Cultivated soil, harvesting crops and livestock science and art
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Means the cultivation of crops and livestock production business
Means the cultivation of crops and livestock production business. "Kang warehouse Son Farm Road": "ancient sage who the main reason why the manager, the first service of agriculture." "Han children wide Biography": "wide both rule the people, urged agriculture, reduce the penalty, the prison management of First Instance, of base body Corporal, service is popular. "" Lu Chuan Wei Shuliang Health Officials ":" the beginning of the three homogeneous categories, were pregnant with Dare, Po Bo towards the end, quite a waste of agriculture. "Mao Zedong" On the people's democratic dictatorship ":" No socialization of agriculture, there is no consolidation of all socialist. "according to modern agriculture and the national economy, but also including forestry, fisheries and rural sideline production, including other items.
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Agriculture
Agriculture by cultivating food and industrial raw materials, plant and animal production industry. Agriculture is the primary industry of agriculture, science is agriculture. Agricultural labor object is a living animals and plants, animal and plant products obtained itself. We use animals, plants and other biological growth and development of the law to get the product through the artificial cultivation of the various departments, collectively referred to as agriculture. Agriculture is supporting national economic construction and development of basic products. Agriculture is the life of people use plant and animal body functions, the nature of matter and energy into human needs of the production sector. At this stage of plant breeding and agriculture are divided into two major categories of animal husbandry. Agricultural land is irreplaceable in the basic means of production, labor mainly for living plants and animals, production time and labor time inconsistent, affected by natural conditions, and have a clear regional and seasonal. Agriculture is the source of human food and clothing, survival is the primary condition of all production. It provides food for the other sectors of the national economy, food, industrial raw materials, capital and export goods. Rural areas is the largest market for industrial goods and labor sources. According to the nature and status of productivity, agriculture can be divided into primitive agriculture, ancient agriculture, modern agriculture and modern agriculture. Modern animal agriculture refers to farming implements to hand tools and mechanized farm machinery, and from experience working directly to modern science and technology, and from a self-sufficient production to commercial production of agricultural change. Extensive application of modern agricultural means of modern science and technology, modern industries in the production and management methods of modern production agriculture community. The fundamental characteristics of agriculture and natural reproduction of economic reproduction are intertwined by the growth of biological breeding law and natural conditions, has a strong seasonal and regional; production time and labor time inconsistent; production cycle is long, slow capital turnover; Most of the products of a fresh, inconvenient transportation and storage, low value per unit of product. China is a vast, from south to north across the tropical, subtropical, temperate and boreal, crop type and crop cultivation systems are not the same, from year three quarters of the year in the second quarter to quarter one year, very significant regional differences. By geographical, climatic conditions and cultivation systems can be divided into tropical agriculture, tropical agriculture, temperate and boreal agricultural agriculture; from the southeast coast to the northwest plateau, with the type of natural conditions and resources change, can be divided into farming areas of agriculture , semi-agricultural and semi-pastoral agriculture and pastoral farming. Agriculture is the survival of human society, the basic source of subsistence, the social division of labor and other sectors of national economy, the independent production sector as a prerequisite and basis for further development, but also all non-production departments based on the existence and development. The development of other sectors of national economy, the size and speed, would be subject to the level of development of agricultural productivity and agricultural labor productivity level constraints.
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Changes in production structure and production
Agricultural crop that is narrow. Including food crops, cash crops, forage crops and green manures such as the production. Planting corn, and its specific projects, usually with "a dozen words," the grain, cotton, oil, hemp, silk (mulberry), tea, sugar, vegetables, tobacco, fruit, medicine, miscellaneous to represent. Food production, especially dominant. Growing industry in the proportion of agricultural output, more than 50 years, 80%; 60 years of 75% or more; early 70s to 75%, due to population and 66% of late; the mid-80s has been reduced to 60% down. The total area planted in crops, the proportion of food crops acreage, rural electricity consumption in 1986 was 58.67 billion kilowatts hours. Always from 50 to 70 years up to 80%, including 9 years more than 85%; appropriate adjustments after 1979 crop layout. Corresponding to this, food crops sown area of 18 million mu in 1978 reduced to 16.6 million mu in 1986, dropped to 76.9%. However, due to increased yield per mu, total output increased to 304.75 million tons against 391.512 million tons by the. Total grain output in 1986, the approximate composition as follows: rice 44% ownership of tractors is also negligible; 1986, 866,500 units have been large and medium tractors, wheat 23%, 50 early, 18% corn, potatoes 6.5%, other 8.5 %. Acreage of cash crops, the total acreage in the crop has been small, frozen semen and artificial insemination breeding system have also been formed. But the overall trend is upward, from 50 years to 1978 roughly 8 to 9%; into the 80's, and through pure breeding and hybridization, increased to 14% continuous. Different types of crops from the economic perspective, from 1952 to 1986 crop of cotton acreage planted in the proportion of the total area decreased from 3.9% to 3.0% of In livestock breeding, production increased to 3,540,000 tons from 1,303,500 tons, or more than 30 years of stagnation despite ups and downs, but overall that is still growing faster. Including peanut oil, rape seed and sesame ups and downs in production. To improve yield, improve quality, increase resistance to pests and diseases and so play an important role. Crops sown in 1952 accounted for 4% of the total area planted, production of 4.193 million tons; then mixed. Has developed rapidly since 1978. Crops sown in 1986 accounted for 7.9% of the total area planted; output 14.738 million tons, from 1949 to 1979, about 3.5 times in 1952. Agricultural production is another important reason. The development of other economic crops to production in 1986 compared with 1952, the growth rate of about: 6 times flue-cured tobacco, the Chinese developed fever, vaccinia, sheep pox and other vaccines, sugar (sugar cane, sugar beet) 7 times emphysema, gangrene, lung infected cattle, sheep pox and other infectious diseases, and some parasitic diseases have also been effectively controlled. Tea 6 times, 5 times yellow kenaf, fruit 18 times. The late 40's forestry, forestry production value of agricultural output in the country account for only a tiny proportion of 0.7%. 50 years later, with the development of forestry construction. The output value of forestry in 1986, the proportion increased to 5%. But the undulating forest production, the total rate of development unhappiness. Plant pest and disease control also made significant achievements. More than 30 years, the national total forest area of more than 18 million mu of medium level in the world. By bringing poor management, the average application rate per acre cultivated 13 kg, the actual area of less than one-third of preservation; be cutting more than updated to 1985 only 17.3 million hectares of forest area, fertilizer consumption in 1986 (net amount of ) 19.306 million tons, 1.7 mu per capita, calculated according to the active ingredient, the forest coverage rate is 12%, and the distribution is very uneven, but continues to be widely applied in organic fertilizer and green manure Ren Xufen the same time, mostly concentrated in the northeast and southwest and Zhejiang, Fujian and other areas. In order to change and forestry production not meet the state and the people need a serious situation for the stable development of China's agricultural production to create the conditions. Since 1978, forestry construction has taken measures to strengthen and improve the ability to withstand flood and drought, so that the cultivation and management continue to improve, the great achievements of farmland capital construction, afforestation area and timber production has increased, timber, and the makeup of the shelterbelt becoming more reasonable. The composition of animal husbandry in agricultural output, livestock output value of 50 to 60 early in the proportion of the overall downward trend. Then gradually recovered. Animal husbandry in 1952 accounted for 11.5% in 1986 to 21.8%. The proportion of the total cultivated area of about 44.5%, farming and animal husbandry output value between the ratio of the proportion of farming due to the gradual reduction in the gap between the two has narrowed. General and early 50s mid 7:1,80 3:1. Mainly reflected in the following areas. Number of head of livestock have increased greatly. Hand at the end of 1986, the number of large livestock (including cattle, horses, donkeys, mules, camels) to 118,961,000 (of which about 58% of draft animals), 30 years, the pig is 337,191,000, and took the work of the agricultural transformation the track of healthy development. Sheep 166,229,000, and on the scientific "approach, respectively, compared 55.6% in 1952, 2.75 times and 1.69 times. CPC Central Committee to determine the development of agriculture," a policy by which the fastest increase in the number of pigs. The total number of pig herds in the world, the future of this process occurred because of mistakes in the work of twists and turns. China accounts for about 40%. Livestock due to agricultural machinery parts replaced by draft animals, the proportion decreased. China in the mid 50's agricultural transformation tasks. In addition, feeding rabbits, and the use of wild animals, large animals (year-end) from 24,390,000 to 47,490,000. Greater development in recent years. And social needs, but compared to the 1985 and 1952 compared to slow development of animal husbandry, especially the slaughter was low. The slaughter pigs in 1986 was 77.6%, after the founding of the PRC, the sheep was 31.5%, the total agricultural production in the very low level. Only 6.1% ox. However, due to the shackles of backward production relations, the reason is that farming methods developed backward and feed industry. Cattle and sheep are largely incompatible because grassland construction. Some of their unique traditional production techniques, so that China's meat production, although more than 300 from 50 tons to 21.12 million tons in 1986, milk production in 1978 to 88 million tons to 2.899 million tons in 1986 However, according to the average share of developed countries is lower than the general economy. As in the pork meat production accounts for more than 90%, while pig raising is concentrated in rural areas, and thus 95% of the meat produced in rural areas, whether or pastoral livestock farming areas have great potential for development. In addition to livestock, poultry industry other than to silkworms and bees and other insects that target the development of animal production, there is great. Sericulture industry in particular, but the grassland and forest resources with each accounting for about 90% and 40%, consistent not only plays an important role in history, still has high economic value. Cocoon production of 369,000 tons in 1986 (including cocoon production was 33.6 million tons), China's state-owned farms operating system has been gradually reformed state-owned farms. Than the nearly 2-fold in 1952.
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Related Terms
Agronomist, agronomy, agricultural science, Rural areas and farmers FAO Agricultural tax, agricultural subsidies Agricultural machinery, farm implements Agricultural production Agricultural cooperatives, farming of the Commonwealth Farm, _set_tlement Agricultural standardization, industrialization of agriculture High-efficiency agriculture, green agriculture, ecological agriculture, export-oriented agriculture, contract farming Food, feed, fruits, agricultural products, aquatic products, food, green food (free food) GM Pesticides, biological pesticides Fertilizer, chemical fertilizer, organic fertilizer Crops, cash crops Vegetables, flowers, seeds, plants, vegetation Diseases and insect pests, plant protection Animal husbandry, forestry Means of production Self-sufficient peasant economy Agriculture: agriculture, farmers, rural Agricultural modernization on the premise that large-scale and intensive. Irrigated agriculture refers to the relative lack of water irrigation areas, such as the Loess Plateau and the like. Agriculture is the desert oasis of agriculture, water is usually water, like the edge of the Tarim Basin, such as Huangshui the bottom of the valley called agricultural valley agriculture.
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Agricultural pollution
Drugs used in agriculture and fertilizer Although the benefits of certain crops, but once it into the river will result in bad consequences, which is agricultural pollution.
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Agricultural production activities
(A) regional The object of agricultural production animals and plants need heat, light, water, topography, soil and other natural conditions. Different organisms, growth and development requirements of the different natural conditions. Natural conditions around the world, economic and technical conditions and state policies vary widely. Therefore, significant regional agricultural production. (B) seasonal (C) periodic Greater than the growth of plants and animals have a certain law, and by natural factors. Natural factors (especially climate) change with the seasons, and have a certain period. Therefore, all the activities of agricultural production with the seasons, must be arranged in order according to season, seasonal and cyclical nature is obvious.
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Classification of Agriculture
(A) to classify objects according to production Usually divided into: farming, animal husbandry, forestry, fisheries, sideline. (B) Classification according to how much Less investment: extensive agriculture Invested more: intensive agriculture (C) use classification by product Subsistence agriculture (developing countries) Commercial agriculture (developed countries)
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Agriculture and explanations in English
agriculture: Agriculture is the process of producing food, feed, fiber and other desired products by the cultivation of certain plants and the raising of domesticated animals (livestock). The practice of agriculture is also known as "farming", while scientists, inventors and others devoted to improving farming methods and implements are also said to be engaged in agriculture. Local troops in Nanjing
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Yuan Longping: "Father of Hybrid Rice"
Yuan Longping, a part of China, also to the world's name, he launched the "second green revolution" brought the gospel to the whole mankind. Chinese Academy of Engineering is now the Longping, from the 60's commitment to hybrid rice research, after 12 years of efforts, succeeded in cultivating the "three-line hybrid rice." 1976 to 1987, he cultivated hybrid rice planting area totaled 11 million mu, an increase of 100 billion kilograms of rice. In 1979, China's first hybrid rice agriculture as the transfer of U.S. technology patents. Later, he developed a number than the existing three-line hybrid rice yield of 5% -10% of the hybrids between two cultivars. Today, China's farmland north and south generally planted hybrid rice developed by Yuan Longping. Hybrid rice in large scale for China to play an important role in food production. Yuan Longping's hybrid rice has aroused the concern of the world, many national experts to China to learn from, India, Vietnam, more than 20 countries and regions, but also introduction of hybrid rice. Yuan Longping efforts, but also to address the world food shortages have made contributions. To this end, our government granted Longping "National Advanced science and technology workers," "National Model Worker" and "National Advanced Worker" and the title of honor. The United Nations World Intellectual Property Organization awarded him the gold medal and "distinguished inventors," the honorary title. International peers called him "father of hybrid rice."
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"Father of hybrid rice world" Yuan Longping of course difficult
1960 Longping was informed from a number of hybrid sorghum, hybrid corn, seedless watermelon, etc., have been widely used in production. This makes Longping understand: geneticist Mendel, Morgan and his followers made the genetic separation of free exchange and other laws of composition and chain for crop breeding has very important significance. So, Yuan jumped out of the asexual hybrid theory circle, started the sexual hybridization of rice. In the two years 1964 and 1965 flowering season of rice, he and assistant head in the sun every day, foot mud, bow down, and finally found in the rice fields of natural male sterility in plants 6. Spring and Autumn Period of observation after two tests on male sterility of rice with rich understanding of materials, he basis of accumulated scientific data, writing became the paper "male sterility of rice", published in "Science Bulletin" on. This is the first male sterility in rice paper discusses not only an exhaustive account of the characteristics of rice male sterile plants and materials found at that time divided into no pollen, pollen sterility and partial male sterility in three types. From 1964 found that "natural male sterile plants," counting, Yuan and aides spent 6 years full time, has used more than 1,000 varieties, made more than 3,000 crosses, has not fostered and sterile plants sterility CMS has reached to 100%. Yuan Longping summarizes the lessons learned 6 years, and according to their own infertility observed phenomenon, recognized the need to jump out of a small circle of cultivated rice, re-_select_ion of parent materials, proposed use of "distant wild rice and cultivated rice hybrid" of the new vision. In this thought, Yuan Longping assistant Lee will lead the Lake on November 23, 1970 in Hainan Island communities of common wild rice and found a male sterile line, and with square short, Beijing introduced 66 other varieties of crosses, found its sterile strains WA retention capacity, which for the cultivation of rice male sterile lines and the subsequent "Three Lines" supporting open breach, to hybrid rice research has brought new opportunity. Is the "WA" this precious material closed, behind closed doors of their own or in collaboration technology to launch more research it? In this major issue of principle, Yuan unequivocally and unreservedly in a timely manner to the national breeding experts and technical staff informed of their latest discovery, and generously some pain only to find the "WA" devote, sub- sent to the relevant units to study, collaborate to overcome the "three lines" complementary relations. In 1972, the Ministry of Agriculture to hybrid rice as a key national research projects, collaborative research composed of a nationwide network. In 1973, the majority of scientists in a breakthrough, "sterile" and "maintainer", based on the _select_ion of more than 1,000 varieties of cross-screening test, and found more than 1,000 species have recovery. Zhang Xian Cheng, Yuan and other first found a group of strong advantages represented by IR24, pollen volume, recovery of more than 90% degree of "recovery system." October 1973, Yuan published a report entitled "Use of three-line WA breeding progress," the paper, a formal declaration of indica hybrid rice "three-line" matching success. This is one of China's major breakthrough in rice breeding. Shortly afterward, he and his colleagues have also begun to overcome the hybrid "edge off" and "Seed off" for the use of rice heterosis paved the way for. In the late nineties, the American scholar Brown threw out the "China threat", the author comes to the next century, 30 years, the Chinese population will reach 1.6 billion, when the time Who will feed China, who will save the consequent food shortages and global turbulent crisis? At this time, Yuan announced to the world: "China is fully capable of solving their food problem, the Chinese also help people solve the world food problem." In fact, Yuan long this consideration. As early as 1986, in his paper "hybrid rice breeding strategies" in the proposed breeding hybrid rice breeding method from the three-line, two-line method and a series of three stages, namely, toward the breeding program forward from complex to simple and efficient direction of increasing; from the use of heterosis levels divided into varieties, subspecies and distant heterosis three stages of development, namely, taking advantage of moving more and more strong direction. According to this concept, hybrid rice is a new stage in each of the first breakthrough in rice production will have to a higher level. August 1995, Yuan solemnly announced: After 9 years of two-line hybrid rice research has achieved a breakthrough in the production in large scale. Yuan Longping in the breeding strategy as envisaged, two-line hybrid rice yield did show better effect than the same period of generally three-line hybrid rice yield 750-1500 kg per hectare, and rice quality has been enhanced . So far, in the production model, the country has accumulated two-line hybrid rice planted more than 1,800 mu. Currently, the national "863" series has Pei'ai combination of two-line hybrid rice as a pioneer in combination, increase efforts across the country. August 1998, Yuan Youxiang attack the new high ground. He told Prime Minister Zhu super hybrid rice breeding research. Premier Zhu very happy after hearing the news, immediately allocated 10 million yuan to support it. Longping encouraged by this. Farm base in Sanya, Hainan, Yuan led a team of more than ten provinces, districts members of the army unit to participate in collaborative research, day and night, to capture a two-line hybrid rice crisis. After nearly a year of hard work, super hybrid rice in a small area to try to grow to be successful, to reach 800 kg per mu, and other places in the Southwest Agricultural University, introduced successful. Currently, the super hybrid rice is to try to grow towards the promotion of large area. Minister of Agriculture: Sun Zhengcai Deputy Minister of Agriculture: Niu Dun China agricultural cooperation and exchange of agriculture and the world China as the birthplace of world culture. Agriculture has a long history. Three decades of reform and opening up, China's agricultural development as the rapidly developing Chinese economy, at a tremendous pace. For the further implementation of the investment, introduce advanced technology and strategy to go abroad, China has the world advanced countries need to strengthen cooperation and exchanges. As the world's Agriculture, Food and Life Sciences, one of the most developed agriculture in Canada and China traditional friendship and a long history of cooperation. To effectively promote the Sino-Canadian partnership of Agriculture and Food Canada - Agriculture and Food Development Exchange Centre is currently establishing China - Canada's agriculture and food industry database, the three partners. 1. AA-academic partners database (Academic-Academic): including the management of technology and higher education institutions, universities, research institutes, the high-tech development zones, high-tech companies, academic associations. For example two of China - Agriculture Canada, Canadian food industry cooperation with the University, or the two Canadian agri-food and bio-tech Development Zone, the two adding in agriculture, food research institutions in the Canadian partners. 2. BB - Industry Partner Database (Business-Business): including the medium-sized China, Canada, farm, agricultural development zones, food processing companies. Such as adding two large greenhouse companies, large flower company in Canada, two dairy companies, two major Canadian food processing company in the partnership. 3. CC - Local Government Partner Database (City-City, County-County): including the city - the city and county - the county government sector cooperation. For example, China - the two cities have the same characteristics of the Canadian industry, such as the flower industry, the organic food industry, agriculture and tourism industries; See details
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Agricultural tax (nónɡ yè shuì)
Agricultural tax is the state of all engaged in agricultural production, agriculture and income of units and individuals levied a tax, commonly known as "public grain." June 3, 1958, the first session of the Standing Committee of National People's Congress adopted the 96th meeting of the "Republic of China Agriculture Ordinance", January 30, 1994, the State Council issued "special agricultural products on the provisions of the agricultural tax revenue collection."
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Precision Agriculture
Precision agriculture is the basis of information technology to support spatial variability, location, timing, implementation of a _set_ of quantitative operation of modern agricultural technology and management system, its basic meaning is based on crop growth, soil properties, regulation of crop inputs, on the one hand identification of plots within the spatial variability of soil properties and productivity, on the other hand determine the crop production targets, to locate the "system diagnostics, optimization formulation, technical assembly, scientific management," to mobilize soil productivity, or the most savings with minimal investment to achieve the same income or higher income, and improve the environment, efficient use of various types of agricultural resources, economic and environmental benefits achieved. It were the ten components, namely global positioning systems, field information collection system, remote monitoring system of farmland, farmland of geographical information systems, agricultural expert system, intelligent and drainage systems, environmental monitoring systems, system integration, network management systems and training system. Its core is a perfect field of geographic information systems (GIS), information technology can be fully integrated with agricultural production, a new type of agriculture.
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Economic Wikipedia
In the agricultural categories is divided into agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery four categories. China is in the agricultural structure adjustments. 2002, annual grain planting area 103,990,000 hectares, 4.18 million hectares of cotton planted area, respectively, a decrease of 2.09 million hectares and 63 million hectares; oil area of 14.87 million hectares, an increase of 24 million hectares; sugar area of 180 million hectares, an increase 150,000 ha; vegetables 17.28 million hectares, an increase of 88 million hectares. Grain, oilseeds, sugar and other major agricultural output, improve the quality of vegetable production on the basis of the continued rapid growth, greater reduction in cotton acreage due to the production. Annual grain output of 457.11 million tons, an increase of 1%. Forestry to make progress. Afforested area in 2002, 7.47 million hectares, an increase of 51%, including the completion of returning farmland to forest and abandoned farmland barren hills and wasteland afforestation afforestation 5.4 million hectares. This shows that significant progress in returning farmland to forest projects. Others such as development of natural forest protection project in depth, such as the Three-North Shelterbelt Project and the Yangtze River continued to strengthen, Beijing and Tianjin sandstorm source control projects and comprehensively promote, wildlife protection and nature reserve construction project achieved significant results, fast growing timber base construction project development momentum. These projects started, marking the realization of China's forest is being accelerated by the main timber production to ecological construction to historic changes. Greatly the development of animal husbandry. In 2002 total output of meat reached 65.90 million tons, an increase of 4%. China is rich in cattle, sheep breeds and forage resources, feed resources, in recent years to introduce and cultivate a number of improved varieties, farming techniques to form a complete system, meat processing industry and processing technology has also been greatly improved. By raising the level currently, on the scale, quality grade, safety requirements, increase beef cattle, sheep varieties to promote and accelerate the provisions of disease-free zones, the development of large-scale, standardized farming, improving processing technology, comprehensive improve the yield and quality and safety standards, increasing high-grade beef and mutton, while the domestic market share and further expand exports. Steady development of fishery production in 2002. Annual output of aquatic products was 45.13 million tons, up 3%. China is a big country the world's fisheries, aquaculture is big country, aquaculture production accounts for 70% of world aquaculture production, the formation of advanced farming technology system, great potential for expanding exports, the current export of aquatic products in China's agricultural exports in the first place. The current focus on quality and safety of aquatic products, seed breeding and intensive processing of the three key links, so that coverage of aquatic products breeding, aquatic products processing rate continues to rise, a major breeding and effective prevention and control of exports of aquaculture products significantly improved the proportion of . Foreign direct investment in 2002, foreign direct investment projects in agriculture amounted to 975, accounting for 2.85% of total number of projects, contractual foreign investment amounted to 1.688 billion U.S. dollars, accounting for 2.04% of the amount of contracted foreign investment actually utilized foreign direct investment the amount of $ 1,028,000,000, the total foreign direct investment by 1.95%. According to China's accession to WTO commitments, the tariff level of agricultural products from the current 19.9% to 15.5% in 2005. China under the "Agreement on Agriculture" requirement, commitment to the future not to provide export subsidies for agricultural products, but retained to provide specific support and non-specific support for the right support and Green Box support.
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Accounting Wikipedia
Agriculture by cultivating food and industrial raw materials, plant and animal production industry. Agriculture is the primary industry of agriculture, science is agriculture. A broad definition of agriculture and the narrow definition. Broad definition including farming, forestry, animal husbandry, aquatic products. To narrow the agricultural crop. Agriculture can be divided into: Planting Forestry Livestock Aquaculture Related Terms: Agronomist, agronomy, agricultural science, Rural areas and farmers FAO Agricultural tax, agricultural subsidies Agricultural machinery, farm implements Agricultural production Agricultural cooperatives, farming of the Commonwealth Farm, _set_tlement Agricultural standardization, industrialization of agriculture High-efficiency agriculture, green agriculture, ecological agriculture, export-oriented agriculture, contract farming Food, feed, fruits, agricultural products, aquatic products, food, green food (free food) GM Pesticides, biological pesticides Fertilizer, chemical fertilizer, organic fertilizer Crops, cash crops Vegetables, flowers, seeds, plants, vegetation Diseases and insect pests, plant protection Animal husbandry, forestry Means of production Self-sufficient peasant economy
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Encyclopedia
nongye Agriculture agriculture Animals, plants and microorganisms as the object of labor to land as the basic means of production, through artificial cultivation and breeding, in order to obtain the products needed to meet the people's material production sector. In the social and economic life, including the scope of agriculture in different countries or different periods in a country, because the national economy by the standards adopted by different departments and different. In China at this stage, the scope of agriculture, including Guangxia of the points. Agriculture refers only to a narrow planting; broader than crop agriculture, but also including forestry, animal husbandry, sideline production and fisheries. In other countries, usually including farming and animal husbandry. Agriculture is the origin and development stage of the first generation in human society, the oldest of the material production sector. Its production has gone through a long historical process. According to archaeologists concluded that agriculture generates about 1 million years ago in the Neolithic ago that the late primitive society. In more than 200 million years before the Paleolithic and Mesolithic, productivity was extremely low, human use of nature is wild and wild animals to survive, ie, using only wooden sticks, stones and other very primitive tools, engaged in gathering and hunting to obtain subsistence. With the development of productive forces, the human conquest of nature's capacity to gradually increase. Them from the long-term practice of hunting and gathering, coming to understand that some animals, such as cattle, sheep, horses, camels and so on through to tame, breed and can provide relatively stable for the human milk, meat, leather, wool and other means of subsistence; gradually understand the habits of certain plants, their cultivation techniques to master. Primitive understanding of plants and animals that leap, prompting them to change their living solely by hunting and gathering and began operating the original animal husbandry and agriculture. The emergence of animal husbandry and agriculture, make people's lives have more reliable sources of information protection, and increased the people to adapt to nature and ability to transform nature, and promote faster development of social productive forces. Therefore, animal husbandry and agricultural production, is the first time in the history of human economic revolution, which marked the man entered on their own activities to increase the natural produce of the new era. From the Neolithic agriculture has been a million years, during which great changes in human society and adapt to the rapid development of agriculture has undergone tremendous changes, gone through different stages of development. From the nature and condition of the productive forces divided, with primitive agriculture, ancient agriculture, modern agriculture and modern agriculture; nature of the relationship from the production division, with the clan system of agriculture, slavery, agriculture, the feudal system of agriculture, capitalist agriculture and socialist agriculture. Agriculture Agriculture refers to the cycle of reproduction, continuously updated, to form a steady stream of reproduction. This reproduction can be carried out in the original scale of simple reproduction, it can be carried out in the expanded scale of the expanded reproduction. In the expanded reproduction, and some rely on increasing the number of inputs to achieve that extension of the expanded reproduction; some inputs by improving the quality and efficiency to achieve, meaning that the expansion of reproduction. The general trend of development of agricultural production is to expand the leading position of scale reproduction; more advanced technology, meaning the expansion of reproduction is increasingly becoming an important way to expand production. Reproduction with the industry and other agricultural production sectors of the reproduction of material compared to the notable features are: agriculture, economic reproduction process, regardless of its social nature, always with the agricultural natural reproduction intertwined. Reproduction generally refers to the agricultural economy of agriculture through the production, exchange, distribution and consumption in four areas to achieve agricultural products, labor and production relations of three aspects of reproduction. Natural reproduction is a variety of agricultural crops and livestock such as certain natural conditions, relying on its unique metabolic functions, through the growth, development and reproduction and a series of life events, and constantly update their offspring process. Agricultural reproduction process of these two interdependent and interrelated. Agricultural natural reproduction is the basis for agricultural reproduction, and people's economic activities is to promote natural reproduction or guidance, as far as possible along the natural reproduction of the target was expected to carry out. Various crops and various animal and other natural reproduction of the natural reproduction of wild animals and plants with significant differences: ① the natural reproduction of the main crops and livestock ─ ─ is the result of human processed, cultivated and domesticated by human beings out; ② a variety of crops and livestock conditions of reproduction of the material on which most of the more or less through human transformation. The fundamental characteristics of the above is closely related to agricultural re-
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Physics Encyclopedia
Agriculture Agriculture is the most basic of human society the material production sector. The object of agricultural production, plants, animals and microorganisms, they are living organisms, are dependent on certain environmental conditions, growth and reproduction. Humans through social work, the process of their growth and reproduction and environmental conditions in which to intervene, to obtain the food necessary for life, and other material information. As early as the first century BC, Chinese historian Ban Gu (AD 32 ~ 92) in its relegated to "Han Food and Money" in there, "said Valley farmers yield new ground," said. This reflects the ancient Han people of the Yellow River valley farming agriculture-based concept of simple, that is today called "narrow agriculture." In fact, the original is from the collection of agriculture, hunting of wild animals and plants resulting from breeding activities. Later, crop and livestock development are also dependent, has still planting and breeding based on it's main industry as agriculture. Logging of natural forests and gathering wild plants, natural water products in the fishing and hunting wild animals, mainly using the biological resources that occur in nature; but because of the long-term with these activities was still farming and husbandry exist, and continue to into the artificial cultivation (such as afforestation) and feeding (eg, aquaculture), it has also been included in many countries, the scope of agriculture. As with agricultural workers engaged in agricultural processing activities, has always been regarded as a sideline. Thus, formation of a growing industry (sometimes referred to agriculture), animal husbandry, forestry, fisheries and agricultural sideline for the structure of the generalized concept. Social development of commodity economy, strengthening of agriculture division of labor among the various departments and interdependence, but also to promote agriculture and industry, transport and business in close contact to promote the socialization of agricultural production, thus forming a multi- professional, multi-faceted ties with the agricultural economy in which agricultural production. Ecology of development, also revealed for each component of agricultural ecosystems are in fact material and energy cycle, a part of the transformation process. This shows that, with the economic and social development of natural science, it is the understanding of agriculture is bound to further broaden and deepen. As the national economy based on agriculture Of course, human life needs to be multifaceted, in addition to food, it also need clothing, housing and so on. With the progress of the times, people's needs not only more diverse, and require high-quality, convenient and comfortable. Handicraft industry and commerce, as well as modern industry and may be called the "third industry" such as the development of services to meet the various needs of human life. Meanwhile, in addition to material goods, the various "cultural products" of the production is also growing up. However, not only in many industries, such as food industry, textile industry and other raw materials directly from agriculture, and industrial and commercial development of the market and part of which sources of funds, is also inseparable from agriculture. From an historical root of the matter, but, because the development of agricultural productivity and agricultural labor productivity, as agricultural laborers in addition to the production of food to meet their own needs have gradually left outside, some people may have spun off from agriculture specializing in other productive activities. This is the handicraft, industrial, transportation, commerce, services, scientific and cultural health, and to all other social superstructure, the fundamental precondition for the emergence and development. It is in this sense, Marx is very incisively pointed out: "More than the personal needs of workers labor production rate of agriculture is the basis of all societies." History has proved the correctness of this assertion. Reality of the world that this assertion still very correct. Today's developed countries, almost all of more advanced agricultural technology, agricultural production, a relatively high level of countries. A few developed countries, agriculture is not developed, but they are necessary for agricultural imports in order to meet the needs of developing their economies. This shows that a country's prosperity and development of the national economy, must be based on agriculture, not to their agriculture-based, they are bound to rely on agriculture-based countries. After World War II, free from the shackles of colonialism, some developing countries won independence, and some once a priority to industrial development to the neglect of agriculture; or just pay attention to the development of cash crops for export in exchange for industrial products, The people's livelihood, the food is imported. These countries in international protectionism and the case of unequal exchange, not only can not revitalize the country's rural economy, industrial development is also difficult, or even debt, a case of natural disasters, famine would frequent. This shows that if the economies of developing countries dependent on foreign agriculture as the foundation is very solid. China has 11 million people a big country, the extreme importance of agriculture more visible. Founding nearly four decades of experience has shown that only the stable development of agriculture, will have the political, economic and social stability, will have a sustained and coordinated development of the entire national economy. As Mao Zedong once pointed out: Agriculture is the foundation of national economy. Characteristics and stage of development of agriculture How agriculture is developed, how it gradually to a higher level? Answer this question, we must first analyze the nature and characteristics of agriculture. Agricultural production, like all social production, just as an economic reproduction process. In this process, agricultural products form certain relations of production by the members of society, by virtue of a certain means of production and labor object produced; and then through the exchange and distribution, some into the consumer area, part of once again become the object of labor and return to the next production process, again and again. On this side, agricultural production, in common with all social production, that in accordance with objective laws of economic reproduction and development. However, there are different from other agricultural production, the special nature of social production, that it is the reproduction of living matter. It's always the same process of economic reproduction process of natural reproduction intertwined. From the nature and status of agricultural productivity, agricultural development process, can be roughly summed up as primary agriculture - Ancient Agriculture - Modern Agriculture - Phase 4 modern agriculture. Dating back about seven or eight years ago in the Neolithic period, when primitive agriculture in the fertile crescent area of western Asia (now Iraq, Syria area), China's Yellow River Basin and other areas known as the origin of ancient civilizations began to form when the capacity of human intervention in nature is extremely weak. With the means of production, only a stone knives, stone shovels, sticks and so the most rudimentary tools. Individual workers are not strong enough to rely on a collection of many people working. They cut down the plant and _set_ fire to burn the ground, sowing the seeds into the ground, by the ash and soil fertility inherent in the growth and development. Where soil fertility depletion, and to ex situ plant, to another piece of land on the re-burning of land. This so-called "slash and burn" farming methods than rely solely on existing biological resources collected from the nature of the event, despite the progress, but not far from the level of productivity. Play a decisive role because the remains of various natural factors. In the period of primitive agriculture, in the wider region also produced from animal hunting to animal husbandry of domesticated animals of the original, there are many ethnic tribes began long live the nomadic life nomadic. This stage is very low because the level of productivity, livestock and other products more in the distribution and consumption within the clan commune, there is little surplus available for the commodity exchange. To the ancient agriculture (also known as traditional agriculture) period, humans on the natural conditions, such as seasonal change, soil and agricultural production and other Feiji further understand the relationship of agricultural products as a result of land cultivation due to be increased. But the shackles of slavery by the early production development is slow. Disintegration of slavery and into the process of feudal society, the emergence of iron tools and the use of animal power to promote a qualitative change in productivity. With iron plows, livestock farming and other new means of production, it has improved the environment of the greater reproductive capacity of plants and animals. The accumulation of long-term experience in production, but also make it possible to abandon the "slash and burn" and to adopt new farming methods. In Europe, the emergence of leisure as the main content of the second round of the system or the three systems of agriculture; in China, the earlier formed a farming, hoe, seed _select_ion, fertilization, watering, rotation, cropping and other measures of intensive work closely with agricultural technology system. Apart from that, in some areas also appeared to mainly nomadic grazing or livestock production. The remaining increase in agricultural and livestock products, but also to promote the handicraft industry and commerce, commodity exchange gradually developed. This, in turn, asked for more for the exchange of agricultural produce so as to promote agricultural production and agricultural technologies continue to progress. It is in this context, the ancient agriculture exceeded the limitations of primitive agriculture, leading to a leap in agricultural productivity. Modern agriculture is based on modern industry, modern science and technology and is the prerequisite for the modern market conditions. The development of the textile and other industrial, commercial and industrial population, a substantial increase, prompting growing agricultural markets, agricultural production provides a powerful economic stimulus. First appeared, is the improvement of animal traction tools and chemical fertilizer, which is mechanical and chemical industry development outcomes. Happens is that the corresponding expansion of agricultural operations or production intensive degree. It can be said that the first phase of modern agriculture, it can be said that the modern stage of agricultural development. With the invention of the internal combustion engine, the development of oil and other fossil energy use and further development of chemical industry, animal-drawn farm implements were replaced by the power machinery, a variety of chemical fertilizers and pesticides are widely used in agriculture greatly increased material and energy inputs. The relationship of agriculture with industry more closely, and thus breaking the cycle of ancient agriculture in semi-closed. Particularly important is that all natural science have been introduced into the agricultural sector, the formation of the cultivation, feeding, breeding, pest and animal epidemic prevention, agricultural engineering and biological engineering as well as applied science. This not only makes people in the regulation and control the production of crops and livestock gradually made an unprecedented environmental initiative, and received a "reform" the ability of genetic characteristics of plants and animals. Coupled with the computer, atomic energy, remote sensing and other advanced techniques applied in agriculture, it is the natural reproduction process of agricultural intervention capability to meet the unprecedented breadth and depth. Meanwhile, the rural economy to a developed commodity economy transformation, agricultural specialization, socialization is more improved; agricultural production with agricultural products processing, marketing and manufacturing to agricultural production, supply the increasingly close links between, but also facilitated the species of agricultural, industrial and commercial integration of the economic form of production. All of this, both for agriculture and providing favorable conditions for expanded reproduction, the level of the modern agricultural production far beyond the ancient agriculture. However, the world's agricultural development is very uneven. The majority of Third World countries are still in traditional agriculture to modern agriculture, the process of transformation and conversion of different countries, the extent and completeness of the requirements for the degree is also very different. 1981 world cereal production per capita reached 368.5 kg, but 74% of the world's population the per capita cereal production in developing countries, only 243.5 kilograms. Malnutrition also affects the health of the people, famine still deprived of many people's lives. Capitalist countries agriculture is the production of private ownership and production of social contradictions and constant crisis, stagnation and wasting a lot of agricultural products; and excessive use of fossil energy and chemical fertilizers, pesticides, also led to the destruction of ecological balance and environmental pollution intensifies. The further development of the socialist system provided a new agricultural production conditions, but it also still has many imperfections, are still in the socialist agriculture reform processes. Which shows that, has gone through a long process of development of agriculture, will continue in accordance with its economic and natural laws, move on, and achieve new heights. Multi-category, multi-level agricultural knowledge
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English Expression
n.: agriculture, farming, geoponics, crop failure
French Expression
n. agriculture
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agriculture Nongye Village
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