Epicurus (the Greek Έπίκουρος English Epicurus, BC 341 to 270 years), the ancient Greek philosopher and atheist, founder of the Epicureans. Epicurean development hedonism of Aristippus (Aristippus), and combined with Democritus's atomism. The main purpose of his doctrine is to reach the the undisturbed quiet state. Epicurus was born 341 years BC Samos, but her parents are Athenians, he moved to Athens at the age of 18, when he had been to Asia Minor, and influenced by the philosophy of Democritus there AD 307 years before a school, this school activities in Athens before his death has been established in Athens. The legendary living in his house and the courtyard of the school, completely isolated from the outside world, to be known as the "garden philosopher. It is said that at the entrance to the courtyard with a sign that read: "strangers, you will be in this living a comfortable life of pleasure is the perfection of things here." Doctrine of Epicurus and Socrates and Plato Figure biggest difference is that, the former emphasizes away from responsibility and social activities. Epicurus believes that the greatest good comes from happy, not happy, you can not have the good. Happy to include physical pleasure, spiritual happiness. Epicurean distinction between a positive happy and negative happiness, and negative happy with priority, it is a narcotic-like ecstasy "a tired foot state. Meanwhile, Epicurus emphasized when we consider whether an action fun at the same time, we must consider the side effects it brings. In the pursuit of short-term and happy at the same time, must also consider the possibility for greater, more lasting, more intense pleasure. He also stressed that most of carnal pleasure is imposed on us, and the spirit of happiness we dominated, and therefore to make friends, enjoy the art is a pleasure. Self desires must be restrained, and peace of mind can help us to endure pain. The Epicurean believe atomism of Democritus, but he does not think the movement of atoms are governed by various laws of nature. Epicurean denial of religion, to deny that God is the highest law-makers, and therefore contempt for the inevitable principle. Epicurus also agree Democritus to say about the "soul atoms, that after death, the soul atoms away from the flesh away, flying around, so after death and no life. He said: "death us does not matter, because as long as we exist, death would not come, and death comes, we no longer exist." Epicurus think irrational fear of death. Because of their own understanding of death is the ignorance of the death itself. Epicurean doctrine did not develop the scientific tradition, but it is free-thinking attitude and oppose superstition practice has always been some of the early Roman Empire, the respect of the members of the upper class. Today word, "Epicurean" has a pejorative connotation, used to describe the pursuit of pleasure. Lack of fear of God, dead worry, Woe bitter forbearance, Fuller easy to find.
Translated by Google
Epicurean Life and Work
Epicurean early years studying Plato and Democritus doctrine. The age of 18 came to the the Athens military service. After learning and teaching in the field. 306 BC once again came to Athens, _set_ting up schools in their residential garden, his school they have been referred to as "The Garden". The garden gathering Epicurean friends, attract a lot of students, including some women. Epicurean alive to enjoy high prestige, the followers he treated as sacred to worship his teachings as the orthodoxies of the strict implementation of a traditional garden faction Domination teachers. Epicurean writings of the legendary three hundred volumes, but only three letters and entitled "maxims" and "doctrine points residues articles have been handed down. Epicurean philosophy is a happy life On the Distinction and discussion activities; As medicine can not treat physical illness is a useless skill can not lift the a painful soul of philosophy is useless empty. To be able to live happily ever after, must learn ethics; must learn physics in order to get rid of the wrong understanding and unnecessary anxiety and fear.
Translated by Google
Epicurean philosophy
Epicurus believes that the task of philosophy is the study of the nature of nature, to get rid of religious superstition, to distinguish between the boundaries of the pain and desire, in order to get a happy life. Therefore, his philosophy can be divided into three components: physics, guidelines, (mainly discussed the logical and epistemological problems) and ethics. Epicurean think the feeling is to determine the standard of truth. Feeling is direct, no error, the error occurs only in the judgment of feeling. Based on sensory experience, he affirmed the presence of an object, and the further development of the doctrine of atomism of Democritus. Fixed Democritus atomic volume and shape that there are infinitely many differences viewpoint, the weight increase related to the motion of atoms of this feature. Proposed atoms have three movements: due to the weight of the vertical drop of the movement, slightly deviate from the skew motion of a straight line and the resulting collision movement. The Epicurean think the color of the object can feel nature is objective, reliable people feel, the concept comes from the feeling, to overcome the feeling of distrust of the tendency of the Democritus as well as the ancient philosophers, against suspected On the transcendentalism of Plato. Epicurean ethics say that happiness is the purpose of life is born, the highest good. However, a distinction should be made between the different happiness. The release of the gods and the fear of death, control desire to stay away from political affairs, carefully measured and the trade-offs of pleasure and pain things to achieve good health and peace of mind, which is the purpose of life. Epicurus also believe that personal happiness as a criterion of biological. The country was built on the basis of mutually agreed justice non-infringement of contract, is conducive to the mutual relationship is justice, otherwise it is not justice. He has often been famously Quote: "Let us eat and drink, because tomorrow we will die.", He exhorted the people having fun.
Translated by Google
Epicureans
The Epicurean theory is regarded must comply with the tenets of the ages of his disciples. The Epicurean famous students 麦特罗多洛 Ke Luote He Erma inherited Epicurean Academy leaders. Epicurean doctrine widely disseminated in Greek - Roman world. Epicureans as one of the most influential school lasted four centuries. The well-known representatives of the Roman period Epicureans Fila Democritus and Lucretius. Philosophical poem "he wrote of the physical properties of" publicity and save the doctrine of Epicurus. 3rd century the Epicurean doctrine became a Christian after rival. In the Middle Ages, Epicurus became not believe in God, do not believe in destiny, do not believe in the immortality of the soul synonymous. Renaissance expanded the doctrine of Epicurus, Lucretius 'physical properties' discovery and publication of the early Enlightenment thinkers. P. Jia Sendi fully restored in 17th century doctrine of Epicurus, it directly affects the 17th and 18th century British, French materialist philosophy and natural sciences. Epicurean social contract that is a direct precursor of the modern social contract theory, his ethical thought of the British J. Bentham, JS Mill, etc. utilitarian affected. The Epicurean philosophy just as the philosophy of his time (only skepticism is a partial exception), mainly want to get quiet. He believes that happiness is good, and the distinctive consistent adhere to this view, he has been in the end. He said: "Happy is the beginning of the blessed life and ultimate destination. Diogenes cited Lal repair, his purpose in life, a book the words: "If deprived of hobby happiness, deprived of love, happiness, and auditory and visual pleasure, I do not know I can imagine also how good. " Said: "all good root causes are the mouths and stomachs of happiness; even wisdom and culture must be pushed to the origins. He told us that the happiness of the soul is the flesh happy viewing. Spiritual happiness only high for flesh happy place, that we can learn to watch without viewing the painful joy; compared to the joy of the body to be more able to control the happiness of the soul. "Virtue" unless it refers to "the pursuit of happiness prudent trade-offs", otherwise it is an empty name. For example, justice is that that your actions do not be afraid to arouse resentment - This view leads to a social theory of the origin of a very similar to "The Social Contract". The Epicurean do not agree with some of his hedonistic before people distinguish positive and negative happiness, or the dynamic and static happiness. The dynamic of happiness lies in the purpose of a desire by this desire is accompanied by pain. Static happiness lies in a state of equilibrium, it is the result of such a state of things exists, if there is no such state exists, we will desire. We can say that during the time when hunger meet, it is a dynamic happy; happy but hunger has fully satisfied after the emergence of the kind of silence is a static state. Epicurus or the pursuit of a second more prudent among these two doping because it does something else, and do not have to rely on the presence of pain as a stimulus to the desire. When the body is in equilibrium when there is no pain; so we should be required to balance the requirements peaceful happiness without requiring intense joy. Look, if possible, Epicurus would be willing to always be in the diet section of the state, rather than in the state of eating and drinking. So that, in practice, he went to no pain, but not to happiness, as a wise man's swan. ① stomach may be the fundamental of all things, but the stomach problems but the pain can be overwhelming gluttonous pleasure; therefore Epicurean rely the bread ends meet, eat some cheese in the festival. Like the desire for wealth and honor, such desire is futile, because they make a present to meet the people can not quiet. "All the greatest good is prudence: it even for more than philosophical valuable things. Practice the system of his understanding of the philosophy is a deliberate pursuit of a happy life; without logic or mathematics, or any Plato intended it only requires common sense fine training. He tried to persuade his young disciple and friend graduated from Rostock Rees to escape any kind of enlightenment. He persuade people to avoid public life is the natural result of these principles, because the power obtained with a proportional jealous of him and therefore want to hurt his numbers also increased. Even though he fled from the outside disaster, but the peace of mind in this case is impossible. The wise person must strive to make life not through any kind, so that it can no enemies. Sex, as one of the most "dynamic" happiness, nature is prohibited. The philosopher declared: "sexual intercourse never people had benefits; If it had not been hurt people, then it is lucky. He liked (someone else's) children, but to meet this interesting he seems to have to depend on other people do not listen to his advice. In fact, he seems to be very fond of children, tis a violation of their own mind; because he believes that marriage and children are to make people from the more serious goal. Lucretius chase his denigration of love, but do not think that sexual intercourse harmful, as long as it is not combined with passion. According to Epicurus's opinion, the most reliable social happiness is friendship. Epicurus is like Bentham, he also believes that all people in all age only the pursuit of their own happiness, sometimes very sensible pursuit, sometimes the pursuit of very unwise; but he also Like Bentham, often own gentle and passionate nature attracted to make some praise behavior, according to his theory, he this should not be the case. He was obviously very fond of his friends, no matter from whom he obtained; but he has worked hard to convince yourself to believe that he was just as selfish all who believe in his philosophy. According to Cicero said, he believes that "friendship and happiness are inseparable, because of this reason too so we must cultivate the friendship, because there is no friendship we can not safely without fear of life, can not live happily. However, he is there when the number forgotten his own theory: He said "all friendship is worth aspirations", added, "Although this is a departure from the need to help. ① Although the Epicurean ethics others seem vulgar and the lack of moral sublimity, but he was very sincere. We have seen, he mentioned his garden groups say "our sacred groups; he wrote an" On the holy book; him with all the enthusiasm of a religious reformers. Human suffering, he must have a strong sense of compassion feelings and an unshakable confidence: as long as people can accept his philosophy, the suffering of the people will be greatly reduced. This is a disease of the philosophy of the weak, for the world to adapt to an almost impossible to adventure happiness. Eat less, for fear of indigestion; drink less, because fear can not wake up the next morning; avoid politics and love, as well as the activities of all the feelings; Do not get married and have children, in order to avoid the loss of loved ones; your soul in life, to make their own Society happy ornamental rather watch pain. The physical suffering is clearly a big bad; physical pain so badly, it will be very short; if it's time to drag very long, then you can rely on the training of the mind, and despite the pain only miss the happiness of things kind of habit to be endured. The most important is that the life can avoid the fear. It is because of this problem to avoid fear, Epicurus was only lead to theoretical philosophy. He believes that the two sources of fear is the religion with the fear of death, both of which are associated, because religion encourages believe the deceased unfortunately the kind of insights. So his pursuit of a can prove that God can not interfere with the personnel and the soul is with the body and an elimination of metaphysics. The vast majority of modern people regard the religious thought of as a consolation, but for Epicurus opposite. Supernatural intervention in the natural process, in his view but a source of terror, and the immortality of the soul and relief to suffering a fatal hoping. He created a sophisticated doctrine to come to the treatment of people who can inspire fear faith. Epicurus was a materialist, but not a determinist. He followed Democritus Crete believe that the world is constituted by the atoms and the void; but he does not like Democritus Crete atom will always be the laws of nature are completely control. We know that the inevitable concept of the Greek source for religious; perhaps his thoughts that allow inevitability existing room, then the attack on the religious fear, are not comprehensive. He has the atomic weight and constantly falling down; but not toward the center of the earth falling falling down, but an absolute sense. However, an atom always will be something similar to the free will in the role, so slightly out of the way down the track, ① collide with other atoms. Since then, the way of the following, whirlpool development are roughly the same argument with Democritus Crete. The soul is a substance, by breathing and hot particles. (Democritus Crete breath and wind, in essence, its different; Not only are they moving air). The soul - Atomic covered the entire body. The feel is due to the body projection out of the film, has touched the sake of the soul - atomic. These films after they were originally run by the disintegration of the departure of the body, you can still continue to exist; This can be construed as a dream. After death, the soul dissipates its atoms (these atoms is of course continue to exist) can no longer feel because they are no longer in a contact with the body. Therefore, using the words of Epicurus: "died and we have nothing to do, did not feel any dissipated, while those who feel we have nothing to do. As for God, Epicurean firmly believe in their existence, because otherwise he will not be able to explain the presence of the widely popular concept of God. But he was convinced that God itself does not say in the things we died. They are to follow the Epicurean precepts of rational hedonist, so I do not participate in public life; government is an unnecessary bother, happy, happy in their lives, so do not feel the government tempting. Course, the truly inspired, divination, and all such acts are pure superstition, belief in destiny is also superstitious. So do not have any reason to fear that we will touch provoke the wrath of God, or the fear of death we will suffer in hell. Although we should be subordinated to the power of nature (which can be studied scientifically), however, we still have free will, and within certain limits, but the masters of our own destiny. We can not escape death, but death (being the local be understood) is not a bad thing. If we can prudently in accordance with the Epicurean motto to live, then we might be able to accomplish a certain degree of freedom from pain freedom. This is a gentle gospel, but it is sufficient to stimulate enthusiasm for deeply felt human misery. Epicurean science itself is not interested, he values science, simply because science superstition phenomena attributed to the role of God naturalistic explanations. He advocates do not need to choose a particular interpretation which has several possible naturalistic explanation. For example, the phases of the moon once had a variety of explanations; any kind as long as it does not elicit God, and the other explanation is equally good;, trying to decide which one is true, then useless curiosity. Epicureans actually natural knowledge does not make any contribution, not surprising. They protest late pagan growing believer in witchcraft, astrology and truly inspired, they are counted as a useful thing; but they and their founder always dogmatic limitations, have no real interest in everything other than personal happiness. They can recite the precepts of Epicurus, but in this school exists throughout the several centuries of the middle, they did not increase the Epicurean precepts of anything new.
Translated by Google
Marx doctorate thesis on Epicurus
Screening of "natural philosophy of Democritus and Epicurus natural philosophy." Time standpoint, Marx this time or a Hegelians idealists. Marx's Doctoral Dissertation his earliest professional research, the Doctoral Dissertation neither like Feuerbach and The German Ideology as proposed historical materialism thinking, also unlike "Das Kapital" their manuscripts as proposed the theory of surplus value, Marx's philosophical attainments PhD thesis demonstrated, this philosophical attainments prerequisite Marx made a series of ideological achievements in later writings writings of Marx lifetime permeated with his philosophy and methods.
Translated by Google
图书《伊壁鸠鲁》信息
Price: 8.00
Translated by Google
SYNOPSIS
The series brilliantly discusses the academic point of view of the famous thinkers in Western history, and these thoughts background and development of clues, the majority of students entered the temple of human wisdom and philosophy lovers primer. Books the original closely thinkers, and contact current reality, the purpose is to inspire the reader to think about the problem and further reading of the original interest. Series each author are well-known scholars to study the thinkers, the original has a unique perspective on himself. Particularly valuable is the Series both the life of every thinker, combing the context of the development of his thought, is a _set_ of cultural popularity of academic research in a rare masterpiece. Books of each translator domestic experts to study the thinker, too much of this has translated Western academic works.
Translated by Google
目录
1 natural 4 the kind of desire Bibliography
Translated by Google
Encyclopedia
Yibijiulu Epicurean Greek thinkers. Born in Samos, a rural family of teachers. Parents Athenians. The early years of the study of philosophy, and teach their own philosophical views in the region of Asia Minor. 18-year-old Athens. Founded an academy in Athens in 306 BC until his death. The life writings handsome preserved is just a the On Nature residual papers and 3 letters. The political thought Epicurean ethics as a starting point. He believes that the purpose of life is the pursuit of happiness the highest good. But happiness does not mean indulgence or physical excesses enjoy, but to no pain in the body and soul without troubles. To achieve this goal, we must first rule out the fear of God and death, retired from a life of no benefit to the public at the same time down, try to get rid of the political, solitude. In contrast to the traditional concept of the ancient Greek, Epicurus held personal national concept. He believes that human beings are not born social animals and political animal, in essence, people are selfish, only pursue their own interests, no social life tendency. Only because people are afraid of others to the same selfish behavior endangering their own happiness, by mutual agreement, effective compromises adopted a _set_ of the same against infringement scheme to respect other people's rights and their rights. The state and the law is the product of this contract, but it is not never there. Their value lies in the protection of personal freedom and security. For this country and the law, people should obey it, no matter what form. Instead, people should try to avoid not protect personal freedom and security of the country and legal troubles. As a result, he was opposed to the imperious political, oppose the rule of the Macedonian Empire. Epicureans will also establish a national contract "justice" study, no independent existence of eternal justice. In any location, time, as long as there is a convention to prevent hurt each other, just on the establishment. Not similar to each other does not hurt the animal, there is no justice or injustice. Epicurean most impact on later political thinking Leli thought he was the first to put forward the views of the social contract thinkers, of course, this view is still in its infancy at the time, modern full play. (Pu Xing progenitor)
Translated by Google
Related Phrases
sociology
philosophy
tissue Theft study
Yibijiulu school
Wikipedia Daquan
amusement
ethnics
eudemonism
Containing Phrases
epicurean
Yibijiulupai
Yibijiulu school
Yibijiulu paradox
Yibijiulu doctrine
Yibijiulu deem
Hence Yibijiulu
Yibijiulu accession
Accession Yibijiulu
Yibijiulushenmiao
Yibijiulu be [become, fall] a prey to
epicurean
Yibijiuluxue jeffersonian
epicurean classic
Yibijiulu Doctrine face to face
epicurean doctrine
Yibijiuluhai deem
Epicurean School Village Village
Yibijiulu deem perception
Yibijiulu deem body
Yibijiulu school beget
(past tense marker) Epicurean doctrine
epicurean
Yibijiuluhe Yibijiulu school
apollo Yibijiulushenmiao
apollo Yibijiulushenmiao
chivalry Yibijiulu be [become, fall] a prey to
epicurean ethic doctrine
epicurean classic much
Epicurean Celebrity Student have
Yibijiulu Academy Head of
epicurean social contract compact
The direct, two-way and complete three links Recover Liaoyibijiulu doctrine