Usurped the throne from the cross-killing competition, the Central Plains bloody war. Wang Ting also five surnames, lack of public households D alone. Farming and Weaving relaxation year round, even at stop arms. Saints pray for early drop of high-Xiang Wu Ming.
Five dynasties. Refers to the Tang Emperor ﹑ ﹑ ﹑ Yin Yu ﹑ summer.
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No. 4
Five dynasties. Summer means business ﹑ ﹑ ﹑ Zhou Qin Han ﹑.
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No. 5
Five dynasties. Song said after the Later Tang Dynasty Later Liang ﹑ ﹑ ﹑ Houjin ﹑ Later Zhou Dynasty Later Han for the Five Dynasties Five Dynasties for the post.
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wǔ dài
Following the subsequent Later Liang Tang, Later Tang Dynasty, Houjin, after the Han, the Later Zhou Dynasty, have ruled central China, collectively known as the Five Dynasties
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No. 7
In AD 907-960
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No. 8
Five hours before India and the Five Classics. - Song Shen Kuo, "Meng Xi Bi Tan trap"
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Five Dynasties
Five dynasties. Refers to the Tang, Yu, Xia, Shang and Zhou. "Selected Works YanShou <Lu Emmanuel Temple Fu" ":" Five of the pure Yin Xi, Shao Yitang essence of inflammation. "Annotation:" Five Dynasties, Zhou, Yin, Xia Tang, Yu also. "
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Five Dynasties
Five dynasties. Tang said Liang, Chen, Qi, Zhou, Sui to the Five Dynasties and Five for the former. "Song-day Saint Books of the Sui years Postscript": "Tang Wude five years, living Scheeren Linghu de fen petitioned repair" Five Dynasties "." Note: "Five said that beam, Chen, Qi, Zhou, Sui also." Ming Hu Ying-lin "Shao Shishan room document bundle complete historical account of a": "consult the ancient Tang Zhang," A New Five ", the Liang, Chen, Qi, Later Zhou Dynasty and Sui Dynasty to the Five are."
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Introduction
Five Dynasties and Ten States. After the Tang dynasty, in central China have appeared in five dynasties and separatism in West Sichuan, Yangtze River, a dozen South and east of the river regime, collectively known as the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. Five is the Hou Liang, Later Tang, Later Jin, Later Han, Later Zhou Dynasty. In addition to a short period and the Later Tang Dynasty Later Liang Dynasty in Luoyang, the back rest and during most of the other three generations of Kaifeng was the capital. Five Dynasties period of fifty years, eight named emperor, a total of fourteen Jun. Later Liang Dynasty Later Zhou Dynasty and the Han Chinese monarch, Later Tang, Later Jin, Later Han monarch is Shatuo tribe. They are the founding of the North China, after the beam is the smallest territory, the largest Later Tang Dynasty. Ten is the Former Shu, Shu, Wu, Southern Tang, Wu Yue, Min, Chu, Southern Han, Nanping (Jingnan), North Han. Today in Shanxi, northern Han Jianguo, the Yu Jiuguo are in the south. Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms and co-exist, but there is time for countries of varying lengths, such as Wu Yue, separatism in the Tang death before, until after the end of the Five Dynasties and Northern Song Dynasty of the destroyer. Nanping territory is the smallest, the largest Southern Tang.
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The change of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms of the separatist
Since the Mid and four (884) After the rebellion of Huang Chao, there are more than twenty years the Tang name. However, the decline of imperial authority more time, old and new Military buildings, endless war. Increasingly obvious tendency of national division. At that time, according to Weibo Luo Shaowei, Wang Rong, according to the town of Ji, Liu Rengong It Lulong, Zhuge cool, according to hayang and Luoyang, Meng Fangli According to Xing, Ming, Li used according to Taiyuan, on the party, according to Zhu Wen Bian, sliding, Qin were right According to Xu, Tsai, and when, according to Xu Pu, Si, according to Zhu Xuan Yun (yùn), Cao, Qi, Pu, Wang Jingwu According to Zi, blue, Li Maozhen According to Fung Cheung, Gao Pian, Yang Xingmi has, according to Huainan, declared, according to Qin Yan, Xi , Liuhan Hong, Dong Chang, according to Zhejiang province, west of Zhejiang, according to Qian Liu, Wang Chuan, according to the two, Wang Chao, Wang Fujian, according to trial known brother, ABOUT AUTHOR According to the Hunan, Liu Yin, Liu Yan brothers, according to South. They are trying to expand the strength. After years of mutual mergers, and gradually formed a few pieces of larger forces. In the north, mainly Bianzhou as a stronghold of Zhu Wen and Li Ke as the center of Taiyuan use. God Bless four years (907), Zhu Wen Tang emperor off, is for the post-Liang Taizu, the country beam, known as back rest, reign title Kaiping. Five times since the official start. This is the general Zhu Wen Huang Chao. After the fall of Tang, a glimpse of the Xuanwu Jiedushi, according to Bianzhou. Since then, he gradually captured Cai, Xu, Yun, Cao Qi, Pu and other states, swept away many of the current separatist forces in North China. Days of recovery three years (903), and defeated dominate Qinlong, hijacked the Limao Zhen Tang Zhaozong eliminated the long-term military and political authority of the court eunuch control group. Strong fan since the Tang Wei Bo, also a result of German defeat into allegiance to Zhu Wen. After the post-Liang Jianguo, in addition to this northern Shanxi and Hebei most, the fundamental unity of the Yellow River region. Dry year (912), Zhu Wen Zhu for their second son killed by the Friends of Gui. The following year, the third son of Zhu Youzhen insurgency, the Jidi Wei. Since then, successive military forces back rest, the heavy expropriating, national strength at failure. After the Tang dynasty, moved to this Department in Shanxi Province's chief Rick Shatuo participate in repression by Huang Chao Uprising, was appointed military commissioner east. Today he controls the central and northern Shanxi Province, Tang Zhaozong him as the king. Zhu Wen Tang off after the name of his support of the Tang Dynasty, and Later Liang endless war. Later, his son Li Cunxu by Girder civil strife of the machine to invade Hebei, tired and defeated Liang Jun, Tang has been completely eliminated the long-term domineering Hebei three towns. Lung Tak three years (923), stored in the Wei Zhou Xu throne, is to Zhuangzong of Latter, reign title with light, the country Tang, known as the Later Tang Dynasty. In the same year, he sent troops to south, captured Kaifeng, Liang Zhu Youzhen Modi suicide, Girder death. Later Tang Dynasty unified northern China. Soon, Later Tang Dynasty Qiandouluoyang. With light years (925), Later Tang Dynasty and sixty thousand troops Gongmie Former Shu. However, any of the actors in the pet deposit Xu, eunuchs, court politics or revision, and appointing the pore Qian Yong rent knock stripping the people, rule of a crisis. The following year (926), Wei Zhou proud soldier rebellion, Later Tang Dynasty mutiny in the shuffle Zhuangzong of Latter Li Cunxu killed the sound. Li Ke Li Siyuan with adopted son to the throne, is to clear cases. He Heaven hole Qian, repeal harsh convergence, are Tian tax reduction, which allows private farmers from the casting device. Li Siyuan in office for eight years, the war at ease, depressed agricultural production has changed the situation, the Five Dynasties of the World off rare. Changxing four years (933) out of these diseases, the child from the wing coup attempt to seize the throne, unsuccessfully. Clear cases of death, children from the thick to the throne. The following year, the Ming uprising were adopted son seized the throne from Ke, China plunged into chaos. The military commissioners were east of the Ming Shi Jingtang son. He took the Later Tang Dynasty civil strife, in Qingtai three years (936) Summer allegiance to the Khitan, and identify the main Yelv Deguang Khitan father, to quiet the expense of the state in exchange for sixteen thistle Khitan assistance. November, the Khitan _set_ register Main Yelv Deguang of Emperor Shi Jingtang in Taiyuan, is after the Jin Gaozu, Gaiyuan Tin Fook, the country Jin, known as the Later Jin Dynasty. Run in November, Shi Jingtang scored Luoyang, Later Tang Dynasty death. Tianfu years (937), Later Jin Dynasty moved the capital Bianzhou three years was promoted to Tokyo Kaifeng. Shi Jingtang addition to cede territory, but also three hundred thousand years and other tribute silk Rare thing to play well. Seven (942), Shi Jingtang dead, nephew to the throne of your stone weight (known as the Emperor or the young emperor.) In the main battle of the King extended his wide and others under the influence of the Khitan quite deferential. In the fall it will Yelu Deguang Zhao Yanshou, who assisted with the Later Jin Dynasty war for five years. Lucky three years (946) in December, Khitan forces capture Kaifeng, stone weight of your prisoners, be moved north, Houjin perish. The following year, Deguang emperor in Kaifeng, the country Liao. Liao Dynasty occupied the Central Plains after the cavalry is not to feed, even if they go out to plunder, known as the "Grass Valley", the people rallied together against the Central Plains. In the same year, Liao Dynasty was forced to lead all the North also. Liu Zhi Yuan is the Later Jin Dynasty in the east Jiedushi. When the Later Jin Dynasty and the Khitan war, he raised his soldiers wide, there are five million people in Buji, claimed preparedness Khitan, but stay put. Liao emperor to the Emperor to be relocated to the north, he was lucky four years (947) February emperor in Taiyuan, after the Han emperor is still with Tin Fook reign. He then south, garrison, capital of Kaifeng, changed the name of Han, known as the Later Han. Central Plains Yinqi Dan was looting and dilapidated public and private storm dried. Liu Zhiyuan death, protect the country, Yongxing, Fengxiang three Jiedushi with value disobedience. Although the Bingtao Ping the Later Han, the court and the internal conflict will increasingly intensified. Qianyou three years (950) in winter, Emperor Liu Chengyou Unwilling to accept the implicit phase of the system will kill Bin Yang, Shihong Zhao, Wang Zhang Quan Chen, etc., and send people to murder Guo Wei Ye have left behind. Guo Wei Ye are out of town at that time, governors Zhujiang, North Yu Liao. Hidden Emperor unsuccessfully to kill him, then led his troops south Wei Guo, scoring Kaifeng, Hidden Emperor was killed by marauders, after the death of Han. Guangshun first year (951) the first month, Jidi Wei Guo Wei, Zhou Taizu for the post, change the country for weeks, known as the Later Zhou Dynasty, still are opened. Later Zhou Dynasty from the political, economic and military aspects of a series of reforms that began to change the situation in northern China's broken. Germany was two years (955), after the King Sejong Chairong troops defeated Shu, recovered Qin, Feng, Cheng, order four states later, another foreign crusades Southern Tang Dynasty, was in Huainan, Jiangbei fourth state six years (959), and recovered the occupation of Mo Liao, Ying, easy three states. In the same year, Chai Rong died. The following year, Kuangyin (brought in) to replace the Later Zhou Dynasty, the establishment of the Northern Song Dynasty. Nan Fang Jiuguo, the Former Shu back to back with the Shu, Wu and the succession of the Southern Tang. Tang and Wang, according to a Nishikawa, then take Dongchuan. Days of recovery three years (903), labeled by Tang Shu Wang, covering the North arrived in Hanzhong and Qin Chuan, east of the Three Gorges. Liang Kaiping after the first year (907), Wang became the emperor, capital of Chengdu, the country Shu, known as Former Shu. Shu soil is very fertile, but since the light days the first year (918) the throne after the emperor of Wang Yan, Shu affairs of state voiced chaos, Maiguan rampant, enabling convergence of the heavy, the main shortage of public grievances. Later Tang Dynasty with light years (925), Zhuangzong of Latter troops Gongmie Former Shu, Zhang was appointed director of Dongchuan Jiedushi, Meng Zhixiang Yin Chengdu, Nishikawa Jiedushi. Meng Zhixiang training Bing Jia, Dongchuan after invade, kill Dong Zhang. Changxing four years (933), Later Tang Dynasty to him as Shu Wang, Chuan Jiedushi things. The following year, Meng Zhixiang emperor, Chien-yuan Matilda, reconstruction Shu, known as Shu, still are in Chengdu. In the same year, Cheung know death, his son Meng Chang throne. Later Jin Dynasty Khitan off the occasion, is again Shu Qin, Cheng, order, phoenix four states, with Former Shu's old haunt. Meng Chang ruled the late monarch longitudinal excessive extravagance. Conduit three years (965), for Song of the destroyer. Tang, Yang Hangmi Huainan twenty-eight according to the state, day rehabilitation two years (902) labeled by the King of Wu Tang are Guangling, four main transmission. At that time, general knowledge Patent Xu in power, before his visit Seeking to stop if asked to reduce the convergence Fu, twenty years truce between the public interest, the state to prosper. Shunyi seven (927), the line secret sub-king Yang Pu emperor. Tianzuo three years (937), Emperor Wu Xu Yang know Patent Pu waste, their emperor, the country largest Qi, Sheng-yuan reign title. The following year the name changed to Li, changed the name of Tang, known as the Southern Tang, are Jinling. Southern Tang possession now Jiangsu, Jiangxi and Anhui, southeastern Hubei and other large areas. Nice neighbors External Li, straighten internal affairs of state, and good citizens against pressure for the untouchables, sent inspectors Tamida, taxes and troop movements by Fei Ji grading labor camp, known as JAC place, "the frequency of abundance of Nim." Liters per seven (943) Lee died, his son Li Jing to the throne. Bao Dai three years (945) Min troops Gongmie civil strife in the country, occupying Ting, Zhang, Jian, Quanzhou, plus new home in Thailand, Yun, Jian state, a total of thirty-five state, as the South power. Since then, Li Jing increasingly extravagant arrogance, affairs of state voiced chaos, appointing non-human, Endowment heavy. Bao Dai nine years, sent troops to destroy the Southern Tang Chu, swept his income Jinbo, curios, millet and other positions, migration, transport Jinling Chu lost much popular support, Hunan states were lost it, the rapid decline of the Southern Tang strength. Jiaotai first year (958), Li Jing Xian Jiangbei, Huainan fourteen states. Last number, to concede defeat in the Later Zhou Dynasty. Song Jianlong years (961), Li Jing died, son of Li Yu ascended the throne, is emperor. Kai Bao eight years (975), Song Fabing south across the river, break Jinling, emperor Li Yu captured, the Southern Tang death. Qian Liu Hangzhou area occupied in the late Tang. Later, he annexation of Zhejiang province, more than state land occupied Liangzhe. He Zhenhai Ren Tang Zhaozong, Town Jiedushi. Kaiping Dynasty (907), back rest to him as the king of Wu and Yue. Wuyue soil is small, powerful north Wu (later the Southern Tang.) Qian Liu warning about children and grandchildren, for generations a knot in the Central Plains court, in order to contain the Southern Miss and intrusive. Qian rule of eighty years, Wu Yue area relative stability and economic prosperity. Song Taiping rejuvenating three years (978), Qian Chu satisfied that entry into soil, Wu Yue death. Wang Chao, Wang Tang brothers hold the trial to know the whole territory of Fujian Province, Wang Chao Tang Zhaozong appointed as military commissioner. Kaiping three years (909), known as the Min Wang Girder trial closure. Nearly three decades of rule by Wang knows that he exercise thrift, kept taxes low convergence, within the rich solid stability. Trial to know death, domestic matters often chaotic political situation is very unstable. Min successor regime, are in thrall Taoist magic, their massive construction projects, in addition to build palaces, but also create a lot of intimidating the Tao. Cost less, they open Maiguanyujue, exacting. Bao Dai three years (945), the Southern Tang Min of the destroyer. ABOUT AUTHOR possession in the late Tang Tan, value for twelve days, was appointed as Hunan military commissioner, and then share the Wu Gui, He and other states. Liang Kaiping after the first year (907) has been called the king, the palace was built in Changsha, authoritarian party. ABOUT AUTHOR death, philosophers disputes, political criminal disorder. Bao Dai nine (951), Chu Nan Tang Fabing off. Tang Dynasty, Liu hidden Jiedushi South East Road, and gradually put down separatist forces. After self-Yong Zhou, according to the West, large areas of South east Chaozhou. Later Liang Ching Ming three years (917), his brother Liu Yan emperor, the country more, and soon renamed the Chinese, known as the Southern Han, is Panyu. Liu Yan and his successors are brutal debauchery. Song Kai Bao four years (971), South Han to the Song of the destroyer. Kaiping Dynasty (907), Later Liang Xing generals were appointed to the high season Jingnan Jiedushi, stationed at Jiangling. With light years (924) Later Tang Dynasty to him as Nanping Wang, also known as Nanping Jingnan so. Jingnan original to eight states, the late Tang, and more are adjacent channel share. After the high season separatist Xing, Nanping only have Jing, in the final, Gap Tri-State, in the ten countries most vulnerable. Its rulers to concede defeat only to countries around the emperor, and seek grant. Buildups four years (963), Nanping for Song of the destroyer. Only ten countries in the north of the country is the North Han. Guangshun first year (951), when out after the handi, said Guo Wei, Liu Zhiyuan, Liu Tsung-brother is also staying occupied Taiyuan, twelve states east of the river became the emperor, the Han as the country is still, known as the North Han. Barren soil poor North Han people, liturgical heavy. Liao rulers Results for the aid, keep separatist territory. Taipingxingguo four years (979), Song Bing captured Taiyuan, North Han death.
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Socio-economic
Late after the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River due to long-term and severe damage to the melee. Wherever he went, such as Cai Zhou Qin rights were wantonly burning, thousands of miles without human habitation. Zhu Wen Pu in successive years with the war, Xu, Si, Ho three people of the state can not be cultivated. Zhu Wen Liu Rengong defeat Hebei, the Cangzhou hundred miles from Weizhou to the land of the dead, which Dingzhou a war, to kill the sixty thousand people. Huang Chao Uprising, as long as six or seven years, the size of the fighting stop. North China's military service and a variety of exceptionally heavy labor. Rulers disregard for human lives, innocent people were often massacre. Taxes and the heavy war damage and prompted tens of thousands of people starve to death or deportation to his place. Twelve northern states of Han, Tang Dynasty when two hundred and eighty thousand, while in the North Han perished only three thousand households, about one-eighth of the account as Tang. Since the late Tang, the South, although the war can not avoid being destroyed, but in the period of ten countries, major war in less than stable political situation is also conducive to social and economic recovery and development. Since the Han Dynasty from the Chengdu Plain and the Taihu Lake Basin social and economic development. Shu rich, before the relatively stable when Shu, but also pay attention to water conservancy, "something widely cultivated." Praise in the area also _set_ up the Farming and agricultural production is more developed. Wu, Southern Tang, Wu Yue area where the Yangtze River, a large number of wasteland has been reclaimed. Wu and Yue in the construction of the defense of eastern Zhejiang coastal sea Tong, to prevent the invasion of another tide reclaim abandoned fields and raise the public shall be exempt from field duty, so Qiantang become prosperous southeast region. In the past, Fujian production behind. Tang, Wang brothers into the far future, people pay attention to information security environment, wide criminal thin Fu, advised the people Nongsang the further development of tea production, and maritime trade incentives, so that Fujian's economic outlook improved considerably. Since the Eastern Jin and Southern has been the production of the Xiangjiang River region has a certain development. ABOUT AUTHOR progress, according to Hunan, in Hunan, the Hunan development and new achievements, a significant increase in food production, tea industry also has a certain development. Chu mulberry silkworm that charge people to do taxes, they began to grow cotton. Tang, North chaos, many people "outside the farthest ridge, you can avoid the land", moved to Southern Han rule areas. "Fifty years ago, nothing in Ling", long-term stable environment conducive to the development of production, gradually enriched the treasuries. In China, where counties _set_ constant and the increase of population, production and development are closely related. "Peace in mind" contained in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period Fifty-nine counties nationwide new home, mostly in the south, such as the home of Shu five counties, five counties located Yue, Min thirteen additional counties, the new home twenty-six Southern Tang County. North-South reunification of the Northern Song Dynasty, the original Later Zhou Dynasty and the Northern Han in North China where about one million, while the area south Fangjiu Guo has 2.3 million, indicating that the South has made great progress in the agricultural economy. Although severely damaged melee Asian countries socio-economic, but social production has not interrupted. Even in North China, and after the early post-Liang Jianguo Tang Mingzong reign, have resumed production, respectively, to take certain measures. Later Zhou Dynasty, the handicraft industry such as textile, paper, tea, cooking salt, drying and other production also developed. Block porcelain manufacture and achieved great success in the printing industry, has refined the South and the North secret color porcelain, also appeared in woodblock printing. As Asian countries everywhere, Binghuo year after year, trade exchange has been severely affected. Shu laws and regulations such as: "No goods on the East out of" trafficking in salt provisions shall not be crossed Later Zhou Zhang. However, trade and commerce to pass on is the trend. Often in need of tea in North China by traders to traffic in the South, far south of the whereabouts of tea to the Henan, Hebei, they sell tea, buy Zeng fine cotton, horses. Required part of the South who are dependent on salt supply in North China. North Asian countries from the Khitan, Uighur, Tangut, Ma Shu buy the minority to the west to buy a horse. South of the Wu and Yue, Southern Tang, Chu, Southern Han and other countries to pay tribute to trade ways and the north. Wu Yue, Min country's trade is mainly with the North by sea. Foreign trade is also booming, East from Korea, Japan, Great food west, south and Champa, Srivijaya, have a commercial relationship. Minnesota, Fuzhou, Quanzhou, Guangzhou is an important port for foreign trade. Wu Yue Wu and Southern Tang input from overseas, "the oil over high heat," to use, but also re-exports from the sea lanes Khitan. Two taxes, there are imposed by the small population of people money, salt, yeast money money assessed by acres of agricultural control of money, there are salt and iron leather tax tax, tea tax, estate tax, shoes, money and other miscellaneous taxes. Fu-gun officials often gain adjustment, Xian Li Xu thick to where convergence, where they re-sign to the people Xu, complicated names, the tax rate increases repeatedly. With the development of commerce, multi-national business tax levy, and taxes and live off tax points, followed this approach by the Northern Song Dynasty. Frequent because of the war, military service burden. Liu Rengong Youyan levy made in over fifteen years old, seven-year-old man owned the following army rations, a total of twenty million people. Provisions of the North Han men over the age of seventeen are into Conscript accreditation for the soldiers. Southern Tang had forced all the elderly people outside the army. Wu Yue Qian Chu, "including the States to do the small people" as soldiers. Hunan Mahi Langzhou all Dingzhuang calyx tune made the rural soldiers. Min people for the soldiers made the country later, labor service free section. At that time, in order to prevent escape the soldiers, especially soldiers, his face tattooed in mind its bugle to be identified around the off-chun, hunt down deserters. In addition, men and women in all parts of school transportation levy, tired to death on the way many people and livestock. Zhu Wen Wang Qingzhou Normal attack, or even the sign sent people packing the small mountain of soil siege, ox or donkey buried in the earth with the mountains. Other than military service, a variety of names are endless civil construction labor. Later Tang Zhuang Zongsheng Shuxiu built barracks, "Day labor people." Jiangling Guo outside Jingnan repair, Qubing thousand people from the reserve. Min temple main building palaces, "Thriving hundred labor." Taxes and serious, serious damage to the northern war is difficult socio-economic recovery, but also greatly hindered the process of economic development in the South.
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Changes in the political system
Since the mid Tang Dynasty, eunuch, Shen Cejun two Hujun senator to lieutenant and the two called "four precious" phase often infringe the right to force the emperor. Zhu Wen slay the eunuchs, courtiers began to act as senator. Senator so often by the emperor's civil and military officials as the most trusted, and most of the troops, the Emperor often negotiate with their military affair, and sometimes directly by the Privy Council ordered the appointment and removal of Local Authorities. At the time, although the same ranking in the book Ha Ping Zhangshi prime minister of the place, but the senator's power to override the prime minister over. Song books and senator in charge of civil and military of the two handles to the beginning of the Five Dynasties. At that time, other government probably also equipped with a senator to senator to the office or the equivalent. Early, mainly by the Ministry of Finance under the jurisdiction of the Ministry, Expenditures, Gold Division, Fourth Department of the Secretary in charge of positions. In the Tang Dynasty, the Ministry, Expenditures, salt Third Secretary in charge of tax, financial balance and salt and iron monopoly, goods transport services, often by non-officials of the Ministry of the sentence, or make known the name of charge. Tang Zhaozong reign, to the Secretary to the prime minister Cuiyinjianling III, Division III began to appear that the Guan Ming. Later Tang Dynasty had _set_ the rent so yung, the jurisdiction of the Division III, also had ordered a person sentenced to three Secretaries of Ministers, the ultimate goal to make a formal _set_ting and Fushi three full-time Secretary in charge of the central finance. Local governments will also follow the three Secretaries of command. Do not waste each other after the dynasty, the early Song Dynasty Division III financial system is also followed the Five Dynasties. Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms of the founders of Jiedushi Tang mostly, they can build a strong political force because of the hands. Therefore, after the founding, in order to consolidate his rule, they are trying to weaken the local power. Hebei Zhuzhen long rule the roost in the back rest, Later Tang Dynasty as well as the occasion was subdued been eliminated, that is because since the beginning of Later Liang, Jin Jun began to strengthen. In addition to defending the capital and the imperial guards outside the palace, was also stationed in the country, in order to contain and weaken the strength of rival principalities. Jiedushi court also frequently mobilized, the replacement of the resident to prevent them from occupying the long-term side, the formation of separatist forces. Later Tang Dynasty after the military commissioner and other positions often, and some can not visit the town of. Some strong Military breadth and soldiers, but also because geographical segmentation is repeated, the forces greatly weakened. Fan Shuai appointed provincial governor in this area, the magistrate's power was gradually centralized recommend them, the use of staff, there are many restrictions. Of course, these measures are not implemented in all parts, by Bing Shuai Jiao, Shuai remained on the strong rebel presence. Rong Jin Chengde Jiedushi heavy security after openly said: "The present emperor, best players together and compared to the ear." But Jiedushi itself, cutting through the fan above measures, its strength has been weakened over the Tang Dynasty. Broken chaotic situation in North China in the Later Jin, Later Han, the occasion to the most serious. Guangshun first year (951) Guo Wei after the establishment of the Later Zhou Dynasty, began a new turn. Guo Wei was born of poverty, rather know people's plight. He came to power, with an open mind is satisfied that the bridge, and appointment of the elite to stop all over the valuable contribution of a number of severe food and specialty products exempt from waste-free Girder convergence since the long-standing "cattle rent", and all civil officers received leather way to change the number of assessments for the Rebellion stopped by waste business field, the fields, cattle, farm tools, farmhouse attainment for Wing Yip returned to the tenant, to encourage farmers to reclaim land farming, irrigation carefully. Eased the burden on the people, so happy with membership. To Guangshun three years, the Later Zhou Dynasty direct control of the population had increased by more than thirty thousand households. Germany was the first year (954), ascended the throne after the King Sejong Chairong. Collect his extensive talent and continue to promote reform. Politically, he clarified officialdom, strict reward and punishment, crime minister, the same justice. And to promote thrift and guard against luxury. Economically, he encouraged families _set_tle in their hometown to escape, relief various unnamed Division convergence. From Nishikawa, Huaixi and east of displaced persons, etc., all point to the shortage of free land as a permanent industry. Field approach promulgated escaping families, to encourage farmers to escape cultivation Toda require landowner to return home within three years, and returned to their half of the return of land within five years, to still a third. Not including the tenant that they had built houses and planted trees, gardens outside of the return of five years, in addition to outside the tomb, are not returned. As for the return of the rule of the Khitan people on their life and get out of such a limited amount of land, are relatively relaxed. King Sejong by Tang Yuan Zhen "Kinda table" inspired by the preparation of "equalizing map" issued by the Executive, Zhou Zhen, also sent thirty-four were dispatched envoys are scheduled around the farm rents, find out a lot of hidden land, so that is shared equally tax. Tax levy is more than was not farming, after completion of work, which was Germany for three years (956), Later Zhou Dynasty ordered the three Secretaries of the summer taxes on June 1, autumn has begun to collect taxes on October 1 in order to pay the person households. Mobilization of the public official has repeatedly repair the banks of the Yellow River, Yellow River burst dredging Bianshui block north into the Wuzhang River to pass Qi, Ji Bian Chun Wan Road and the mouth of the Huai river lead to make water transport flow. At the time, everywhere around the temple, many households hidden code. Germany was two years (955), Chao spent more than three monasteries are closed, monks and nuns in addition to the amount approved by the emperor, the rest has to be compiled, including families, the destruction and civil bronze statues to mint coins of copper, so that long-term lack of money since the late Tang change the situation is conducive to trade and business development. Five Dynasties and Ten States criminal law, the basic line of the format and with the precepts of the Tang Dynasty of Making, but dynasty and has issued the Edict of new articles, compiled with benefits, making the cells before and after the repeated contradictions in Chile. Germany was four years (957), so that ministers to sort Sejong, the provisions of the intricate Tang imperative, coupled with reform and open up the complex grid note, be _delete_d, compiled for the "Big Week criminal system" Twenty-roll. Compiled by the Northern Song Dynasty "Song criminal system" that minor additions and deletions made to the book. Don died on the eve of Zhu Wen slay the eunuchs, the dissolution of the eunuchs of the collar Shence Jun. After the emperor Zhu Wen to Xuanwu Jun Jiedushi, that is declared as Jinjun Wu Zhenbing, _set_ in Beijing Mabu Jun Douzhihuishi. Later Tang Dynasty bodyguard to pro-military, home Mabu Jun Douzhihuishi, Secretary for the guards. Later Zhou Dynasty and home front of the hall by the Secretary, there are Mabu Jun Douzhihuishi. Later, all point home inspection before the house, located in the Douzhihuishi above, while the guards split Ma and the Secretary for the two-step command of the army, did not mention Douzhihuishi. Germany was the first year (954), King Sejong the beginning of the throne, Luzhou North Hanxing Bing Gong, Sejong army led by foreign crusades, war in Cao Bang. Although the campaign repulsed the North Han, Liao coalition forces, but also exposed the imperial guards are not defenders discipline, combat the disadvantages of poor. Secretary Ma guards and military command and the chicken-step retreat and looting of baggage, but also threatened Zhou Jun has been defeated. Sejong command execution so that the two schools and secondary to more than seventy people, purged of the discipline. Before the Battle of Cao Bang, including Sejong has made the recruitment of forest outlaws Zhudao the brave soldiers who charge. Return after victory, the King Sejong ordered the review armies, eliminated the elderly, elite _select_ion of various classes for the front of the hall. Since then, the court has a strong crack. Germany was two years (955), King Sejong ordered to write a number of civil and military officials of the "King and can not do anything easy on the Hill" and "flat side of policy." King Park where the "flat side of strategy," the easier first proposed strategic approach, first proposed to take the Southern Tang Jiangbei states were, after taking the Yangtze River, Sichuan, Lingnan, and finally took it Taiyuan. This proposal as the Northern Song Dynasty Later Zhou Dynasty and later the guidelines of National Unification. At this year (955), King Sejong sent troops to Shu, to recover Qin, Feng, Cheng, order four states. The following year made Binggong Southern Tang Dynasty, after three years of hard work, too Huainan, Jiangbei County, sixty-fourth state. Since then, strengthen the military superiority of South and enrich the country's human and financial resources. Germany was six years (959) in April, the internal disputes of the machine by Liao, Lu Dajun Sejong commanded the Northern Expedition of water, it took them less than two months Ying, Mo, Yi County, Tri-State seventh. May, when Zhoujun Sheng Lee Youzhou forward to when the sudden serious illness of King Sejong, was forced to return in triumph. June Sejong died, his son ascended the throne were training, only seven years old. Germany was seven years (960) the first month, all point inspection before the house system Kuangyin soldiers to war and mutiny in bridge Chen, marched back to Beijing, waste Later Zhou Dynasty Gongdi independence, change the country for the Song. Song Jianguo, the first concentration of forces put down the resistance forces. Subsequently, the adoption of Zhaopu proposed, first to level the South Jingnan, Southern Han, Southern Tang, Wu Yue and other countries, the unification of South China. Taipingxingguo four years (979), Song Taizong sent troops to Taiyuan, the main North Han Ji-yuan forced Guixiang. So far, nearly a hundred years since the late Tang north-south divide of the situation came to an end.
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Technology culture
Tang, the more developed West Sichuan block printing, print mainly divination books, word books. Later Tang Dynasty, the start engraving "Nine Classic." Changxing three years (932), were ordered out of stone by the Imperial College in Xijing as the basis for correction "after nine", copy writing note, employed craftsmen carved the word stereotype that sell. The project took two decades until three years after the Zhou Guangshun (953) June and engraving completed. Since then, the Edition of "The Nine" and widely circulated. Shu also specifically produced, resulting in "Literature Xiu Fu Sheng." After the Han dynasty, in turn, "Zhou" and other unpublished "four by" stereotype published. History has made important achievements. "Old Tang" Zhuancheng this period the most important history books. The original Wu Tang Jing, Wei described the preparation of the former national history, dynasties Record is also more complete. However, Shih and Military War Record of more than a Wang Yi dynasty, especially after six years of Record Takemune not passed down. Five Dynasties, the first work of historical importance to collect the Tang. Girder Modi even ordered the well-known collection of the Tang Dynasty and _set_ up three private Zhang Shu Chuan Tang Mingzong search after the visit to the Chengdu area Figure membership so that the search Tang Record and explicitly protect the Chinese stele, which is "Old Tang," the compilation of important and did timely preparation. Jin Tianfu after six years (941) to Fortune two years (945), Liu, Zhao Yuan et al Zhuancheng "Tang Dynasty" hundred and twenty ten volumes, later known as the "Old Tang." Although always believed that "Old Tang" has many shortcomings, mainly for lack of raw materials, processing, multi-copy before Emperor Xian Zong national history, memoir, and Tangmu were compiled after the Department of miscellaneous said, biographies, but because of the Tang Dynasty save a lot of raw data by later historians attention. In addition, Wang Renyu essays, "Heritage of Kaiyuan Tempo," recorded when the government and anecdotes Emperor, the king _set_ security essays, "Tang Picks of words" detailed in the Tang Dynasty Imperial Examination system, Yuchi essays, "North Korea story," recorded four dynasties of old news Tang, Liu Chong Yuanzhuan "Jinhua child "story narrative opposition Tang, Sun Guangxian essays," Bei "Tang and Five Dynasties literati anecdotal records, and so on. The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period of essays with varying degrees of historical value. Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period of development is an important word. West Sichuan and Southern Tang poets are more levels higher, making it the two centers Xishu have Wei, Ouyang Jiong and others, their work and later by Zhao Chongzuo other income "Hua Jian" Southern Tang had Fengyan Si, in Master Li Jing, Li Yu, who emperor, Li Jing and his son works, future generations carved _set_ of "Southern Tang II subject." Li Yu is the most important word in this period people. Late Tang and Five words describe mostly the ruling class pleasures, vulgar subject matter, the narrow realm of style soft extravagant. Flowers sent the work is representative of this style. Li Yu is so early works, but he captured in the country after the death of written words, or lament the life experience, or nostalgia for the past, the image clear, vivid language, the writing is very deep and sincere feeling sad, broke through a writer since the late Tang Dynasty romantic, Nannvzhiqing the cocoon, in content and mood of both innovation and development for the North Song Dynasty to open up a new field.
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Spectrum Five Emperors
A: Later Liang Dynasty (907-923) Dynasty, Zhu Huang (also known as temperature, Complete Loyalty) 907-912 reign Modi, the reign of Zhu Zhen 913-923 II: Later Tang Dynasty (923-936) Zhuangzong of Latter, Li Cunxu 923-925 reign Clear cases of Tan Li, reign 926-933 Min Di, Li reign from the thick 934-934 Modi, Li Ke 934-936 from the reign Three: Later Jin Dynasty (936-947) Emperor, reigned 936-941 Shi Jingtang The emperor, reigned 942-947 stone weight of your IV: After the Han (947-950) Emperor, Liu Hao (whose real name is known far) 947-948 reign Hidden Emperor, Liu Chengyou 948-950 reign V: Later Zhou Dynasty (951-960) Dynasty, reigned 951-953 Guo Wei Sejong, Chairong 954-958 reign Gong Di, Cai reign were training 959-960
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Collection of investment
Five - Song - Liao - Gold Calligraphy China's Five Dynasties, Song, Liao, Jin, is the history of Chinese calligraphy, following Jin and Tang after a distinctive feature of the period. This period due to the war and political instability, showing a complex situation. Calligraphy of the Five Dynasties and Ten States period, the dynasty frequent replacement, endless war, people have an uneasy state of mind, and then Jia Tang calligraphy on the testimonies of people have developed to a very good position, so the calligrapher calligraphy to express their personal charm shift to the track , a high degree of success in this regard is the Yang condensing. Yang Ning-style, good kai, line, cursive, with odd dangerous, male Jie style. He lead from Don Ouyang Xun, Yan Zhenqing, Liu Morohito public power, according to Tang Wei traced the sequence of calligraphy calligraphy. He broke party is round, cut into a simple way to prosperity, to break the strict Chinese testimonies, and financial Kai, line, cursive and seal, scribe two body structure and brushwork, create a kai and line, line and grass, and An Yu seal, scribe left Italy's new look. Which makes his book of calligraphy style closer to Wei. Song Dynasty calligrapher in his, based on the characteristics of evolved with the times the book is still intended to wind. In the south side of the Southern Tang and Chuanshu the West Sichuan, all have been a relatively stable period, the conditions better than the Central Plains. Southern Tang emperor Li Yu, also good at calligraphy, according to legend he was able to fight pen for books, strokes buckling, that the wrong knife. And the legend he wrote characters with no pen, paper silk ghostwriter writing, said the book summarized lapel. Xishu's Guan, Su Xing Jiang, engineering cursive, known as ginger body. Calligraphy Song Sung dynasty (960 ~ 1279) was a weak dynasty, class, ethnic contradiction. The early Northern Song Dynasty calligraphy is still the aftermath of continuity throughout the ages, there are imitation of Yan Li Jianzhong, Du Shou, Ouyang Xiu, Cai Xiang, etc.; learn Zhang Xu, Huai Su Su Shunqin cursive there, Tu Yen, etc.; school ice Li Yang, Xu Xuan Xiao Zhuan have Xu Kai, Kuo, Dream Interpretation and Britain. They constitute the main body of the Northern Song Dynasty of the altar, although had since the Tang Dynasty, it has become Chinese calligraphy for the grace Duanli deep male spirit. Among these calligrapher, who for the most prestigious and Cai Xiang Jianzhong two. Li Jianzhong good kai, line, seal, official script. The Kai, running Shifa Yen Chen, but discredited in the abundance of body fat plain, but the fat and can show in see Zhuo Qiao. Kai Cai Xiang workers, line, cursive, calligraphy was Zhenqing dignified sound. Lai showed a positive side, health and free and easy. Li Jianzhong and Cai Xiang's calligraphy is a change from the Tang Dynasty to Song Dynasty period. Five condensing Yang: "leek flower Tie" Chunhua three years (992), Song Taizong from within the government of the ancient Tibetan calligraphy ink, the king ordered the book was compiled Hanlin paternity Le second copy, inscribed "Chunhua Pavilion Fateh" 10, then the wind Sheng carved posts. Since then the official, Sike post continue to emerge. Known as "purple quote", "Ru-Tie", "Grand View posts" and other cluster software, and the Tang dynasty calligraphy name since the trace of the single quote. Carved posts appear, on the one hand to provide a model for studying the Point of calligraphy and templates; the other hand, the rapid development of running script calligraphy style of the formation of Italian monk, played an important role. Li Jianzhong, Cai Xiang Tang and Song Dynasty is a transition from the characters, truly establish the Song of the Wind is Su Shi, Huang and Mi Fu three. Cai Xiang Song: "Tse Chee Yu Shu Poetry Table" Early lead from the Song Dynasty calligrapher Huang Ting Zhou Yue; after that Su Shi Calligraphy, trusted by the ancients pen meaning; and was Zhang Xu, Huai Su high free ink, is a glimpse of the wonderful strokes. He studied Yen Chen-ching, Yang Ning-style characters, and to "bury Crane" from most. Tingjian calligraphy has in the house closely, outward radiance and deliberate strokes elongated features. His artistic views, some close and Su Shi, with particular emphasis strokes. His calligraphy, brush calm late astringent, meaning the formation of a free God, the art of casual interest. Mi Fu's calligraphy early lead from Ouyang Xun, Liu public rights, middle-aged traced Wei, Jin, Han, until three generations. Home store many ancient and modern paintings and calligraphy, copying the ancient calligraphy, to the real thing. The pursuit of old-fashioned word for years, known collection of ancient words. Fragrance, Li, Kai, line, cursive all energy, to the highest achievement in Running Script. Mi Fu had said their words, "brush the word." He can calm the disease in the book to do a pen, front
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Encyclopedia
Wudai-Song-Liao-Jin shufa Five - Song - Liao - Gold Calligraphy calligraphy of Five Dynasties, Song, Liao and Jin Dynasties China's Five Dynasties, Song, Liao, Jin, is the history of Chinese calligraphy, following Jin and Tang after a distinctive feature of the period. This period due to the war and political instability, showing a complex situation. Calligraphy of the Five Dynasties and Ten States period, the dynasty frequent replacement, endless war, people have an uneasy state of mind, and then Jia Tang calligraphy on the testimonies of people have developed to a very good position, so the calligrapher calligraphy to express their personal charm shift to the track , a high degree of success in this regard is the Yang condensing. Yang Ning-style, good kai, line, cursive, with odd dangerous, male Jie style. He lead from Don Ouyang Xun, Yan Zhenqing, Liu Morohito public power, according to Tang Wei traced the sequence of calligraphy calligraphy. He broke party is round, cut into a simple way to prosperity, to break the strict Chinese testimonies, and financial Kai, line, cursive and seal, scribe two body structure and brushwork, create a kai and line, line and grass, and An Yu seal, scribe left Italy's new look. Which makes his book of calligraphy style closer to Wei. Song Dynasty calligrapher in his, based on the characteristics of evolved with the times the book is still intended to wind. In the south side of the Southern Tang and Chuanshu the West Sichuan, all have been a relatively stable period, the conditions better than the Central Plains. Southern Tang emperor Li Yu, also good at calligraphy, according to legend he was able to fight pen for books, strokes buckling, that the wrong knife. And the legend he wrote characters with no pen, paper silk ghostwriter writing, said the book summarized lapel. Xishu's Guan, Su Xing Jiang, engineering cursive, known as ginger body. Calligraphy Song Sung dynasty (960 ~ 1279) was a weak dynasty, class, ethnic contradiction. The early Northern Song Dynasty calligraphy is still the aftermath of continuity throughout the ages, there are imitation of Yan Li Jianzhong, Du Shou, Ouyang Xiu, Cai Xiang, etc.; learn Zhang Xu, Huai Su Su Shunqin cursive there, Tu Yen, etc.; school ice Li Yang, Xu Xuan Xiao Zhuan have Xu Kai, Kuo, Dream Interpretation and Britain. They constitute the main body of the Northern Song Dynasty of the altar, although had since the Tang Dynasty, it has become Chinese calligraphy for the grace Duanli deep male spirit. Among these calligrapher, who for the most prestigious and Cai Xiang Jianzhong two. Li Jianzhong good kai, line, seal, official script. The Kai, running Shifa Yen Chen, but discredited in the abundance of body fat plain, but the fat and can show in see Zhuo Qiao. Kai Cai Xiang workers, line, cursive, calligraphy was Zhenqing dignified sound. Lai showed a positive side, health and free and easy. Li Jianzhong and Cai Xiang's calligraphy is a change from the Tang Dynasty to Song Dynasty period. Five condensing Yang: "leek flower Tie" Chunhua three years (992), Song Taizong from within the government of the ancient Tibetan calligraphy ink, the king ordered the book was compiled Hanlin paternity Le second copy, inscribed "Chunhua Pavilion Fateh" 10, then the wind Sheng carved posts. Since then the official, Sike post continue to emerge. Known as "purple quote", "Ru-Tie", "Grand View posts" and other cluster software, and the Tang dynasty calligraphy name since the trace of the single quote. Carved posts appear, on the one hand to provide a model for studying the Point of calligraphy and templates; the other hand, the rapid development of running script calligraphy style of the formation of Italian monk, played an important role. Li Jianzhong, Cai Xiang Tang and Song Dynasty is a transition from the characters, truly establish the Song of the Wind is Su Shi, Huang and Mi Fu three. Cai Xiang Song: "Tse Chee Yu Shu Poetry Table" Early lead from the Song Dynasty calligrapher Huang Ting Zhou Yue; after that Su Shi Calligraphy, trusted by the ancients pen meaning; and was Zhang Xu, Huai Su high free ink, is a glimpse of the wonderful strokes. He studied Yen Chen-ching, Yang Ning-style characters, and to "bury Crane" from most. Tingjian calligraphy has in the house closely, outward radiance and deliberate strokes elongated features. His artistic views, some close and Su Shi, with particular emphasis strokes. His calligraphy, brush calm late astringent, meaning the formation of a free God, the art of casual interest.
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Encyclopedia
Wu Dai Five See Five Dynasties and Ten States.
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English Expression
n.: the Five Dynasties, the (Earlier) Five Dynasties (before the Tang Dynasty 420-618 A.D., the (Later) Five Dynasties (after the Tang Dynasty), 907-959 A.D.