One purpose of ungulates, including cattle, sheep, goats, antelope, deer and giraffes, camels, hippos, pigs, and the types of features before and after the foot with an even number of toes, each foot of the third and fourth toes are formed on the toe symmetry
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No. 2
MAMMALIA a goal. The first toe (finger) missing, third and fourth toes (that) developed, second toe (finger) degraded or disappeared. Because of digits (fingers) at the end of the shoe was even named. Most horned head. Grass and leaves for food, only a few species is omnivorous. Can be divided into non-ruminant sub-orders (such as pigs, hippos, etc.) and ruminant sub-orders (such as camels, giraffes, cattle, sheep, etc.).
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Artiodactyla (artiodactyla)
Artiodactyla mammals one of the projects, about 220 species, including human life is very important to many of the animals. Artiodactyla is the only still thriving in modern ungulates. Mostly due to double the number of hoof, and the third and fourth toes the same development, the name of the common support body weight. Artiodactyla had already appeared in the Eocene, may be related to whales and in carnivorous mammals have close genetic relationship of early Artiodactyla Although some of the more successful groups, on the whole not very prosperous, but in the new section After the status of the three century increasingly significant to the modern is overwhelmingly absolute advantage, regardless of type, quantity and distribution, are far greater than the existing other ungulates. Artiodactyla extant and fossil species are many, can be divided into pig-shaped sub-orders suiformes, corpus and ruminant foot suborder suborder ruminantia tylopoda three sub-projects.
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The evolution of cloven-hoofed animals
Artiodactyla animals from the Paleocene of the ankle show animals evolved. Basically, start to differentiate from the Eocene. Miocene and Pliocene is an important period of its evolution. Overall, the early hoofed animals like deer mouse today: small, short legs, to the leaves for food. Late Eocene (46 million years ago), three sub-orders have begun to differentiate modern: pig-shaped sub-orders, the corpus and ruminant foot suborder suborder. However, Artiodactyla, and does not occupy the leading position ecology, animal head was Perissodactyla prosperous period. Cloven-hoofed animals can only occupy some niche hard edge of subsistence. But at the same time they also started the evolution of complex digestive system, which can lower food-stuffs for a living. Eocene began with grass. Miocene, when dry and drier global climate change, a large number of dead dry rainforest, grasslands began to develop, to the global spread, which brought many changes. Grass itself is a very difficult to digest food, and only with complex digestive system of the cloven-hoofed animals can effectively use this rough, low-nutrition foods. Cloven-hoofed animals, soon to replace the Perissodactyla animals niche, become the dominant herbivores. Cloven-hoofed animals were divided into two categories, however, very surprised by all kinds of internal morphology. Pig-shaped sub-orders (pigs, hippos West Tuan and) retain four toes, molars simple, short legs. Great change often canine fangs. In addition to other hippos, they are omnivorous animals, the stomach is simple enough. Camel classes and ruminants, in contrast, tend to the legs, two toes and complexity of the cheek teeth (used for grazing adaptation) and complex stomach. With the emergence of complex digestive system, which has been ruminating behavior: The state of semi-digested food group to be spit back to the mouth and chewed again to swallow to get the maximum use of nutrients.
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Artiodactyla and human
Artiodactyla animals to humans is very important. Artiodactyla from the prehistoric animals that started the main source of protein for human beings is an important ancient human hunting objects. Caves in France and Spain who has left the Cro painted murals on the inside, including a large number of bison, goats and other cloven-hoofed animals north. Almost all of human civilization in the presence of all cloven-hoofed animals (such as Old World civilizations in the cattle, sheep, camels, South Indian Civilization in the llama, alpaca, etc.). The earliest domesticated animals in human cloven-hoofed animals there. Cloven-hoofed animals is the human form an important component of animal husbandry and agriculture, the main human meat, dairy products from animals, is also an important source of animal the leather industry.
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Artiodactyla animal body structure
Artiodactyla animal stomach complex and were 4 rooms. Marco River, wild boar Section does not ruminate. Stomach, 1 to 3 rooms. Ruminant feeding mechanism is through a rough time to chew, swallow the food into the rumen and reticulum, rest, one after another vomit food into the stomach in the mouth, and then after chewing, swallowing into the stomach and abomasum plena. This is a shortened feeding time and the strengthening of special adaptation of food digestion and rough. Mandibular incisors incisors only developed incisors small or degraded even disappear, only crusty upper lip bite feeding. Premolars and molars are KK on the tooth structure. The chewing surfaces with a suitable ground. For example, with the uplift of cheek teeth of pigs showed a small tumor-like most of the conflict, known as the mound tooth. Ruminants like cattle, sheep and deer before and after the expansion of cheek teeth with "v" shape or the crescent of the month type of teeth. Ruminants and non-ruminant animals on the body is not the same. Ruminant animal legs, neck and long, good run. Non-ruminant animal limbs short, stout body, the life of a closer relationship with some of the waters. Artiodactyla and Perissodactyla difference is that the purpose of both the number of different hoof, hoof Perissodactyla class was the odd 1 or 3. Ruminant cloven-hoofed animals on the head with a corner. Angle can be roughly divided into 4 types: ① male deer with branching horns. Early summer grow antlers covered with skin and subsequently by the bone of epidermal detachment, bare. Breeding period, antlers fall off in spring next year. ② the corner of a very short giraffe. Covered with a skin, but the angle and the skin is never off, life exists. ③ cattle, sheep and antelope horns are not shed, do not fork, coat with a hard horny sheath. Angle and angle sheath heart lifelong bone growth, aging animal horn base coarse, angular dry long. ④ the corner of the North American pronghorn are not branches, but a small fork. Sheath off each corner.
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China's animal species Artiodactyla
China has 41 species of animals, Artiodactyla, in which a lot of specialty products of cloven-hoofed. For example, wild camel, forest musk deer, musk deer, deer, black deer, tufted deer, white-lipped deer, elk, wild yak, Tibetan antelope and takin so on. Musk Deer in China is very rich in resources, variety, ranking first in the world. Very few black muntjac, is only the remnants of Zhejiang, Anhui junction. Elk in the Yangtze River, the Huaihe River are widely distributed, but has no wild species. Chinese herbal medicine for the rare musk and velvet, the ancient Chinese had already begun to take Velvet deer feeding medicine. 1950 breeding musk deer, the development of artificial take incense. Large modern raising of livestock, many species from the domesticated animals from Artiodactyla, including pig, camel, dromedary, alpaca, cattle, buffalo, yaks, goats, sheep and deer, red deer, reindeer and moose.
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Encyclopedia
outi mu Artiodactyla Artiodactyla; even-toed ungulates Mammalia 1 projects. Shoes by the end of the limbs showed double the number of the name. Most horned head; thoracolumbar spine was less than the femoral head without Perissodactyla 3 rotor; limbs in 3, 4 toes equal development to support weight, complex ventricular mostly stomach, cecum short. In addition to Oceania, the distribution of continents in the world. 10 families and 75 genera of existing 184, including wild boar, West □, hippos, camels, deer, pronghorn antelope, giraffe, musk deer and mouse deer. One giraffe is the tallest animal, the head of 5 to 5.4 meters above the ground. Is that most small mouse deer, 0.5 meters high. The animal's hooves to the ground toe the line, usually the first by a thick toe evenly bear the weight of 3,4, the first toe is small and was suspended 2,5 hoof, or absent. To eat grass, leaves the main, only a few species are omnivorous. Ruminants are camelids, mouse deer, musk deer, giraffe Branch, deer, pronghorn and the hole angle Branch Division. Stomach complex and were 4 rooms. Marco River, wild boar □ Branch and West Branch are not ruminants. Stomach, 1 to 3 rooms. Ruminant feeding mechanism is through a rough time to chew, swallow the food into the rumen and reticulum, rest, one after another vomit food into the stomach in the mouth, and then after chewing, swallowing into the stomach and abomasum plena. This is a shortened feeding time and the strengthening of special adaptation of food digestion and rough. Premolars and molars large and well-developed canine teeth and more degradation. Mandibular incisors incisors only developed incisors small or degraded even disappear, only crusty upper lip bite feeding. Premolars and molars are KK on the tooth structure. The chewing surfaces with a suitable ground. For example, with the uplift of cheek teeth of pigs showed a small tumor-like most of the conflict, known as the mound tooth. Ruminants like cattle, sheep and deer before and after the expansion of cheek teeth with "V" shape or the crescent of the month type of teeth. Ruminants and non-ruminant animals on the body is not the same. Ruminant animal legs, neck and long, good run. Non-ruminant animal limbs short, stout body, the life of a closer relationship with some of the waters. Artiodactyla and Perissodactyla difference is that the purpose of both the number of different hoof, hoof Perissodactyla class was the odd 1 or 3. Ruminant cloven-hoofed animals on the head with a corner. Angle can be roughly divided into 4 types: ① male deer with branching horns. Early summer grow antlers covered with skin and subsequently by the bone of epidermal detachment, bare. Breeding period, antlers fall off in spring next year. ② the corner of a very short giraffe. Covered with a skin, but the angle and the skin is never off, life exists. ③ cattle, sheep and antelope horns are not shed, do not fork, coat with a hard horny sheath. Angle and angle sheath heart lifelong bone growth, aging animal horn base coarse, angular dry long. ④ the corner of the North American pronghorn are not branches, but a small fork. Sheath off each corner. (Yield Pavilion)
regurgitate suborder