Originally a Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto nine planets Can now only eight planets that: the original has Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune Some "astronomers" without permission will be classified Pluto as a "dwarf planet", but is difficult to justify. For decades, scientists generally believe that the solar system has nine planets, but with a larger than Pluto, the discovery of distant objects, making the status of Pluto planet debate intensified. First, because of its discovery process is based on a false theory; the second is due to the quality of the original estimate was wrong, mistakenly incorporated into the ranks of the planets. Therefore, the International Astronomical Union General Assembly on whether to give Pluto "name" has become the focus of the General Assembly, for which astronomers have given various options. In 2006, the International Astronomical Union 26th General Assembly, astronomers voted by more than two thousand --- Only eight solar system planets. No longer the traditional nine planets, one of Pluto as a planet, and its inclusion in the "dwarf planet." According to "conservative new planet definition": First, the objects must be around the sun; Second, the quality is large enough to rely on their own gravity to make objects cylindrical spherical; third is near its orbit should be no other objects. Pluto does not match the latter two conditions, the orbit of Pluto and Neptune is the intersection with the 1930 American astronomer Tombaugh found Pluto, it is defined as planets. Pluto is the farthest planet in the solar system, its orbit the most flat. Quality than the other planets Pluto is small, even in the satellite world, it only came in the seventh or so. Pluto's surface temperature is very low, so the vast majority of material on it can only be solid or liquid.
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Mercury
八大行星 水星
English name: mercury Mercury closest to the sun, the second asteroid in the solar system. Mercury in diameter than Ganymede and Titan, but it is more important. Mercury basic parameters: Orbital semi-major axis: 5791 million km (0.38 astronomical units) Orbital period: 87.70 days Average orbital speed: 47.89 km / sec Orbital eccentricity: 0.206 Orbital inclination: 7.0 degrees Equatorial radius of the planet: 2440 one thousand meters Quality (mass of the Earth = 1): 0.0553 Density: 5.43 g / cc Rotation period: 58.65 days Satellite: none Orbits: from the sun 57,910,000 km (0.38 astronomical units) In Roman mythology Mercury is a commercial, travel and theft of God, the ancient Greek myth of Hermes, the god of gods messaging, perhaps due to Mercury in the air, moving quickly, before it got this name. As early as 3000 BC the Sumerian era, people will find Mercury, the ancient Greeks, it assigns two names: the early in the morning when it is referred to as Apollo when it flashes in the night sky as He ears Hermes. However, the ancient Greek astronomers knew that the name actually refers to two with a star, Hercules de Lai (5th century BC the Greek philosopher) is not even that Mercury and Venus revolve around the Earth, but around the sun run. Only the Mariner 10 spacecraft in 1973 and 1974 three times to visit Mercury. It surveyed only 45% of Mercury's surface (and very lucky, because Mercury is too close to the sun, so that it can not secure the Hubble telescope's camera). Mercury's orbit are significant deviation from the perfect circle, the sun only recently Pitch 46,001,000 meters, aphelion there are 70 million km, in orbit perihelion it is very slow forward speed to run around the sun by precession (precession : Earth's axis causes the precession of equinox westward slow running speed 0.2 per year, "about 25,800 years to run a week, so that the return was shorter than the sidereal year phenomenon. precession and planetary precession points on two, which is produced by the planetary gravitational ecliptic surface changes caused by.) in the nineteenth century, astronomers radius of the orbit of Mercury had a very careful observation, but can not use Newtonian mechanics to the proper interpretation of this. exist in the actual observed value and the predictive value between the The subtle differences are a minor (once every thousand years a difference of seven), but puzzled astronomers for decades the problem has been suggested that Mercury's orbit in the near presence of another planet (sometimes called vulcan, " Vulcan Star "), which to explain this difference, the answer to the final result was quite dramatic: Einstein's general relativity in the accepted theory of the early recognition of this, Mercury is running the correct notice is a very important factor ( Mercury because of the sun's gravitational field and around its revolution, and the sun is extremely large gravitational field, according to general relativity point of view, the quality of gravitational field, gravitational field but also as quality, so the quality can be seen as giant gravitational field, resulting in a small gravitational field, their orbits deviate. similar to the divergence of electromagnetic waves, magnetic field changes the electric field, magnetic field changes the electric field, pass to the remote - Annotation) In 1962 years ago, it was believed that Mercury rotates with the revolution week is the same, so that the side facing the sun is constant. This is always the same half of the moon toward the earth surface is very similar. But in 1965, observed by Doppler radar this theory is wrong. Now we have learned in the revolution of Mercury, while the rotation two weeks three weeks, Mercury is the only known solar system in the orbital period and rotation period is not a 1:1 ratio of co-moving objects. Because of the above conditions and extreme deviation from the perfect circle Mercury's orbit, an observer on Mercury would make a very strange to see the Scene, in some of the longitude of the observer will see when the sun rises later, as it slowly moved toward the zenith , will gradually increase the size significantly. The sun in the zenith to a halt, after a brief back process, pause again, and then continue its journey leading to the horizon, while significantly reduced. In the meantime, the stars will be three times fast across the dark green empty. In some places the surface of Mercury observers will see different but the same is the extraordinary movement of celestial objects. The temperature on Mercury is the solar system's largest, temperature range 90 to 700 to open to open. In contrast, the temperature of Venus slightly higher, but more stable. Mercury and the Moon are similar in many ways, it's surface has many craters and very old; it does not plate motion. On the other hand, Mercury's density is much larger than the moon, (Mercury 5.43 grams / cubic centimeter Moon 3.34 g / cc). Mercury is the second planet in the solar system, the second largest density of objects. In fact the density of Earth's gravity due to the high part of the compression; or so, Mercury's density will be greater than the Earth, which indicates that Mercury's iron core is relatively larger than Earth's more, most likely constitute the majority of the planet. Thus, relatively speaking, Mercury is only a thin silicate mantle and around the crust. Large iron core radius of 1800-1900 km, is dominant within the Mercury. The silicate shell is only 500 to 600 kilometers thick, probably into at least part of the core melted. Mercury's atmosphere is very thin in fact, caused by the solar wind destruction of atoms. Mercury temperature is so high, so that these atoms quickly dissipate into space, so that Venus and Earth and atmospheric stability compared to Mercury's atmosphere are added frequently replaced. Mercury's surface show a huge emergency ramp, some several hundred kilometers, three thousand meters high. Some cross in the crater of the outer office, while others are anxious that they are inclined face formed by compression. It is estimated that the surface of Mercury shrank by about 0.1% (or down on the planet radius of about 1 km). Geomorphic features on Mercury is one of the largest caloris basin (right), a diameter of about 1300 km, people think it the largest basin on the Moon similar to maria. As the moon basin, caloris basin is likely to form in the early solar system big collision, the collision that resulted in about the same time the other side of the planet is at the strange terrain of the basin (left). In addition to the terrain covered with craters, Mercury also has a relatively flat plain, and some may be the result of ancient volcanic activity, but others probably formed by meteorite ejecta deposition results. Mariner spacecraft data provide some recent volcanic activity on Mercury, the first signs, but we need more information to confirm. Surprisingly, the North Pole of Mercury radar scan (not a survey of the area Mariner 10) show some craters are well protected shelter signs of the existence of ice. Mercury has a small magnetic field, magnetic field strength of about 1% of the Earth. Mercury has not found a satellite. Usually through binoculars or even directly to the Mercury can be observed with the naked eye, but it is always very close to the sun, the twilight is difficult to see. mike harvey planet Mercury at this time looking for charts that position in the sky (and the location of other planets), then by the "Starry Night" planetarium program for more of this more detailed customization.
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Venus
English name: venus One of the eight planets, the ancient Chinese called Tai Bai or Taibaijinxing. It is sometimes Morningstar, appear in the eastern sky before dawn, known as the "blind"; sometimes evening star, in the western sky after sun_set_, is called "Venus." Venus is in addition to the sun and the moon all day outside the brightest star, shining like a diamond, so the Greeks called it Aphrodite (aphrodite) - goddess of love and beauty, while the Romans called it To Venus (venus) - U.S. God. Venus basic parameters Orbital period: 224.701 days Average orbital speed: 35.03 km / sec Orbital eccentricity: 0.007 Orbital inclination: 3.4 degrees Equatorial diameter: 12,103.6 one thousand meters Quality (mass of the Earth = 1): 0.8150 Density: 5.24 g / cc Rotation period: 243.01 days Number of satellites: 0 Orbital Radius: 108,208,930 km (0.72 astronomical units) Surface area of 460 million square kilometers Surface gravity 8.78 m/s2 Autobiography Time -243.02 days Escape velocity 10.4 km / s The lowest average maximum surface temperature 737k 750k 773k Venus (Greek: Aphrodite; Babylonian: ishtar) is the goddess of beauty and love, the reason would be so named, perhaps the ancient people, it is known in the brightest planet. (There are also objections that the name of Venus because Venus's surface appearance as women.) In the prehistoric Venus had been known. In addition to the sun and the moon, but it is the brightest one. Like Mercury, it is generally considered to be composed of two separate star: Morningstar called eosphorus, Evening Star called hesperus, Greek astronomers better understand this. Since Venus is an inner planet, observing with a telescope from Earth, then it will find it a phase change. Galileo's observation of this phenomenon is in favor of the Copernican heliocentric solar system about the importance of evidence. The first aircraft is a visit to Venus Mariner 2 in 1962. Subsequently, it gradually by other aircraft: Pioneer Venus, the dignity of the Soviet Union 7 (first one in the spaceship landing on other planets), the dignity of 9 (the first return to the surface of Venus Photo [left]) visit (so far a total of at least 20 times). Recently, the U.S. orbiter magellan successfully produced a surface of Venus with radar map. Venus's rotation is very unusual, on the one hand it is very slow (the equivalent of 243 Earth days Venus day, slightly longer than Venus years), on the other hand it is inverted. In addition, the Venus rotation cycle and synchronized with its orbital period, so when it reached the nearest point with Earth, Venus is always toward the side of the earth fixed. This is not a resonance effect or merely a coincidence is unknown. Venus is sometimes known as Earth's sister stars, they are very similar in some respects: - Venus slightly smaller than Earth (95% of Earth's diameter, 80% of Earth's mass). - At a relatively young surface have some craters. - Their densities and chemical compositions are very similar. Because of these similarities, sometimes considered the following in its thick clouds of Venus and Earth may be very similar, there may be the existence of life. But unfortunately, many of the Venus-depth studies have shown that Venus and Earth in many ways fundamentally different. Venus's atmospheric pressure is 90 atm (equivalent to 1 km and the Earth's deep-ocean pressure), the atmosphere composed mostly of carbon dioxide, but also composed of several layers from the sulfuric acid clouds a few kilometers thick. These clouds blocking our observation of the surface of Venus, making it seem very vague. This dense atmosphere produces a greenhouse effect also, so that the surface temperature of Venus rose 400 degrees, more than 740 (the total to make the article melt lead). Venus surface than the natural heat of Mercury's surface, although Venus is far from the sun than Mercury twice. Cloud tops are strong winds, about 350 km per hour, but the surface wind speed is very slow, less than several kilometers per hour.
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Earth
Earth is the third planet from the sun, is the fifth planet: Track Radius: 149,600,000 km (1.00 astronomical units from the sun) Planet Diameter: 12,756.3 one thousand meters Quality: 5.9736e24 kg Earth is the only one not from Greek or Roman mythology to get the names. earth from the Old English word, and Germanic. Here of course there are many other languages named. In Roman mythology, the earth goddess called tellus-fertile land (Greek: gaia, mother earth) Until the 16th century, people came to understand the times of Copernicus the Earth is a planet. Earth, of course, no aircraft can be observed, however, until the twentieth century, we have a map of the entire planet. Photographed by the space should have a reasonable picture of the importance; For example, they greatly help the weather forecast and storm track forecast. They really unique pretty ah! The chemical composition of the Earth due to the different nature of the earthquake are divided into different strata (depth - km): 0 - 40 Crust 40 - 400 upper mantle - the upper mantle 400 - 650 transition region - the transition zone 650-2700 lower mantle - the lower mantle 2700-2890 d''layer - d "layer 2890-5150 outer core - outer core 5150-6378 inner core - core Crustal thickness, ocean at the thin, thick under continents. Core and crust of the entity; outer core and the mantle layer of fluid. Different layers separated by a discontinuous cross-section, which has been by the seismic data; one of the most famous of a number of the crust and upper mantle between the Moho - a discontinuous cross-section. Most of the Earth's mass concentrated in the mantle, most of the rest in the Earth's core; we live is just a small part of the whole (the following values × 10e24 kg): Atmosphere = 0.0000051 Ocean = 0.0014 Crust = 0.026 Mantle = 4.043 The field of nuclear = 1.835 Mainland core = 0.09675 Most of the Earth's core may be constituted by the iron (or nickel / iron), although there may be some lighter material. The center of the Earth's core temperature may be as high as 7500k, than the surface of the sun is hot; the lower mantle may consist of silicon, magnesium, oxygen, and some iron, calcium, aluminum composition; upper mantle mostly by olivene, pyroxene (iron / magnesium silicates), calcium aluminum composition. We know that these metals come from the earthquake; upper mantle samples reached the surface, like volcanic magma, but most of the Earth or inaccessible. Crust consists mainly of quartz (silicon oxide) and other silicates like feldspar composition. On the whole, the Earth's chemical elements are: 34.6% Fe 29.5% oxygen 15.2% silicon 12.7% magnesium 2.4% Nickel 1.9% sulfur 0.05% Ti Earth is the densest stars in the solar system. Other terrestrial planets probably have similar structure and chemical composition, of course, there are some differences: the Moon has at least a small kernel; Mercury has a large kernel (equivalent to its diameter); Mars and the Moon's mantle is much thicker; Moon Mercury may not have different chemical elements from the earth's crust; Earth may be the only one with core and outer core of Earth-like planets. It is noteworthy that our theory of the internal structure of the planet is only applicable to the Earth. Unlike the other terrestrial planets, Earth's crust is composed of several entities, constitutes a plate, floating on their own in the hot mantle. Plate theory, call it that. It is described as having two processes: to expand and contract. Expansion occurred in the two plates away from each other, following the formation of new magma coming in when the crust. Narrowing occurred in the two plates collide, one stretching from the edge of another part of the following, in the hot mantle heat and destruction. Many at the plate boundary fault (such as California, san andreas fault), there are collisions between continental plates (such as the Indian plate and Eurasian plate). There are eight sections: North American Plate - North America, the Northwest Atlantic and Greenland South American Plate - South America and south-west Atlantic Antarctic Plate - Antarctica and the coast Eurasian plate - the North East Atlantic, Europe and Asia, excluding India African Plate - Africa, Southeast Atlantic and Western Indian Ocean Indian and Australian plate - India, Australia, New Zealand and most of the Indian Ocean nazca plate - the eastern Pacific and adjacent parts of South America Pacific Plate - most of the Pacific (and the California coast) There are over twenty small plates, such as the Arab, the Philippine plate. Earthquakes often occur at the junction of these plates. Plotted map makes it easier to see the plate boundaries. Earth's surface is very young. 50 billion years the short cycle (astronomy standards), repeating the process of erosion and construction, most of the Earth's surface is formed and destroyed again and again, this way, remove most traces of the original geographic (such as stars from the impact crater). As a result, the early history of the earth have been removed. Earth has been in existence for 45-4600000000 years, but the oldest known rock is only 40 billion years, more than 3 billion years, even the stones are numbered. The earliest fossils are less than 39 billion years. No records to determine that life really begins. 71% of the Earth's surface is covered by water. Planet Earth is the only one in the presence of surface liquid water (though Titan's surface in the presence of liquid ethane and methane, underground Europa has liquid water). We know that liquid water is an important condition for the existence of life. Ocean heat content to maintain the earth's temperature is an important condition for relative stability. Liquid water also caused surface erosion and continental climate of diversity, which is currently unique in the solar system in the process (a long time ago, Mars may also have this situation). Earth's atmosphere from 77% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, trace amounts of argon, carbon dioxide and water composition. When the Earth formed, there may be a lot of atmospheric carbon dioxide, but almost all were combined into carbonate rocks, a small part of the integration into the ocean or to the living plants consumed. Plate tectonics and biological activities are maintained in the atmosphere of carbon dioxide to other places and then return to the non-stop flow. Stable existence of a small amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide to maintain the surface temperature through the greenhouse effect has far-reaching importance. Greenhouse effect so that the average surface temperature increased by 35 degrees Celsius (-21 ℃ from the freezing of a suitable person to rise to 14 ℃); ocean will freeze without it, and life would not be possible. The presence of oxygen-rich chemical point of view is from the very noteworthy. Oxygen is very reactive gas, the general environment of easily and quickly with other substances. Earth's atmospheric oxygen generation and maintenance of the biological activity to complete. No life is not enough oxygen. The interaction of the Earth and Moon Earth's rotation slowed 2 milliseconds per century. The current survey shows that about 900 million years ago, the year of 481 days and 18 hours.
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Mars
Mars is the fourth away from the sun, is the seventh planet of the solar system: Mars basic parameters: Orbital semi-major axis: 22 794 million km (1.52 astronomical units) Orbital Period: 686.98 days Average orbital speed: 24.13 km / sec Orbital eccentricity: 0.093 Orbital inclination: 1.8 degrees Equatorial radius of the planet: 3398 one thousand meters Quality (mass of the Earth = 1): 0.1074 Density: 3.94 g / cc Rotation period: 1.026 day Satellite: 2 Orbits: from the Sun 227,940,000 km (1.52 astronomical units) Mars (Greek: Ares) is called Ares. This may be due to its bright red color derived from the past; Mars is sometimes referred to as "red-line life." (Interesting note: Before the Greeks, the Romans as Mars once to worship the god of farming, while good aggression and expansion of the Greeks confused Mars as a symbol of war) and "March," the name is derived from Mars. In prehistoric times, Mars has been known to mankind. Because it is considered to be man's best home solar system (except outside the Earth), which are their favorite science fiction writer. But unfortunately, the piece is well-known lowell "see" and "canal" and what others are just as barsoomian princesses as imaginary. The first exploration of Mars by Mariner 4 spacecraft in 1965 and carried out. Several attempts have been made by people after another, including the 1976 two Viking spacecraft (left). Since then, after a 20-year gap in the 1997 July 4, Mars Pathfinder Mars finally succeeded (right). Mars' orbit is significantly elliptical. Therefore, where the sun light, the perihelion and aphelion close to the temperature difference between 30 degrees Celsius. This is the climate of Mars have an enormous impact. The average temperature on Mars is about 218k (-55 ℃, -67 degrees Fahrenheit), but has from the winter 140k (-133 ℃, -207 degrees Fahrenheit) to the summer day nearly 300k (27 ℃, 80 ° F ) span. Although Mars is much smaller than Earth, but its surface area is equivalent to the Earth's surface land area. In addition to Earth, but Mars is a most interesting terrain of the solid surface of the planet. Including some spectacular terrain: - Olympus Mountains: the height of it on the surface of 24 km (78,000 ft), is the largest mountain in the solar system. Its base diameter of more than 500 km, up by a 6 km (20,000 feet) cliff around (right); - Tharsis: a huge bulge the surface of Mars, about 4000 km wide and 10 km high; - Valles marineris: depth 2-7 km, 4,000 km long canyon group (title below); - Hellas planitia: in the southern hemisphere, more than 6,000 meters, a diameter of 2000 km impact crater. The surface of Mars have many craters been a long time. But there are many form long valleys, ridges, hills and plains. In the southern hemisphere of Mars, the Moon has a similar song on the type of ring highlands (left). Instead, it's mostly the northern hemisphere by the newly formed low-lying plains. The formation of these plains are very complex. North-South border appear on the height of several kilometers of great change. The formation of North-South border terrain height differences and a huge reason for the drastic changes is still unknown (some speculate this is because the outer layer of material to increase the moment of Mars generated a huge force formed). Recently, some scientists began to wonder whether those steep mountains in its original place. This doubt will be, "Mars Global Surveyor" to solve. The interior of Mars is only dependent on its surface a large number of information and related data to infer. It is generally believed that the core radius of 1,700 km of high-density materials; outsourcing a layer of lava, it is more dense than some of the Earth's mantle; the outermost layer is a thin shell. Compared to other terrestrial planets, the lower the density of Mars, which suggests that the iron core of Mars (magnesium and iron sulfide) may contain more sulfur with. Like Mercury and the Moon, Mars lack active plate tectonics; no indication that Mars, like Earth's happened to cause so much like a mountain fold the crust translation activities. In the absence of lateral movement in the crust under the giant hot zone at rest relative to the ground. Coupled with the gravity of the ground slightly, resulting in tharis raised and a huge volcano. However, it has not been found to have had recent volcanic activity signs. Although Mars may have been a lot of volcanic activity occurred, it seems to be never had any plate motion. There have been floods on Mars, on the ground there are some small rivers (right), is clearly demonstrated in many places have eroded. In the past, Mars had a clean surface of water, and may even have had the Great Lakes and ocean. But these things seems to exist only for a short time ago and it is estimated that there are about four billion years. (Valles marneris not by running water through the formation of which is due to the shell extension and impact, along with tharsis raised and generated). In the early Mars, it is very similar to Earth. Like Earth, Mars, almost all of the carbon dioxide are transformed into rock. However, due to the lack of the Earth's plate tectonics, Mars can not be re-circulation of carbon dioxide into its atmosphere, and thus can not generate significant greenhouse effect. Therefore, even if it pulled the same distance from the Sun and the Earth's position, the temperature of the surface of Mars is still much colder than Earth. That the layer of thin Martian atmosphere is mainly Youyu left of carbon dioxide (95.3%) plus nitrogen (2.7%), argon (1.6%) and trace amounts of oxygen (0.15%) and water vapor (0.03%) composed of . The average atmospheric pressure surface of Mars is only about 7 millibars (more than 1% of the planet is also small), but it changes with height, the deepest in the basin up to 9 millibars, while the top of the olympus mons but only 1 millibar. But it is enough to support the occasional sweeping the entire planet the entire month of hurricanes and major storms. Thin layer of the atmosphere of Mars that although it can create the greenhouse effect, but those can only raise the temperature of its surface 5k more than we know about Venus and the Earth is much less. However, recent observations by the Hubble telescope has indicated that the Viking was the environment when the survey is not a typical situation. Mars' atmosphere now seems out of the survey than the Viking colder and more dry (see details from stsci site). Viking experiments tried to determine whether there is life on Mars, the result is negative. But optimists point out that only two small samples are qualified, and they do not come from the best place. Future Mars explorers will continue to be more experimental. A small meteorite (snc meteorite) is considered to be from Mars. August 6, 1996, David Chu open (david mckay), who claimed that in the first Martian meteorite found in the composition of organic matter. Authors even say that this constitutes together with some other mineral obtained from meteorites, ancient Martian microorganisms can be proven. (Left?) This startling conclusion, but it did not make this conclusion with the establishment of alien existence. Since opening comments to David Chu, a number of opponents of research to be released. However, any conclusions should be "is justified, the words of the evidence." Not quite sure that the conclusions are still many things to do. In the tropical regions of Mars gravity is very weak one place. This is the Mars Global Surveyor entered Mars orbit in the time it received unexpected discovery. They may disappear by the early removal of shell left behind. This may be the study of the internal structure of Mars, the pressure of the past, and even the possible existence of ancient life are very useful. In the night sky, Mars is easily visible with the naked eye. Because it is very close from the Earth, it looked very bright. Maike Ha Wei chart shows the planet looking for Mars and other planets in the sky position. More detail, the chart will be getting better as starry such astronomical program to find and complete.
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Jupiter
Jupiter is the fifth planet from the sun, and is the largest one, than all the other planets combined mass of the two times (318 times Earth). Orbits: from the Sun 778,330,000 km (5.20 astronomical units) Planet Diameter: 142,984 km (equatorial) Quality: 1.900e27 kg Jupiter (aka jove; Greeks called Zeus) was the king of God, the ruler of Mount Olympus and the protector of the Roman state, it is cronus (Saturn) the son. Jupiter is the fourth brightest object in the sky (after the Sun, Moon and Venus; sometimes brighter Mars), Jupiter had been back in prehistoric human known. According to Galileo in 1610, four satellites of Jupiter: Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto (now often called the Galilean satellites) observed, they are not functioning as the center of the earth The first discovery, but also agreed with Copernicus's heliocentric planetary motion about the main basis; Because Galileo supported the Copernican theory outspoken been arrested by the Inquisition and was forced to abandon their faith in prison spent the rest of his life. Jupiter in 1973, Pioneer 10 was the first visit, and later by Pioneer 11 in succession, Voyager 1, Voyager 2 and ulysses number of visits. Currently, the Galileo spacecraft is around Jupiter, and will continue in the next two years the relevant data back to it. Gaseous planet is no solid surface, their gaseous material from the depth of the density is larger and increasing (we are the equivalent of 1 atmosphere at the surface began to count their radius and diameter). We see is usually the top of the clouds in the atmosphere, the pressure is slightly higher than 1 atm. Jupiter from 90% hydrogen and 10% helium (atomic number ratio, the weight ratio of 75/25%) and trace amounts of methane, water, ammonia and "rock" form. This formation of the solar nebula solar system's original composition is very similar. Saturn has a similar composition, but Uranus and Neptune's composition, the amount of hydrogen and helium would be less of. Jupiter may have a rocky core, equivalent to 10-15 mass of the Earth. Kernel is the staging ground for most of the planetary material, to the form of liquid metallic hydrogen. The most common form of Jupiter on the basis of only 4 billion possible only under Pakistani pressure there is within this environment of Jupiter (Saturn also). Liquid metallic hydrogen by the ionized protons and electrons (like the sun's interior, but much lower temperature). Temperature and pressure inside Jupiter, the hydrogen is liquid, not gaseous, making it the Jupiter's magnetic field and electron conductor source. Also in this layer may also contain some helium and traces of "ice." Mainly by the outermost layer of ordinary hydrogen and helium molecules, which is a liquid inside, and then the gas in the more external-oriented, and we can see that this deep layer of high office. Water, carbon dioxide, methane and other simple gas molecules have little in here. Three distinct cloud layer is considered the existence of ammonia ice, ammonium sulfide and water-ice mixture. However, evidence from Galileo's initial findings show that these substances is extremely rare in the clouds (one instrument seems to have tested the outermost layer, while another may have detected a second outer layer). But this proved a very unusual position of the surface (left) - Earth-based telescopes, and more from the Galileo orbiter spacecraft recent observations suggest that this region is likely to be _select_ed then the surface of Jupiter warmest region is the least cloud cover. Jupiter's colorful clouds in the atmosphere may be caused by subtle differences in chemical composition and role of cause, possibly mixed with sulfur compounds which, creating a colorful visual effects, but the details are still not known. Color change and the height of the clouds: blue lowest, followed by brown and white, the highest point in red. We can see the high clouds of the hole at the low clouds. Jupiter's Great Red Spot as early as 300 years ago was known on Earth observation (often thanks to this discovery Cassini, or 17th century robert hooke). Great Red Spot is a long 25,000 km and 12,000 km elliptical span, the total to accommodate two planets. Some other smaller spots have also been seen for decades. Infrared observations coupled with the trend of the derivation of its rotation shows the Great Red Spot is a high-pressure zone, where the cloud top than in the surrounding area is particularly high, is particularly cold. A similar situation also has Saturn and Neptune. It is not clear why such structure can be sustained so long a period of time. Jupiter radiates energy than it receives from the Sun to be more. Jupiter internal hot: up to 20,000 may be opened at the core. The heat production by the Kelvin - Helmholtz principle generated (slow gravitational compression of the planet). (Jupiter did not like the sun produces energy by nuclear reactions, it is too small and therefore not caused by nuclear reactions inside temperature conditions.) These internal heat of Jupiter may lead to greatly convective liquid layer, and cause what we see Genting the complexity of the move. Saturn and Neptune and Jupiter in this respect similar, surprisingly, Uranus is not. Gaseous planets Jupiter and can achieve the same maximum diameter. If the composition of the increase again, it will be compressed by gravity, making the world a little radius of only a slight increase. Star only because of larger internal heat source (nuclear energy) relations, but to become the star of Jupiter, then the quality of at least 80 times bigger again. No. spacecraft Galileo probe of Jupiter's atmosphere found in the outermost layer of the atmosphere of Jupiter between the ring and there is a another strong radiation belts, ionosphere, radiation belts roughly ten times stronger. Striking, newly discovered zone contains from I do not know where the high-energy helium ions. Jupiter has a Saturn-like ring with, but small and weak. Their findings are purely unexpected, but since the two Voyager 1 scientists insisted again and again sailed one billion one thousand meters, the halo should have a look there. Other people think that the possibility of ring zero, but in fact they exist. The two scientists have come up with is really a trick ah. They were later ground-based telescopes photographed. Unlike Saturn's, Jupiter's rings dark (albedo 0.05). They consist of a number of granular rock composed of quality material. Jupiter's ring particles may not be stable there (by the atmosphere and magnetic field). Thus, if the ring to maintain shape, they need to be constantly added. Revolution in the ring in two small satellites: Ganymede Ganymede XVI and XVII obvious candidate is the best halo resource. Jupiter's satellite Jupiter has 16 known satellites, four large Galilean moons, 12 smaller. As the tidal force produced by the Galileo satellites, Jupiter movement is gradually slowing down. Similarly, the same tidal force also changed the satellite's orbit, so that they slowly moving away from Jupiter. Io, Europa, Ganymede fallout from the tidal force of revolution is fixed at 1:2:4 co-moving relationship, and common changes. Callisto is also part of this one. In the next hundreds of millions of years, Callisto will be locked to Ganymede's orbital period twice, eight times to run Io. Moons of Jupiter by Zeus in the life of the person named contact (mostly his lovers). Satellite distance (Km) radius (Km) Quality (Kg) Discoverer Date of discovery Wood Prometheus 128000 20 9.56e16 synnott 1979 Ganymede fifteen 129000 10 1.91e16 jewitt 1979 Wood Rhea 181000 98 7.17e18 barnard 1892 Ganymede fourteen 222000 50 7.77e17 synnott 1979 Io 422000 1815 8.94e22 Galileo 1610 671000 1569 4.80e22 Galileo 1610 Europa Ganymede 1070000 2631 1.48e23 Galileo 1610 Callisto 1883000 2400 1.08e23 Galileo 1610 Ganymede thirteen 11094000 8 5.68e15 kowal 1974 Wood Titan 11480000 93 9.56e18 perrine 1904 Demeter 11720000 18 7.77e16 nicholson 1938 Wood Hyperion 11737000 38 7.77e17 perrine 1905 Ananke 21200000 15 3.82e16 nicholson 1951 Ganymede eleven 22600000 20 9.56e16 nicholson 1938 Ganymede eight 23500000 25 1.91e17 melotte 1908 Wood Phoebe 23700000 18 7.77e16 nicholson 1914 The smaller the value of the satellite is about values.
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Saturn
Saturn is the sixth distant planet from the sun, eight planets is the second largest planet: Orbit: 1,429,400,000 from the sun km (9.54 astronomical units) Satellite Diameter: 120,536 km (Equateur) Mass: 5.68e26 kg In Roman mythology, Saturn (saturn) is the name of Saturn. Greek mythology, Saturn cronus is uranus (Uranus) and the sub's son, is Zeus (Jupiter) father. Saturn is also in English, "Saturday" (saturday) the root. Saturn was discovered in the prehistoric. In 1610 Galileo first observed it through binoculars, and record it's strange trajectory, but also it gives confused. Early observations of Saturn for the very complex, which is due to Saturn in its orbit every few years when the Earth will pass through the plane of Saturn's rings. (Low-resolution Saturn images so often radical nature of change.) Until 1659, Huygens correctly inferred the geometry of the ring. In 1977, before the rings of Saturn in the solar system has been considered the only existence; but in 1977, discovered around Uranus dim halo, in which shortly after Jupiter and Neptune also found around the ring. Pioneer 11, first visited Saturn in 1979, around the same year by travelers visit 1 and 2. The Cassini spacecraft is now on the way will reach Saturn in 2004. Through a small telescope can clearly find Saturn is a flat sphere. Its equatorial diameter, polar diameter than about 10% (the equator is 120,536 km, two extremely 108,728 km), which is its rapid rotation and the liquid surface of the results. Other gas planets are also flat ball, but not so obvious. Saturn is the most loose of a planet, its specific gravity (0.7) smaller than the water. Like Jupiter, Saturn is about 75% hydrogen and 25% helium and small amounts of water, methane, ammonia, and similar rock material composition. The composition of the formation of the solar system similar to, the material composition of the solar nebula. Saturn and Jupiter within the same, by a rocky core, a liquid metallic hydrogen layer and a layer of hydrogen molecules, but also a small amount of a wide range of ice. Saturn's interior is hot drama (in the core up to 12,000 Kelvin), and Saturn to the energy emitted by the universe than it gained energy from the sun is even larger. Most of the extra energy and Jupiter is the principle by the kelvin-helmholtz generated. But this may not be sufficient to explain Saturn's light-emitting ability, some other effects may also be, deep inside Saturn may be due to helium at the "flush" caused. Jupiter on a clear ribbon is vague on many of the Saturn, have become wider near the equator. Earth can not see it from the top of the cloud, so the spacecraft occasionally observed until the travelers, people began to Saturn began to study the atmospheric circulation. Saturn and Jupiter, have a long-period elliptical orbit, and other general characteristics. In 1990, the Hubble telescope to Saturn's equator in a very large white cloud, which is when the arrival of the Voyager does not exist; In 1994, another smaller storm was observed. Can be seen from the Earth are two distinct rings (a and b) and a faint halo (c), in a ring gap between the ring and b is called the "Cassini part." A ring in a peripheral part of the gap is even bleaker as "encke gap" (but this is somewhat of a misnomer, because it may never be encke seen). Voyager sent back images show there are four faint rings. Saturn's rings and various other star aura, it is very bright. (Stars albedo 0.2 - 0.6) Although the ring is continuous from the Earth's point of view, but these rings are actually composed of numerous separate track in the form of tiny objects. They range in size ranging from 1 cm to several meters, there may exist some objects a few kilometers in diameter. In particular, thin rings of Saturn, even though they have 250,000 to one thousand meters in diameter or larger, but they are only up to 1.5 km thick. While they have impressive clear image, but only rarely in the ring material - if the rings were compressed into an object, it can only be up to 100 km wide. Halo of particles may be mainly cemented by water ice, but they may also be wrapped around the outer layer of rock by the ice-like particles. Voyager confirmed the radius of the confusing heterogeneity does exist in the halo, which is called "spokes (secondary section)," which was first reported by an amateur astronomer. Their natural instinct to give us a mystery, but allows us to find out Saturn's magnetic field have a clue. Saturn's outermost ring, f halo, by some of the smaller halo composed of complex structures, some of its "knots (knots)" is obvious. Scientists have speculated that the results of these so-called halo material may be blocky or some mini-moon. The organization of these strange tilting back in the Voyager 1 images is very obvious, but they are sent back by Voyager 2 image of the invisible, probably because the latter part of the ingredients aura photographed with the former slightly different. Between Saturn's moons and ring system has a complicated tidal resonance phenomenon: some of the satellite, the so-called "shepherd satellites" (such as Titan fifth, Prometheus and Saturn XVII) has the shape of the ring remain visible and important sex; Mimas Cassini seems to deal with the lack of a responsible part of a substance, which is the asteroid belt kirkwood gaps encountered similar situations; Titan in encke gap of eighteen. The whole system is too complex, our knowledge is still very poor. Saturn (and other Jovian planets) halo origin is unclear, although they may have formed since the halo, but the ring system is unstable, they may advance the process of constantly updated, it may be relatively large satellite fragments. Like the other Jovian planets, Saturn has a very significant magnetic field. In the endless night sky, Saturn is easily the eye can see. Although it may be less bright than Jupiter, but it can easily be recognized is the planet, because it does not like the star as "flashing." Rings and its moons through a small amateur telescope to observe. mike harvey planet Mercury at this time looking for charts that position in the sky (and the location of other planets), then by the starry night sky program to make more of this more detailed customization. Saturn's moons Saturn has 18 named satellites, more than any other planets. There are some small satellite will also be found. Known in the rotational speed of the satellite which, in addition to Phoebe and Hyperion are synchronous rotation of the outside. There are three of the satellite, Mimas - soil Titania, Enceladus - Dione and Titan - Hyperion with the interaction of gravity to maintain a fixed relationship between their tracks. Mimas orbital period happens to be half of Tethys, they can be said that in the 1:2 co-moving relationship, Enceladus - Dione are also 1:2; Titan - Hyperion's is 3 : 4 relationship. In addition to 18 named satellites outside, at least a dozen more have been reported, and has given a temporary name. Satellite distance (Km) radius (Km) Quality (Kg) Discoverer Date of discovery Titan eighteen 134000 10? Showalter 1990 Titan fifteen 138000 14? Terrile 1980 Prometheus 139000 46 2.70e17 collins 1980 Titan seventeen 142000 46 2.20e17 collins 1980 Epimetheus 151000 57 5.60e17 walker 1980 Janus 151000 89 2.01e18 dollfus 1966 Mimas 186000 196 3.80e19 Herschel 1789 Enceladus 238000 260 8.40e19 Herschel 1789 Tethys 295000 530 7.55e20 Cassini 1684 Titan thirteen 295000 15? Reitsema 1980 Titan fourteen 295000 13? Pascu 1980 Dione 377000 560 1.05e21 Cassini 1684 Titan twelve 377000 16? Laques 1980 Rhea 527000 765 2.49e21 Cassini 1672 Titan 1222000 2575 1.35e23 Huygens 1655 Hyperion 1481000 143 1.77e19 Bode 1848 Iapetus 3561000 170 1.88e21 Cassini 1671 Phoebe 12952000 110 4.00e18 pickering 1898 Saturn's rings Ring distance (Km) width (Km) Quality (Kg) d 67000 7500? c 74500 17500 1.1e18 b 92000 25500 2.8e19 Cassini part of the a 122200 14600 6.2e18 f 140210 500? g 165800 8000 1e7? e 180000 300000? (Distance is from Saturn's center to the ring inside the edge) this classification is really a bit misleading because the density of particles in a complicated way to change, can not be used as a classification into distinct regions: in the ring there is constantly changing ; not all that empty space, the aura is not a perfect circle.
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Uranus
Uranus is the seventh from the sun in the solar system planets far from the diameter of view, is the third planet of the solar system. Uranus, Neptune's large volume and quality than the small. Orbit: 2,870,990,000 from the sun km (19.218 AU) Planet Diameter: 51,118 km (equatorial) Quality: 8.683e25 kg Read the English name Uranus, pronounced to be careful when it may cause people caught in distress situation. uranus should be read as "yoor a nus", not to read into "your anus" (your anus), or "urine us" (at us pee). Uranus is the ancient Greek mythology, the god of the universe, the earliest supreme god. He is the son and spouse of the Asia is cronus (Saturn Saturn), Cyclops and the Titans (Olympus mountain predecessors) father. Only an interplanetary probe visited Uranus, it was in January 24, 1986 by the Voyager 2 completed. Most of the planets revolved around the ecliptic plane is almost perpendicular to the axis of rotation, can be the axis of Uranus is almost parallel to the ecliptic plane. Voyager 2 probe in that time, Uranus's south pole is almost acceptable direct sunlight. This strange fact that Uranus' polar regions receive the energy from the sun than the equatorial regions to get higher. But Uranus's equatorial regions than in polar regions is still hot. The reason for this is also unknown. And it is not greater than 90 degrees forward rotation of the shaft angle is less than 90 degrees inclination to reverse rotation. The problem is you have to draw a dividing line somewhere, because it is really like on the reverse rotation of Venus (not the angle close to 180 degrees forward rotation) there is some controversy. Uranus is essentially a rock and a variety of ice formed, it only contains 15% hydrogen and some helium (and mostly composed of hydrogen than Jupiter and Saturn is less). Uranus and Neptune in many ways and remove the huge Jupiter and Saturn in the case of liquid metallic hydrogen core is very much the same after. Although the core of Uranus is unlike Jupiter and Saturn, as rocky, but the distribution of their material is almost the same. Uranus's atmosphere contains about 83% hydrogen, 15% helium and 2% methane. If all the other gas planets, Uranus has bands of clouds around it fast flowing. But they are too weak, and even be processed by the Voyager 2 pictures can be seen. Recent observations by the Hubble telescope show the stripes is larger and more evident. Presumably, this difference is mainly due to seasonal effects arising from the (direct sun to Uranus may result in a significant low-latitude regions the role of day and night). Uranus was the blue of its outer atmosphere of methane absorbs red light of the results. Where there may be as ribbons like Jupiter, but they are covered with layers of methane covered. Like all the other gas planets, Uranus has rings. They are the same as Jupiter's dark halo, but also like the rings of Saturn, as the large diameter of 10 meters, small dust particles and the composition. Uranus has 11 known rings layer, but are very dim; the brightest known as the epsilon ring. Uranus's rings were found following the Saturn was discovered after the first, this finding is considered important, thus we know the ring is a common feature of planets, not just unique to Saturn. Voyager 2 found the following five major satellites known after the 10 small satellites. It seems there are some within the ring of smaller satellites. On Uranus shaft problems, is also worth mentioning that the magnetic field it is also very strange, it is not in the center of this planet, and tilted nearly 60 degrees. This may be due to Uranus deeper inside the movement caused. Sometimes in the clear night sky, just the naked eye can see vague Uranus, but if you know its location, through the binoculars will be very easy to observe. Through a small telescope can see a small round disk-shaped. Maike Ha Wei planet finding chart shows Uranus and other planets in the sky position. More detail, the chart will be getting better as this brilliant galaxy of astronomical program to find and complete. Uranus satellite Uranus has 15 named satellites, and the two have been found but not yet named satellites. And various other celestial bodies in the solar system, Uranus's satellite is not in the ancient mythological figures named, but with Shakespeare and Pope's works in names of the characters. They are naturally divided into two groups: the Voyager 2 discovered around Uranus is dark for 10 small satellites and five in the outer layer of large satellites. They have a circular orbit around Uranus's equator (and therefore relative to the equatorial plane has a larger angle). Satellite distance (Km) radius (Km) Quality (Kg) Discoverer Date of discovery Cordelia 5000013? Voyager 2 1986 Days Hyperion 5,400,016? Voyager 2 1986 Titania eight 5900022? Voyager 2 1986 Day Phoebe 6200033? Voyager 2 1986 Days Janus 6,300,029? Voyager 2 1986 Titania eleven 6,400,042? Voyager 2 1986 Titania twelve 6600055? Voyager 2 1986 Titania thirteen 7,000,027? Voyager 2 1986 Titania fourteen 7,500,034? Voyager 2 1986 Titania eighteen 75000 20? Karkoschka 1999 Titania fifteen 8,600,077? Voyager 2 1985 Days Rhea 130000 236 6.30e19 kuiper 1948 Ariel 191000 579 1.27e21 lassell 1851 Days Deimos 266000 585 1.27e21 lassell 1851 Titania 436000 789 3.49e21 Herschel 1787 Oberon 583000 761 3.03e21 Herschel 1787 Day Prometheus 7200000 30? Gladman 1997 Wei seventeen days 12200000 60? Gladman 1997 Uranus's rings Ring distance (Km) width (Km) 1986u2r 38000 2,500 6418401-3 5422302-3 4425802-3 alpha 44720 7-12 beta 45670 7-12 eta 47190 0-2 gamma 47630 1-4 delta 48290 3-9 1986u1r 50020 1-2 epsilon 51140 20-100 (Distance is counted from the center of Uranus to the inner side of the length of the ring)
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Neptune
Neptune is the eighth running around the sun, planets, the fourth largest in the Solar System objects (diameter). Smaller than the diameter of Neptune on Uranus, but the quality more than it big. Orbit: 4,504,000,000 from the sun km (30.06 AU) Planet Diameter: 49,532 km (equatorial) Quality: 1.0247e26 kg In Roman mythology Neptune (Greek mythology: Poseidon (poseidon)) on behalf of Poseidon. Only one spacecraft, Voyager 2 on August 25, 1989 visited Neptune. First of all we know of several Neptune information about the meeting from the short-term. Because Pluto's orbit is extremely weird, so sometimes it passes through the orbit of Neptune, since 1979, Neptune became the farthest planet from the sun in fact, in 1999, Pluto will once again become the most distant planet. The composition of Neptune and Uranus are very similar: a wide variety of "ice" and contains 15% hydrogen and a small amount of helium in rocks. Neptune is similar to Uranus, but unlike Jupiter and Saturn, it may have significant internal geological layers, but the composition has a more or less consistent. But Neptune is likely to have a rocky core is small (similar to the quality of the Earth). Its atmosphere is mostly composed of hydrogen and helium. A small amount of methane. Neptune's blue is the atmospheric methane absorbs red light caused by sunlight. As a typical gas planet, Neptune roared by on the zonal distribution of large storms or cyclones, storms on Neptune is the fastest in the solar system, speed of 2000 km. And Saturn, Jupiter, Neptune has an internal heat source - it radiates its absorbed solar energy is more than twice. Voyager 2 visited Neptune in the period of the planet's most obvious feature in the case of large spots in the southern hemisphere (the great dark spot) of the. Spots about the size of Jupiter's Great Red Spot on the half (the size of Earth's diameter is similar), Neptune's winds of 300 meters per second (700 mph) speed of the westward blowing big black spot. Voyager 2 also found in the southern hemisphere a very a small dark spots around the planet in about 16 hours a week of irregular speed Feishi small group of white smoke, now that is "the scooter". It may be a group from the lower atmosphere, the plume rise, but its real nature is still a trace. However, the 1994 HST observations of Neptune show a large dark spots even disappeared! It is perhaps so dissipated, perhaps temporarily masked by other parts of the atmosphere. Months in Neptune's northern hemisphere telescope Hou Habo discovered a new dark spots. This indicates that Neptune's atmosphere changes frequently, perhaps because of the cloud top and bottom of the temperature differences caused by subtle changes. Neptune also has rings. Can only be observed on Earth dim fuzzy arc, rather than the full ring. But Voyager 2 image shows the arc is completely blocks the bright halo. One of the ring seem a strange spiral structure. With Uranus and Jupiter, Neptune's rings are very dim, but their internal structure is still unknown. It has been named Neptune's rings: the outermost is adams (which includes three sections of significant arc, free exercises had been named as liberty, equality equality and mutual fraternity), followed by an unnamed package has galatea satellite arc , then leverrier (some called it extends outward lassell and arago), the dim but very spacious inside called galle. Neptune and Uranus's magnetic field as the location is very strange, this is probably due to the planet's crust and the middle conductive material (probably water) movement caused. Can be observed through binoculars Neptune (if you really know where to look), but if you want to see everything on the planet and not just a small disc, then you need a big telescope. mike harvey planet at this time to find the chart that the position of Neptune in the sky (and the location of other planets), then by the starry night sky program to make more of this more detailed customization. Neptune's satellites There are nine known Neptune satellites: eight small satellites, and Triton. Satellite distance (Km) Radius (Km) Quality (Kg) Discoverer discovery date Naiad 4800029? Voyager 2 1989 Triton four 5000040? Voyager 2 1989 Triton five 5300074? Voyager 2 1989 Sea Titan 6,200,079? Voyager 2 1989 Triton seven 7400096? Voyager 2 1989 Proteus 118 000 209? Voyager 2 1989 Triton 355000 1350 2.14e22 lassell 1846 Nereid 5509000 170? Kuiper 1949 Triton nine 4820000 16 × 14? 2003 Neptune's rings Ring distance (Km) width (Km) also said diffuse 41900 15 1989n3r, galle inner 53200 15 1989n2r, Le Verrier plateau 53200 5800 1989n4r, lassell, arago main 62930 <50 1989n1r, adams
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Venus
Venus English Name: Venus One of the eight planets, the ancient Chinese called Tai Bai or Taibaijinxing. It is sometimes Morningstar, appear in the eastern sky before dawn, known as the "blind"; sometimes evening star, in the western sky after sun_set_, is called "Venus." Venus is in addition to the sun and the moon all day outside the brightest star, shining like a diamond, so the Greeks called it Aphrodite - the goddess of love and beauty, while the Romans call it Wiener Sri Lanka - United States of God. Venus basic parameters Rotation direction: from east to west Orbital period: 224.701 days Average orbital speed: 35.03 km / sec Orbital eccentricity: 0.007 Orbital inclination: 3.4 degrees Equatorial diameter: 12,103.6 one thousand meters Diameter: 12 105 one thousand meters Quality (mass of the Earth = 1): 0.8150 Density: 5.24 g / cc Number of satellites: 0 Orbital Radius: 108,208,930 km (0.72 astronomical units) Surface area: 460 million square kilometers Rotation time: 243.02 days Escape velocity: 10.4 km / s In the prehistoric Venus had been known. In addition to the sun and the moon, but it is the brightest one. Venus is an inner planet, observing with a telescope from Earth, then it will find it a phase change. Galileo's observation of this phenomenon is in favor of the Copernican heliocentric solar system about the importance of evidence. The first aircraft is a visit to Venus Mariner 2 in 1962. Subsequently, it gradually by other aircraft: Pioneer Venus, Soviet dignity 7, dignity on the 9th visit. Venus's rotation is very unusual, on the one hand it is very slow (the equivalent of 243 Earth days Venus day, slightly longer than Venus years), on the other hand it is inverted. In addition, the Venus rotation cycle and synchronized with its orbital period, so when it reached the nearest point with Earth, Venus is always toward the side of the earth fixed. This is not a resonance effect or merely a coincidence is unknown. Venus is sometimes known as Earth's sister stars, they are very similar in some respects: - Venus slightly smaller than Earth (95% of Earth's diameter, 80% of Earth's mass). - At a relatively young surface have some craters. - Their densities and chemical compositions are very similar. Because of these similarities, sometimes considered the following in its thick clouds of Venus and Earth may be very similar, there may be the existence of life. But unfortunately, many of the Venus-depth studies have shown that Venus and Earth in many ways fundamentally different. Venus's atmospheric pressure is 90 atm (equivalent to 1 km and the Earth's deep-ocean pressure), the atmosphere composed mostly of carbon dioxide, but also composed of several layers from the sulfuric acid clouds a few kilometers thick. These clouds blocking our observation of the surface of Venus, making it seem very vague. This dense atmosphere produces a greenhouse effect also, so that the surface temperature of Venus rose 400 degrees, more than 740 open (enough to melt lead article). Venus surface than the natural heat of Mercury's surface, although Venus is far from the sun than Mercury times. Cloud tops are strong winds, about 350 km per hour, but the surface wind speed is very slow, less than several kilometers per hour.
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Earth
English: earth Earth is the third planet from the sun, is the fifth planet: Track Radius: 149,600,000 km (1.00 astronomical units from the sun) Planet Diameter: 12,756.3 one thousand meters Quality: 5.9736e24 kg Equatorial gravity (Earth = 1) 1.00 Escape velocity (km / sec) 11.2 Rotation period (days) 0.9973 Orbital period (days) 365.2422 Obliquity of the ecliptic (degrees) 23.26 Albedo 0.30 Rotation direction: from west to east Earth is the only one not from Greek or Roman mythology to get the names. Earth and the Old English word comes from the Germanic language. Here of course there are many other languages named. In Roman mythology, the earth goddess called Tellus-fertile land (Greek: Gaia, Mother Earth) Until the 16th century, people came to understand the times of Copernicus the Earth is a planet. Earth, of course, no aircraft can be observed, however, until the twentieth century, we have a map of the entire planet. Photographed by the space should have a reasonable picture of the importance; For example, they greatly help the weather forecast and storm track forecast. They really unique pretty ah! The chemical composition of the Earth due to the different nature of the earthquake are divided into different strata (depth - km): 0 - 40 Crust 40 - 400 Upper mantle - the upper mantle 400 - 650 Transition region - the transition zone 650-2700 Lower mantle - lower mantle 2700-2890 D''layer - D "layer 2890-5150 Outer core - outer core 5150-6378 Inner core - core Crustal thickness, ocean at the thin, thick under continents. Core and crust of the entity; outer core and the mantle layer of fluid. Different layers separated by a discontinuous cross-section, which has been by the seismic data; one of the most famous of a number of the crust and upper mantle between the Moho - a discontinuous cross-section. Most of the Earth's mass concentrated in the mantle, most of the rest in the Earth's core; we live is just a small part of the whole (the following values × 10e24 kg): Atmosphere = 0.0000051 Ocean = 0.0014 Crust = 0.026 Mantle = 4.043 The field of nuclear = 1.835 Mainland core = 0.09675 Most of the Earth's core may be constituted by the iron (or nickel / iron), although there may be some lighter material. The center of the Earth's core temperature may be as high as 7500K, than the surface of the sun is hot; the lower mantle may consist of silicon, magnesium, oxygen, and some iron, calcium, aluminum composition; upper mantle mostly by olivene, pyroxene (iron / magnesium silicates), calcium aluminum composition. We know that these metals come from the earthquake; upper mantle samples reached the surface, like volcanic magma, but most of the Earth or inaccessible. Crust consists mainly of quartz (silicon oxide) and other silicates like feldspar composition. On the whole, the Earth's chemical elements are: 34.6% Fe 29.5% oxygen 15.2% silicon 12.7% magnesium 2.4% Nickel 1.9% sulfur 0.05% Ti Earth is the densest stars in the solar system. Other terrestrial planets probably have similar structure and chemical composition, of course, there are some differences: the Moon has at least a small kernel; Mercury has a large kernel (equivalent to its diameter); Mars and the Moon's mantle is much thicker; Moon Mercury may not have different chemical elements from the earth's crust; Earth may be the only one with core and outer core of Earth-like planets. It is noteworthy that our theory of the internal structure of the planet is only applicable to the Earth. Unlike the other terrestrial planets, Earth's crust is composed of several entities, constitutes a plate, floating on their own in the hot mantle. Plate theory, call it that. It is described as having two processes: to expand and contract. Expansion occurred in the two plates away from each other, following the formation of new magma coming in when the crust. Narrowing occurred in the two plates collide, one stretching from the edge of another part of the following, in the hot mantle heat and destruction. Many at the plate boundary fault (such as California's San Andreas Fault), there are collisions between continental plates (such as the Indian plate and Eurasian plate). There are six sections: Americas Plate - North America, South America, Western Atlantic and Greenland Antarctic Plate - Antarctica and the coast Eurasian plate - the North East Atlantic, Europe and Asia, excluding India African Plate - Africa, Southeast Atlantic and Western Indian Ocean Indian plate - India, Australia, New Zealand and most of the Indian Ocean Pacific Plate - most of the Pacific (and the California coast) There are over twenty small plates, such as the Arab, the Philippine plate. Earthquakes often occur at the junction of these plates. Plotted map makes it easier to see the plate boundaries. Earth's surface is very young. 50 billion years the short cycle (astronomy standards), repeating the process of erosion and construction, most of the Earth's surface is formed and destroyed again and again, this way, remove most traces of the original geographic (such as stars from the impact crater). As a result, the early history of the earth have been removed. Earth has been in existence for 45-4600000000 years, but the oldest known rock is only 40 billion years, more than 3 billion years, even the stones are numbered. The earliest fossils are less than 39 billion years. No records to determine that life really begins. 71% of the Earth's surface is covered by water. Planet Earth is the only one in the presence of surface liquid water (though Titan's surface in the presence of liquid ethane and methane, underground Europa has liquid water). We know that liquid water is an important condition for the existence of life. Ocean heat content to maintain the earth's temperature is an important condition for relative stability. Liquid water also caused surface erosion and continental climate of diversity, which is currently unique in the solar system in the process (a long time ago, Mars may also have this situation). Earth's atmosphere from 77% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, trace amounts of argon, carbon dioxide and water composition. When the Earth formed, there may be a lot of atmospheric carbon dioxide, but almost all were combined into carbonate rocks, a small part of the integration into the ocean or to the living plants consumed. Plate tectonics and biological activities are maintained in the atmosphere of carbon dioxide to other places and then return to the non-stop flow. Stable existence of a small amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide to maintain the surface temperature through the greenhouse effect has far-reaching importance. Greenhouse effect so that the average surface temperature increased by 35 degrees Celsius (-21 ℃ from the freezing of a suitable person to rise to 14 ℃); ocean will freeze without it, and life would not be possible. The presence of oxygen-rich chemical point of view is from the very noteworthy. Oxygen is very reactive gas, the general environment of easily and quickly with other substances. Earth's atmospheric oxygen generation and maintenance of the biological activity to complete. No life is not enough oxygen. The interaction of the Earth and Moon Earth's rotation slowed 2 milliseconds per century. The current survey shows that about 900 million years ago, the year of 481 days and 18 hours. Earth's satellite: the Moon (Moon) [moon] Moon called the moon, also known as lunar. Earth in the solar system is the only natural satellite. Moon is the most obvious example of a natural satellite. In the solar system, except Mercury and Venus, the other planets have natural satellites. Moon's age about 46 billion years. Moon shells, mantle, core and other hierarchical structure. On the outermost shell of average thickness of about 60-65 km. Lunar crust to 1000 kilometers below the depth of the mantle month, it accounts for most of the moon's size. The following is the month on mantle-core, core temperature of about 1000 on degrees, is likely to be molten state. About 3476 km diameter moon, the Earth's 3 / 11. Earth's size is only 1 / 49, the quality of about 735 billion tons, the equivalent of Earth's mass is 1 / 81, the moon's surface gravity is almost the equivalent of Earth's gravity 1 / 6.
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Neptune
English name: Neptune Neptune is the eighth running around the sun, planets, the fourth largest in the Solar System objects (diameter). Smaller than the diameter of Neptune on Uranus, but the quality more than it big. Orbit: 4,504,000,000 from the sun km (30.06 AU) rotation direction: from west to east Planet Diameter: 49,532 km (equatorial) Quality: 1.0247e26 kg In Roman mythology Neptune (Greek mythology: Poseidon (Poseidon)) on behalf of Poseidon. Only one spacecraft, Voyager 2 on August 25, 1989 visited Neptune. First of all we know of several Neptune information about the meeting from the short-term. Because Pluto's orbit is extremely weird, so sometimes it passes through the orbit of Neptune, since 1979, Neptune became the farthest planet from the sun in fact, in 1999, Pluto will once again become the most distant planet. The composition of Neptune and Uranus are very similar: a wide variety of "ice" and contains 15% hydrogen and a small amount of helium in rocks. Neptune is similar to Uranus, but unlike Jupiter and Saturn, it may have significant internal geological layers, but the composition has a more or less consistent. But Neptune is likely to have a rocky core is small (similar to the quality of the Earth). Its atmosphere is mostly composed of hydrogen and helium. A small amount of methane. Neptune's blue is the atmospheric methane absorbs red light caused by sunlight. As a typical gas planet, Neptune roared by on the zonal distribution of large storms or cyclones, storms on Neptune is the fastest in the solar system, speed of 2000 km. And Saturn, Jupiter, Neptune has an internal heat source - it radiates its absorbed solar energy is more than twice. Voyager 2 visited Neptune in the period of the planet's most obvious feature in the case of large spots in the Southern Hemisphere (The Great Dark Spot) has. Spots about the size of Jupiter's Great Red Spot on the half (the size of Earth's diameter is similar), Neptune's winds of 300 meters per second (700 mph) speed of the westward blowing big black spot. Voyager 2 also found in the southern hemisphere a very a small dark spots around the planet in about 16 hours a week of irregular speed Feishi small group of white smoke, now that is "The Scooter". It may be a group from the lower atmosphere, the plume rise, but its real nature is still a trace. However, the 1994 HST observations of Neptune show a large dark spots even disappeared! It is perhaps so dissipated, perhaps temporarily masked by other parts of the atmosphere. Months in Neptune's northern hemisphere telescope Hou Habo discovered a new dark spots. This indicates that Neptune's atmosphere changes frequently, perhaps because of the cloud top and bottom of the temperature differences caused by subtle changes. Neptune also has rings. Can only be observed on Earth dim fuzzy arc, rather than the full ring. But Voyager 2 image shows the arc is completely blocks the bright halo. One of the ring seem a strange spiral structure. With Uranus and Jupiter, Neptune's rings are very dim, but their internal structure is still unknown. It has been named Neptune's rings: the outermost is Adams (which includes three sections of significant arc, free exercises had been named Liberty, Equality Equality and mutual Fraternity), followed by an unnamed package with satellite arc Galatea , then Leverrier (some called it extends outward Lassell and Arago), the dim but very spacious inside called Galle. Neptune and Uranus's magnetic field as the location is very strange, this is probably due to the planet's crust and the middle conductive material (probably water) movement caused. Can be observed through binoculars Neptune (if you really know where to look), but if you want to see everything on the planet and not just a small disc, then you need a big telescope. Mike Harvey's planet at this time to find the chart that the position of Neptune in the sky (and the location of other planets), then by the Starry Night planetarium program for more of this more detailed customization. Neptune's satellites There are nine known Neptune satellites: eight small satellites, and Triton. Satellite distance (Km) Radius (Km) Quality (Kg) Discoverer discovery date Naiad 4800029? Voyager 2 1989 Triton four 5000040? Voyager 2 1989 Triton five 5300074? Voyager 2 1989 Sea Titan 6,200,079? Voyager 2 1989 Triton seven 7400096? Voyager 2 1989 Proteus 118 000 209? Voyager 2 1989 Triton 355000 1350 2.14e22 Lassell 1846 Nereid 5509000 170? Kuiper 1949 Triton nine 4820000 16 × 14? 2003 Neptune's rings Ring distance (Km) width (Km) also said Diffuse 41900 15 1989N3R, Galle Inner 53200 15 1989N2R, Le Verrier Plateau 53200 5800 1989N4R, Lassell, Arago Main 62930 <50 1989N1R, Adams
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English Expression
n.: eight major planets, the eight major planets of the solar system: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto
terrestrial planet