer in Vienna. In 1940, he served as Albert is Professor and Chairman University of the Andes. 1935 "imprint learn" this new learning style. 1935 to 1938 birds, chicks of the "imprint of Learning" published a series of observations, to obtain academic attention, very famous. In 1949, Altenburg, Austria, the Institute presided over the work of comparative behavior. In 1951, in the Boolean Deen founded the Max Planck Institute, Department of Comparative Behavior, 1954, Deputy Head of Department. 1958 to 1973, Xiwei Sen at the Max Planck Institute for Work Physiology Behavior, 1961, he served as the director. Comparison of the Austrian Academy of Sciences in 1973, Institute of Animal Behavior Department of Sociology, head of the department. Lorenz believes that animal behavior is a product of adaptation to the environment. Animal behavior is the way to hereditary. Thus the creation of a new research school - European School of natural behavior. Honking can imitate the sound Lorentz gray, small gray goose calls with him to swim. He co-operation with the N · Niko Tinbergen, to study the behavior of birds. Also studied the ducks, frogs, shrews, monkeys and dogs and other animal behavior. Author of "animal and human behavior," "behavioral evolution and variation," and so on. The natural behavior of scientists in Europe and the United States school of psychological and behavioral experiments, and Lorentz are respected. J · Huxley called Lorentz as the "father of modern behavior." As Lorenz, N · extension K · von Bergen and 3 Ricci operator in the field of animal behavior to the excellent work and excellent results, and behavioral biology has laid a new foundation, which in 1973 jointly awarded the first ever international behavior biology awarded the Nobel Prize. His last book, "Save the hope", warning people to prevent nuclear war and destroy the natural environment. February 27, 1988, died at the age of 85. Schwann (T. Schwann, 1810 ~ 1882) German zoologist, one of the founders of cell theory. Born in Neuss, Germany. He first studied at Jesus College Colombo and then in Bonn, Würzburg and Berlin, studied medicine in Berlin in 1834 graduated from the University MD degree. Then the famous German physiologist Muller (J. Mǖller, 1801 ~ 1858) when the assistant for 4 years. 1839, left Germany to Belgium, 1839 ~ 1848 the Roman Catholic University of Louvain appointed professor of anatomy, followed by any of the professor of anatomy University of Liege, until 1882, died in Cologne. As early as 1833, French chemist Peiye (A. Payen, 1795 ~ 1871) was isolated from the malt with an enzyme. The following year, started studying the digestive process of Schwann. Two years later, he was isolated from the gastric mucosa of a chemical substance to digest protein, which he called pepsin. This is separate from the animal tissue of the enzyme 1. 1836 ~ 1837, Schwann of fermentation, the fermentation of sugars that yeast cells are living the result of life activity. Later, he created the "metabolism" is to indicate chemical changes in living tissue. He met with the fermentation of the German chemist Wule (F. Whler, 1800 ~ 1882) and Liebig (J. von Liebig, 1803 ~ 1873) of the attack, so he had to leave Germany. 50 years until the 19th century, after the success of Pasteur's fermentation studies, Schwann view before they can get recognized. Schwann also examined the same organic corruption, the purpose is to refute the time also affects the natural occurrence of some scientists say. In 1839, Schwann published "The consistency of structure and growth of plants and animals Microscopic Study", which systematically expounds the cell theory. A year ago, has made Schleiden's cell theory for plants, Schwann extended to animals, this kind of view, and be clearly described. Schwann using animal tissue obtained from a variety of large number of instances in these works assert that all living creatures (including animals and plants) by the cells or cell products, each of which cell life activities are subordinate to the biological life activities. Cell theory was proposed soon after the widely accepted. Now it has become one of the most important concepts in biology. Schwann also examined the myelin sheath around nerve cell axons (ie Schwann cells); and explored the upper part of esophageal striated muscle function. Feng Fu Ricci (K.von Frisch, 1886 ~) German nationals of Austria, animal behaviorists. November 1886 was born 20 Vienna, Austria. 1910 Ph.D. University of Munich, has been appointed as research assistants, lecturers and professors. University of Munich back in 1950 as professor until retirement in 1958. His most outstanding contribution is studied in detail the behavior of bees. Several decades, carefully observe the activities of bees, and finally opened a bee "language" of the mystery. Explains the two scouts dance (round dance, and wagging tail dance) is a nectar source to its peer communications direction, distance and other information in a way. His body numbered bees as a marker to facilitate the windows in a special track to the nest observation of their activities. He used alcohol to reconcile the fast paint solvents into 5 kinds of oil paints, the bees back in front of the white point, red, blue and yellow dots, green points, representing the number 1,2,3,4,5; back in the chest with the same color dots, representing the number 6,7,8,9,10; in the chest before the side with 2 colors of dots to represent the ten digits, such as white, red dot 12 left and right respectively, after the first point of red, yellow spot, then 29; in the post-dot on the abdomen represent hundreds. He used small dots of color 5 to the 599 series of in depth observation of bee behavior. In addition, Feng Fu Ricci's study also confirmed that the bees are not color blind, can distinguish between different colors, the bright colors of flowers, the bees have the attraction. As early as 1919, he has proved that trained bees can also distinguish between taste and smell. He also used to experiment on invertebrates and fish, the feeling that they are strong, not only to identify the luminosity, but also to distinguish the color differences. In particular, there is a hearing to ascertain the role of the fish. Given his achievements in the study of animal behavior in 1973, he and K · Lorenz and Niko Tinbergen N · shared the Nobel Prize. Feng Fu Ricci's famous "bee life," published in 1927, after 50 years, new discoveries continue to add content, and conduct a comprehensive re-amendments, published in 1977, 9th edition. 91 years old when he was full. His amazing spirit of perseverance and rigorous scholarship, to the young biologists to inspire and strength. Wallace (Alfred Russel Wallace, 1823 ~ 1913) British naturalist and animal geographers. Explain the natural _select_ion theory of evolution one of the founders. Poor family, 13-year-old that dropped out of school, self-taught. Surveyors worked for 7 years, traveled the deserts and mountains, love of nature to become a naturalist. His first collection of plants, since the understanding of the British entomologist Bates (HWBates, 1825 ~ 1892) and later, add butterflies and beetles of interest. Bates, 1848, together with the Amazon Basin to collect specimens in an attempt to solve the problem of the Origin of Species. Way back to England in 1852, due to ship sinking fire, wiped out all data samples; but he did not lose heart, went to Malaysia in 1854, collecting visits, written in 1855, "Control of new species of the law occurred," a paper presented explain the extinction of species, production, turnover and evolution of ideas, a clear opposition to "God created biological" dogma. February 1858 and wrote "On the infinite variety of the tendency of deviation from the original type," a text, expounded his views of species evolution. He pointed out that bio-large have a tendency to over-breeding, but because of food, predators, climate and other natural environmental conditions, resulting in the death of a large number of individuals only maintain a certain percentage among organisms. He believes that circumstances have changed, those in the structure and habits, "ability" to generate a "beneficial mutation" of the individual will be dominant in the competition for survival and tends to increase, and the formation of the "bad variability" tends to reduce the individual is or killed. Thus, the dominant variant will eventually replace the original species. Variants of this "deviation from the original type constant trend forward" is the biological evolution. Wallace paper written comments sent to Darwin and asked him to be transferred to a geologist Ryle reviewed to see whether for publication. Darwin saw Wallace's views and their own "natural _select_ion" views coincide, wanted to give that priority. By Lyell and botanist, after discussion and recommendation Hooker, Wallace, and paper drafted in 1844, Darwin on natural _select_ion with Darwin's theory of abstract of September 5, 1857 letter to American scholars love the sand Gray (AsaGray) together with a letter in July 1, 1858 the Linnean Society, read, and published in the same year, "Linnean Society will be reported" on. This is the famous theory of natural _select_ion related to the "joint paper", which laid the scientific basis for the theory of evolution. Wallace on animal geography has an important contribution, made in 1868 the eastern end of Java, Bali, Lombok and between the other side of the "oriental" and "Australia" zone boundary, the Bank said, "Wallace Line." His major works include "Travel in the Amazon" (1853), "Malaysia" (1869), "Contribution to the Theory of Natural _Select_ion" (1876), "Geographical Distribution of Animals" (1876), "Bio Island" (1882 ) and "Darwinism" (1889) and so on.
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Encyclopedia
dongwuxue Zoology zoology Reveal the law of animal survival and development branch of biology. It studies the animal species composition, morphology, life habits, reproduction, development and genetics, classification, distribution and historical development and other mobile-related characteristics and laws of life activities. Origins and development of a long history of zoology, and human activities are closely related. In a fishing and hunting as the main mode of production primitive society, human beings gradually realize that a number of closely related animal and human habits and physical structure, and then try to raise a useful domesticated animals, prevention of harmful animals, some animals accumulated knowledge. 4700 years ago in the Shang oracle bones, can identify many animals, birds, fish, insects and other characters, then the hieroglyphics are the "bug", "fish", "Quan" as a radical, shows that the concept has a certain classification . 3000 years ago, book, "Summer is small" in the records of the "floating there in May and December of ants into the nest" and other ecological phenomena. Spring and Autumn Period of the "Book" referred to in more than 100 species of animals. 2500 years ago, "Shangshu Yu Gong Chapter" was recorded in 9 major regional economic animal species, the seeds of the Chinese animal geography. Dating back 2000 years ago, "Zhou Li" in the animals were divided into hair, feathers, rings, scales, win five categories, roughly equivalent to the modern classification of the mammal animals, birds, crustaceans, fish and molluscs. Han, "Ya" in the interpretation of insects, fish release, release birds, release animals, livestock release of Category 5, each have written hundreds of species of animals. Sui and Tang Dynasties, "Bian Que hard by" referred to the phenomenon of human blood circulation around than the British scholar W. Harvey early 1000. Wei Jia Sixie's "Arts for the People," summed up a lot of fishing, mulberry, agriculture, animal husbandry experience. Chen Tang possession of device "Herbal Supplements" in the lateral line scales of fish classified as a major character, so far used. 265 ~ 420 AD, the Jin Dynasty, China has compiled the first map of the animal, verifying with the "Southern grass-like" (304), drawing the people to use citrus pest ants fight scene, is the world's earliest examples of biological control. Ming Li, "Compendium of Materia Medica," describes the 400 species of animals, and many are accompanied by outline drawing, called the great books in the history of zoology. 384 West 322 years BC, the ancient Greek system of Aristotle had described the hundreds of species of animals, known as the father of zoology. Volume 37, prepared by Pliny the Elder's "Natural History", the first 7 to 11 volumes of Zoology content. After the 16th century, zoology showing a vitality, academic works have come out, in which the progress of taxonomy and anatomy is particularly rapid. The advent of the 17th century microscope, but also promoted the field of micro-histology, embryology and Protozoology prosperity. 18th century Swedish biologist C.von Linnaean classification system created the animals and two were law, the animals and plants are divided into classes, orders, genera, species and varieties elements of order 5, and laid the foundation of modern taxonomy. Late 18th to early 19th century, the French biologist J.-B.de Lamarck thought evolution of species is proposed that the environmental impact of animal life, you can change, development and improvement. Cuvier also in the same period of comparative anatomy and paleontology has made a contribution. Ye Deguo biologists in the 19th century illustrates the TAH Schwann animal unit is the basic structure of cells. In 1859, British scientist Charles Darwin established the CR theory of biological evolution, with the "struggle for existence", "natural _select_ion" of the original and vivid specific examples, analysis of the diversity of animals, nature, identity, variability, etc., to promote the Zoology forward. Evolutionary theory of the 20th century, new achievements and further proof that a new mutation in the genetic basis of evolutionary significance in natural _select_ion and reproductive isolation in different populations of the same species in different direction. Since the 20th century, due to mutual penetration of disciplines and research methods of continuous improvement, led to a leap in zoology. Today's zoology, has been described in the last stage of observation, up to the peak of regular life activities. Branch of the study subjects can be divided into invertebrate, Protozoology, Parasitology, molluscs science, entomology, crustaceans zoology, ichthyology, ornithology, mammalogy and so on. According to research priorities and the scope of services, but also by the theoretical zoology, applied zoology, resources, zoology and bionics. The traditional main branches are: Animal morphology Animal morphology in vivo, and the evolution of individual development and changes of the system. Including: ① anatomy, specializing in the construction of animal organs and their relationship, which was originally purely descriptive science, Buffon and home maintenance
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English Expression
n.: zoology, scientific study of the structure, form and distribution of animals, zoological
animal