A long history of Western ethics, and its origin can be in the most ancient epic and myth elegant. Moral life of human systems thinking and research subjects. It attempts to construct a theoretical level the rules system to guide behavior, that is, "how should we deal with such situations," "Why are we / what basis such a deal." Ethics is a branch of philosophy, also called moral philosophy or moral science.
Translated by Google
Relationship with philosophy
Ethics and philosophy are closely related. Philosophy is the theoretical basis of ethics, people's world view and view of history on people's moral practice has a direct impact. Meanwhile, the ethics and aesthetics, psychology, sociology, and education disciplines, such as mutual influence, mutual penetration. With the social, political, economic, cultural, and scientific and technological development, the theory of ethics in the differentiation and integration, confrontation and integration of gradual improvement, the study area is also expanding. With the deepening of China's reform and opening up, ethics, social values will continue to increase.
Translated by Google
Ethics Category
Greek and Roman ethics Early stage: Bi Da Gela School - Socrates school Medium term: Socrates School - Aristotle send Late stage: Aristotle camp - the rise of Christian theology Medieval Christian ethics Early stage: Augustine represented, corresponding to the philosophical godfather Medium term: to Aquileia that representative, corresponding to the scholastic Late stage: Bacon, Scotus and other man-made on behalf of, corresponding to the heretical philosophy Renaissance Ethics Part I: The ethics of humanism, to Guevara, on behalf of Montaigne and other man-made Part II: religion, ethics reform, as represented by Calvin Part III: political ethics, to representatives of Machiavelli and other man-made Modern Ethics 17-18 century, the British empiricism ethics, on behalf of People: Hume, etc. 17-18 century continental rationalism, ethics, representative: Spinoza, etc. The 18th century, French Enlightenment were ethical, representative: Voltaire, etc. 18-19 century, the German academic ethics, on behalf of People: Kant, Hegel, etc. 18-19 century, the British utilitarian ethics, Representative: Bentham, Xiji Vic, etc. The 19th century, the British evolutionary ethics, Representative: Spencer, Huxley, etc. Late 19th century, the German neo-Kantian ethics, as exemplified by: Li Kai and other children Late 19th century, the new Hegelian ethics, Representative: Green, etc. Ethics transition Irrationalism Ethics, on behalf of People: Keer Kai Guo children, Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, etc. Modern Ethics Analysis of ethics (also known as: meta-ethics), Representative: Moore Phenomenon of Ethics, on behalf of People: Husserl Pragmatism Ethics, as exemplified by: Dewey Emotionalism Ethics Existentialism Ethics, on behalf of People: Heidegger, Sartre, etc. Psychoanalysis Ethics, on behalf of People: Freud, etc. Personalism Ethics, on behalf of People: Stephen Hawking, etc. New Thomism Ethics, on behalf of People: Maritain, etc. New Orthodox ethics, Representative: Barth, etc. Linguistic analysis of ethics, as exemplified by: Toulmin, etc. Occurrence of moral ethics, representative: Jean Piaget, etc. Humanism Ethics, on behalf of People: Maslow, etc. New behavioral Mental ethics, Representative: Skinner Universe ethics, representative, Tsiolkovsky, Zhang Yunfei, etc.
Translated by Google
Basic concept
Standard Value Values Contrast Preference Purpose Behavior Choice Consequence Risk Precautionary principle Choose Control Autonomy Responsibility Right Paternalism Impartiality Human rights Compassion Known and unknown victims of the victims The next generation of growth Special relationship of ethics contact Parent-child relationship Teacher-student relationship Employment relationship Dual effect Informants revealed
Translated by Google
Main theories
Bound on Utilitarian Theory Virtue theory Deontology Contract
Translated by Google
Ethical issues in science
Environmental Protection Pollution Nuclear energy And nuclear contamination Sustainable Development Animal Welfare Euthanasia Stem Cells Cloning GMO Weapon
Translated by Google
"Ethics"
"Ethics" "Ethica in Ordine Geometrico Demtnstrata" If nlixue "Ethics" (100 games l'c. Jiang 0rdf.. Geomet stone co Demonstrata) 1 a-century Dutch philosopher Spinoza system B. System described materialist view of nature, epistemology and philosophy of the importance of ethics Wei Pan Qianzhoudachou Mei Li's violent attack, and write down the value of science "spread gossip. This He had to give up time to ethics, "the original for publication. The book in Rio 77 In "posthumous collection," the first official introduction, and published a Dutch translation This. 192 'out of BU in Heidelberg by Gebhard collated edition of Volume 4 of this "Spinoza book _set_," the Latin text, who pointed out that the Latin text collated Text inconsistencies and the Netherlands. Jia Commercial Press published in 1953 Lin's Chinese translation. Author of Volume 1 "On God" described in the materialistic monism of the World World view. He pointed out that God or nature is the only entity, the extension of its thinking and The two properties, Ah-cut physical phenomena and mental phenomena are physical manifestations are Of style. Volume 2 will be on the nature and origin of the soul "to clarify that rationalism Theory of epistemology. He put the knowledge into three kinds: Memory can be accomplished, he called the opinion or imagination; 1 species is recorded from the sensory and Two are derived from the reasoning No. No. Chen what he called reason; Brother 3 is intuitive knowledge. He believes that the first one kind of knowledge Cause of the error, 2 and 3 kinds of knowledge is bound to be true. Special Hl1 3 kinds of knowledge in Spinoza to come and, based on the concept of God to direct the original Because, therefore, it seems people can get the highest satisfaction of mind, people to achieve the most To the state. Volume 3 "On the origin and pieces of love yung quality" and Ming-4 shore end "price Of slavery or emotional strength, "is his philosophy of the psychology department Points. This part and his epistemology, ethics is closely related systems. Gamma to Emotions are divided into active and passive, that the passive emotions with known Type 1 System together. Was worked up in their windows with Viagra, the drum is one kind of deposit Park State. 2 species and 3 kinds of knowledge can be a passive emotional restraint, People out of slavery by the state. Volume 5 "on the force of reason or human self- "Concentrated exposition of his philosophy, especially the price of jurisprudence to recognize Phoenix marked their way: the emotional restraint of the person by reason of slavery and of By, and then to the intellectual love of God. "Ethics" is nine He Methodology Mu. Each book is that m The main areas of philosophy first developed for the definition of some of the most fundamental philosophy They act to To some theorems Philosophy body Even larger book With his youth in Not to the extent Materialism and moral (Tan Xintian)
Translated by Google
Encyclopedia
lunlixue Ethics ethics A branch of philosophy, that is, on moral science. Also known as moral science, moral philosophy or moral science. Etymology In China, "London", "truth" word, as early as the 8th century BC, before and after the "Book", "Book of Songs," "I Ching" and other writings have been there. "London" has class, seniority, order, order, and meaning, can be extended due to the relationship between different seniority. "Truth" is a rule of jade, respectively, coherent, token, governance significance. Meng Ke 4th century BC in the "Mencius", a book that, when ancient people, "New Haven without religion", near animal, he was very worried about this situation, so "the Lease Szeto, teaching in human relations . " Mencius said, "human relations", meaning "father and son are close, Junchen justice, couples are different, and seniority, friends believe." He believes that the father and son, ruler and subject, husband and wife, between parents and friends, young and old, meaning, do not order, the letter is the most important of the five human relations and moral relations. Ethical word combination, first seen in the Qin and Han on the occasion of a book "Book of Rites": "Where the sound who was born in people who are; musicians, who also pass ethics." About the Western Han Dynasty, people began widely using the "ethics" is, among people in general moral principles and norms. As the ancient Chinese philosophy, always put the view of nature, epistemology, ethics and life integration, and thus failed to form an independent ethics discipline. Pre-Qin period of "The Analects of Confucius", "Mencius" and Han on the occasion of the "University", "moderate", "Book of Filial Piety," etc., in a sense can be seen as works of ethics with Chinese characteristics. Neo-period so-called "moral principles of learning" (see Science), it can be said of moral ethics of the school. But "ethics" is the name, but the 19th century began in China widely used. In the West, "Ethics" is out of the Greek □ □ □ □ □, with customs, habits, temperament and character and so meaningful. "Homer" in the □ □ □ □ □, originally a resident said, in the term. Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle from temperament, personality sense, first of all make it an adjective □ □ □ □ □ □ □, given its "ethical" and "moral" sense. Later, he constructed □ □ □ □ □ □ term, that is ethics. Western first name in the book Ethics for the "Nicomachean Ethics." Aristotle said that this book is the son of Aristotle's Nicomachean according to organize lectures and conversations made. Objects, tasks and methods In the history of ethical thought, due to different times of economic, political and cultural change and human for deepening understanding of the phenomenon of moral, ethical and moral as the object of study, at different times of different thinkers, have different understandings and regulations. Old ethics in ancient Greek and Roman times, Socrates and Plato regarded perfection as the main research ethics, and stressed that the four virtues (see four main German), one of the "wisdom." Aristotle believed that ethics is the study of people's behavior and character of science, or a study of the moral character of science. Epicureans (see Epicurus and Epicurean schools of thought) that the ethics of the main research question, the purpose of life and lifestyle, emphasizing the study of ethics is the science of happiness. Stoic and Epicurean schools of opposing schools of thought, starting from an emphasis on the obligation that is the study of ethics and moral obligation to the laws of science. 1st century BC, the Roman thinkers MT Cicero, his ethics book is called "deontological" and ancient Greek ethics as moral philosophy, giving new meaning to ethics. In modern times, people object more to the ethics of the different interpretations. They are that: the purpose of ethics is the study of life science; is to study the subject of good and evil; is the study of human behavior, moral judgments and evaluation criteria, the scientific study of moral values; is the study of rational principles and laws of science; on emotions will of science; is the study of moral language of science and so on. All of these views on the study of ethics, ethical issues are raised around. In addition to ethics as a purely theoretical point of view of abstract moral philosophy, most ethicists have recognized purpose of the study was to search for and establish a relationship between people adjust to maintain social order and moral training people's theories. They more or less related to the ethics of objects and tasks, but have not made a scientific Definition. Ethical Marxism Marxist Ethics
Translated by Google
English Expression
n.: ethnics, [sing v] science that deals with morals, philosophy, moral philosophy, ie study of the principles on which human behaviour is based, ethics
employment