network : computer > internet



Contents ·No. 1 ·No. 2 ·Overview ·Course ·Internet impact ·The development of the next decade, the trend of the global Internet and to forecast ·Internet Naming ·Internet - Internet users scale ·Internet, the definition of indecent content ·China's business model of Internet service providers ·Overview ·Internet Naming ·Encyclopedia ·English Expression ·French Expression ·Thesaurus ·Related Phrases ·Containing Phrases ·Classification details ·More results... No. 1 　　Refers to the number of interconnected computer networks formed network. Translated by Google No. 2 　　Internet (internet, also translated the Internet, Internet), that is, WAN, LAN and stand-alone communication protocol in accordance with certain an international computer network. Internet refers to the two connections, people thousands of miles away with friends send each other messages, work together to complete a common entertainment. 　　In 1968, when Senator tedkennedy (Ted. Kennedy) won the arpa heard bbn agreement as an internal message processor (imp) ", he sent his message to bbn congratulate them on winning the" inside information processor, "the agreement demonstrated spirit. 　　Internet was originally designed to provide a communications network, even if some sites were destroyed by nuclear weapons also work. If most of the direct path blocked, the router will guide through the middle of communication and information dissemination in the network routers. 　　The initial network is to the computer experts, engineers and scientists use. At that time was not friendly. That time had no home and office computers, and any person using it, whether it is computer scientists, engineers or scientists have had to learn a very complex system. ----- Most of the Ethernet LAN protocol, appeared in 1974, it is the Harvard student bobmetcalfe (Bob. Metcalfe) in the "information packet radio network" on paper products. This paper was originally due to insufficient analysis of the school dismissed. Later he added a number of factors, was the acceptance. 　　The tcp / ip architecture development, the Internet has developed rapidly in the seventies, this architecture was originally a bobkahn (Bob. Kahn) in the bbn put forward, and then by Stanford University, kahn (Kahn) and vintcerf (Winter. Cerf), and others throughout the seventies and further developed. Eighties, defensedepartment (U.S. Department of Defense) has adopted this structure, to 1983, the whole world in general has adopted this architecture. 　　1978, uucp (unix and unix copy protocol) have been proposed in the Bell Labs. In 1979, on the basis of the uucp network news group developed. Newsgroups (discussion groups focused on a particular topic) followed developed, it is within the scope of information exchange in the world offers a new approach. However, newsgroups are not considered part of the Internet, because it does not share the tcp / ip protocol, which connects all over the world, the Ministry of unix systems, and many Internet sites have full use of newsgroups. Network news group is a very significant development in the world part. 　　Similarly, bitnet (units of a connected world of education computer network) to connect to the World Education Organization ibm mainframe, simultaneously, to provide mail service began in 1981. listserv software and other software to be developed later out of the network for services. Gateway has been developed for bitnet and Internet connections, while providing e-mail delivery and e-mail discussion lists. The e-mail listserv and other Internet discussion lists formed another major development in the part. 　　When the e-mail (e-mail), ftp (file download) and telnet (remote login) commands are provided as standard, the study and use the network for non-engineering and technical personnel become very easy. Although not in any way so easily today, but the university is indeed a great and special areas to promote use of the Internet. Other departments, including computer, physics and engineering technology department, also found that the benefits of using the Internet means that universities all over the world communicate and share files and resources. Library, also stepped forward to make their catalogs for the world. 　　Achievements of the first search of the Internet was invented in 1989, is peterdeutsch () and his crew created in montreal's mcfilluniversity their ftp site for the establishment of a file, later named archie. This software can periodically open the file download access to all sites, list their files and software to create a searchable index. Search archie commands are unix commands, so only use unix knowledge to make full use of his performance. 　　mcfill University, the University has the first archie found in daily communication from the United States to Canada have access to half of the traffic archie. Concern is the school management program can support such a large traffic, so they turn off the external access. Fortunately, there were many, many archie available. 　　Around the same time, brewsterkahle (), then in thinkingmachines (intelligent computer) invented the wais (wide area network information service), to retrieve a database of all files and allow file retrieval. Complexity and performance under the circumstances there are many different versions, but the most simple can make online that anyone can use. In its peak, intelligent computer company maintains worldwide can be wais database search more than 600 clues. Including all the news of the group on documentation and FAQs are being developed all the paper documents for network standards and so on. And archie, as its interface is not very intuitive, so in order to use it well have to take a great effort. 　　When universityofnevada (Nevada State University) reno created veronica (through the use of an automated search gopher service), gopher availability greatly enhanced. It was called the first letter of veryeasyrodent-orientednetwideindextocomputerizedarchives short. Gopher around the world to collect the same network connection as the network and index. It is so popular, making it difficult to connect with them, but nevertheless, in order to reduce the load of a large number of veronica been developed. A similar index of single-user software was developed, called the jughead (jonay'suniversalgopherhierachyexcavationanddisplay). 　　archie the inventor peterdeutsch, has always insisted archie is archier short. When veronica and jughead appears, show very offensive. 　　In 1989, the history of popular Internet applications, another significant event occurred. timberners and other European particle physics laboratory in people ---- these people very famous CERN, proposed a classification of Internet information in the agreement. This agreement, after 1991 known as the worldwideweb, based on hypertext protocol ╠ ╠ text embedded in a separate paragraph - the connection of the system, when you read these pages, you can always use them to _select_ a text link. Although it appears in the gopher before, but the development is very slow. 　　The emergence of graphical browsers mosaic greatly promoted the development of this protocol, the browser is marcandressen and his team ncsa (International Center for Supercomputing Applications) developed. Today, andressen is the company's leading figures netscape, netscape has developed the most successful to date graphical browser and the server, this achievement is always difficult to go beyond Microsoft. 　　Since the beginning the Internet was invested by the government, so it is initially limited to research departments, schools and government departments. In addition to direct services in the research department and the school of business applications, the other's business practices are not allowed. The early 90s, when independent commercial networks began to grow, this situation was challenged. This makes sending information from a commercial site to another commercial site rather than through government-funded network backbone possible. 　　dephi was among the first customers for their online network services of international business companies. July 1992 e-mail service began, in November 1992 launched a full range of network services. In May 1995, when the nfs (International Science Foundation) out of the Internet hub, all the limitations on commercial sites are no longer a rumor, and all of the information dissemination are dependent on commercial networks. aol (America Online), prodigy () and compuserve (America Online service) also began an online service. During this time, widespread commercial use as educational institutions and self-reliance, which makes the cost of the investment nfs loss is immeasurable. 　　Today, nsf-funded networks have abandoned the central and higher education organizations, on the one hand started to build k-12 and the local public library building, on the other hand a lot of research to improve high-speed network connection. 　　Microsoft entered the browser, server, and Internet service providers (isp) changes in the market has been completed and implemented Internet-based business company. June 1998 and the Microsoft browser well integrated win98 desktop display billgates (Bill. Gates) in the rapidly growing Internet investment determination. 　　Microsoft's success over the past few years attracted a ruling on their lawsuit. Do you think the debate is still in the courts in the market end? 　　On the future development trend is to improve the network connection speed. 56k of the modem (the modem) and hardware vendors to support its rapid growth followed by the development for out is just a small step. However, the rapid development of new technologies, such as multi-core modem, dsl (digital line) and satellite broadcasting networks are now achieved in a small area in the next few years will be able to achieve in a large area. These technical problems are not only the current user's connectivity problems, as well as to ensure reliable high-speed data transmission from the source of information to users. Believe that these problems can be solved in the near future. 　　The rapid development and expansion of the Internet during the stage of the business into the Internet in search of economic laws is irregular. 　　Free services have been the direct costs to the user canceled. dephi company, now offers a free home page, forums and message board. Online sales are growing rapidly, such as books, music and computers, etc., and price comparisons for their profits is very small, but the public security for online sales is still not assured. 　　Also known as the Internet network, a computer interactive technology. Internet features are: global, mass, anonymity, interaction, growth, flat, instant, multimedia nature, addiction, noisy sex. The significance of the Internet should not be underestimated. It is human solid step towards a global village. 　　More about Take a look at the following three articles: 　　First, what is the Internet? 　　The end of 1969, arpanet born, only four hosts networking operation. At that time, even the local area network (lan) technology has not yet appeared. By now, nearly "standing" of running on the Internet at least 6 million 1 thousand hosts. 　　In our day, the world's largest access network via the Internet with friends communicate with their peers, exchange, through the Internet for news, information at the same time, we actually know about this network? Do we have the time, the mood in the fast pace of modern life, take a moment to reflect on the meaning of the Internet? I often ask myself: What is the Internet? Internet mean? What is the nature of the Internet? Why is the development of the Internet have today? 　　Definition of technical experts 　　No doubt, the Internet is the first product of modern technology. In our attempts to understand the nature of the Internet when it is necessary to first understand the definition of technical experts. 　　October 24, 1995, "Joint Network Committee" (fnc: thefederalnetworkingcouncil) adopted a resolution on "Internet definition" of the resolution: "United Network Committee considers that the following language reflects our 'Internet' definition of the word. 　　'Internet' refers to the global information system: 　　1. Through the global address of the only logically linked together. This address is based on 'Internet Protocol' (ip) or in the future based on other protocols. 　　2. Can 'Transmission Control Protocol' and 'Internet Protocol' (tcp / ip), or other successor agreement or in the future with the 'Internet Protocol' (ip)-compatible protocol for communication. 　　3. To make public or private user-user a high level of service. The service is based on the communications and related infrastructure on top of. " 　　This is of course from the technical point of view to define the Internet. This definition reveals to us at least three aspects: First, the Internet is global; Second, each host on the Internet needs to have "address"; Finally, the host must follow the common rules (protocol) connection together. 　　The Internet is global. This means that we are currently using the network, regardless of who invented it, belongs to all mankind. This "global" is not an empty political slogan, but has its technical assurance. As we have seen in Chapter II of this book as the Internet's structure is based on "packet switching" way to connect the distributed network. Therefore, the technical level, the Internet is absolutely no central control. In other words, there can be a country or a certain interest group through some technical means to control the Internet problem. In turn, the Internet can not be closed within a country - unless the establishment is not the Internet. 　　However, at the same time, such a global network, there must be some way to identify each of them linked into the host. Must not appear on the Internet similar to the phenomenon of two people with the same name. Thus, we must have a fixed body to determine the name for each host, which determine which host on the Internet "address." However, this is merely "naming rights", this does not mean the power to determine the address control of power. In addition to naming names of the institutions responsible for the outside, can not do more things. 　　Similarly, the global network also needs to develop a body must comply with all the hosts of exchanges rules (protocol), otherwise impossible to establish a global all the different computers, different operating systems to common Internet. The next generation of tcp / ip protocol information on the network level will be classified in order to accelerate the transmission speed (for example, give priority to send browsing information, not the e-mail messages), that is, the services provided by this example. Again, this formulation to abide by the "Agreement" power does not mean that the control of power. 　　There is no doubt that all these technical features of the Internet are completely explain the management of the Internet and the "service", but not with "control" has nothing to do. 　　In fact, the Internet has far we have often said the "information superhighway." This is not only because the current transmission speed of the Internet is not enough, more importantly, the Internet has not yet finalized, also has been developing and changing. Therefore, any technical definition of the Internet can only be present, and the present. 　　Meanwhile, more and more people added to the Internet, more and more use of the Internet in the process will continue from the social and cultural point of view of the significance of the Internet, value and nature of the proposed new understanding. 　　Network is the media 　　As we've seen, the emergence of the Internet is certainly a revolution in human communication, however, if only from a technical point of view to understand the significance of the Internet is clearly not enough. Development of the Internet has already surpassed the original arpanet military and technical purposes, almost from the beginning is to human communication services. 　　Even in the early arpanet creation, the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Command and Control Research Office (ccr) has been Director of Lick Riedel computers and computer networks emphasize the fundamental role of communication services for the people, not simply used to calculate . 　　English "communication" is a word not easily translated. When we talk about news, press time, the term refers to the dissemination and communication; when we talk about transport, when the term refers to traffic; and when we discuss the relationship when the word again, and contacts and exchanges related. Lee then url] Kerry del / url] emphasized the role of the computer is to "exchange" is used is the word. 　　Interestingly, the "computer" (computer) and "communication" (communication), have a common root: "com" (total, all, together, and so on). Old English "communicate", there is "participation" means. 　　Internet is the ability to communicate with each other, mutual communication, mutual participation in the interactive platform. 　　In American universities, general learning is not journalism, but Mass Communication (masscommunication). In this sense, "communicate" has nothing to do with the promotion and being promoted, but rather common, and "participation" and "exchanges" are closely related. I emphasize here that the "network is the media", but also the network of human interaction in order to emphasize the important role and dissemination. 　　The development of the Internet to date, fully proved that the network media features. On the one hand, as a narrow range of small, private between the media, the Internet is a great tool for communication between the private. On the Internet, e-mail has always been the most widely used is also a feature of most attention. Since the emergence of e-mail, and interpersonal communication more convenient and more common. 　　On the other hand, as a broad, broad, open, effective media for most people, the Internet through a lot, every day there are at least hundreds of thousands or even thousands of people visit the site to achieve a true mass role of the media. Internet can be a way much more quickly than any, more economic, more intuitive, more effective ideas or information to a spread. 　　The emergence of the Internet, use e-mail and World Wide Web, just the man to provide a good communication tool. 　　Page publication is 　　If you understand the "network is the media", it is easy to understand the function as one of the Internet World Wide Web pages are essentially publications, it has a print publication should have almost all the features. World Wide Web development for several years the fact that proof of this. 　　In fact, a considerable number of World Wide Web as the user directly to the World Wide Web publications. According netsmart statistics, 50% of users to read the magazine online, 48% of users read online newspapers (http://adnet.net/statsl). 　　Through the World Wide Web, if not read newspapers, Web page itself also played a role in the publication. 　　World Wide Web inventor Bernard Leslie, in his declaration on the World Wide Web (http://www.w3.org/www/people/berners-lee/9602affil) expressly stated that: "World Wide Web, in essence, is to Individuals and organizations can communicate through sharing of information to a platform. 　　When the online information provider to the global time, it is considered to be published in the Global Internet. In the global web publishing only 'publishers' have a computer and connected to the Internet and World Wide Web server software is running. As printed publications, World Wide Web is a universal media, "However, compared with print publications, web pages do not have with print publications, many of the characteristics. 　　First of all, the page cost is very cheap. In the paper, very tight, very expensive cases, the advantages of web pages is particularly obvious. Because, with the different print publications, electronic publications, only a page, create web pages do not need paper. Moreover, when film makers, theater workers, even including the writers / in their lamented that her work is "a pity the art" at the same time, the page also shows the advantages of it. Because web pages can be modified at any time, at any time "again," the. 　　Another advantage is the page wide range of readers. Now do not have to spend money, no one likes to see something, therefore, definitely better than a good web page spread of a wide range of books, newspapers much better. A good website is usually every day, tens of thousands, even hundreds of thousands of people to patronize. The impact is not imagined. 　　Moreover, since it is electronic publications, web propagation speed is printed publications can not match. 　　Needless to say, books, even newspapers, from the editing, type_set_ting, printing, distribution will take time, and the web is very simple, just put it online on the line. Here, the difference between web and print publications is sent to readers of print publications is to hand, and the web by the reader to take. The biggest news on the impact of the Internet web page (for example: CNN url] cnn / url]) contents are updated every hour. Readers can often see new, and to track the development of the incident. 　　Moreover, since the web pages using hypertext file format, you can point the way through the links on the Internet of all relevant content of the page. Both theoretical research or reading news, you can easily find relevant information. And, if these materials are not imposed on other people written you, but by your "participation" in which he "find out". 　　Perhaps, web and print publications biggest difference lies with feedback. The feedback channel is often printed publications or printed, in many cases, feedback is very rare. And on a web page to put forward different views is easy. 　　Because of these characteristics as a publication, the World Wide Web is increasingly the majority of users of all ages. 　　According to pc-meter1996 survey, the average Internet user to access the World Wide Web each time the site has 5.6, every time the page look a 20.8, while the average reading every page of time required for approximately 1.4 minutes per Global page views online to read the time about 28 minutes. (Url] http://adnet.net/stats1/url]) as such a kind of dual function of private and public media, the Internet utility or from a fundamentally dependent on the participants, that is, the increase in users. And this feature is and the nature of the network exactly the same. 　　Second, the Internet has brought us nothing 　　1 What is the Internet 　　Analogy; the Internet is the highway, the site is to connect the highway of the city, the computer is the automobile, who is drivers, information is north-south goods. 　　2 What is e-commerce 　　Simply put; e-commerce refers to the use of the Internet for business activities; the business activities of enterprises to achieve electronic, is a new type of economic operation wiping touch. One electronic means, and second-commerce. E-commerce refers to is the use of simple and quick; low-cost means of electronic communication; buyers and sellers to conduct various business activities; idea of ​​data exchange; e-commerce, such as 　　E-Business; e-commerce; electronic contracts online the information flow; business flow; capital flows; and logistics; to negotiate 'orders; online payment; {close}; art opening, according to electronic invoices; declaration; electronic tax payment; network completed; Online Banking ; electronic payment; Electronics 　　Signature; in a few years to grow lt industry giants, China Internet has more than 150 million Internet users; immeasurable amount of e-commerce transactions 　　3, the twenty-first century, a revolutionary concept to the new forest industry, and he challenges you 　　4, today is what kind of era 　　Many people say that the information age, the Internet age, the knowledge economy era, the virtual age, digital age, e of the times, study times, no matter how we describe surgery What this era, the characteristics of this era is the speed of change, crisis, our only The solution is (learning) change the innovation and grasp the development trend of the times, 　　5, Internet marketing is characterized by what? A Internet marketing features are: story-telling, tree brand, high starting point, ahead of the line. 　　Story: the story of your own that you meet the proper Internet, display your own beautiful website; 　　Tree Brand: success in attracting success, only their excellence in order to attract talent, while skillfully using the Internet 　　Advertise; you have to stand on the shoulders of giants, into a successful system, such as the lob company; 　　Ahead of the line: one step ahead, leading all the way, to predict success, notice the success of pre-emptive action, will eventually succeed. 　　6, fairness 　　Internet regardless of location, do not speak the identity, equality of opportunity. 　　More with less: more, the Internet of people, information and more and more servers, the key is the miracle of opportunities, ideas and more and more people make money; fast Internet to exchange information based on the speed of light, the speed of light to create rich, As long as we click, the speed to catch up the speed of light, that is, human thought; good, party, Internet phone, hit the triangle of money the United States one minute, international calls are a dime a global business to make money on the Internet; provinces, save time , the provincial labor, the provincial investment, the provincial energy, the provincial resources, we used to do the traditional thing, is bird in cage, a small range of activities, engage in the private economy is the wild animals, e-commerce is an eagle, no borders. 　　Direct marketing experts: Marketing has become a social fashion, the work is regarded as the highest level. Evaluation of marketing is really great! Marketing is not something for a living to your life, but find themselves, improve themselves and develop themselves as a social activity. 　　To understand the times, we must emancipate our minds, innovation, advance with the times. Not enter on the back, a lot of very good people in the past, now show he was born, why, the times change so fast, can not meet. We have to a changing era, the era of understanding, vision of the era, the era of non-visible line wins, the era of the information is money. 　　Futurist once said: In a few years; the human race will survive the Internet. Work must concentrate, concentrate on miracles. Mao's methods of warfare: lost ground to keep people, keep both people and land, loss of people leaving, the people and land were lost. The twenty-first century, the wealth of talent to seize the talent to seize the wealth. Work must have a goal, no purpose would be nothing doing. Custom target time, income, number of concrete to be objective. 　　_Select_ an environment can be happy for life, choose a partner for a lifetime of happiness; the election of a business can achieve a life, choose a friend to the wisdom of a lifetime! _Select_ the cause of the "three best" principle: The biggest trend (times) the largest market (preferably global) minimum of competitors (just started) 　　Golden business opportunities, rare luck! Industrial age revolution, the country and benefit has been! The focus here is your dream school to the senior teacher; Here is your personal career ladder of success, this is your business off the platform to the world! 　　Friends! To be worthy pick flowers straight pick, MO broken branches to be empty with no flowers! Is a one-stop, on a river with; a tiger, on a mountain. Such thing as you, to display their fists on a piece of heaven and earth! Across the years, you will find: the stage here! Opportunity here! Challenge here! Success here! 　　7, master new tools, open up a new life 　　Today's four major trends; Internet, Web sites, online education, e-commerce. We must be able to master the three lineages are: will the computer, can drive, speak English. There are three treasures: money, tongue, and computers. Illiterate people do not go is a contemporary, business is not the Internet tends to die out. 　　8, using the Internet to do 　　Using the Internet to do many things: chat, dating, Internet telephony, video conferencing, e-mail transmission information, e-learning, banking, e-government, shopping, online shops to open. 　　Third, the nature and the great significance of the Internet 　　Simply put, the Internet is a variety of different types and sizes, independent operation and management of the worldwide computer network consisting of a huge computer network - a global computer network, and its English name internet. Composition of the Internet computer network, including small-scale local area network (lan), a regional network of city size (man) and large-scale wide area network (wan) and so on. These networks through regular phone lines, high speed dedicated lines, satellite, microwave and fiber optic cable lines to different countries, universities, companies, research departments, and organizations such as the military and government networks. 　　Internet is a public-oriented social organization. Tens of thousands of people around the world can use the Internet for information exchange and resource sharing. And there are thousands of people voluntarily spend their time and energy to the ant camel hard work, shared by all human beings are constructed of the Internet, and allow others to share the fruits of their labor. Dramas Internet reflects the selfless spirit of humanity, the Internet also make people learn how to better live in peace. 　　The Internet is the first ever human society worldwide library and a global forum. Any person, whether from anywhere in the world, at any time, he (she) can join the Internet will never be closed. And, no matter who you are, you are always welcome. You will not due to different color, different dress, different religious beliefs were left out. In today's world, the only one with no borders, no discrimination, no politics, living area is the Internet. Dissemination of information through the network, the world anyone, regardless of nationality, race, sex, age, wealth, mutual transfer of experience and knowledge, views and insights. 　　The Internet is the development of human history, a great milestone, it is the civilization of human society, quietly playing a growing role. May Watt invented the steam engine as a result, like the industrial revolution, the Internet will greatly facilitate the progress and development of human society. 　　】 【Wireless Internet 　　Wireless Internet is built on the wireless network based on Internet. Namely the use of electromagnetic data transmission Internet services. 　　Wireless network that is, by China Mobile, China Unicom, China Telecom, China Netcom to provide the network with no hard lines. Currently, China's wireless network includes: gsm network of China Mobile, China Unicom's network and cdma gsm network, China Telecom phs network, China Netcom phs network, as well as the upcoming 3g technology based on China Mobile tds-cdma network and China Netcom w-cdma network. Translated by Google Overview 　　Internet, that is, WAN, LAN and stand-alone communication protocol in accordance with certain an international computer network. Internet refers to two computers or two or more computer terminals, the client, the server by means of computer information technology to link the results to each other, people thousands of miles away with friends send each other messages together to complete a tasks, a common entertainment. 　　October 24, 1995, "Joint Network Committee" (FNC: TheFederalNetworkingCouncil) adopted a resolution on "Internet definition" of the resolution: "United Network Committee considers that the following language reflects the 'internet' definition of the word. 　　"Internet" refers to the global information system: 　　1. Through the logical address of the only global network of media in the network are linked together based on logic. This address is based on 'Internet Protocol' (IP) or in the future age of the Internet based on other protocols. 　　2. Can 'Transmission Control Protocol' and 'Internet Protocol' (TCP / IP), or other successor agreement or in the future with the 'Internet Protocol' (IP)-compatible protocol for communication. 　　3. To make public or private users of modern computer users to enjoy high levels of information technology to bring a full range of services. The service is based on the communications and related infrastructure on top of. " 　　This is of course from the technical point of view to define the Internet. This definition reveals at least three aspects: First, the Internet is global; Second, each host on the Internet needs to have "address"; Finally, the host must follow the common rules (protocol) connected together . Translated by Google Course 　　In 1968, when Senator TedKennedy (Ted. Kennedy) heard BBN won the ARPA protocol as an internal message processor (IMP) ", he sent his message to congratulate them BBN won the" inside information processor, "the agreement demonstrated spirit. 　　Internet was originally designed to provide a communications network, even if some sites were destroyed by nuclear weapons also work. If most of the direct path blocked, the router will guide through the middle of communication and information dissemination in the network routers. 　　The initial network is to the computer experts, engineers and scientists use. At that time was not friendly. That time had no home and office computers, and any person using it, whether it is computer scientists, engineers or scientists have had to learn a very complex system. ----- Most of the Ethernet LAN protocol, appeared in 1974, it is the Harvard student BobMetcalfe (Bob. Metcalfe) in the "information packet radio network" on paper products. This paper was originally due to insufficient analysis of the school dismissed. Later he added a number of factors, was the acceptance. 　　Because TCP / IP architecture development, the Internet has developed rapidly in the seventies, this architecture is the first BobKahn (Bob. Kahn) in the BBN put forward, and then by Stanford University, Kahn (Kahn) and VintCerf (Winter. Cerf), and others throughout the seventies and further developed. Eighties, DefenseDepartment (U.S. Department of Defense) has adopted this structure, to 1983, the whole world in general has adopted this architecture. 　　In 1978, UUCP (UNIX and UNIX Copy Protocol) was proposed at Bell Labs. In 1979, based on the UUCP network system developed in the newsgroup. Newsgroups (discussion groups focused on a particular topic) followed developed, it is within the scope of information exchange in the world offers a new approach. However, newsgroups are not considered part of the Internet, because it does not share the TCP / IP protocol, it connects all over the world, the Ministry of UNIX systems, and many Internet sites have full use of newsgroups. Network news group is a very significant development in the world part. 　　Similarly, BITNET (a connection unit of the World Education Computer Network) connection to the world of IBM mainframe educational organizations, and also started to provide mail service in 1981. Listserv software and other software to be developed later out of the network for services. Gateway has been developed for BITNET and Internet connections, while providing e-mail delivery and e-mail discussion lists. The e-mail listserv and other Internet discussion lists formed another major development in the part. 　　When the e-mail (email), FTP (file downloads) and telnet (remote login) commands are provided as standard, the study and use the network for non-engineering and technical personnel become very easy. Although not in any way so easily today, but the university is indeed a great and special areas to promote use of the Internet. Other departments, including computer, physics and engineering technology department, also found that the benefits of using the Internet means that universities all over the world communicate and share files and resources. Library, also stepped forward to make their catalogs for the world. 　　Achievements of the first search of the Internet was invented in 1989, is PeterDeutsch and his crew created in Montreal, McFillUniversity, they created a FTP site, files, later named Archie. This software can periodically open the file download access to all sites, list their files and software to create a searchable index. Search Archie commands are UNIX commands, so only use UNIX knowledge to make full use of his performance. 　　McFill University, the University has the first Archie found in daily communication from the United States to Canada have access to half of the traffic Archie. Concern is the school management program can support such a large traffic, so they turn off the external access. Fortunately, there were many, many Archie can be used. 　　Around the same time, BrewsterKahle, was in ThinkingMachines (intelligent computer) invented the WAIS (Wide Area Network Information Services), to search a database of all files and allow file retrieval. Complexity and performance under the circumstances there are many different versions, but the most simple can make online that anyone can use. In its peak, intelligent computer company maintains worldwide can be retrieved more than 600 WAIS databases for clues. Including all the news of the group on documentation and FAQs are being developed all the paper documents for network standards and so on. And Archie, as its interface is not very intuitive, so in order to use it well have to take a great effort. 　　When UniversityofNevada (Nevada State University) in Reno created VERONICA (through the Gopher search service using an automatic), Gopher's usability greatly enhanced. It was called the first letter of VeryEasyRodent-OrientedNetwideIndextoComputerizedArchives short. Gopher around the world to collect the same network connection as the network and index. It is so popular, making it difficult to connect with them, but nevertheless, in order to reduce the load of a large number of VERONICA been developed. A similar index of single-user software was developed, called JUGHEAD (JonaysUniversalGopherHierachyExcavationAndDisplay). 　　Archie the inventor PeterDeutsch, has always insisted Archie is Archier short. VERONICA and JUGHEAD occur when the time is expressed disgust. 　　In 1989, the history of popular Internet applications, another significant event occurred. TimBerners and other European particle physics laboratory in people ---- these people very famous CERN, proposed a classification of Internet information in the agreement. This agreement, after 1991 known as the WorldWideWeb, based on hypertext protocol - in a section of text embedded in another text - the connected systems, when you read these pages, you can always use them to _select_ a text link. Although it appears in the gopher before, but the development is very slow. 　　Graphical browser, Mosaic, show a great deal to promote the development of this protocol, the browser is MarcAndressen and his team at the NCSA (the International Center for Supercomputing Applications) developed. Today, Andressen is the company's leading figures Netscape, Netscape has developed the most successful to date graphical browser and the server, this achievement is always difficult to go beyond Microsoft. 　　Since the beginning the Internet was invested by the government, so it is initially limited to research departments, schools and government departments. In addition to direct services in the research department and the school of business applications, the other's business practices are not allowed. The early 90s, when independent commercial networks began to grow, this situation was challenged. This makes sending information from a commercial site to another commercial site rather than through government-funded network backbone possible. 　　Dephi the first customers for their online network services of international business companies. July 1992 e-mail service began, in November 1992 launched a full range of network services. In May 1995, when the NFS (National Science Foundation) loss of the Internet hub, all the limitations on commercial sites are no longer a rumor, and all of the information dissemination are dependent on commercial networks. AOL (America Online), Prodigy, and CompuServe (AOL services) also began an online service. During this time, widespread commercial use as educational institutions and self-reliance, which makes the cost of investment in NFS loss is immeasurable. 　　Today, NSF-funded networks have abandoned the central and higher education organizations, on the one hand started to build K-12 and the local public library building, on the other hand a lot of research to improve high-speed network connection. 　　Microsoft entered the browser, server, and Internet service providers (ISP) market changes has been completed and implemented Internet-based business company. June 1998 and the Microsoft browser well integrated into the desktop Win98 PC shows BillGates (Bill. Gates) in the rapidly growing Internet investment determination. 　　Microsoft's success over the past few years attracted a ruling on their lawsuit. Do you think the debate is still in the courts in the market end? 　　On the future development trend is to improve the network connection speed. 56k of the Modem (modem) and hardware vendors to support its rapid growth followed by the development for out is just a small step. However, the rapid development of new technologies, such as multi-core Modem, DSL (digital line) and satellite broadcasting networks are now achieved in a small area in the next few years will be able to achieve in a large area. These technical problems are not only the current user's connectivity problems, as well as to ensure reliable high-speed data transmission from the source of information to users. Believe that these problems can be solved in the near future. 　　The rapid development and expansion of the Internet during the stage of the business into the Internet in search of economic laws is irregular. 　　Free services have been the direct costs to the user canceled. Dephi company, now offers a free home page, forums and message board. Online sales are growing rapidly, such as books, music and computers, etc., and price comparisons for their profits is very small, but the public security for online sales is still not assured. Translated by Google Internet impact 　　The Internet is global. This means that we are currently using the network, regardless of who invented it, belongs to all mankind. This "global" is not an empty political slogan, but has its technical assurance. As we have seen in Chapter II of this book as the Internet's structure is based on "packet switching" way to connect the distributed network. Therefore, the technical level, the Internet is absolutely no central control. In other words, there can be a country or a certain interest group through some technical means to control the Internet problem. In turn, the Internet can not be closed within a country - unless the establishment is not the Internet. 　　However, at the same time, such a global network, there must be some way to identify each of them linked into the host. Must not appear on the Internet similar to the phenomenon of two people with the same name. Thus, we must have a fixed body to determine the name for each host, which determine which host on the Internet "address." However, this is merely "naming rights", this does not mean the power to determine the address control of power. In addition to naming names of the institutions responsible for the outside, can not do more things. 　　Similarly, the global network also needs to develop a body must comply with all the hosts of exchanges rules (protocol), otherwise impossible to establish a global all the different computers, different operating systems to common Internet. Next Generation TCP / IP agreement will be on the network level of information classification, to accelerate the transmission speed (for example, give priority to send browsing information, not the e-mail messages), that the services provided by this example. Again, this formulation to abide by the "Agreement" power does not mean that the control of power. 　　There is no doubt that all these technical features of the Internet are completely explain the management of the Internet and the "service", but not with "control" has nothing to do. 　　In fact, the Internet has far we have often said the "information superhighway." This is not only because the current transmission speed of the Internet is not enough, more importantly, the Internet has not yet finalized, also has been developing and changing. Therefore, any technical definition of the Internet can only be present, and the present. 　　Meanwhile, more and more people added to the Internet, more and more use of the Internet in the process will continue from the social and cultural point of view of the significance of the Internet, value and nature of the proposed new understanding. 　　Network is the media 　　As we've seen, the emergence of the Internet is certainly a revolution in human communication, however, if only from a technical point of view to understand the significance of the Internet is clearly not enough. Development of the Internet has long been beyond the original purpose of ARPANET in the military and technical, almost from the beginning is to human communication services. 　　Even in the early creation of ARPANET, the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Command and Control Research Office (CCR) has been Director of Lick Riedel computers and computer networks emphasize the fundamental role of communication services for the people, not simply used to calculate . 　　English, "Communication" is a word not easily translated. When we talk about news, press time, the term refers to the dissemination and communication; when we talk about transport, when the term refers to traffic; and when we discuss the relationship when the word again, and contacts and exchanges related. Lee then url] Kerry del / url] emphasized the role of the computer is to "exchange" is used is the word. 　　Interestingly, the "Computer" (Computer), and "Communication" (Communication), have a common root: "com" (total, all, together, and so on). Old English "Communicate", there is "participation" means. 　　Internet is the ability to communicate with each other, mutual communication, mutual participation in the interactive platform. 　　In American universities, general learning is not journalism, but Mass Communication (masscommunication). In this sense, "communicate" has nothing to do with the promotion and being promoted, but rather common, and "participation" and "exchanges" are closely related. I emphasize here that the "network is the media", but also the network of human interaction in order to emphasize the important role and dissemination. 　　The development of the Internet to date, fully proved that the network media features. On the one hand, as a narrow range of small, private between the media, the Internet is a great tool for communication between the private. On the Internet, e-mail has always been the most widely used is also a feature of most attention. Since the emergence of e-mail, and interpersonal communication more convenient and more common. 　　On the other hand, as a broad, broad, open, effective media for most people, the Internet through a lot, every day there are at least hundreds of thousands or even thousands of people visit the site to achieve a true mass role of the media. Internet can be a way much more quickly than any, more economic, more intuitive, more effective ideas or information to a spread. 　　The emergence of the Internet, use e-mail and World Wide Web, just the man to provide a good communication tool. 　　Page publication is 　　If you understand the "network is the media", it is easy to understand the function as one of the Internet World Wide Web pages are essentially publications, it has a print publication should have almost all the features. World Wide Web development for several years the fact that proof of this. 　　In fact, a considerable number of World Wide Web as the user directly to the World Wide Web publications. According NetSmart statistics, 50% of users to read the magazine online, 48% of users read online newspapers. 　　Through the World Wide Web, if not read newspapers, Web page itself also played a role in the publication. 　　World Wide Web inventor Bernard Leslie, in his declaration on the World Wide Web, explicitly pointed out: "World Wide Web, in essence, is to enable individuals and organizations can communicate through sharing of information to a platform. 　　When the online information provider to the global time, it is considered to be published in the Global Internet. In the global web publishing only 'publishers' have a computer and connected to the Internet and World Wide Web server software is running. As printed publications, World Wide Web is a universal media, "However, compared with print publications, web pages do not have with print publications, many of the characteristics. 　　First of all, the page cost is very cheap. In the paper, very tight, very expensive cases, the advantages of web pages is particularly obvious. Because, with the different print publications, electronic publications, only a page, create web pages do not need paper. Moreover, when film makers, theater workers, even including the writers / in their lamented that her work is "a pity the art" at the same time, the page also shows the advantages of it. Because web pages can be modified at any time, at any time "again," the. 　　Another advantage is the page wide range of readers. Now do not have to spend money, no one likes to see something, therefore, definitely better than a good web page spread of a wide range of books, newspapers much better. A good website is usually every day, tens of thousands, even hundreds of thousands of people to patronize. The impact is not imagined. 　　Moreover, since it is electronic publications, web propagation speed is printed publications can not match. 　　Needless to say, books, even newspapers, from the editing, type_set_ting, printing, distribution will take time, and the web is very simple, just put it online on the line. Here, the difference between web and print publications is sent to readers of print publications is to hand, and the web by the reader to take. The biggest news on the impact of the Internet web page (for example: CNN url] CNN / url]) contents are updated every hour. Readers can often see new, and to track the development of the incident. 　　Moreover, since the web pages using hypertext file format, you can point the way through the links on the Internet of all relevant content of the page. Both theoretical research or reading news, you can easily find relevant information. And, if these materials are not imposed on other people written you, but by your "participation" in which he "find out". 　　Perhaps, web and print publications biggest difference lies with feedback. The feedback channel is often printed publications or printed, in many cases, feedback is very rare. And on a web page to put forward different views is easy. 　　Because of these characteristics as a publication, the World Wide Web is increasingly the majority of users of all ages. 　　According to PC-Meter1996 survey, the average Internet user to access the World Wide Web each time the site has 5.6, every look of the website are 20.8, while the average reading every page of time required for approximately 1.4 minutes per time online reading about the global web of the time 28 minutes. (Url] http://adnet.net/stats1.htm/url]) as such a kind of dual function of private and public media, the Internet utility or from a fundamentally dependent on the participants, that is, the increase in users . And this feature is and the nature of the network exactly the same. Translated by Google The development of the next decade, the trend of the global Internet and to forecast 　　What can we expect in the next 10 years or longer period of time, the network will give us what? NatC to poll for this week commented that the next 10 years, the Internet's largest influence will be having to show a computer screen, "You're in the network activities will include your presence, travel, merchandise purchase or other behavior ", of course, a lot of cross-trends will also appear in the following 10 (or more) network development trend, and will also have some very popular network technology that we can not predict now. 　　Comprehensive consideration of all factors, the next 10 years, there will be 10 online trends appear. 　　1. Semantic Web 　　Sir Tim Berners-Lee (Web founders) on the Semantic Web point of view become an important concern has been a long time. In fact, it has been as marvelous as the white whale. In short, the semantic gateway to the machine involved in the dialogue between, it makes the network more intelligent, or, as Berners-Lee described it, the computer "in the network analysis of all data - content, links, and transaction processing between the human-machine" . In another time, Berners-Lee describes it as "designed for the data network programs like", such as design reuse of information. 　　As Alex in "leading to the Semantic Web," wrote the core of the Semantic Web is to create something meaningful to deal with metadata to describe the data, once the computer equipment on the Semantic Web, it will be able to solve complex semantic optimization problems. 　　Therefore, when the era of the Semantic Web will come? Components to create the Semantic Web has emerged: RDF, OWL, these micro-format is just one of many components. But, Alex, in his article that will take some time to interpret the information in the world, and then in some appropriate way to capture personal information. Some companies, such as Hakia, Power_set_ and Alex own adaptive blue are under active implementation of the Semantic Web, therefore, the future we will become closer together, but we have to wait some years to see the realization of the Semantic Web vision. 　　2. AI 　　AI may be a computer in the history of the ultimate goal. Since 1950, Alan Turing proposed a test machine such as the ability of man-machine dialogue Turing test began, artificial intelligence, has become the dream of computer scientists, 　　In the next network development, artificial intelligence makes the machine more intelligent. In this sense, this and the Semantic Web in some ways some of the same. 　　We have already started to apply some low-level in some form of artificial intelligence websites. Amazon.com has begun to use Mechanical Turk (Note: an artificial search technology) to introduce artificial intelligence, and its task management services. It enables the application of artificial intelligence computer programs to adjust before the computer can not complete the task. Since its inception in November 2005, Mechanical Turk has gradually had some followers, there is a "Turker" forum called Turker country gathered, it seems that there are already some people who patronize here. However, in January we reported it to the time, it looks not just at the time users _set_ up so many times. 　　However, artificial intelligence, or to give the network a lot of promise. Artificial intelligence technology is now being used in some like Hakia, Power_set_ such a "search 2.0" companies. Numenta is Tech legend's Jeff Hawkins (inventor of handheld computers) the creation of an exciting company that tried to use neural networks and cellular automata to create a new brain-like computing paradigm. This means that Numenta is trying to use computers to solve some very easy for us to problems, such as face recognition, or feel the music in the style. Since the computer calculations much faster than human beings, we hope that the new boundaries will be broken, so that we can solve some previously unsolvable problems. 　　3. Virtual World 　　As the future network systems, Second Life (second life) got a lot of mainstream media attention. However, participation in a recent supernova Sean AmmiratiI group (Supernova panel) meeting, discussed a number of related opportunities in many other virtual world. The following graphic is a good summary: 　　In Korea, for example, with the "younger generation" of growth and infrastructure (network) construction, the next 10 years, the virtual world will become a dynamic worldwide market. 　　It involves not only the digital life, but also makes us more real-life digital. Alex said, on the one hand, we have in the rapidly growing Second Life and other virtual world. On the other hand, we have begun to use digital information through technical interpretation of the Earth, such as GOOGLE Earth. 　　4. Mobile 　　The development of mobile networks is the future prospects of another large network applications. It has been in some cities in Asia and Europe is developing rapidly. Apple launched iphone this year, the U.S. mobile network market, a sign of the event. This is just the beginning. In the next 10 years there will be more location-aware services to mobile devices can be achieved by, for example, when you visit the local mall, you will receive your custom shopping offers a lot of information, or when you are driving the car when receive the map information, or you Friday night with friends when the received play information. We also look forward to large Internet companies such as, YAHOO, GOOGLE become a major mobile portal, as well as mobile phone operators. 　　Such as NOKIA, SONY-ERICSSON, PALM, BLACKBERRY and MICROSOFT these companies have _set_ foot in the mobile network for several years, but the mobile network a major problem is the user's ease of use. Iphone has an innovative interface that enables users to more easily scale and other methods used to browse the network. In addition, ALEX ISKOLD also pointed out that this iphone is a strategy to expand the scope of Apple's influence, from web browsing to the community network, and even possibly search. 　　Although the iphone in the U.S. (or other delivery to other countries when the iphone after) to the hype, iphone there is at least 10 years until a major breakthrough in mobile network equipment. 　　5. Attention Economy 　　Attention economy is a market, where consumers agree to receive services in exchange for their attention. Examples include: personalized news, personalized search, consumer advice. Attention Economy that consumers have the right to choose, they can choose where 'consumption' of their concerns. Another key factor is the relevance of attention is, as long as consumers see relevant content, he / she will continue to focus attention, as it will create more opportunities to sell. 　　Expect to see this concept in the next decade, the Internet economy is becoming more important. Like AMAZON, and we have seen companies like netflix, but there are many opportunities to new entrepreneurs need to be explored. 　　6. To provide network services to Web site 　　March, Alex, wrote in an article, with more and more sites become integrated, the entire site system is turned into a platform and database. Large sites will be converted to provide the network services, will effectively expose their information to the world. This change has never been smooth, if scalability is a big issue, the law is not simple. 　　However, ALEX said site into the network for the provision of services, this is not a problem, the question is when to start and how to do it. 　　This shift will occur in two ways a. Some sites will follow the example of AMAZON and del.icio.us and flickr site, and through a REST API (technical term) to provide information. Other sites will try to keep their information private. 　　But it will be created mashups are available through services such as DAPPER, TEQLO, and YAHOO PIPE. 　　The actual result will be unstructured information will give way to structured information, which will pave the way for more intelligent. 　　Note that we can also see the current trend is moving from small local show, especially the facebook site in 2007. Maybe in the next 10 years, network services will be more open landscape, because in 2007 "walled garden" is still restricts us (Note: The "walled garden" refers to a control user access to Web content and services to the environment ) 　　7. Online Video / Internet TV 　　This trend has exploded like a show on the network, but you feel it is still a lot not to be developed, there are broad prospects. 　　October 2006, GOOGLE got the planet's most popular online video resource youtube. The same month, kazaa and skype is also a founder of Internet television services, and nickname of Venice Project (later named joost). 2007, youtube continue to dominate at the same time, the Internet TV services are slowly taking off. 　　Our network blog last100 to reviews eight major network television the way the application prospect of the current Internet TV made a very good overview. ReadWriteWeb JOSH CATONEYE also analyzed one of the three --- joost, babelgum, zattoo. 　　Very clear that in the next 10 years, Internet TV will be and we are completely different. Higher picture quality, more powerful streaming media, personalization, sharing, and more advantages, will be in the next 10 years to achieve, perhaps the big question is "now the mainstream TV networks (NBC, Cable TV News Network, etc.) how to adapt? " 　　8. Rich Internet applications (RIA) 　　With the current hybrid web / desktop application development trends continue, we will be able to expect to see RIA (rich Internet applications) in the use and function continue to improve. adobe air platform rich Internet applications is one of a leader, as well as Microsoft's layer programming framework (WPF). In addition, cross-region is LASZLO openlaszlo open platform, there are other newly created companies to provide rich Internet applications (RIA) platform. We can not forget that, AJAX (an interactive programming language) is also considered a rich Internet application (RIA), which will also need to see how long AJAX, or whether there will be "2.0." 　　RYAN STEWART in April 2006 (before his adobe company) network in the reading and writing about "rich Internet application allows users to participate in those important to maintain the advanced effects and transformation", which means that those developers will amazing changes in the site is taken for granted, and will strive to provide users with a seamless experience. This involved the construction of any new network of people is an exciting time, because the web interface finally catching up with content. 　　Over the past year, with the adobe and Microsoft on rich Internet applications (RIA) development, RYAN point of view has been proven correct. There are also more innovation occurs, so in the next 10 years, I can not wait to see what the field of RIA's landscape! 　　9. International Network 　　As of 2007, the U.S. is still the main market of the Internet. However, in 10 years time, things may change a lot. China is a growth market is often mentioned, but other large population will grow, as India and Africa. 　　For most web 2.0 applications and websites (including read-write web), the composition of the U.S. market more than 50% of their users. Indeed, comscore in the November 2006 report showed that top-level site 3 / 4 of the network traffic from international users. Comscore also shows that 25 large sites inside the United States, with 14 international customers to attract more than local, including the top 5 site-YAHOO, Time Warner, Microsoft, GOOGLE, EBAY. 　　However, it is now just beginning, the international network of market revenue is not yet great. In the next 10 years time, will increase the income of the Internet. 　　10. Personalization 　　In 2007, individual has been a very strong topic, especially for GOOGLE. 　　GOOGLE for personalized ReadWriteWeb did a special week. But you can see this trend in many emerging companies in the display of 2.0, from l ast.fm to mystrands, YAHOO personal home page and more. 　　In the next decade, we can expect it? Recently, we visited Google to do in the development of personalized software engineer, chief SEP kamvar, whether in the future will be personalized "page level" system (note: PageRank (page rank) is the Google search engine for evaluating a web page "important of "a way)? 　　He replied: "We have different levels of personalization. For those who keep Web search history, we in-depth individual, but even for those who do not keep a web search history, we will be based on the user Search the State Department to personalize search results. As we move forward, personalization will continue to fade, you GOOGLE shared information with more of your search results increasingly make you satisfied " 　　In the next few years to see how Google development and utilization of personalization, and how it handles privacy issues, will be a very attractive thing. Translated by Google Internet Naming 　　Internet, Internet, World Wide Web is the relationship between the three: the Internet contains the Internet include the World Wide Web. 　　Any device can communicate with each other's network called the Internet. So, even if only two machines, no matter what technology to communicate with each other, also known as the Internet. International standards of the Internet was written internet, i must be lowercase letters! Large multinational Internet is not only the Internet, there are many benefits network. 　　The Internet is an Internet. Composed of two machines, the Internet is not only the Internet, which is formed by the tens of millions of Internet devices. Internet use TCP / IP protocol to allow different devices can communicate with each other. But the use of TCP / IP protocol network is not necessarily the Internet, a LAN can also use the TCP / IP protocol. To determine whether access to the Internet, first of all is to see whether your computer is installed TCP / IP protocol, followed by to see if has a public address (the so-called public address, the address is outside of all the private network address). International standards, the Internet was written Internet, I must be uppercase letters! 　　The Internet is based on TCP / IP protocol implementations, TCP / IP protocol agreement composed by a number of different types of agreements and are placed in different layers, which, in the application layer protocol, there are many, such as FTP, SMTP, HTTP. As long as the application layer using the HTTP protocol, known as the World Wide Web (World Wide Web). The reason why in the browser, enter http://www.baidu.com, one sees Baidu network to provide the web, it is because your personal web browser, and Baidu's servers using the HTTP protocol exchanges. Translated by Google Internet - Internet users scale 　　The scale of Chinese Internet users continue to show a continued trend of rapid growth. As of the end of June 2008, the number of Chinese Internet users reached 253 million people, the end of 2007 amounted to 218 million U.S. Internet users who, according to the U.S. growth rate of Internet users in recent years, estimates the number of U.S. Internet users will not be the end of June 2008 over 230 million people, Therefore, the scale of Chinese Internet users has leapt to the world. An increase of more than 9100 people last year, in the first half of 2008, the net increase of the number of Internet users in China was 4,300 million. More and more people realize the convenience of the role of the Internet, with the size and structure of Internet users equipment costs decrease and the income level, the Internet is gradually households. As of the end of June 2008, China's Internet penetration rate reached 19.1%, is still less than 1 / 5 of the Chinese residents are Internet users. The penetration rate of 21.1% slightly lower than the global average of Internet penetration. The current global Internet penetration is highest in Iceland, 85.4% of the residents have is the Internet users. China's neighbors South Korea, Japan, the penetration rate of 71.2% and 68.4%. And China have similar economic development of the Russian Internet penetration rate is 20.8%. On the one hand, the Chinese Internet and the Internet developed countries there is a big development gap between China's overall economic level, residents and cultural level to a higher level to be able to more quickly facilitate the development of China's Internet; on the other hand, this situation of Internet penetration shows that the development of China's Internet in increasing, and development potential. 　　Scale users of different access methods, the industry and Internet users very concerned about the status of broadband access. Internet users enjoy broadband access services more access to the Internet situation in China better. Access to broadband Internet users in China compared to 84.7%, the number of broadband users has reached 214 million people. The current number of China's mobile Internet users has reached 7305 people. 253 million Internet users in six months there have been acts of mobile users access the Internet the proportion reached 28.9%. Mobile Internet with its unique convenience, the rapid development in China. The development of mobile Internet, making access to the Internet users choose richer mobile Internet changes the situation from a reflection of the changing conditions Internet users. Translated by Google Internet, the definition of indecent content 　　Internet, including indecent content, the content does not meet the laws and regulations, including the spread bloody violence, murder, malicious verbal abuse, insults defamatory information about others; likely to cause juvenile delinquency normal adolescent thinking and behavior and interfere with student life, including directly or implicitly performance of parts of the body, sexuality, provocative or insulting pictures, audio and video, animation, articles, advertising products illegal sex and sexually transmitted diseases treatment ads, and spread the sex trade, friends and other improper information; invasion of privacy content, including emptied, videotaping, dew point, and the malicious use of network privacy and information dissemination to others; violation of the right love and marriage and family ethics, including to promote extra-marital affairs, one night stands, wife-swapping and other information. Translated by Google China's business model of Internet service providers 　　As the Internet worldwide expansion of the rapid development of China's Internet in recent years, increasing number of ISP in China to provide the business has continuously enriched. However, to achieve the prosperity of China's Internet services, not only need more and more Internet service providers to provide rich services, ISP Internet service providers also need to constantly open up services market, take a flexible business model, find their way to profitability, continue to enhance its capability of independent innovation and enhance core competitiveness. This article on China ISP's business model studied, analyzed the different business types on the different needs of ISP business model. 　　Internet service providers (ISP: Internet Service Provider) is the Internet service provider, to offer customers comprehensive Internet access services, information services and value-added services for telecom operators. ISP is approved by the national authorities officially operating companies, the state law. Internet Content Provider (ICP: Internet Content Provider) is the Internet content provider, namely the user to provide Internet information services and integrated value-added services for telecom operators. ICP is also approved by the national authorities officially operating companies, the state law. Famous ICP Sina, Sohu, 163,21 CN and so on. 　　First, the development of the global Internet 　　China's Internet development, though started later than the international development of the Internet, but the new century, the same rapid development. According to the latest CNNIC survey showed development of the Internet, as of December 2006, the number of Chinese Internet users reached 137 million, with the October 1997 the first survey compared to the number of 62 million Internet users, now is the original number of Internet users 221 times. The number reached 90.7 million broadband Internet access, in second place, the number of 17 million mobile Internet users. Number of Chinese websites 843 thousand, the national number of 4.47 billion web pages. 　　1. Internet ISP to provide the main business and business income 　　With the development of broadband and the deepening globalization, China's Internet business applications, business applications with the development of the international mainstream basically the same, the Chinese ISP providing capacity in the business world's advanced countries have the same ISP on the same starting point. The international mainstream Internet business in China have applied. China listed in Table 1 ISP / ICP provides the main Internet applications. 　　However, the main Chinese local ISP, or Internet application with Chinese characteristics. For example, in China's online game business and instant messaging business was better than the global average. 　　Chinese ISP 2005 year overall industry revenue at about 300 billion yuan or so. Rapid growth in the overall industry revenue has significantly from 2004 to 2005 growth rate of about 40%. Table 2 is the income of a typical ISP, ISP's revenue growth rate of different, the average growth rate of 30% or more. 　　Free Internet business, the original way, had served as the features and advantages of the Internet to promote the development of the Internet. However, if everything is to be provided free of charge, Internet service provision will be difficult to quickly increase capacity, the Internet in a variety of professional services, such as financial services, publishing and other application and development will be limited, so the global ISP in its own development The process is also actively exploring the business to provide the business model and profit model. 　　ISP company situation is very different from China's ISP companies operating business model perspective, there are three basic business models: 　　● The first is large and the business model, ISP provides a wide range of Internet services. For example, in the nineties of last century, Yahoo is representative of this approach. 　　● The second is to focus on core business model. For example, Tencent focus on instant messaging services; just the Nasdaq listing of the "Home" is a company specializing in the hotel industry ISP. 　　● The third is a comprehensive business-based business model. For example, such large portals Sina, in the main news and information services, online games business, providing a variety of online advertising services, Internet business, and from these non-core business profit. 　　At present, most ISP services, integrated management information model, focus on core business, both to provide other Internet information services. Through this business model, ISP to expand their areas of business operations, expanding source of profit, rich business model, enhance its core competitiveness. 　　Chinese ISP business model used by Internet applications with the Chinese competitive landscape related. As a result of competition in the Internet business is very intense competition may change at any time, resulting in most of the Chinese ISP fully consolidate and enhance focus on their core business, increase barriers to entry, business services, ISP through this model, to ensure their own monopoly, leading or dominant position to create opportunities for their own development. 　　In addition, most of the Chinese ISP with domestic telecom operators. China Telecom launched ChinaVnet cooperation platform, as many ISP for win-win cooperation with China Telecom, the good soil, the ISP's network platform in China Telecom to provide Internet business services, not only to promote the broadband industry chain development, but also protect their own users and business development, and promote their own good operation. China Mobile Monternet platform architecture, is one of many ISP to provide mobile Internet services with a sound platform for China Mobile. In general, traditional telecom carriers will share revenue with the ISP used to share earnings. This cooperation mode brings the communication industry chain development and extension of the value of the distribution gradually moved toward a reasonable balance. While this model are more successful at home and abroad, but in the entire business process, the traditional telecom operators to control or occupy the main position. China's telecom operators are adjusting to this sharing model, "5050" indicates the emergence of a new model a new round of Chinese ISP business model adjustment has begun. At present, although the content is king has gradually become an important feature of the Internet business market, but the ISP in content with the significant advantages and no fundamental change in the leading force in the industrial chain, network resources and user resources, the Internet business is still the decision chain Who is the protagonist of the important factors. 　　Second, the typical operating mode of the current ISP business in accordance with the main division of the main ISP in China the following categories. 　　1. Search engine ISP 　　The end of 2005, used the search engine business of Internet users reached 89.1%. China search engine market in the domestic ISP, such as Baidu, Google headed over to the overseas ISP, to become a major marketer. Search services provided by more and more abundant, including maps search, forums search, blog search and other services more and more segments. Data show that in 2005, the Chinese search engine, ISP's revenue, Yahoo, Department of Revenue to reach 2.8 billion yuan, ranked first, Baidu 2.7 billion, came in second, Google revenue reached 1.5 billion yuan, ranked third in revenue . 　　(1) business model 　　ISP at home and abroad search engine profit model as the lack of major confusion for future development, more and more ISP's search engine to find a way out from the other direction, to rely on to provide online advertising services, e-commerce means profit. 　　(2) a typical case - Baidu company. 　　Chinese search engine Baidu is the leading service providers, in promoting the development of its operational process, the online advertising business is the main source of income. Baidu aims to enhance the user launched a series of viscosity, extended the scope of services the main industry initiatives, including Baidu search toolbar bundled with HP business PCs, expanding the search to the Web2.0, providing blog search. 2006 third quarter earnings report, Baidu total revenue of $ 30,300,000, operating profit of 960 million, operating profit margin of 32%. The scale of advertising revenue record, reaching $ 30,100,000, growth of 18% to 28%. 　　2. Instant Messaging ISP 　　Instant messaging and Internet-based ISP primarily Internet-based mobile instant messaging services. Because the ISP IM user resources to master, so in real-time business communications value chain, real-time communication ISP can play a leading role. This co-operation with the operator's business model is very rare. 　　(1) business model 　　(2) a typical case - Tencent, China Unicom and mobile instant messaging services in cooperation 　　For improved user ARPU, the purpose of increasing user stickiness, China Unicom launched a mobile IM service. China Unicom's strategy is the most famous instant messaging at home and abroad ISP cooperation, complement each other, bigger markets. Tencent in China is the first real-time communication services, the highest local market share of instant messaging ISP. Since 2003, China Unicom and Tencent in China Unicom's CDMA network to provide, based on the BREW platform provides a "Tencent QQ" instant messaging service. 　　3. Mobile Internet services ISP 　　Main provider of mobile Internet services ISP mobile Internet services, including: WAP Internet services, mobile instant messaging services, information download services. 　　(1) business model 　　To provide mobile Internet services ISP, the main use of mobile telecommunications operators with the business development model. The proceeds and benefit-sharing in the form of joint provision of Internet services. Such as Sina, TOM and air network, the ISP co-operation with China Mobile, will enrich the content of their processing, to achieve the requirements of China Mobile, and get receipts. Under this model, ISP operators, policy changes by the greatest impact. 　　(2) a typical case - Air Network Company 　　Air network as a wireless value-added service providers and wireless Internet portal operator, third quarter 2006 total revenue $ 25,010,000, an increase of 24%. Air network from the wireless Internet portal kong.net total advertising revenue of 5.9 million, 2.2 million U.S. dollars increased sequentially and 168% (see Table 3). With the wireless Internet portal business of steady development, the air network from the wireless Internet portal of the advertising revenue has shown a growth trend. But by the Chinese mobile value-added services for mobile impact of new policies, changes in air service income of a larger network. 　　ISP portal providing news, culture and other information services. 　　(1) business model 　　ISP Portal to provide information to the public based industry, with a stable user base. ISP portal and broad source of income, including online advertising, mobile services, online games and other businesses. For example: Sina, Sohu, Netease and Yahoo and other portals (including the industry portal.) 　　(2) a typical case - Sina 　　SINA Corporation operates 5 major categories of business: ① Sina (SINA.com) to provide online news and content services; ② SINA Mobile (SINA Mobile) to provide mobile value-added services; ③ Hotline Sina (SINA Online) provision of community services and games; ④ Sina Enterprise Services (SINA.net) to provide search and enterprise services; ⑤ e Sina (SINA E-Commerce) to provide online shopping services. 2005 net operating income of $ 193,600,000, advertising revenues of $ 85,000,000, up 30% over the previous year, non-advertising revenues of $ 108,600,000, down 19% over last year. Mobile value-added business year 2005 revenues totaled $ 98,100,000, accounting for non-advertising revenues of 90%. 　　2. The focus of the Chinese ISP business with Chinese characteristics 　　The late stage of development into the narrowband and broadband Internet, Internet development stage, China's ISP business to provide the basic capabilities of the ISP with the advanced countries in the world was flat. The international mainstream Internet business in China ISP can provide. Meanwhile, China's main local ISP also has Chinese characteristics, Internet applications, mobile value-added services and network operations of the ISP game is very prominent in business income. In many countries the development of good business may not be the same business in China is expected, and similar online games, instant messaging and other business development in China has become a very successful Internet business. 　　Provides online game services ISP, such as a grand company, revenue in 2004 reached 1.37 billion, up 129% over the previous year. In 2005, business income is still maintained up to 38% growth, reaching 18.8 billion yuan. Including Sina, including a number of strong competitors such as ISP has also joined the online game industry competition. Provide real-time communication services ISP, such as Tencent has maintained the leading Internet business enterprise status. In 2005, Tencent's business revenue reached 14.3 billion yuan. 　　3. The content is king as the development of important rules ISP 　　With the increased bandwidth, network capacity is to restrict the Internet business is no longer the bottleneck, on the contrary, the content has become an important factor in the development of ISP. ISP and user demand for high quality content continues to increase. 　　For example, "Mice Love Rice" This is the first Internet music downloads in 2004, 1500 million, an average of 1 per download charges, so that the track of the income of 1,500 yuan. The issue with the comparison of ordinary CD, a CD can be issued if more than one million will be very good. 　　Currently the most used Internet services in China followed by e-mail, news, search engines, web browsing, online music, instant messaging, BBS, online video and so on, these first eight of the 50% is content-based Internet business services . 　　Four. ISP in some application areas in China more than China International ISP Internet application market, the company occupies. 　　The role of the Internet: 　　The Internet is a variety of different types and sizes, independent operation and management of the worldwide computer network composed of a huge computer network - a global computer network, and its English name is Internet. Composition of the Internet computer network, including small-scale local area network (LAN), city size area networks (MAN) and large-scale wide area network (WAN) and so on. These networks through regular phone lines, high speed dedicated lines, satellite, microwave and fiber optic cable lines to different countries, universities, companies, research departments, and organizations such as the military and government networks. However, only a computer network or computer network of networks to describe the Internet is not appropriate. The reason is that only the transfer of information computer network medium, and the essence of the Internet is its ability to provide you with valuable information and satisfactory services. Example, we went to the store to buy something, our main concern is that this is genuine goods store, and store service is kind and thoughtful, as for the store itself is not as Hua Lifu there really care about our customers The. Can be said that the Internet is a vast world-scale information and services resource. It is not only providing people with a variety of simple and efficient means of communication and information retrieval, is more important is providing people with a huge information resources and services resource. By using the Internet, people worldwide can exchange information only, exchange ideas, and all aspects of access to knowledge, experience and information. Internet is a public-oriented social organization. Tens of thousands of people around the world can use the Internet for information exchange and resource sharing. And there are thousands of people voluntarily spend their time and energy to the hard work of ants camel constructed all human beings have in common the Internet and allow others to share the fruits of their labor. Dramas Internet reflects the selfless spirit of humanity, the Internet also make people learn how to better live in peace. The Internet is the first ever human society worldwide library and a global forum. Any person, whether from anywhere in the world, at any time, he (she) can join the Internet will never be closed. And, no matter who you are, you are always welcome. You will not due to different color, different dress, different religious beliefs were left out. In today's world, the only one with no borders, no discrimination, no politics, living area is the Internet. Dissemination of information through the network, the world anyone, regardless of nationality, race, sex, age, wealth, mutual transfer of experience and knowledge, views and insights. The Internet is the development of human history, a great milestone, it is the civilization of human society, quietly playing a growing role. May Watt invented the steam engine as a result, like the industrial revolution, the Internet will greatly facilitate the progress and development of human society. Translated by Google Overview 　　October 24, 1995, "Joint Network Committee" (FNC: TheFederalNetworkingCouncil) adopted a resolution on "Internet definition" of the resolution: "United Network Committee considers that the following language reflects the 'internet' definition of the word. 　　"Internet" refers to the global information system: 　　1. Through the logical address of the only global network of media in the network are linked together based on logic. This address is based on 'Internet Protocol' (IP) or in the future age of the Internet based on other protocols. 　　2. Can 'Transmission Control Protocol' and 'Internet Protocol' (TCP / IP), or other successor agreement or in the future with the 'Internet Protocol' (IP)-compatible protocol for communication. 　　3. To make public or private users of modern computer users to enjoy high levels of information technology to bring a full range of services. The service is based on the communications and related infrastructure on top of. " 　　This is of course from the technical point of view to define the Internet. This definition reveals at least three aspects: First, the Internet is global; Second, each host on the Internet needs to have "address"; Finally, the host must follow the common rules (protocol) connected together . Translated by Google Internet Naming 　　Internet, Internet, World Wide Web is the relationship between the three: the Internet contains the Internet include the World Wide Web. 　　Any device can communicate with each other's network called the Internet. So, even if only two machines, no matter what technology to communicate with each other, also known as the Internet. International standards of the Internet was written internet, i must be lowercase letters! Large multinational Internet is not only the Internet, there are many benefits network. 　　The Internet is an Internet. Composed of two machines, the Internet is not only the Internet, which is formed by the tens of millions of Internet devices. Internet use TCP / IP protocol to allow different devices can communicate with each other. But the use of TCP / IP protocol network is not necessarily the Internet, a LAN can also use the TCP / IP protocol. To determine whether access to the Internet, first of all is to see whether your computer is installed TCP / IP protocol, followed by to see if has a public address (the so-called public address, the address is outside of all the private network address). International standards, the Internet was written Internet, I must be uppercase letters! 　　The Internet is based on TCP / IP protocol implementations, TCP / IP protocol agreement composed by a number of different types of agreements and are placed in different layers, which, in the application layer protocol, there are many, such as FTP, SMTP, HTTP. As long as the application layer using the HTTP protocol, known as the World Wide Web (World Wide Web). The reason why in the browser, enter http://www.baidu.com, one sees Baidu network to provide the web, it is because your personal web browser, and Baidu's servers using the HTTP protocol exchanges. 　　Internet applications 　　Application of the Internet in real life is very extensive. We can chat on the Internet to play games, access to things and so on. More importantly, can also be used on the Internet advertising and shopping. Internet has brought us real-life hate big convenience. Our knowledge base on the Internet where you can find yourself in the digital academic, career needs, to help our work and learning. Translated by Google Encyclopedia 　　Internet 　　interconnection network, ICN 　　Internet 309 * 　　Mutual 　　Networks and crossbar switch networks, has been used in a single instruction 【flow "multiple data streams 　　And multiple instruction multiple data〕 〔flow parallel computer. 　　Bus by a group composed of connection and control device for the processor, memory 　　Storage module and the external device used to transmit data. Bus-based sub- 　　When work the way, every moment with only a pair of devices connected to it 　　Communication, when there are multiple communication requirements simultaneously, the bus arbitration 　　Device according to the priority arbitration. Key technologies include the design bus 　　Bus arbitration, interrupt control, consistency protocols and transmission process. According to 　　Data transmission system components of different speeds, the bus is often divided into 　　Several levels, and directly connected with the multi-processor and the memory bus speed 　　Degree of the fastest, commonly referred to as local bus or internal bus; and external devices 　　Connected to the bus as an external bus or system bus (see the total system 　　Line). To facilitate PCB interconnect via multiple features, multiple 　　Processing machines in the computer system bus is often implemented on the base plate. With 　　Advances in technology, ability to continuously improve the communication bus, the commercialization of many 　　The internal bus bandwidth management unit has more than IGB / s. 　　January 1 by the development of multi-level multi-level switch connection between the module and component level. 　　A axb switching module has a one input one output terminal, and b, 　　Usually switch module size 2 XZ, 4 X4, 8 fire 8. Open 　　Can be dynamically _set_ off to create the appropriate input and output connections. Switch 　　Module allows "one to one" or "many" of the input output mapping, but 　　Does not allow "many" of the mapping, the need to avoid the box out side of the conflict. 　　When the only one to one mapping, the switch module is actually a 　　nxn crossbar. More commonly used, including all inter-stage connection 　　Shuffle, cross-connect switches and cube and so on. A more popular and more 　　Om which the Internet is called Olympic-level Internet, which uses a switch mode 2 xZ 　　Block and level all the way to wash the stick between the connections. Figure 2 shows the 8X8 　　om 4 which may be potential network connections and switch-level interconnect model 　　Type. Generally speaking, N an input of the power a network needs Om, N-level absorption 　　2 fire, 2 switch modules, each one needs N / 2 switching modules, a total of 　　To be (Nl what ZN) / 2 switching modules, each switch module into a separate 　　Line control. IB] Society's large-scale parallel computer is taken SP'2 　　With multi-level representatives of the Internet. 　　Wen fork switch is the most dynamic Internet connectivity. It is through 　　Than one month while the x switch matrix dynamically to achieve n-input n- 　　John out any replacement. According to the requirements of running the program, each switch 　　Units can be dynamically _set_ on or off state. Crossbar switch can implement 　　Between processor and memory modules are the interconnection, and can achieve at 　　Interconnection between the processing machines. For example, Fujitsu of Japan in the 90s 　　Launched VPP 500 vector parallel computer with 224 x 224 AC 　　Fork switch connected processor. Between the processor and memory modules exchange 　　Cross switch allows a processor to different memory modules also issued 　　Request, parallel access. But the opening of the cross between the processors 　　Off, switch the same time cross each row and column only allows 　　{As of abundance 　　: Moving workers: 　　'"' Open sled basket Award 　　Ning workers: 　　: Peng on: 　　4 possible 　　Type 　　(B) inter-stage connection shuffle 　　Figure 2 sx8Om female shoots the Internet 　　Up Translated by Google English Expression n.:  internet French Expression n.  internet; interconnexion de réseaux Thesaurus web Related Phrases China Tencent company idc host web hosting server consign Characters network IT paopaowang computer brain Internet Web2 on-line work platform Waugh off Entrepreneur celebrity ceo electronic commerce encrypt cipher confirmation moneybags USA search engine baidu More results... 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