A large catalog of ancient Chinese architecture. Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Department of Architecture, Tsinghua University, eds. Octavo, hardcover. December 1957 published by the Cultural Relics Publishing House in Beijing. Elected to the Neolithic, Northern Qin and Han, Sui, Tang, Five Dynasties, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties representative of the various forms of palaces, tombs, temples, altar towers, bridges and more than 100 residential buildings, including Banpo Ruins of residence, Lintong Qin Shi Huang Mausoleum, the tomb of Linyi, Big Wild Goose Pagoda and Small Wild Goose Pagoda in Xi'an, Yungang Grottoes, Zhaoxian Anji Bridge, Dengfeng Observatory, Nanjing Spirit Valley without beam Temple, Confucius Temple in Qufu Cravens Court , Forbidden City in Beijing, Suzhou Humble Administrator's Garden and the Potala Palace in Lhasa, etc. There are also reflected in the form of ancient buildings painted ceramic tiles in the attic and "painting", "cool water temple trick map" and the Vatan, caisson and other building components. Frontispiece "Introduction to Chinese architecture," a text, press review era architecture Chinese architecture in the world system and its unique geographical environment, local customs, history, and highlighted the outstanding achievements in Chinese architectural timber structures. Some of China's ethnic minorities, such as building their own characteristics of Islamic architecture, Tibetan architecture, Mongolian architecture, has also been on the columns. The book has more than 17 pieces of black and white photographic chart, line graph, more than 20 pieces of ink. Plates are described each piece of 2.4 million words on the history of each building, the size, structure, form, technical or artistic features, detailed research, comment. Legend "of the ancient world, the people and animals less numerous, numerous animals Chongyi the people there saint, wooden structure for the nest to avoid harm, and Yue people, so Wang Tianxia, Xiao Yue Youchao." ("Han Fei Five beetles ") With the progress of mankind, nesting, burrowing gradually being replaced by ground construction. In Hemudu ruins, archaeologists found dating back six or seven thousand dry-column construction sites, China is by far the oldest wooden structure known dry-column construction. Qin and Han dynasties, the courtyard is a group of mostly residential buildings, surrounded by the middle of the courtyard houses and Gallery houses a single enclosure made of Chinese residential basic stereotypes. The Han Dynasty brick, some residential courtyard also has a tall lookout tower. Kublai Khan Mongolian After that, send officials planning, construction Dadu (now Beijing). Aspect of city roads, alleys clouds. Between uniform alley, courtyard-style residential planning arrangement, the people put this residence called "courtyard." China's vast territory, many ethnic, diverse types of residential buildings. Huizhou houses, Jinzhong compound, there are cave in northern Shaanxi, Fujian Tulou, are distinctive residential buildings. South and Southwest of some ethnic minority areas, dry-column construction more, such as Yunnan Dai main building, Yunnan Jingpo long ridge short eaves dry bar, Hainan Li houseboats and other overhead. The shape of the towers on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has Blockhouse, the prevalence of Inner Mongolia yurt, Xinjiang Uygur region of the Arab-Israeli common Wang, is a flat roof house with verandah.
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Chinese architecture reflects the cultural characteristics
Chinese culture is profound, long history, and China's construction is the same old same culture. All data show that Chinese people have been in a kind of native civilization construction systems and building systems. From prehistoric been introduced to China before Western civilization, from the northern to the southern border, from the Western to the East, are circulating the same kind of cultural system and building system. The building itself is a part of civilization, the development of civilization is enriched with architectural design, make it delicate and specific. Can say, what kind of culture, what kind of building, and this building is bound to reflect the essence of a part of culture, reflecting the owner's pursuit of culture and temperament. Mr. Liang Sicheng believes China Building System features include: a raised platform, as the wooden beams of the base skeleton of the building, and then projecting eave supporting a sloping roof. This skeleton is constructed so that people can be completely unfettered construction of the wall and windows that open. It is this high degree of flexibility and adaptability, so that it can adapt to any extend to Chinese civilization. Chinese delicacy of the building in addition to their own, but also very focused on the deployment and portfolio building. This is from the Forbidden City to the Suzhou gardens are seen clearly. Chinese architectural beauty, but also by the United States out of the overall performance of individual beauty. Become the world's architectural culture in a wonderful work. The profound Chinese culture nurtured and developed the Chinese architectural culture, unique architecture and rich cultural note on the magnificent Chinese architecture. Intrinsic link between Chinese culture and Chinese architecture on what? This paper will discuss this issue. Chinese cultural characteristics: what is culture, has debated, no one accepted, precise definition, people are more to reveal and describe its essential characteristics from a certain angle. According to experts, statistics, definitions of culture at home and abroad up to 160 kinds. Due to the continuous development of culture, people know it is constantly deepening the culture of a permanent change to the next definition, is difficult to do. However, after a hundred years of research people, culture or Something most people can accept other similar concepts to distinguish the basic content, which is the basis for discussions and cultural exchanges. Now people think that there are two basic elements of culture to understand the broad and narrow sense. Generalized culture, including material culture, institutional culture, spiritual culture, symbols and culture (see Huang Lin young, Meng Xianjun "modern science and technology revolution and society" 192). It refers only to a narrow cultural spiritual culture. As the culture of human history in a certain geographical conditions created, it will follow the historical development and cultural exchanges and constantly evolving. Therefore, historic and cultural, local, national and development process and other characteristics. A culture differs from other cultures is its specialty. What are the characteristics of Chinese culture is? Mr. Zhang Qinnan believe that, although China's vast land, but much of the population, in essence, that China is a resource-poor country, due to this factor that determines our physical and spiritual nature and cultural traditions. First, the Chinese civilization is a long history of civilization, a civilization inheritance and innovation constantly. Dry Perpetual spirit of self-improvement; kun inclusive of gas Virtuous; Second, China is a civilization with a strong, unified model, China With this model, able to endure so far; Third, the Chinese civilization in ancient material Under the situation is not wealthy, in a very long time has been the center of the world economy, China's use of depleted resources to create a splendid civilization and cultural heritage. The reason why China is so, summed up in the following reasons. From time immemorial, our ancestors learned to comprehensive planning, scheduling and utilization of our natural resources so that Chinese civilization has its strong vitality and cohesion, "Heaven Gentleman to self-improvement," which is in the history of world civilization extremely rare. China was founded on agriculture, have respect for the natural attitude, I say "personal law, the law of the heavens, France Road, Imitation of Nature", Chinese people's respect for nature and the characteristics of the conquest of the West in stark contrast Chinese culture to pursue unity and harmony with nature, which is another of the "universal." Whether it is the Confucian or Taoist, Mohist, are expressed from different angles to maintain peace, cherish resources, especially human resources point of view. Chinese people see very indifferent alternate life and death, there is a simple "destiny loop" concept of life and death. More use of the ancient Chinese soil, wood as a building material. Earth is the source of all things, wood is a symbol of life. And do not take long civil construction, Mr. Liang Sicheng think of ancient Chinese architecture "does not seek the original forever." Chinese culture has a frugal morality. Although the Chinese dynasties mostly due to the demise of Jiaoshe death. But even the Chinese court, also based on the proportion of multiple dimensions, rhythm win, which is different from the West in order to win a luxurious interior and exterior decoration. Morality and world view that is reflected in the aesthetics of the "mood" of the pursuit, Wang Guowei in the "Human Words" in the "mood" made We describe. Folk architecture in the "winding", "by the King", which are creating a large scene in a small space and the pursuit of excellence in the mood tactics. Chinese culture has guarded the religious rites of the feudal hierarchy. Stressed that "perfectly justifiable." The above reasons but also Chinese culture has very territorial, so it became a typical representative of the Oriental civilization. Personally, I think the most important features of Chinese civilization should be "universal" concept of the millennium continuation of this "universal" not only in geography, politics, also fully manifested in every aspect and part of Chinese civilization, such as unity with nature and other concepts. Chinese civilization is an agricultural civilization, in the "resource-poor", the Chinese people had intensive, third-hand, and establish a "reunification" of this inevitable psychological. "Unity" is built on the concept of the first clan based on clan and later developed to become major tribes and nations. It is this "universal" concept, not only makes the spread of Chinese civilization thousands of years without failure, but in a very long historical period to maintain the stability and prosperity. This "universal" concept is for the alien concerned, it does not mean the change of the feudal dynasties of the "universal" challenge, on the contrary, after the previous dynasties dynasty unified the country more interested in geography, politics and the most important cultural unity. Qin Shi Huang's "car with the track, with the text of the book, with the balance of the" policy is undoubtedly China's first grand unification, the Han Dong Zhongshu's "one hundred, Only Confucianism" is another grand unified China in the history of civilization. This unified view of all aspects of culture have had a significant impact. Characteristics of Chinese architecture: what is this is a divergent architectural culture, a matter of debate?. Some people think that building, human use of certain tools, technologies, processes and the nature of the physical materials, through the production of a substance created by labor, that is building both human construction activities, but also the outcome of a construction activity - construction material products. Therefore, the basic meaning of architectural culture should also include two aspects: First, the principle of people engaged in construction activities, blueprints, plans, procedures, methods, equipment, etc.; Second, building material products and reflects the philosophy, literature, art, Content ethical, and legal aspects of architectural culture is the sum of these two aspects of content. ] Chinese architectural culture deeply influenced by Chinese culture, so in their own development inevitably have full consistency with the Chinese culture. China's building also reflects the characteristics of Chinese civilization. Mr. Li Xiankui think Chinese architectural culture has three characteristics. Chinese architectural culture contains deep philosophical and cultural representation of the deep-seated Chinese architectural thinking philosophy, psychology structure and Chinese people's outlook on life, the universe. Chinese people's understanding of the nature of the building than the advanced. Foreign construction system architecture is considered "man sanctuary", "frozen music" are _set_ forth from one aspect. Chinese "house by the Yellow Emperor" in that; hub husband's house upon is the yin and yang, human relations track mode ", the former emphasizes the natural properties of the building, which emphasizes its social attributes of Chinese architectural culture more deeply to clear Chinese architecture. When yin and yang, the use of mathematical West never there, is building a pure oriental philosophy. Taoist "Book of Changes" in the yin and yang of the variables, Chinese people believe that "odd as the sun, even for the shade," and made an odd building. such as stairs, doors, etc. are odd. Chinese architecture is the highest status ritual architecture, like the Temple of Heaven, qiniandian, worship halls, which are the most concentrated expression of the profound Chinese architecture, which highlight the royal supremacy and religious mainstream culture etiquette, ideological and philosophical concepts in architectural specifications even higher than the imperial buildings. Chinese architectural culture reflects the strong Emotion Jirye people insist on the spirit of the Chinese Confucian culture, "a degree of moderation, no matter insolent, tolerance merger" , "be tolerant to diversity tolerance is large, steeply Chihiro desire is just," the spirit of the Chinese people building also reflects this point. Chinese architecture emphasizes seniority, hierarchy, ritual and birthright, whether it is Beijing's courtyard, or the South Building intergenerational living there are strict ethical regulations. Chinese architecture generally do not produce a relatively small so that individuals feel, while Western Gothic church architecture completely makes sense to produce a humble, Oriental emphasize " , "while the West more emphasis on" God. "Chinese architecture composed of an organic community, forming a unique" courtyard culture ", in Fujian Tulou building system, this culture is simply to an extreme. Chinese architectural culture with special emphasis on "Heaven" Chinese architecture emphasizes environmental factors in harmony with nature. Chinese culture, "Feng said," can be described as the first environmental theory, although it is not without falsehood, but it is undeniable. " Feng Shui "with special emphasis on a healthy natural environment," feng shui "doctrine respected" yang of the land. "Chinese architectural culture of respect for the natural environment aesthetics, the pursuit of the" great beauty does not talk, two things I forgot, "the state, in the" Dream of Red Mansions " in Jia garden layout and construction is such pursuit. above features Chinese architectural culture is unique to it. also featured in all its most attractive, the most attractive part of the Chinese Han culture, wherever he went, From Japan to the Western Regions, from Korea to Vietnam, almost all reflect this culture, although there are different looks and build, but inner beauty of the building but surprisingly consistent internal linking Chinese culture and Chinese culture, Chinese architecture in the "unified "Concept of Chinese architectural culture to build the most important role in the Chinese architectural culture in the central part." Unity "is not just a political unity, the unity of the geographical and cultural unity, including natural and man unified, unified on ethics, which is a broad "universal" concept in Chinese architectural culture, the understanding of the building itself is a unified understanding. while emphasizing the natural and social properties buildings, namely . "yin and yang, gossip, mutual grams alternate", played a big influence expression of an organic unity. has a deep influence on Chinese culture and Taoism Bagua map itself is a unified theory of ancient Chinese architectural design Influence of Buddhist thought on the building is self-evident, the introduction of the "tower" This building is a case in point. more great Confucianism on Chinese ancient wooden buildings of Ho Jin period, alcohol period, the period directly affect custodial affected. three mainstream thinking on China's development and the formation of architectural culture played a decisive role. symmetry is characterized by Chinese official buildings. Chinese palaces, temples, houses and buildings are symmetrical, symmetry more is a manifestation of the authority, which is also a manifestation of unification. profound Chinese culture "universal" brilliant idea to build a Chinese architectural culture, although this culture nurtured in today seems inadequate, but China now Building on the cultural sector in the new historical period to answer how to build their own independent architectural culture of this important issue, it must be more absorb the essence of traditional culture. Guweijinyong. more the nation, the more the world if it is lost , that we may see, it is always a bad class Western class classical concrete heap.
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Palace - magnificent, Diaolan jade puzzle building groups
The palace is the ancient Chinese architecture, the traditional concept of the most centralized reservations, artistic value of the highest type, which represents the highest level of architectural technology and art. According to historical records, the Xia and Shang Dynasties palace there. Terracotta enslaved peasants built a grand scale unprecedented Fanggong, after the feudal rulers are also massive construction projects, building luxury magnificent palaces. Yuan former palaces have been destroyed in the war, the Qing preserved intact only the Forbidden City in Beijing and Shenyang Imperial Palace of the Ming and Qing. Beijing Forbidden City Ming emperor to show authority for design ideas, in-depth development along the north-south axis, symmetrical layout, in order to heighten the central axis of the Tiananmen Square, the extraordinary momentum of the Meridian Gate, the three main hall of the main building until the Gate of Divine Might, etc., are all members belong to the highest specifications, therefore, particularly spectacular.
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Referred to as China Construction Engineering Corporation Limited's
For details, see: China Construction Engineering Corporation Limited China Construction Engineering Corporation Limited (referred to as: China building or CSCECL) by the China State Construction Engineering Corporation, China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC), Baosteel Group Corporation, China Sinochem Group companies, four Fortune 500 companies jointly launched in 2007 On December 10 was officially established, the China Construction inherited the China State Construction Engineering Corporation (CSCEC) the good as_set_s and corporate culture, is China's most internationally competitive construction conglomerate, the company's business, including housing construction, international project contracting, real estate development and investment, infrastructure construction and investment and survey design. China building in the ballot numbers are as follows: China State Construction Corporation's initial public offering of A shares Online subscription issue Balloting in the results announcement Sponsor (Lead) China International Capital Corporation Limited According to "China Construction Engineering Corporation Limited initial public offering of A shares issued online subscription bulletin", the issuer and the issue of the sponsor (underwriter) on July 24, 2009 morning hosted China Construction Engineering Corporation Limited funds online purchase issued Yaohao draw. Yaohao ceremony in an open, fair and impartial manner, with the balloting process, and the results have been the Shanghai Notary Public. Now in the ballot results are announced as follows: 089/214/339/464/589/714/839/964 End "2" digits: 46; 96; End "3" digits: 089; 214; 339; 464; 589; 714; 839; 964; Where online purchase China Construction Engineering Corporation Limited initial public offering of A shares of the investment Who holds a purchase with numbers ending with the same number, compared with the ballot number. A total of 60,000,000 ballot numbers One each in the ballot number can only subscribe 1,000 shares of China Construction Engineering Corporation Limited The issue of A shares.
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Chinese History
Zhongguo Jianzhu "Chinese Architecture" Chinese Architecture large catalog of ancient Chinese architecture. Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Department of Architecture, Tsinghua University, eds. Octavo, hardcover. December 1957 published by the Cultural Relics Publishing House in Beijing. Elected to the Neolithic, Northern Qin and Han, Sui, Tang, Five Dynasties, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties representative of the various forms of palaces, tombs, temples, altar towers, bridges and more than 100 residential buildings, including Banpo Ruins of residence, Lintong Qin Shi Huang Mausoleum, the tomb of Linyi Big Wild Goose Pagoda and Small Wild Goose Pagoda in Xi'an Yungang Grottoes, Zhaoxian Anji Bridge, Dengfeng Observatory, Nanjing Spirit Valley without beam Temple, Confucius Temple in Qufu Cravens Court, Beijing Forbidden City, Suzhou Humble Administrator's Garden and the Potala Palace in Lhasa, etc. There are also reflected in the form of ancient buildings painted ceramic tiles in the attic and "painting", "cool water temple trick map" and the Vatan, caisson and other building components. Frontispiece "Introduction to Chinese architecture," a text, press review era architecture Chinese architecture in the world system and its unique geographical environment, local customs, history, and highlighted the outstanding achievements in Chinese architectural timber structures. Some of China's ethnic minorities, such as building their own characteristics of Islamic architecture, Tibetan architecture, Mongolian architecture, has also been on the columns. The book has more than 17 pieces of black and white photographic chart, line graph, more than 20 pieces of ink. Plates are described each piece of 2.4 million words on the history of each building, the size, structure, form, technical or artistic features, detailed research, comment. Wang Diovan
canton build