首页>> 旅游天下>> 外国经典>> 马塞尔·普鲁斯特 Marcel Proust   法国 France   法兰西第三共和国   (1871年7月10日1922年11月18日)
追忆似水年华 In Search of Lost Time
  《追忆似水年华》(一译为《追忆逝水年华》)这部被誉为二十世纪最重要的文学作品之一的长篇巨着,以其出色的对心灵追索的描写和卓越的意识流技巧而风靡世界,并奠定了它在当代世界文学中的地位。
  
  多卷集长篇巨着《追忆逝水年华》是法国作家马塞尔.普鲁斯特(1871-1922)的代表作,全书共七部,十五卷,从1905年开始创作,至作者逝世前全部完成。小说的第一部《通往斯万家的路》于1913年问世,但反应冷淡,一些有名的出版社都不愿出版,作者便自费印行。后来《通往斯万家的路》逐渐获得文艺界的赞赏。于是,各大出版社竟相与普鲁斯特签订合同,以求取得出版这部多卷集的其余几部作品的权利。不久,第一次世界大战爆发,出版工作被搁置下来。战争结束后,小说的第二部《在花枝招展的少女们身旁》于1919年出版,获龚古尔文学奖,普鲁斯特名声大振。此后,小说的第三部《盖尔芒家》和第四部《索多姆和郭穆尔》相继于1921和1922年出版,最后三部《女囚犯》(1923),《逃亡者》(1925),和《昔日再现》(1927) 则是普鲁斯特逝世后才出版的。
  
  目录
  
  第一部 在斯万家那边
  追忆似水年华追忆似水年华
  
    >第一卷 贡布雷
      >>第一章
       >>第二章
    >第二卷 斯万之恋
    >第三卷 地名:那个姓氏
  第二部 在少女们身旁
    >第一卷 斯万夫人周围
    >第二卷 地名:地方
  第三部 盖尔芒特家那边
    >第一卷
    >第二卷
      >>第一章
      >>第二章
  第四部
    >第一卷
    >第二卷
      >>第一章
      >>第二章
      >>第三章
      >>第四章
  第五部 女囚
  第六部 女逃亡者
  第七部 重现的时光
  
  《追忆逝水年华》是一部与传统小说不同的长篇小说。全书以叙述者“我”为主体,将其所见所闻所思所感融合一体,既有对社会生活,人情世态的真实描写,又是一份作者自我追求,自我认识的内心经历的记录。除叙事以外,还包含有大量的感想和议论。整部作品没有中心人物,没有完整的故事,没有波澜起伏,贯穿始终的情节线索。它大体以叙述者的生活经历和内心活动为轴心,穿插描写了大量的人物事件,犹如一棵枝丫交错的大树,可以说是在一部主要小说上派生着许多独立成篇的其他小说,也可以说是一部交织着好几个主题曲的巨大交响乐。
  
  小说中的叙述者“我”是一个家境富裕而又体弱多病的青年,从小对书画有特殊的爱好,曾经尝试过文学创作,没有成功。他经常出入巴黎的上层社会,频繁往来于各茶会,舞会,招待会及其它时髦的社交场合,并钟情于犹太富商的女儿吉尔伯特,但不久就失恋了。此外,他还到过家乡贡柏莱小住,到过海滨胜地巴培克疗养。他结识了另一位少女阿尔伯蒂,发现阿尔伯蒂患同性恋,便决心娶她为妻,以纠正她的变态心理。他把阿尔伯蒂禁闭在自己家中,阿尔伯蒂却设法逃跑,于是,他多方打听她,寻找她,后来得知阿尔伯蒂骑马摔死。在悲痛中他认识到自己的禀赋是写作,他所经历的悲欢苦乐正是文学创作的材料,只有文学创作才能把昔日失去的东西找回来。
  
  在小说中,叙述者“我”的生活经历并不占全书的主要篇幅。作者通过故事套故事,故事与故事交叉重迭的方法,描写了众多的人物事件,展示了一幅19世纪与20世纪之交法国上流社会的生活图景。这里有姿色迷人,谈吐高雅而又无聊庸俗的盖尔芒夫人,有道德堕落,行为仇恶的变性人查琉斯男爵,有纵情声色的浪荡公子斯万等等。此外,小说还描写了一些于上流社会有关联的作家,艺术家,他们大都生前落魄失意,而作品却永世长存。小说还描写了一些下层的劳动者。《追忆逝水年华》这部长篇巨着通过上千个人物的活动,冷静,真实,细致地再现了法国上流社会的生活习俗,人情世态。因此有些西方评论家把它与巴尔扎克的《人间喜剧》相提并论,称之为“风流喜剧”。
  
  《追忆逝水年华》是一部有独特风格的长篇小说,他不仅再现了客观世界,同时也展现了叙述者的主观世界,记录了叙述者对客观世界的内心感受。作者感兴趣的不是叙述故事,交代情节和刻画人物形象,而是抒发自己对某一问题的感想和分析。例如,叙述者参加了盖尔芒公爵家的一次晚宴,这使他长期以来对贵族的种种幻想顿时破灭,他意识到过去对他有魅力的只是名称,而不是真实的世界。整部作品对外部世界的描述同叙述者对它的感受,思考,分析浑然一体,又互相引发,互相充实,从而形成了物从我出,物中有我,物我合一的艺术境界。
  
  《追忆逝水年华》这部长篇,除了第一部中关于斯万的恋爱故事采用第三人称描写手法外,其余都是通过第一人称叙述出来的,叙述者“我”的回忆是贯穿全书的重要艺术表现方式。小说开卷,“我”从床上醒来,在梦幻般的状态中千思百想集于心头。这时,由于一杯茶和一块点心的触发,使他回忆起小时候在姑妈莱奥妮家生活的情景。这不仅引出了叙述者的家庭身世和个人经历,还引出了盖尔芒和斯万两大家族,引出了形形色色的人物事件,整部小说的内容就是通过叙述者的回忆向纵深发掘,逐步推进,最后完整地呈现出来。
  
  《追忆逝水年华》共7部,15卷,其中包括《在斯旺家那边》(1913)、《在少女们身旁》(1919)、《盖尔芒特家那边》(1921)、《索多姆与戈摩尔》(1922)和作者死后出版的《女囚》、《女逃亡者》和《重现的时光》。第一部《在斯旺家那边》,没有得到文艺界的认可,第二部《在少女们身旁》(1919),获龚古尔文学奖,从此名声大振。
  
  《追忆逝水年华》是一部巴尔扎克《人间喜剧》那样“规模宏大”的作品。小说的叙述者“我”是一个富于才华,喜爱文学艺术而又体弱多病的富家子弟。作品透过主人公的追忆,表现了作者对家庭、童年和初恋时感情的怀念,对庸俗事物的厌恶,同时也反映了19世纪末20世纪初所谓“黄金时代”的法国巴黎上流社会的种种人情世态。
  
  小说故事套故事,人物事件众多。一方面是遵循法国旧传统习惯的圣·日耳曼贵族、盖尔芒特家族的公爵和公爵夫人、盖尔芒特亲王和王妃、公爵的兄弟等。另一方面是新的资产阶级暴发户和活跃在沙龙里的帮闲人物:斯旺及其情妇、交际花奥黛特、富裕而有文化教养的凡尔杜兰夫妇、外交官、医生、艺术家等。两个对立的社会,原来并不融洽,资产阶级很难跨进古老贵族的门厅。但是随着时间的推移和复杂的联姻关系,鸿沟逐渐被打破。斯旺死后,奥黛特成了盖尔芒特公爵的情妇。凡尔杜兰太太过去不被贵族家所接纳,现在成了亲王夫人。作者在贵族闭塞和悠闲的世外桃源中窥视到了衰败景象,从大资产阶级庸俗狂妄中看到了一种畸形社会的画面。虽然作者在描绘这种种画面时,并没有用尖锐的谴责之词,但从他笔锋转向下层人民时所表现出的好感中,又能体味到他的褒贬之意。那个在上层人家服务多年的老女仆弗朗索瓦兹,虽然满口乡下土话,脑子里有不少迷信和禁忌,但她勤劳、纯朴,有着乡下人的聪明机智,是作者最喜爱的人物之一。小说除了描写上流社会的生活外,还涉及到文学、绘画、音乐、建筑,以及第一次世界大战等诸多方面的内容。
  
  《追忆逝水年华》是一部回忆录式的自传体小说,但没有传统回忆录那样对往事有条理的整理和分析,而是通过一个“非常神经质和过分受溺爱的孩子”对自己“缓慢成长过程”的追忆,渐渐地“意识”到自己周围人们的“存在”。作者只是捕捉自己心头留下并时时浮现在脑际的印象,然后加以展现。对他来说,事情发生的先后没有意义,现实从回忆中形成,通过回忆,既认识到现实世界,也认识到“自我”的存在。儿时早晨起来喝热茶时一块俗名叫“玛德莱娜”的甜糕点泡在茶里,边喝边吃点心所感到的乐处,在最后一卷《重现的时光》重提时,“今”与“昔”的回忆已同时出现在作者脑海里。通过回忆,他解除了“时间”的束缚,获得了过去、现在的重叠和交叉,形成了特殊的回忆结构。
  
  作品的叙述角度明显区别于传统小说。作者说:“在我们幼小时,我觉得圣书上任何人物和命运都没有像诺亚那样悲惨,他因洪水泛滥,不得不在方舟里度过四十天,后来,我时常卧病,迫不得已成年累月地呆在方舟里过活。这时我才明白,尽管诺亚方舟紧闭着,茫茫黑夜镇住大地,但是诺亚从方舟里看世界是再透彻不过了。”作者也不是站在事物的外部观察世界,而是将客观世界溶入内心,然后再表现出来。他通过对内心世界的探索来发现外部世界,从意识洪流中认识外部世界的价值。作品的人称也有异于传统小说。作品中的“我”并不是传统小说中的第一人称,他只是一个穿针引线的人物,通过“我”的观察、感受引出其他人物和绘成绚丽多姿的画面。普鲁斯特虽然是现代派作家,但他的语言风格深受蒙田、塞维尼夫人和圣·西蒙等法国古典作家的影响,有着旷达、高雅、细腻、婉转的特点。
  
  法国著名传记文学家兼评论家A·莫罗亚(1885—1967)在1954年巴黎伽里玛出版社出版的《七星丛书》本的《追忆逝水年华》序言中写道:“一九○○年至一九五○年这五十年中,除了《追忆逝水年华》之外,没有别的值得永志不忘的小说巨著。不仅由于普鲁斯特的作品和巴尔扎克的作品一样篇帙浩繁,因为也有人写过十五卷甚至二十卷的巨型小说,而且有时也写得文采动人,然而他们并不给我们发现 ‘新大陆’或包罗万象的感觉。这些作家满足于挖掘早已为人所知的‘矿脉’,而马塞尔·普鲁斯特则发现了新的‘矿藏’。”这也是强调《追忆逝水年华》的艺术优点就在于一个“新”字。然而艺术发展的客观规律并不在于单纯的创新,也不在于为创新而创新,更不在于对于传统的优秀艺术传统采取虚无主义的态度,从零开始的创新。创新是艺术的灵魂,然而创新绝不是轻而易举的,绝不是盲目的幻想。《追忆逝水年华》的创新是在传统的优秀艺术基础上的发展。
  
  法国诗人P·瓦莱里(1871—1945)和著名评论家、教授A·蒂博岱(1874—1936)都在他们的评论中夸奖《追忆逝水年华》的艺术风格继承了法国文学的优秀传统。纪德和蒂博岱都提到普鲁斯特和十六世纪的伟大散文作家蒙田(1533—1592)在文风的旷达和高雅方面,似乎有一脉相承之妙。还有别的评论家甚至特意提到普鲁斯特受法国著名的回忆录作家圣·西蒙(1675—1755)的影响。
  
  《追忆逝水年华》的作者逐渐构思这部小说大致在上世纪末年和本世纪初年。一九○七年他下定决心要创作这部小说,一九○八年他开始动笔,到一九二二年他去世前夕,匆匆写完最后一卷《重现的时光》。普鲁斯特创作《追忆逝水年华》的十余年间,完全禁闭在斗室中,与世隔绝。他全部精力与时间集中在回忆与写作上,毫不关心世事,所以第一次世界大战以及它对法国人民生活的强烈影响,在《追忆逝水年华》中几乎毫无反映。这部小说中反映的巴黎是十九世纪八、九十年代的巴黎。十九世纪末叶是法兰西资本主义逐渐由垄断资本进入帝国主义的过程。二十世纪初年,法国资本主义已经达到最高阶段,即帝国主义阶段。在这时期,法国社会出现了物质生活方面的极大繁荣。1900年巴黎举办震动全球的“世界博览会”,就表现出烜赫一时的繁荣景象。凡此种种,都没有引起在斗室中埋头写作的普鲁斯特注意。由此可见,就其所反映的社会生活而言,《追忆逝水年华》是十九世纪末年的小说,是反映临近巨大的变革与转折点时刻的法国社会的小说,因此可以说也是一部反映旧时代的小说。《似水年华》是法国传统小说艺术的最后一颗硕果,最后一朵奇葩,最后一座伟大的里程碑。


  In Search of Lost Time or Remembrance of Things Past (French: À la recherche du temps perdu) is a semi-autobiographical novel in seven volumes by Marcel Proust. His most prominent work, it is popularly known for its extended length and the notion of involuntary memory, the most famous example being the "episode of the madeleine". The novel is still widely referred to in English as Remembrance of Things Past, but the title In Search of Lost Time, a more accurate rendering of the French, has gained in usage since D.J. Enright's 1992 revision of the earlier translation by C.K. Scott Moncrieff and Terence Kilmartin. The complete story contains nearly 1.5 million words and is generally considered to be one of the longest novels ever written.
  
  The novel as we know it began seriously to take shape in 1909, and work continued for the remainder of Proust's life, broken off only by his final illness and death in the autumn of 1922. The main overarching structure was in place at an early stage, and the novel is effectively complete as a work of art and a literary cosmos, but Proust kept adding new material through his final years while editing one time after another for print; the final three volumes actually contain oversights and fragmentary or unpolished passages which only existed in draft form at the death of the author; the publication of these parts was overseen by his brother Robert.
  
  The work was published in France between 1913 and 1927; Proust paid for the publication of the first volume (by the Grasset publishing house) himself after it had been turned down by leading editors who had been offered the manuscript in longhand. Many of its ideas, motifs, and scenes appear in adumbrated form in Proust's unfinished novel, Jean Santeuil (1896–99), though the perspective and treatment there are different, and in his unfinished hybrid of philosophical essay and story, Contre Sainte-Beuve (1908–09). The novel has had a pervasive influence on twentieth-century literature, whether because writers have sought to emulate it, or attempted to parody and discredit some of its traits. In his work, Proust explores the themes of time, space, and memory, but the novel is above all a condensation of innumerable literary, structural, stylistic, and thematic possibilities.
  
  Initial publication
  
  Although different editions divide the work into a varying number of tomes, A la recherche du temps perdu or In Search of Lost Time is a novel consisting of seven volumes.
  Vol. French titles Published English titles
  1 Du côté de chez Swann 1913 Swann's Way
  The Way by Swann's
  2 À l'ombre des jeunes filles en fleurs 1919 Within a Budding Grove
  In the Shadow of Young Girls in Flower
  3 Le Côté de Guermantes
  (published in two volumes) 1920/21 The Guermantes Way
  4 Sodome et Gomorrhe
  (published in two volumes) 1921/22 Cities of the Plain
  Sodom and Gomorrah
  5 La Prisonnière 1923 The Captive
  The Prisoner
  6 La Fugitive
  Albertine disparue 1925 The Fugitive
  The Sweet Cheat Gone
  Albertine Gone
  7 Le Temps retrouvé 1927 The Past Recaptured
  Time Regained
  Finding Time Again
  
  Volume 1: Du côté de chez Swann (1913) was rejected by a number of publishers, including Fasquelle, Ollendorf, and the Nouvelle Revue Française (NRF). André Gide famously was given the manuscript to read to advise NRF on publication, and leafing through the seemingly endless collection of memories and philosophizing or melancholic episodes, came across a few minor syntactic bloopers, which made him decide to turn the work down in his audit. Proust eventually arranged with the publisher Grasset to pay for the costs of publication himself. When published it was advertised as the first of a three-volume novel (Bouillaguet and Rogers, 316-7).
  
  Du côté de chez Swann is divided into four parts: "Combray I" (sometimes referred to in English as the "Overture"), "Combray II," "Un Amour de Swann," and "Noms de pays: le nom." ('Names of places: the name'). A third-person novella within Du côté de chez Swann, "Un Amour de Swann" is sometimes published as a volume by itself. As it forms the self-contained story of Charles Swann's love affair with Odette de Crécy and is relatively short, it is generally considered a good introduction to the work and is often a set text in French schools. "Combray I" is also similarly excerpted; it ends with the famous "Madeleine cookie" episode, introducing the theme of involuntary memory.
  
  In early 1914, André Gide, who had been involved in NRF's rejection of the book, wrote to Proust to apologize and to offer congratulations on the novel. "For several days I have been unable to put your book down.... The rejection of this book will remain the most serious mistake ever made by the NRF and, since I bear the shame of being very much responsible for it, one of the most stinging and remorseful regrets of my life" (Tadié, 611). Gallimard (the publishing arm of NRF) offered to publish the remaining volumes, but Proust chose to stay with Grasset.
  
  Volume 2: À l'ombre des jeunes filles en fleurs (1919), scheduled to be published in 1914, was delayed by the onset of World War I. At the same time, Grasset's firm was closed down when the publisher went into military service. This freed Proust to move to Gallimard, where all the subsequent volumes were published. Meanwhile, the novel kept growing in length and in conception.
  
  À l'ombre des jeunes filles en fleurs was awarded the Prix Goncourt in 1919.
  
  Volume 3: Le Côté de Guermantes originally appeared as Le Côté de Guermantes I (1920) and Le Côté de Guermantes II (1921).
  
  Volume 4: The first forty pages of Sodome et Gomorrhe initially appeared at the end of Le Côté de Guermantes II (Bouillaguet and Rogers, 942), the remainder appearing as Sodome et Gomorrhe I (1921) and Sodome et Gomorrhe II (1922). It was the last volume over which Proust supervised publication before his death in November 1922. The publication of the remaining volumes was carried out by his brother, Robert Proust, and Jacques Rivière.
  
  Volume 5: La Prisonnière (1923), first volume of the section of the novel known as "le Roman d'Albertine" ("the Albertine novel"). The name "Albertine" first appears in Proust's notebooks in 1913. The material in these volumes was developed during the hiatus between the publication of Volumes 1 and 2, and they are a departure from the three-volume series announced by Proust in Du côté de chez Swann.
  
  Volume 6: La Fugitive or Albertine disparue (1925) is the most editorially vexed volume. As noted, the final three volumes of the novel were published posthumously, and without Proust's final corrections and revisions. The first edition, based on Proust's manuscript, was published as Albertine disparue to prevent it from being confused with Rabindranath Tagore's La Fugitive (1921). The first authoritative edition of the novel in French (1954), also based on Proust's manuscript, used the title La Fugitive. The second, even more authoritative French edition (1987–89) uses the title Albertine disparue and is based on an unmarked typescript acquired in 1962 by the Bibliothèque Nationale. To complicate matters, after the death in 1986 of Proust's niece, Suzy Mante-Proust, her son-in-law discovered among her papers a typescript that had been corrected and annotated by Proust. The late changes Proust made include a small, crucial detail and the deletion of approximately 150 pages. This version was published as Albertine disparue in France in 1987.
  
  Volume 7: Much of Le Temps retrouvé (1927) was written at the same time as Du côté de chez Swann, but was revised and expanded during the course of the novel's publication to account for, to a greater or lesser success, the then unforeseen material now contained in the middle volumes (Terdiman, 153n3). This volume includes a noteworthy episode describing Paris during the First World War.
  Themes
  
  A la Recherche made a decisive break with the 19th century realist and plot-driven novel, populated by people of action and people representing different social and cultural groups or moral issues. Although parts of the novel could be read as an exploration of snobbism, deceit, jealousy, and suffering and although it contains a multitude of realistic details, the focus is not on the development of a tight plot or of a coherent evolution, but on a multiplicity of perspectives and on the formation of the experience that will serve as the foundation for the novel itself. The leading characters of the first volume (the narrator as a boy and Swann) are, by the standards of 19th century novels of any kind, remarkably introspective and non-prone to decisive actions, or to trigger such actions from other leading characters; to many readers at the time, reared on Balzac, Hugo, and Tolstoy, they would not function as centers of a well-defined plot. And while there is a rich array of symbolism in the work, it is rarely defined through any explicit "keys" leading to moral, romantic or philosophical ideas. The significance of what is happening is often placed within the memory or in the inner contemplation of what is described. This focus on the relationship between experience, memory and writing, and the radical de-emphasizing of the outward plot, have become staples of the modern novel but were almost unheard of in 1913.
  
  The role of memory is central to the novel, introduced with the famous madeleine episode in the first section of the novel, and in the last volume, Time Regained, a flashback similar to that caused by the madeleine is the beginning of the resolution of the story. Throughout the work many similar instances of involuntary memory, triggered by sensory experiences such as sights, sounds, smells, and so on, conjure important memories for the narrator, and sometimes return attention to an earlier episode of the novel. Although Proust wrote contemporaneously with Sigmund Freud, with there being many points of similarity between their thought on the structures and mechanisms of the human mind, neither author read a word of the other's work (Bragg). Gilles Deleuze, by contrast, believed that the main focus of Proust was not memory and the past but the narrator's learning the use of "signs" to understand—and communicate—ultimate reality, and thereby becoming an artist. While Proust was bitterly aware of the experience of loss and exclusion - loss of loved ones, loss of affection, friendship, and innocent joy, which are dramatized in the novel through recurrent jealousy, betrayal and the death of loved persons - his response to this, formulated after he had discovered Ruskin, was that the work of art can recapture the lost and thus save it from destruction, at least in our minds: thus art triumphs over the destructive power of time. This element of his artistic philosophy is clearly inherited from romantic platonism, but Proust crosses it with a new intensity in describing jealousy, desire and self-doubt. (on that matter see the last quatrain of Baudelaire's poem "Une Charogne": "Then, O my beauty! say to the worms who will Devour you with kisses, That I have kept the form and the divine essence Of my decomposed love!")
  
  The nature of art is another recurring topic in the novel, and is often explored at great length. Proust sets forth a theory of art in which we are all capable of producing art, if by this we mean taking the experiences of life and transforming them in a way that shows understanding and maturity. Writing, painting and music are also discussed at great length. Morel the violinist, for example, is examined to give an example of a certain type of "artistic" character, along with other fictional artists, namely the novelist Bergotte and painter Elstir.
  
  Homosexuality is another major theme, particularly in later volumes, most notably in Sodom and Gomorrah, the first part of which consists of a detailed account of a sexual encounter between two of the novel's male characters. Though the narrator himself is heterosexual, he invariably suspects his lovers of liaisons with other women, in a repetition of the suspicions held by Charles Swann in the first volume, with regards to his mistress and eventual wife, Odette. Several characters are forthrightly homosexual, like the Baron de Charlus, while others, such as the narrator's good friend Robert de Saint-Loup, are only later revealed to be far more closeted.
  
  There is much debate as to how great a bearing Proust's own sexual inclination has on understanding these aspects of the novel. Although many of Proust's close family and friends suspected that he was homosexual, Proust never openly admitted this. It was only after Proust's death that André Gide, in his publication of correspondence between himself and Proust, made public Proust's homosexuality. The true nature of Proust's intimate relations with such individuals as Alfred Agostinelli and Reynaldo Hahn are well documented, though Proust was not "out and proud," except perhaps in close knit social circles. In 1949, the critic Justin O'Brien published an article in the PMLA called "Albertine the Ambiguous: Notes on Proust's Transposition of Sexes" which proposed that some female characters are best understood as actually referring to young men. Strip off the feminine ending of the names of the Narrator's lovers—Albertine, Gilberte, Andrée—and one has their masculine counterpart. This theory has become known as the "transposition of sexes theory" in Proust criticism, which in turn has been challenged in Epistemology of the Closet (1992) by Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick.
  Critical reception
  
  In Search of Lost Time is considered the definitive Modern novel by many scholars, and it had a profound effect on subsequent writers such as the Bloomsbury Group. "Oh if I could write like that!" marveled Virginia Woolf in 1922 (2:525). Proust's influence on Evelyn Waugh is manifest in A Handful of Dust (1934) in which Waugh entitles Chapter 1 "Du Cote de Chez Beaver" and Chapter 6 "Du Cote de Chez Tod." More recently, literary critic Harold Bloom wrote that In Search of Lost Time is now "widely recognized as the major novel of the twentieth century." Vladimir Nabokov, in a 1965 interview, named the greatest prose works of the 20th century as, in order, "Joyce's Ulysses, Kafka's The Metamorphosis, Biely's Petersburg, and the first half of Proust's fairy tale In Search of Lost Time." J. Peder Zane's book The Top Ten: Writers Pick Their Favorite Books, collates 125 "top 10 greatest books of all time" lists by prominent living writers; In Search of Lost Time places eighth. In the 1960s, Swedish literary critic Bengt Holmqvist dubbed the novel "at once the last great classic of French epic prose tradition and the towering precursor of the 'nouveau roman'", indicating the sixties vogue of new, experimental French prose but also, by extension, other post-war attempts to fuse different planes of location, temporality and fragmented consciousness within the same novel.
  
  Since the publication in 1992 of a revised English translation by The Modern Library, based on a new definitive French edition (1987–89), interest in Proust's novel in the English-speaking world has increased. Two substantial new biographies have appeared in English, by Edmund White and William C. Carter, and at least two books about the experience of reading Proust have appeared, by Alain de Botton and Phyllis Rose. The Proust Society of America, founded in 1997, now has three chapters: at The Mercantile Library of New York City, the Mechanic's Institute Library in San Francisco, and the Boston Athenæum Library. The French phenomenologist, Merleau-Ponty, frequently refers to Swann's Way to help elucidate his own ideas.
  Main characters
  Proust - Personnages
  Main characters - Family tree
  
  The Narrator's household
  
   * The narrator: A sensitive young man who wishes to become a writer, whose identity is explicitly kept vague. In volume 5, The Prisoner, he addresses the reader thus: "Now she began to speak; her first words were 'darling' or 'my darling,' followed by my Christian name, which, if we give the narrator the same name as the author of this book, would produce 'darling Marcel' or 'my darling Marcel.'" (Proust, 64)
   * Bathilde Amédée: The narrator's grandmother. Her life and death greatly influence her daughter and grandson.
   * Françoise: The narrator's faithful, stubborn maid.
  
  The Guermantes
  
   * Palamède de Guermantes (Baron de Charlus): An aristocratic, decadent aesthete with many antisocial habits.
   * Oriane de Guermantes (Duchesse de Guermantes): The toast of Paris' high society. She lives in the fashionable Faubourg St. Germain.
   * Robert de Saint-Loup: An army officer and the narrator's best friend. Despite his patrician birth (he is the nephew of M. de Guermantes) and affluent lifestyle, Saint-Loup has no great fortune of his own until he marries Gilberte.
  
  The Swanns
  
   * Charles Swann: A friend of the narrator's family. His political views on the Dreyfus Affair and marriage to Odette ostracize him from much of high society.
   * Odette de Crécy: A beautiful Parisian courtesan. Odette is also referred to as Mme Swann, the woman in pink/white, and in the final volume, Mme de Forcheville.
   * Gilberte Swann: The daughter of Swann and Odette. She takes the name of her adopted father, M. de Forcheville, after Swann's death, and then becomes Mme de Saint-Loup following her marriage to Robert de Saint-Loup, which joins Swann's Way and the Guermantes Way.
  
  Artists
  
   * Elstir: A famous painter whose renditions of sea and sky echo the novel's theme of the mutability of human life.
   * Bergotte: A well-known writer whose works the narrator has admired since childhood.
   * Vinteuil: An obscure musician who gains posthumous recognition for composing a beautiful, evocative sonata.
   * Berma
  
  Others
  
   * Charles Morel: The son of a former servant of the narrator's uncle and a gifted violinist. He profits greatly from the patronage of the Baron de Charlus and later Robert de Saint-Loup.
   * Albertine Simonet: A privileged orphan of average beauty and intelligence. The narrator's romance with her is the subject of much of the novel.
   * Sidonie Verdurin: A poseur who rises to the top of society through inheritance, marriage, and sheer single-mindedness. Often referred to simply as Mme. Verdurin.
  
  Publication in English
  
  The first six volumes were first translated into English by the Scotsman C. K. Scott Moncrieff between 1922 and his death in 1930 under the title Remembrance of Things Past, a phrase taken from Shakespeare's Sonnet 30; this was the first translation of the Recherche into another language. The final volume, Le Temps retrouvé, was initially published in English in the UK as Time Regained (1931), translated by Stephen Hudson (a pseudonym of Sydney Schiff), and in the US as The Past Recaptured (1932) in a translation by Frederick Blossom. Although cordial with Scott Moncrieff, Proust grudgingly remarked in a letter that Remembrance eliminated the correspondence between Temps perdu and Temps retrouvé (Painter, 352). Terence Kilmartin revised the Scott Moncrieff translation in 1981, using the new French edition of 1954. An additional revision by D.J. Enright - that is, a revision of a revision - was published by the Modern Library in 1992. It is based on the latest and most authoritative French text (1987–89), and rendered the title of the novel more literally as In Search of Lost Time. In 1995, Penguin undertook a fresh translation of In Search of Lost Time by editor Christopher Prendergast and seven different translators, one Australian, one American, and the others English. Based on the authoritative French text (of 1987-98), it was published in six volumes in Britain under the Allen Lane imprint in 2002. The first four (those which under American copyright law are in the public domain) have since been published in the US under the Viking imprint and in paperback under the Penguin Classics imprint. The remaining volumes are scheduled to come out in 2018.
  
  Both the Modern Library and Penguin translations provide a detailed plot synopsis at the end of each volume. The last volume of the Modern Library edition, Time Regained, also includes Kilmartin's "A Guide to Proust," an index of the novel's characters, persons, places, and themes. The Modern Library volumes include a handful of endnotes, and alternative versions of some of the novel's famous episodes. The Penguin volumes each provide an extensive set of brief, non-scholarly endnotes that help identify cultural references perhaps unfamiliar to contemporary English readers. Reviews which discuss the merits of both translations can be found online at the Observer, the Telegraph, The New York Review of Books (subscription only), The New York Times, TempsPerdu.com, and Reading Proust.
  
  English-language translations in print
  
   * In Search of Lost Time (General Editor: Christopher Prendergast), translated by Lydia Davis, Mark Treharne, James Grieve, John Sturrock, Carol Clark, Peter Collier, & Ian Patterson. London: Allen Lane, 2002 (6 vols). Based on the most recent definitive French edition (1987–89), except The Fugitive, which is based on the 1954 definitive French edition. The first four volumes have been published in New York by Viking, 2003–2004, but the Copyright Term Extension Act will delay the rest of the project until 2018.
   o (Volume titles: The Way by Swann's (in the U.S., Swann's Way) ISBN 0-14-243796-4; In the Shadow of Young Girls in Flower ISBN 0-14-303907-5; The Guermantes Way ISBN 0-14-303922-9; Sodom and Gomorrah ISBN 0-14-303931-8; The Prisoner; and The Fugitive — Finding Time Again.)
   * In Search of Lost Time, translated by C. K. Scott-Moncrieff, Terence Kilmartin and Andreas Mayor (Vol. 7). Revised by D.J. Enright. London: Chatto and Windus, New York: The Modern Library, 1992. Based on the most recent definitive French edition (1987–89). ISBN 0-8129-6964-2
   o (Volume titles: Swann's Way — Within a Budding Grove — The Guermantes Way — Sodom and Gomorrah — The Captive — The Fugitive — Time Regained.)
   * A Search for Lost Time: Swann's Way, translated by James Grieve. Canberra: Australian National University, 1982 ISBN 0-7081-1317-6
   * Remembrance of Things Past, translated by C. K. Scott Moncrieff, Terence Kilmartin, and Andreas Mayor (Vol. 7). New York: Random House, 1981 (3 vols). ISBN 0-394-71243-9
   o (Published in three volumes: Swann's Way — Within a Budding Grove; The Guermantes Way — Cities of the Plain; The Captive — The Fugitive — Time Regained.)
  
  Adaptations
  
  Print
  
   * The Proust Screenplay, a film adaptation by Harold Pinter published in 1978 (never filmed).
   * Remembrance of Things Past, Part One: Combray; Part Two: Within a Budding Grove, vol.1; Part Three: Within a Budding Grove, vol.2; and Part Four: Un amour de Swann, vol.1 are graphic novel adaptations by Stéphane Heuet.
   * Albertine, a novel based on a rewriting of Albertine by Jacqueline Rose. Vintage UK, 2002.
  
  Screen
  
   * Swann in Love (Un Amour de Swann), a 1984 film by Volker Schlöndorff starring Jeremy Irons and Ornella Muti.
   * Time Regained (Le Temps retrouvé), a 1999 film by Raul Ruiz starring Catherine Deneuve, Emmanuelle Béart, and John Malkovich.
   * La Captive, a 2000 film by Chantal Akerman.
   * Quartetto Basileus (1982) uses segments from Sodom and Gomorrah and Time Regained. Le Intermittenze del cuore (2003) concerns a director working on a movie about Proust's life. Both from Italian director Fabio Capri.
  
  Stage
  
   * A Waste of Time, by Philip Prowse and Robert David MacDonald. A 4 hour long adaptation with a huge cast. Dir. by Philip Prowse at the Glasgow Citizens' Theatre in 1980, revived 1981 plus European tour.
  
   * Remembrance of Things Past, by Harold Pinter and Di Trevis, based on Pinter's The Proust Screenplay. Dir. by Trevis (who had acted in A Waste of Time - see above) at the Royal National Theatre in 2000.
  
   * Eleven Rooms of Proust, adapted and directed by Mary Zimmerman. A series of 11 vignettes from In Search of Lost Time, staged throughout an abandoned factory in Chicago.
  
   * My Life With Albertine, a 2003 Off-Broadway musical with book by Richard Nelson, music by Ricky Ian Gordon, and lyrics by both.
  
  Radio
  
   * In Search of Lost Time dramatised by Michael Butt for the The Classic Serial, broadcast between February 6, 2005 and March 13, 2005. Starring James Wilby, it condensed the entire series into six episodes. Although considerably shortened, it received excellent reviews .
编者的话
  马塞尔·普鲁斯特是十九世纪末、二十世纪初法国伟大的作家。在法国乃至世界文学史上,他同巴尔扎克一样,都占据着极其重要的地位。特别是一九八七年以来,法国好几家有影响的出版社,竞相重新出版普鲁斯特的名作《追忆似水年华》;评论和研究普鲁斯特创作成就的各种学术活动,也在法国及欧美许多国家广泛地开展起来。这股热潮的重新出现,充分显示出普鲁斯特这部巨著的价值及其影响。
   《追忆似水年华》以独特的艺术形式,表现出文学创作上的新观念和新技巧。小说以追忆的手段,借助超越时空概念的潜在意识,不时交叉地重现已逝去的岁月,从中抒发对故人、往事的无限怀念和难以排遣的惆怅。普鲁斯特的这种写作技巧,不仅对当时小说写作的传统模式是一种突破,而且对日后形形色色新小说流派的出现,也产生了深远的影响。
   对于这样一位伟大的作家,对于这位作家具有传世意义的这部巨著,至今竟还没有中译本,这种现象,无论从哪个角度来看,显然都是不正常的。正是出于对普鲁斯特重大文学成就的崇敬,并且为了进一步发展中法文化交流,尽快填补我国外国文学翻译出版领域中一个巨大的空白,我们决定组织翻译出版《追忆似水年华》这部巨著。
   外国文学研究者都知道,普鲁斯特的这部巨著,其含义之深奥,用词之奇特,往往使人难以理解,叹为观止,因此翻译难度之大可想而知。为了忠实、完美地向我国读者介绍这样重要的作品,把好译文质量关是至关重要的。为此,在选择译者的过程中,我们做了很多的努力。现在落实下来的各卷的译者,都是经过反复协商后才选定的,至于各卷的译文如何,自然有待翻译家和读者们读后评说,但我们可以欣慰地告诉读者,其中每一位译者翻译此书的态度都是十分严谨、认真的,可以说,都尽了最大的努力,对此,我们表示衷心的感谢。为了尽可能保持全书译文风格和体例的统一,在开译前,我们制定了“校译工作的几点要求”,印发了各卷的内容提要、人名地名译名表及各卷的注释;开译后又多次组织译者交流经验,相互传阅和评点部分译文。这些措施,对提高译文质量显然是有益的。
   关于此书的译名,我们曾组织译者专题讨论,也广泛征求过意见,基本上可归纳为两种译法:一种直译为《寻求失去的时间》;另一种意译为《追忆似水年华》。鉴于后一种译名己较多地在报刊上采用,按照“约定俗成”的原则,我们暂且采用这种译法。我们期待着广大读者的批评与指正。
   一九年一月
  安德烈·莫罗亚作 施康强 译
   对于一九○○年到一九五○年这一历史时期而言,没有比《追忆似水年华》更值得纪念的长篇小说杰作了。这不仅仅因为普鲁斯特的作品象巴尔扎克的著作一样规模宏大。别的人写过十五部或二十部小说,有时还颇具才气,但是总不能给人以得到一种启示,读到一个总结的印象。这些作者满足于开发众所周知的“矿脉”;马塞尔·普鲁斯特却发现新的“矿藏”。《人间喜剧》把外部世界作为自己的领地;它囊括金融界、编辑部、法官、公证人、医生、商人、农民;巴尔扎克旨在描绘,他也确实描绘了整整一个社会。相反,普鲁斯特的一个独到之处是他对材料的选择并不在意。他更感兴趣的不是观察行动本身,而是某种观察任何行动的方式。从而他象同时代的几位哲学家一样,实现了一场“逆向的哥白尼式”。人的精神重又被安置在天地的中心;小说的目标变成描写为精神反映和歪曲的世界。
   用普鲁斯特书里的事件和人物来说明这位作家的特点,其荒谬程度将不亚于把雷诺阿说成是一个画过妇女、儿童、花卉的人。雷诺阿之所以成为雷诺阿,并非因为他画了这些模特儿,而是因为他把任何模特儿都摆在某种虹彩一般绚丽的光线之中。普鲁斯特本人在写到贝戈特的时候曾经指出,作品的取材与天才的形成无关。天才能使任何材料增辉生色。贝戈特成长的家庭环境从表面上看是索然寡味的,但是贝戈特却用这个素材写出一部杰作。这是因为,借助他的大脑这部小机器,他能高翥远翔,从而象飞越沙漠的飞行员隐约看到在地面上看不出来的、埋在沙子底下的城廓一样,看到事物蕴藏的秘密。因此在谈论《追忆似水年华》之前,先要说明普鲁斯特为什么比任何人更善于“飞离”这个他似乎十分眷恋的世界。
   一
   他熟悉的天地由哪些成分组成?首先是博斯地区的一所小城——伊利耶,他童年时代每年都随家人在那里度假;是他的祖父母、父亲、母亲、兄长、叔父、舅父、婶母、姨母;是他在乡下的邻居。其次是一个巴黎社交圈子;他在孔多赛中学的同学、他父亲的朋友以及几个女人:洛尔·海曼、爱弥尔·斯特劳斯夫人、塞维尼伯爵夫人;还有阿芒·德·卡雅韦夫人、博兰古夫人、格莱福尔勃伯爵夫人的沙龙,后来又通过罗贝尔·孟德斯鸠的引荐,逐渐结识整个上流社会;通过他的韦尔舅舅们和他的外婆家,进入犹太人的圈子;通过卡布尔和比诺大街的网球场,与几位妙龄少女订交;至于平民百姓,他只见过几个仆人,几个开电梯的和当茶房的,服兵役时的几个伙伴和伊里耶城的几个店主;说到作家和艺术家,他只通过向纳托尔·法朗士、雷纳尔多·阿恩、马德莱纳、勒梅尔和埃勒,对他们的生活略有所知。总之他的见闻所及仅系法国社会一个很薄的剖面。不过这又有什么关系呢?普鲁斯特将不是从广度,而是从深度上开掘他的“矿脉”。
   好几项特征注定他日后要从事写作。他的气质是神经质的,敏感到病态的程度。他有一个令人钦佩的母亲,对他无比宠爱,因此他遇到最细微的不和谐也如同受到伤害,最淡薄的敌意或者最不经意的可笑行径都会在他心头留下痛苦的纪录。换了一个躯壳较厚的人,有些场景不会产生持久的印象,碰上他却会终生难忘,在他的思想里象地狱里受尽煎熬而找不到出路的灵魂一般骚动。(例如:某天晚上她母亲拒绝在他入睡前吻他,过后禁不住他的恳求又让步了。后来,为寻找意中人他曾深夜在巴黎街头奔走。还有他在社交场合遭受的一些屈辱,先是在《让·桑德伊》,后来在《追忆似水年华》里都有痕迹可寻。)“作家受到命运不公正的待遇之后,总要尽力寻求补偿。”我们这位作家尤其迫切地需要补偿、解释和安慰。
   由于他患有慢性哮喘,虽说不是废人,却年纪轻轻就成为病人,每年有一定时间必须闭门谢客。这种隐居有助于把生活转化为艺术。“唯一真实的乐园是人们失去的乐园。”普鲁斯特以一千种方式重复这一想法。“幸福的岁月是失去的岁月,人们期待着痛苦以便工作。”他被逐出童年时代的伊甸园,失去了幸福,于是就企图重新创造幸福。
   他的精神患病甚于肉体。早在少年时代,他已发现唯一吸引自己的爱情在人们眼里是反常的。他不比纪德①,敢向家里人挑战。“家庭啊,我恨你们”②这类表白完全违背他的本性。我们可以想象他怎样在内心经历长时间的、痛苦的斗争,终归战败;他怎样努力克制自己的欲望;怎样旧病重犯,最终确信自己无可救药。如果把普鲁斯特看做不道德的人,那就大错特错了。他诚然背离道德规范,但是他因此而痛苦。出于这层原因,他也有忏悔和分析自己的需要,而这有利于写小说。
   --------
   ①安德烈·纪德(1869—1951),著名小说家,在法国文学史上占有重要地位。
   ②见纪德的《地粮》。
   最后,这个怀有如此强烈的写作冲动的年轻人,正好具备从事写作的条件。他不仅秉有神经质人敏锐的悟性,从而获得宝贵的材料,而且掌握渊博的知识,从而知道怎样利用这些材料。他母亲嗜爱法国和英国的古典大作家,让他也寝馈其中。我们时代很少有人比他更熟悉圣西门、塞维尼夫人、圣勃夫、福楼拜、波特莱尔;他的拟作证明他与这些作家灵犀相通。他研究过他们的思想方式、创作手法和风格。他若不是我们时代最伟大的小说家,本可以当最伟大的批评家。对英国作家的了解使他有可能进行知识上的杂交,这对强化一个人的思想如同生理上的杂交能增强一个种族的体质一样有效。他曾指出自己从托马斯·哈代、乔治·艾略特、狄更斯,尤其从拉斯金得到一些教益。我们时代没有任何作家比他更有学问,更加懂行。
   然而事情的奇妙正在于,他具备如此出色的条件本可以当一个威严的、多少有点学究气的传统作家,但他偏偏拒绝走这条现成的路子。在这里,他那位趣味高雅的母亲给他的教诲又起作用了。“对于应该怎样烹调某些菜肴、演奏贝多芬的奏鸣曲和殷勤待客,她自信能掌握最合适的分寸……况且对这三件事情来说,最合适的分寸几乎是相同的:手法简洁、朴实无华、饶有韵致。”普鲁斯特对于风格的看法并无二致。作为技巧出众的演奏家,他有时禁不住拖长一段曲子(电话接线小姐——山楂树——盖尔芒特王妃的浴缸)。最优秀的普鲁斯特,本色的普鲁斯特,却在风格上刻意求工的同时不失自然。没有人比他更精确地记录下口语的音乐性和每个阶层的人特有的语调。
   他有那么多的东西要表达,不说出来简直会憋死。他长期寻找一个题材以便表达所有这一切,却一直没有找到。童年时代,他在维福纳河两岸漫步,曾经隐约感到在一幢房子的屋瓦底下或者一棵长条拂地的柳树下面隐藏着某些,有待于他去揭穿;二十五岁或三十岁时,他反复搜索记忆的宝库,还是没有找到他需要的东西。一六年,他发表一部短篇小说和诗歌合集《欢乐和时日》。这本书染上世纪末的颓风,使人想起《白色杂志》、让·德·蒂南和奥斯卡·王尔德。没有一个读者猜到作者有一天将成为我们最伟大的文学革新家。然后,从一八○九年到一九○四年,他悄悄地写满许多练习本:那是一部自传性长篇小说《让·桑德伊》。一气呵成以后,作者从未修改。
   他没有发表这部作品,甚至想毁掉它:作品有许多页已被撕掉。今天我们在这部作品里发现了《追忆似水年华》中大部分为我们喜爱的优点。若干使普鲁斯特魂牵梦萦的场面,日后将以完善的形式记录下来,在这里已经初露端倪。透澈的分析、诗意的描写、对滑稽可笑言行地道的狄更斯式的描绘:这一切都非高手莫属。然而他当初不发表这部草稿是对的。他若那样做了,后来就不会以无比高超的技巧重写同一个题材。他写这部草稿的时候,他的双亲犹在,而且还可能是他最初的读者,所以他不能在作品里坦率处理他认为是最主要的东西。对于我们这些普鲁斯特迷来说,《让·桑德伊》是一部引人入胜的书,但是书中的人物和事件与原型相比变化不大,还不足以成为完美的艺术品。
   《让·桑德伊》里的观察者已是一位大师。不过普鲁斯特不满足于观察。他认为美犹如童话里的公主,被某个可怕的魔法师关在一座城堡的塔楼里。为了搭救这位公主,我们打破一千扇门还是徒劳,而大部分人忙于享受生的乐趣,不久就放弃寻找。但是象普鲁斯特这样的人宁可放弃其他一切,也要找到被囚禁的公主。总有一天,他受到启示,福至心灵,确信自己已有把握。他将得到秘密的、令人目眩的报偿。他说:“人们敲遍所有的门,一无所获。唯一那扇通向目标的门,人们找了一百年也没有找到,却在不经意中碰上了,于是它就自动开启……”
   二
   这扇“唯一的”门通向什么呢?当它突然自动开启时,他隐约看到的那部“与《一千零一夜》和圣西门的《回忆录》篇幅相等”的作品究竟是什么样子呢?他有什么重要的话要说,不惜为之牺牲其他一切呢?普罗斯特浩瀚的交响乐里将出现什么主题呢?
   第一主题,是时间。他的书以这个主题开端、告终。“假如假以天年,允许我完成自己的作品,我必定给它打上时间的印记:时间这个概念今天以不可抗拒的力量强迫我接受它。我要在作品里描写人们在时间中占有的地位比他们在空间中占有的微不足道的位置重要得多,即便这样做会使他们显得类似怪物……”我们周围的一切都处于永恒的流逝、销蚀过程之中,普鲁斯特无日不为这个想法困扰。“就象空间有几何学一样,时间有心理学。”人类毕生都在与时间抗争。他们本想执著地眷恋一个爱人、一位友人、某些信念;遗忘从冥冥之中慢慢升起,淹没他们最美丽、最宝贵的记忆。
   古典哲学假定“有一种不变的信仰犹如精神的雕像形成我们的人格”,这座雕像在外部世界的冲击下坚定不动如磐石。但是普鲁斯特知道自我在时间的流程中逐渐解体。为期不远,总有一天那个原来爱过、痛苦过、参与过一场的人什么也不会留下。我们将在小说里看到斯万、奥黛特、希尔贝物、布洛克、拉谢尔、圣卢怎样逐一在感情和年龄的聚光灯下通过,呈现不同的颜色,就象舞女的白色衣裙在灯光下依次变成黄色、绿色或蓝色一样。沉溺在爱河中的自我不能想象,几年以后,同一个自我一旦从爱情中解脱出来,又会是什么样子。而且可叹的是“房屋、街衢、道路和岁月一样转瞬即逝”。我们徒然回到我们曾经喜爱的地方;我们决不可能重睹它们,因为它们不是位于空间中,而是处在时间里,因为重游旧地的人不再是那个曾以自己的热情装点那个地方的儿童或少年。
   然而我们的历任自我并不完全消失,因为它们能在我们的睡梦中,甚而在清醒状态下重现。普鲁斯特在他的交响乐的第一乐章即陈述睡醒的主题,这并非事出偶然,而是有意为之。每天早晨,在片刻迷糊之后,我们重新拥有我们自身;这说明我们从未完全失去它。马塞尔在他生命的最后几年能在自己身上某处听到“小铃铛清脆的铁质铃声不时响起、无休无止、吵吵嚷嚷”,在他童年时代每次铃响总是宣告斯万来访。那必定是这个铃铛从未停止在他身上丁冬作响。因此时间看起来好象完全消逝,其实不然,它正与我们自身融为一体。由此产生了作为普鲁斯特作品的根源的想法,即追寻似乎已经失去,其实仍在那里,随时准备再生的时间。
   这个追寻只能在人们视为“真实”的那个世界里进行。其实这个世界是不真实的,至少是不可认识的,因为我们看到的世界永远受到我们自身的情欲的歪曲。世界不是一个,而是成千上万;“每天清晨有多少双眼睛睁开,有多少人的意识苏醒过来”,便有多少个世界。因此,要紧的不是生活在这些幻觉之中并且为这些幻觉而生活,而是在我们的记忆中寻找失去的乐园,那唯一真实的乐园。“过去”便是我们每个人身上都存在的某种永恒的东西。我们在生命中某些有利时刻重新把握“过去”,便会“油然感到自己本是绝对存在的”。所以,除了第一个主题:摧毁一切的时间而外,另有与之呼应的补充主题:起保存作用的回忆。不过我们这里指的不是随便哪一种回忆;普鲁斯特的主要贡献在于他教给人们某种回忆过去的方式。
   难道有好几种回忆过去的方式吗?至少有两种。人可以试图借助智力,通过推理、文件和佐证去重建过去。这一自主的回忆决不可能使我们感到过去突然在现在之中显露,而正是这种突然显露才使我们意识到自我的长存。必须发动不由自主的回忆,才能找回失去的时间。那么不由自主的回忆怎样发动呢?得通过当前的一种感觉与一项记忆之间的偶合。我们的过去继续存活在滋味、气息之中。普鲁斯特写道:“不要忘记,我生命中有个反复出现的动机……比对阿尔贝蒂娜的恋情还要重要的动机,即重温旧事,这也是献身艺术者的上好材料……一杯茶、散步场上的树木、钟楼等等。”马德莱娜甜饼便是出色的例子。
   叙述者一旦辨认出这种形似海贝的饼干的味道,整个贡布雷便带着当年他曾在那里感受的全部情绪,从一杯椴花茶中浮现出来;亲身的经历使这座小城在他眼里倍觉动人。当前的感觉与重新涌现的记忆组成一对。这个组合与时间的关系,犹如立体镜与空间的关系。它使人们产生时间也有立体感的错觉。在这一瞬间,时间被找回来了,同时它也被战胜了,因为属于过去的整整一块时间已变成属于现在的了。因此艺术家在这种时刻感到自己征服了永恒。任何东西只有在其永恒面貌,即艺术面貌下才能被真正领略、保存:这就是《追忆似水年华》的根本、深刻和创新的主题所在。别的作家(夏多布里盎、钱拉·德·奈伐尔)曾经窥见这个主题,但是他们没有在自己的直觉的指引下走到底,没有敞开通向神奇境界的大门。唯有普鲁斯特发现,在第一个回忆的诱发下,人们以为已经永远遗忘的世界好象附丽在这个最初的回忆上面,会从一杯茶中整个涌现出来。
   概括说,他的小说是一个聪明绝顶、敏感到痛苦地步的人的经历。这个人从小就出发寻找绝对的幸福,他在家庭里、爱情中、世界上都没有找到绝对幸福,最后象宗教神秘主义者一样到时间之外去寻找一种绝对存在。他在艺术中找到这个绝对物,因此小说与小说家的生平融为一体,而小说结尾时说叙述者找回了失去的时间,可以开始写他的书了。就这样,这部书象一条长蛇首尾相衔,绕成一个巨大的圆圈。
   三
   不由自主的回忆以其魔法唤醒过去之后,叙述者看到什么东西呢?居中一座乡下房子,是他们外祖母、他的父母、他的姑姑莱奥妮(与亲朋相处时富有喜剧性的人物)、女仆弗朗索瓦丝(妙不可言的肖像)以及几名配角。挨着贡布雷的住所涌现一所外省花园,夏天晚上一位邻居,斯万先生,没有斯万太太陪同,常来看望叙述者的父母。贡布雷周围伸展着一片既熟悉又神秘的地带。对于童年时代的叙述者来说,这片地带分成两“边”:斯万那一边,即斯万家的产业当松维尔,和盖尔芒特那一边,即盖尔芒特家的城堡所在地。盖尔芒特家系出贵族名门,马塞尔有时瞥见他们望完弥撒后步出教堂,视他们为高不可攀的天人;人家告诉他这一家人是热纳维也夫·德·布拉邦特①的后裔,他们过着神仙般的日子。就这样,生命以名字阶段开始。盖尔芒特家、斯万夫人、她的女儿希尔贝特·斯万:叙述者对所有这些人所知甚微,对于他来说他们只是些名字。
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   ①中世纪传说,热纳维也夫是布拉邦特公爵的女儿,齐格菲伯爵的妻子。伯爵出征,但不知妻子已怀孕。总管戈洛引诱热纳维也夫未成,遂诬告她与人私通。伯爵下令将她处死,仆人们没有执行命令,放她一条生路。后来夫妻相见,大白。
   一个接着一个,这些名字将变成有血有肉的人。后来叙述者介入盖尔芒特家的生活圈子,这家人对他仍有吸引力,但是不复有英雄的威望。盖尔芒特公爵夫人酷似教堂里彩画玻璃上的女圣徒,后来成为马塞尔的朋友。马塞尔将发现,她虽然才思敏捷,但是思想浮浅,还有自私、冷酷的一面。盖尔芒特家别的成员,夏吕斯男爵和迷人的罗贝尔·德·圣卢,原先处于半明半暗的光线下得到美化,后来将依次在前台的强光灯下暴露原形。叙述者逐渐发现,这些人物曾如幻灯映出一般,组成了一个神奇世界,这些男人和女人的名字底下隐藏着时而残酷、时而平庸的现实。小说的材料不在现实世界之内,而是在现实世界和想象世界的差距之中。
   在爱情领域,也有一个词语阶段。在这个阶段,人惑于古典或浪漫作品中对这一感情的描绘,追求不可能实现的心心相通。但是“爱情本身与我们对爱情的看法之间的差别判若天壤。”普鲁斯特试图以比传统小说家更多的真实性去描绘相遇相悦,离怀别苦、以及最终的冷淡。夏娃本是从亚当体内抽出来的:这个象征十分正确。我们入睡后一条腿的位置没有放对,便有心爱的女人翩然入梦。我们在邂逅相逢时用我们自身的想象做材料塑造的那个恋人,与日后作为我们的终生伴侣的那个真实的人毫无关系。斯万娶了从他梦中走出来的奥黛特为妻,结果面对的契黛特却是一个他不爱的人,“与他根本合不来。”叙述者马塞尔起先认为阿尔贝蒂娜俗不可耐,其貌不扬,但是因为她“不可捉摸”,周身笼罩着神秘的光晕,便对她产生依恋之情,最终爱上她了。
   爱情的对象被占有之后,只要怀疑依然存在,爱情可以保持不衰。我们发现自己曾经如此重视的东西原来纯属虚妄之后,如果嫉妒占据了我们心灵的荒漠,这一发现还不足以使我们痊愈。幸亏“回忆有时混乱,接着感情出现间歇”。最后,经过长期睽别,遗忘来临,驱除了爱情的种种幻觉。至于在《索多姆和戈莫尔》中致力描写的爱情,它与正常的爱情遵循同一条变化曲线。爱情的实际对象是马车夫,缝制背心的裁缝,还是妓女或公爵夫人,这都无关紧要,因为按照普鲁斯特的说法,爱情的本质在于爱的对象本非实物,它仅存在于情人的想象之中。
   同样地,马塞尔童年时代的两条“边”:斯万那边和盖尔芒特那边,对于他曾是陌生、迷人、秘密的世界,后来他得以实地勘察这两个世界时,却在其中找不到任何东西能引起他强烈、持久的兴趣。追逐时尚与爱情一样令人失望。斯万渴望加入维尔迪兰的小圈子,马塞尔则想厕身盖尔芒特家的沙龙。一旦他们如愿以偿,认识并征服了小圈子和沙龙,两者便一钱不值了。唯一有吸引力的世界是我们尚未进入的世界。一切都比儿童的眼睛看到的要简单、平淡。从贡布雷看出去,两条“边”之间好象隔着一道鸿沟。不料它们竟在作品的顶上组成巨大的圆拱,最终汇合在一起:斯万的女儿希尔贝特嫁给盖尔芒特家的圣卢。两条边的对立原来也是假的。
   现实在显露的同时烟消云散。
   我是故意用圆拱这个词的。普鲁斯特的作品刚发表的时候,批评家们未能立即理解它的结构,不知道它在结构上与大教堂一样简单、稳重。作者自己是意识到这一点的:“当你对我谈到大教堂的时候,你的妙语不由使我大为感动。你直觉到我从未跟人说过的第一次形诸笔墨的事情:我曾经想过为我的书的每一部分别选用如下标题:大门、后殿彩画玻璃窗,等等。我将为你证明,这些作品唯一的优点在于它们全体,包括每个细微的组成部分都十分结实,而批评家们偏偏责备我缺乏总体构思。我若采用类似的标题,便能事先回答这种愚蠢的批评……”
   确实如此,在完工的作品里有那么多精心安排的对称结构,那么多的细部在两翼相互呼应,那么多的石块在开工伊始就砌置整齐,准备承担日后的尖拱,以致读者不能不佩服普鲁斯特把这座巨大的建筑当作一个整体来设计的杰出才智。就象序曲部分草草奏出的主题后来越演越宏伟,最终将以勇猛的小号声压倒陪衬音响一样,某一《在斯万家那边》仅仅露了脸的人物将变成书中的主角之一。(例如:在外叔祖父家里见过一面的那位穿一身绯红的夫人,后来变成奥黛特·德·克雷西,又变成斯万夫人,最后成为福什维尔夫人;画家比施原是维尔迪兰的“小核心”的成员,后来成为伟大的埃尔斯蒂尔;在妓院里与叙述者春风一度的那个女子,日后重逢时改名拉谢尔,已是圣卢钟爱的情妇。)
   就象一个巨大的桥拱跨越岁月,最终把斯万那一边和盖尔芒特那一边联接起来一样,翻过几千页书以后,将有别的感受一回忆组合与马德莱纳小甜饼的主题相呼应(叙述者在到威尼斯的旅途上见到的大小不等的铺路石块;他在盖尔芒特王妃的图书馆里见到上了浆、烫得挺括的毛巾时,巴尔贝克海滨顿时在他眼前重现)。整个建筑的拱顶石无疑是罗贝尔和希尔贝特的女儿圣卢小姐。这只是一件小石雕,从底下仰望勉强可见,但是在这件石雕上“无形无色、不可捕捉”的时间确确实实凝固为物质。圆拱从而连接起来,大教堂于是竣工。到这个时候,作者作为艺术家和作为人同时得救。从那么多的相对世界里涌现出一个绝对世界了。
   因此普鲁斯特的小说是一种肯定,一种解脱。就象凡德伊的七重奏一样,其中两个主题——毁坏一切的时间和拯救一切的记忆对峙着:“最后,欢乐的主题取得胜利;这已不再是从空荡荡的天空背后发出的几乎带着不安的召唤;这是一种不可名状的快乐,好象来自天堂,这种快乐与奏鸣曲里的快乐差别之大,犹如贝里尼画中温和、庄重、演奏双颈诗琴的天使与米开朗琪罗笔下某一穿紫袍、吹大号角的大天使的差别。我知道我永远不会忘记快乐呈现的这个新的色彩,这个引导我们寻求一种超尘世的快乐的召唤……”
   克洛德·莫里亚克写过一本关于普鲁斯特的出色的小书,他在书里强调普鲁斯特独特的欢乐概念很有见地:“因为和普鲁斯特在一起,我们除了知道感情有间歇,更知道幸福也是时而袭来,时而消失的。这一阵阵欢乐的清风来自什么地方呢?”来自艺术。大艺术家“为我们掀开丑恶与无聊的帷幕的一角,我们由于隔着这道帷幕才对世界失去好奇心”。象梵·高用一把草垫椅子,德加或马奈用一个丑女人做题材,画出杰作一样,普鲁斯特的题材可以是一个老厨娘,一股霉味,一间外省的寝室或者一丛山楂树。他对我们说:“好好看:世界的全部秘密都藏在这些简单的形式下面了。”
   四
   人生中有些出神入化的时刻,当前偶然获得的感觉使过去重现,于是我们快乐地感到自身存在的持久性;不过一个人一生中罕遇这种时刻。那么怎样才能在每一页书上都把被囚禁的美释放出来呢?这里用得着风格:“在一项描写中,人们可以无穷尽地罗列位于被描写地点的各种物体;但是仅在作家择定两件不同的物体、指出它们的相互关系的那个瞬间开始披露。艺术世界中这一相互关系类似科学世界中唯一的因果关系。作家还需要用美丽的风格形式的圆环把这两件物体关闭在内,他甚至围住了生命,当他举出两种感觉的共同特点,用一项隐喻把两件物体结合起来,从而显示它们的本质,使它们摆脱时间的影响,并用词的组合形式的不可描述的锁链把它们拴在一起……”
   通过揭示某一陌生事物或某一难以描写的感情与一些熟悉事物的相似之处,隐喻可以帮助作者和读者想象这一陌生事物或这一感情。当然普鲁斯特不是第一个使用形象的作家。对于原始人,形象也是一种自然的表达手段。但是普鲁斯特比同时代任何作家更加理解形象的“至上”重要性;他知道形象怎样借助类比使读者窥见某一法则的雏形,从而得到一种强烈的智力快感;他也知道怎样使形象常葆新鲜。
   既然比喻的目的是用熟知的事物解释未知的事物,那么比喻的第二项,即那个好象是透明的、可以透过现实被看到的东西就与我们熟悉的感觉之间有了联系。荷马有理由吟唱:“勇猛如怒狮……”因为他的听众曾经与狮子搏斗过。普鲁斯特指出现代的隐喻应该在事物后面唤起味觉、嗅觉、触觉这一类永远真实的基本感觉,或者展示作为任何艺术的首要成分的动植物形象(夏吕斯变成大黄蜂,絮比安化成兰花,盖尔芒特家的人变作禽鸟)。最后,它也可以从当代各学科中借用现实生活的形象。所以在普鲁斯特的文章里不时出现科学、心理学、学的形象。
   我们任意打开几页书,便能采撷到一束新鲜的形象花束,如叙述者的母亲对弗朗索瓦丝说:“诺布瓦先生把她说成是‘第一流的统帅’,就象是国防部长在阅兵式结束后向将军转达一位路过的外国君主的祝贺……”马塞尔这个时候正爱上希尔贝特·斯万,他把与斯万家有关的一切都视作神圣;当他听父亲说到斯万家住的套房普普通通时,一种袤渎之感使他全身血液沸腾:“我本能地感到我的精神应该向斯万家的威望,以及我自己的幸福奉献必要的牺牲,于是不管我刚才听到什么,我内心作主,象笃信者摒弃勒南的《耶稣传》一样,永远不去想他们居住的套房平常得很,连我们也可以住进去的……”叙述者的母亲把斯万夫人为扩大她在社交界的联系而四出拜访比作一场殖民地战争:“现在特龙贝家已经就范,邻近的部落不久也要投降……”她在街上遇见斯万夫人,回家时说:“我看到斯万夫人进入战争状态;她想必准备出征马塞诸赛人、锡兰人或者特龙贝尔人,预期大获全胜……”最后一例:斯万夫人邀请一位好心肠但令人讨厌、喜欢串门的太太上门做客,因为她知道“这只活跃的‘工蜂’一旦戴上装饰羽毛的帽子,带着名片盒,能在一个下午光顾多少资产者家庭的花草……”
   普鲁斯特另一个爱用的手法是借助艺术品说明实在的事物。在他生活的那个“想象博物馆”的时代,凡是有教养的人都能理解美术作品提供的参考依据。为了让读者领会奥黛特的美色,普鲁斯特提到波堤切利;为了描绘布洛克的古怪,他抬出贝里尼的《穆罕默德二世》。他把弗朗索瓦丝的谈话比做巴赫的赋格曲,把夏吕斯先生投向絮比安的眼色比做贝多芬戛然而止的乐句。大画家和大音乐家把我们领进位于词语之外的世界,没有他们我们不可能进入这个世界。普鲁斯特经由美学达到玄学。这条路选得不坏。
   所以隐喻在这部作品里占据的地位相当于宗教仪式里的圣器。普鲁斯特眷恋的现实都是精神性的,但是因为人既是灵魂,又是肉体,他需要物质性的象征帮助他在自身和不能表达的东西之间建立联系。普鲁斯特最先懂得,任何有用的思想的根子都在日常生活里,而隐喻的作用在于强迫精神与它的大地母亲重新接触,从而把属于精神的力量归还给它。雨果出于本能也懂得这个道理,但是普鲁斯特通过智力和使用方法达到同一个目的了。
   五
   阿兰曾经指出,小说在本质上应是从诗到散文,从表象到一种实用的、仿佛是手工产品的现实的过渡。普鲁斯特是纯粹的小说家。没有人比他更善于帮助我们在自己身上把握生命从童年到壮年,然后到老年的过程。所以他的书一旦问世,便成为人类的圣经之一。他简单的、个别的和地区性的叙述引起全世界的热情,这既是人间最美的事情,也是最公平的现象。就象伟大的哲学家用一个思想概括全部思想一样,伟大的小说家通过一个人的一生和一些最普通的事物,使所有人的一生涌现在他笔下。
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