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The Sorrows of Young Werther
  The Sorrows of Young Werther (Die Leiden des jungen Werthers) is an epistolary and loosely autobiographical novel by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, first published in 1774; a revised edition of the novel was published in 1787. Werther was an important novel of the Sturm und Drang period in German literature, and influenced the later Romantic literary movement.
  
  The book made Goethe one of the first international literary celebrities. Toward the end of his life, a personal visit to Weimar became crucial to any young man's tour of Europe.
  
  Plot summary
  
  The majority of The Sorrows of Young Werther is presented as a collection of letters written by Werther, a young artist of highly sensitive and passionate temperament, and sent to his friend Wilhelm.
  
  In these letters, Werther gives a very intimate account of his stay in the fictional village of Wahlheim (based on the town of Garbenheim, near Wetzlar ). He is enchanted by the simple ways of the peasants there. He meets Lotte (Charlotte), a beautiful young girl who is taking care of her siblings following the death of their mother. In spite of knowing beforehand that Charlotte is already engaged to a man named Albert, who is in fact 11 years her senior, Werther falls in love with her.
  
  Despite the pain this causes Werther, he spends the next few months cultivating a close friendship with both of them. His pain eventually becomes so great that he is forced to leave and go to Weimar. While he is away, he makes the acquaintance of Fräulein von B. He suffers a great embarrassment when he forgetfully visits a friend on the day when the entire aristocratic set normally meets there. He returns to Wahlheim after this, where he suffers more than he did before, partially because Lotte and Albert are now married. Every day serves as a torturous reminder that Lotte will never be able to requite his love. Out of pity for her friend and respect for her husband, Lotte comes to the decision that Werther must not visit her so frequently. He visits her one final time, and they are both overcome with emotion after Werther's recitation of a portion of "Ossian".
  
  Werther had realized even before this incident that one of them — Lotte, Albert or Werther himself — had to die. Unable to hurt anyone else or seriously consider committing murder, Werther sees no other choice but to take his own life. After composing a farewell letter (to be found after he commits suicide), he writes to Albert asking for his two pistols, under a pretense that he is going "on a journey". Lotte receives the request with great emotion and sends the pistols. Werther then shoots himself in the head, but doesn't expire until 12 hours after he has shot himself. He is buried under a linden tree, a tree he talks about frequently in his letters, and the funeral is not attended by clergymen, Albert or his beloved Lotte.
  Inspiration and parallels
  
  As Goethe mentioned in the first version of his Römische Elegien, his "youthful sufferings" played a part in the creation of the novel. Having concluded his law studies in the spring 1772, Goethe found himself working for the Imperial Chamber Court of the Holy Roman Empire in Wetzlar. He befriended the secretary Karl Wilhelm Jerusalem and, on June 9, 1772, they attended a ball where Goethe was introduced to the 19-year-old Charlotte Buff and her older fiancé, Johann Christian Kestner. Goethe is said to have instantly fallen in love with Charlotte. Goethe pursued Charlotte and the relationship varied between friendship and rejection. Charlotte was honest with Goethe and told him there was no hope of an affair. (She later married Kestner and had a son, August Kestner.) On September 11, Goethe left without saying goodbye.
  
  The parallels between this incident and the novel are evident. Charlotte Buff, like her counterpart in the novel, was the daughter of a widowed official and had many siblings. Goethe, like Werther, often found it difficult to complete work. Both Goethe and Werther celebrated their birthdays on August 28. However, the novel also depicts a number of events that have close parallels to the life of Goethe's friend Jerusalem who, like Werther, committed suicide. Goethe was told that the motive for the deed was unrequited love for another man's wife. Jerusalem had also gone on long moonlight walks that reflected his sad mood and had also borrowed pistols to carry out his suicide. And, just like Werther, he left a copy of Gotthold Ephraim Lessing's play Emilia Galotti on his cupboard in the room where he died.
  Effect on Goethe
  
  Werther was one of Goethe's few works in the Sturm und Drang movement, before he, with Friedrich von Schiller, began the Weimar Classicism movement.
  
  Goethe distanced himself from The Sorrows of Young Werther in his later years. He regretted his fame and making his youthful love of Charlotte Buff public knowledge. He wrote Werther at the age of twenty-four, and yet most of his visitors in his old age had read only this book of his and knew him mainly only from this work, despite his many others. He even denounced the Romantic movement which he is most associated with by calling it "everything that is sick."
  
  Goethe described his distaste for the book, writing that even if Werther had been a brother he had killed, he could not have been more haunted by the vengeful ghost. Nevertheless, Goethe acknowledged the great personal and emotional impact that The Sorrows of Young Werther could exert on those forlorn young lovers who discovered it. In 1821, he commented to his secretary, "It must be bad, if not everybody was to have a time in his life, when he felt as though Werther had been written exclusively for him."
  Cultural impact
  See also: Werther effect
  
  The Sorrows of Young Werther was Goethe's first major success, turning him from an unknown into a celebrated author practically overnight. Napoleon Bonaparte considered it one of the great works of European literature. He thought so highly of it that he wrote a soliloquy in Goethe's style in his youth and carried Werther with him on his campaigning to Egypt. It also started the phenomenon known as the "Werther-Fieber" ("Werther Fever") which caused young men throughout Europe to dress in the clothing style described for Werther in the novel.
  
  It reputedly also led to some of the first known examples of copycat suicide. The "Werther Fever" was watched with concern by the authorities and fellow authors. One of the latter, Friedrich Nicolai, decided to create a satiric—and happier—ending called Die Freuden des jungen Werthers ("The Joys of Young Werther"), in which Albert, having realized what Werther is up to, had loaded chicken blood into the pistol, thereby foiling Werther's suicide, and happily concedes Lotte to him. And after some initial difficulties, Werther sheds his passionate youthful side and reintegrates himself into society as a respectable citizen.
  
  Goethe, however, was not pleased with this version and started a literary war with Nicolai (which lasted all his life) by writing a poem titled "Nicolai auf Werthers Grabe" in which Nicolai defecates on Werther's grave, thus desecrating the memory of Werther from which Goethe had distanced himself in the meantime (as he had from the Sturm und Drang). This was continued in his collection of short and critical poems, the Xenies, and his play Faust.
  Trivia
  
  A major scene in the novel prominently features Goethe's own German translation of a portion of James Macpherson's Ossian cycle of poems, which were originally presented as translations of ancient works, and were later found to have been written by Macpherson.
  Alternative versions and other appearances
  
   * Mary Shelley's Frankenstein. Frankenstein's monster finds the book in a leather portmanteau, along with two others—Plutarch's Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans, and Milton's Paradise Lost. He sees Werther's case as similar to his own. He, like Werther, was rejected by those he loved.
  
   * The statistician Karl Pearson's first book was "The New Werther".
  
   * It was the basis for the 1892 opera Werther by Jules Massenet.
  
   * William Makepeace Thackeray wrote a poem satirizing Goethe's story entitled Sorrows of Werther .
  
   * Thomas Mann's 1939 novel Lotte in Weimar recounts a fictional reunion between Goethe and the object of his youthful passion Charlotte Kestner.
  
   * An episode of History Bites features this book, with Bob Bainborough portraying Goethe.
  
   * Ulrich Plenzdorf, a GDR poet, wrote a novel and a play called Die neuen Leiden des jungen W. ("The New Sorrows of Young W."). It has been called a modern-day Werther.
  
   * In William Hill Brown's The Power of Sympathy, the novel appears next to Harrignton's unsealed suicide note.
  
  
  Translations
  
   * The Sorrows of Young Werther - ISBN 0-8129-6990-1.
  
   Translated by Burton Pike. 2004 Modern Library (Random House, Inc.)
  
   * The Sorrows of Young Werther - ISBN 0-14-044503-X.
  
   Translated by Michael Hulse. 1989 The Penguin Classics Library Complete Collection (Penguin Books Ltd.)
  
   * The Sorrows of Young Werther - ISBN 0-486-42455-3.
  
   Translated by Thomas Carlyle and R. Dillon Boylan. Originally published 1902 C. T. Brainard Publishing Company. Reissued 2002 Dover Thrift Editions (Dover Publications, Inc.)
  
   * The Sorrows of Young Werther - ISBN 0-679-72951-8.
  
   Translated by Elizabeth Mayer and Louise Bogan. Poems translated and foreword by W. H. Auden. Also contains Novelle. Originally published 1971 Random House, Inc.. Reissued June 1990 by Vintage Books as a Vintage Classics Edition.
  
   * The Sufferings of Young Werther - ISBN 0-393-09880-X
  
   Translated by Harry Steinhauer. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1970.
  
   * The Hebrew translation יסורי ורתר הצעיר was extremely popular among youths in the Zionist pioneer communities in British Mandate of Palestine in the 1930s and 1940s and was blamed for the suicide of several young men who were considered to have emulated Werther.
少年维特的烦恼-1
  Translated by R.D. Boylan
   I have carefully collected whatever I have been able to learn of the story of poor Werther, and here present it to you, knowing that you will thank me for it. To his spirit and character you cannot refuse your admiration and love: to his fate you will not deny your tears.
   And thou, good soul, who sufferest the same distress as he endured once, draw comfort from his sorrows; and let this little book be thy friend, if, owing to fortune or through thine own fault, thou canst not find a dearer companion.
少年维特的烦恼-2
  她那么有灵性,却又那么纯朴;那么坚毅,却又那么善良;操持家务那么辛苦,而心灵又那么宁静。——
   我这里说到她的那些全都是些令人讨厌的废话,使人腻味的空泛之词,丝毫反映不出她本人。下次——不,不等下次,我现在要立即告诉你。要是现在不说,那就永远不会说了。
   因为,说心里话,开始写这封信以来,我已经有三次打算让人给马备好鞍子,想骑马出去了。今天早晨我还发誓不骑马出去,可我时不时地跑到窗前,看看太阳还有多高。——我无法控制自己,我还是去了她那儿。现在我回来了,威廉,我要吃着黄油面包作为夜宵给你写信。看到她同一群活泼可爱的孩子——她的八个弟妹在一起,我的灵魂是多么狂喜呀!
   要是我这么写下去,那么你看到末尾也像开头一样不知所云。那么听着,我要强迫自己详细叙述具体细节了。
   不久前我在信里曾对你说过,我认识了法官S先生,他请我早些到他的隐居处,或者甚至可说到他的小王国去作客。对于这事我没有太在意,要不是偶然发现这个宁静的地方竟藏着一位宝贝儿,也许我就永远不会到那里去。
   我们这里的年轻人要举行一次乡村舞会,我也答应去参加。我请本地一位除了善良、美丽之外并不十分引人注目的姑娘作为舞伴,并说好由我叫一辆马车将她和她堂姐带到舞会场所,路上再顺便捎上夏绿蒂·S。——“您将认识一位漂亮的小姐了。”马车正穿过一片稀疏的大树林往猎庄驶去时,我的舞伴说。——“您得小心,”堂姐插话说,“别堕入情网呀!”——“为什么?”我说。——“她已经订婚了,”我的舞伴答道,“同一个挺棒的小伙子订婚了,眼下他到外地去了,因为父亲去世他得去料理后事,同时也是为了去谋个好职位。”——对于这个消息我并没有太在意。
   我们到达庄园大门时,太阳还有一刻钟才下山。这时天气很闷热,天边积聚了大堆大堆灰白色的云层,见之令人生畏,眼看雷雨将至,两位姑娘颇为担心。我自己虽然也开始预感到今天的舞会将大煞风景,但仍然装出一副精通气象的样子来哄她们,以消除她们的恐慌心理。
   我下了车,一名女仆走到门口,请我们稍等一会,说绿蒂小姐马上就来。我穿过院子,朝精心建造的屋子走去,上了屋前的台阶,正要进门时,一幕我所见过的最动人的景象跃入我的眼帘。前厅里六个十一岁到两岁的孩子围拥着一位容貌秀丽的姑娘,她中等身材,穿一件简朴的白色衣服,袖口和胸襟上系着粉红色的蝴蝶结。她手里拿着一个黑面包,根据周围孩子的年龄和胃口一块块切下来,亲切地分给他们;弟妹们在轮到自己的一份时,虽然还没有切下来,就把小手伸得高高的,天真地说声“谢谢”,等拿到了自己的一块,便蹦跳着跑开了,性格比较文静的则拿着面包不慌不忙地到大门口去看陌生人和他们的绿蒂即将坐着出门的马车。——“真不好意思,”绿蒂说,“有劳您进来一趟,还让两位姑娘久等了。我因为换衣服和料理在我出去这段时间里的家务,忘了给弟妹们分发午后点心,他们不要别人切的面包,只要我切的。”——我随便客套了几句,这时我整个灵魂全都稽留在她的容貌、声调和举止上了,等她到房里去取手套和扇子时,我才有时间从诧异中恢复过来。孩子们站在离我不太远的地方,从一旁看着我,年纪最小的孩子脸蛋特别逗人喜爱,我便朝他走去,他就往后缩。这时绿蒂正好从房里出来,便说:“路易斯,跟这位表哥握握手。”——于是,这孩子便落落大方地同我握了手,我情不自禁,就亲昵地吻了他,哪里还去管他小鼻子上挂着脏兮兮的鼻涕。——“表哥?”我向她伸出手去时说,“您认为我配有这份福气做您的亲戚吗?”——“噢,”她莞尔一笑,“我们的表兄弟多着呢,倘若您是表兄弟中最差劲的一个,那我会感到遗憾的。”——临走时她又交待大约十一岁的大妹妹索菲,要照看好弟妹,爸爸骑马溜达后回家时要问候他。她又叮嘱了其他几个,要听索菲姐姐的话,把索菲当作她自己一样。几个孩子爽快地答应了,可是那个大约六岁的金发小妹却逞能地说:“可她不是你呀,绿蒂,我们还是更喜欢你。”——两个最大的男孩已经从后面爬上了马车,经我说情,绿蒂才同意把他俩带到林子前面,但要他俩答应不瞎闹,并且好好坐稳。
   我们刚在马车上坐好,姑娘们互相致了问候,便开始闲聊:品评彼此的服装,尤其是帽子,并很有分寸地议论着马上就要开始的晚会。正谈着,绿蒂已让马车停下,叫两个弟弟下车,他俩再次希望吻吻姐姐的手。吻手的时候大弟弟显得文雅和温柔,与他十五岁的年龄很相称,那个小的只是随随便便地使劲吻了一下。绿蒂再次让两个弟弟代她向其他弟妹问候,在这之后我们的马车才继续上路。
   我舞伴的堂姐问绿蒂,新近寄给她的那本书看完没有。——“没有,”绿蒂说,“这本书我不喜欢,可以还给您了。上次那本也不怎么好看。”——我问这两本是什么书,她的回答使我大为吃惊:……——我发现,她所谈的那些看法都很有个性,我看到,她的每一句话都使她脸上现出新的魅力,闪着新的精神的光辉。慢慢地,她的脸显得神采飞扬,因为她从我身上感觉到,我是理解她的。
   “早些年,”她说,“我最喜欢的就是小说。每当我星期天坐在一个角落里,用我整个心分担着燕妮小姐的幸福与灾祸时,上帝知道,那有多快乐。我也不否认,这类小说今天对我仍有某些吸引力,可是因为我现在很少有时间看书,因此读的书也得要适合自己的胃口。我最喜爱的作家应是这样的:在他的作品中重新找到我的世界,他作品中描写的事情就像发生在我周围一般,并要觉得他的故事亲切有趣,宛如自己家里的生活,它虽然不是天堂,可是总的来说却是一个无法言表的幸福源泉。
   听了这番话,我竭力掩饰自己的激动,当然没能掩饰多久:当我听到她剀切中理地随口谈起威克菲尔德牧师,谈起……时,我情不自禁,便将不吐不快的话统统告诉了她。过了一会儿,绿蒂转过身去同两位女伴说话时我才发现,那两位姑娘方才一直被冷落了,她们睁着大眼睛,心不在焉,仿佛没有在场似的。堂姐不只一次嗤着鼻子嘲讽地盯着我,对此我却毫不在意。
   话题转到跳舞的乐趣上来了。——“如果热情是个缺陷,”绿蒂说,“那我也乐意向你们承认,我不知道还有什么比跳舞更美的了。我心里烦闷的时候,只要到我那架音调不正的钢琴上去弹上一曲对舞,情绪就好了。”
   谈话中间,我一直欣赏着她那双乌黑的眸子。她那生动的双唇和活泼鲜艳的面颊把我整个灵魂都吸引住了,我完全沉醉在她言辞的精辟的底蕴之中,往往连她所用的词都没听见!——对此你会想象得出的,因为你了解我。总之,马车在游乐宫前悄悄停住时,我像梦游者似的下了车,仍然沉湎于梦幻中,在周围暮色朦胧的世界里魂不守舍,茫然若失,几乎连从灯火辉煌的大厅里飘来的音乐声也没听到。
   两位先生,奥德兰和某某——谁记得住那么多名字——在车门口迎接我们。他们两人分别是堂姐和绿蒂的舞伴,他们各自挽着一位姑娘,我也领着自己的舞伴走上台阶。
   我们跳起了小步舞,一对对旋转着;我一个个请姑娘们跳,可是恰恰是那些最不惹人喜欢的姑娘偏偏不及时向你伸出手来,作出结束的表示。绿蒂和她的舞伴开始跳英国舞了。轮到她来跟我们一起跳出图形时,我心里那份惬意呀,你是会感觉到的。你一定得看看她的舞姿!你看,她跳得多么投入,她的全部身心都融入了舞蹈,她的整个身体非常和谐,她是那么逍遥自在,那么飘逸潇洒,仿佛跳舞就是一切,除此之外她别无所想,别无所感;此刻,在她眼前其他一切都消失了。
   我请她跳第二轮对舞;她答应同我跳第三轮,她以世界上最真诚的态度对我说,她最喜欢跳德国舞。——“跳德国舞时,原来的每对舞伴都要在一起跳,这是这里的习惯,”她接着说,“我的舞伴华尔兹跳得不好,倘若我免去他跳华尔兹,他会感谢我的。与您配对的那位姑娘也不会跳,而且也不喜欢,我看见您跳英国舞时旋转得很好;要是您愿意同我跳德国舞,您就到我的舞伴那儿去征得他的同意,我也去跟您的舞伴打个招呼。”——我随即握住她的手,我们商定,跳华尔兹的时候让她的舞伴去同我的舞伴聊天。
   开始跳华尔兹了;我们用种种方式互相勾着手臂,好一阵子我们心里都乐不可支。她的动作多么迷人,多么轻盈!因为我们刚兴起跳华尔兹,而对对舞伴旋转起来又快如流星,所以会跳的人很少,开始时当然有点乱。我们很聪明,先让别人跳个够,等到那些跳得最笨拙的退出舞池,腾出了地方,我们便立即进去翩然起舞,并且同另外一对——奥德兰和他的舞伴一起勇敢地坚持到最后。我从未感到如此怡然轻快过,我已飘然欲仙了。臂中拥着个最可爱的造物,带着她像清风一样四处飞舞,周围的一切全都消失了,而且,——威廉呀,说实话,我暗暗起誓:除我之外,永远也不让这位我心爱的、我渴望得到的姑娘同别人跳华尔兹,即使为此我要走向毁灭,这也认了。你是理解我的!
   我们在厅里缓缓转了几圈,好喘口气。后来她便坐下,我就把剩下不多的几个我特地放在一边的甜橙拿了来,绿蒂非常高兴,只不过她出于礼貌,不时把切好的橙子一片片递给邻座的姑娘,而那位则毫不客气地一一受用,她每给她一片,我心里就像是被扎了一针。
   跳第三轮英国舞时,我们是第二对。我们跳着穿过队列,我挽着她的胳膊,盯着她那极其率真地表露出最坦诚、最纯洁的欢快的明眸,上帝知道,我心里是多么狂喜。我们来到一位女子身边,她那卖弄风情的表情引起我的注意,我发现,她的脸已经不再年轻了。她笑盈盈地望着绿蒂,恫吓性地竖起一个指头,在飞快地舞着走开的时候,两次提了阿尔贝特这个名字。
   “恕我冒昧,请问阿尔贝特是谁?”我对绿蒂说。——她正要回答,这时恰好要组成“8”字图形,所以我们不得不分开。我们彼此交叉而过时,我发觉她额头上流露出沉思的神情。——“我干吗要瞒您,”她说,同时伸出手来让我牵着加入到全体舞会参加者一起的列队行进之中。“阿尔贝特是个好人,我与他可以说是已经订婚了。”——这事对我来说并不是什么新闻,两位姑娘路上就告诉我了;但是此前我并没有把这消息同她联系起来,经过方才短时间的接触,她在我心中已经变得无比宝贵,现在再一想,这消息又完全是新的了。够了,我方寸已乱,魂不守舍,结果插到另一对舞伴中去了,顿时队形陷于一片混乱,多亏绿蒂沉着镇定,将我连拉带拽,才使秩序迅速得以恢复。
   舞会尚未结束,闪电越来越强烈,我们本来早就看见天际在打闪了,但我一直说是没有雷声的打闪,可是现在呢,雷声已将音乐声淹没了。三位姑娘从队列中跑了出来,男士紧随其后;秩序全乱了,音乐也戛然而止。人们在尽情欢乐时突然被不幸或什么可怕的东西所惊吓,那它给人的印象定比平时更为强烈,这是很自然的,其原因,一是两相对照给人的感触特别深刻,二是,也是更主要的,我们的感官一旦向感觉打开了大门,它对于印象的接受也就更快。我想一定是由于这些原因,所以好些姑娘的脸上开始现出奇特的怪模样。最聪明的那个坐在角落里,背对窗户,双手捂住耳朵。另一个跪在她跟前,脑袋埋在她怀里。还有一个挤进她俩中间,珠泪盈盈地搂着她的女友。有的要回家;另一些则更是一筹莫展,人人都战战兢兢地在向上天祈祷,完全失去了自持力,连对我们年轻骑士们的胆大妄为也驾驭不住了,于是这帮爱占姑娘便宜的小伙子就乘机放起肆来,纷纷从这些备受折磨的美人儿的嘴唇上去抢得她们的祷告。有的男士已到下面安安静静抽烟去了;其余的人都不反对女主人想出的聪明的主意,任她把我们安排到一间有百叶窗和窗帘的房间。刚一进去,绿蒂就赶忙把椅子围成一个圆圈,请大家坐下,建议来玩游戏。有的人希望能赢得一个美美的吻,我看见他们都把嘴撅成了喇叭状,伸胳膊伸腿地作好了接吻的准备。——“我们来玩数数!”绿蒂说。“请注意!我挨着圈子从右往左走,你们则顺序往下数,每人喊出自己轮到的数字,要数得飞快,就像野火蔓延一样,谁要是停了下来,或者数错了,他就得吃一记耳光,一直数到一千为止。”——这下可热闹了:绿蒂伸出胳膊,顺着圈子转。第一个喊了“一”,旁边的喊“二”,下一个喊“三”,挨次往下报数。此后她的步伐加快,而且越来越快;这时有位报错了数:啪!一记响亮的耳光。下一个在哈哈大笑,啪的一声也吃了一个。绿蒂又加快了速度。我自己也挨了两下,我发现,她给我的两记耳光比给别人的重,我好暗自心喜!一千还没数完,屋里早就笑声震耳,这个游戏也只得收场。知己朋友互相拉到一边,这时雷雨已经过去,我随绿蒂回到大厅,路上她说:“挨了耳光,他们把雷雨以及别的一切统统都忘了!”——我没有什么话来回答她。——“我的胆子最小,”她接着说,“我装作不怕的样子,以鼓起别人的勇气,结果我自己也真的变得胆大了。”——我们走到窗前。隆隆的雷声在远方滚响,大雨哗哗地落在大地上,腾起一股沁人心脾的芳香,它随温暖的空气朝我们飘来。绿蒂用胳膊肘支撑在窗台上,凝视窗外的原野,她望望天空,又望望我,我看到她的眸子已含满了泪水,她把手放在我的手上,说:“克洛普施托克!”——我立即想起萦绕在她心里的那首壮丽的颂歌,沉浸在她通过那句口令倾泻在我心里的感情流之中。我忍不住俯在她手上,眼含喜悦的泪水吻着它。随后我又凝视她的眼睛——高尚的人呀,倘若你在她的眼光中见到了对你的崇拜,那末我再也不想从那班凡夫俗子嘴里听到你那常遭亵渎的名字了!
   六月十九日
   上次信上讲到哪儿,我已记不清了,但我记得,我上床时已是深夜两点了,假如不是写信,而是跟你当面神聊,也许我会一直让你呆到天明的。
   从舞会返回途中的那些事,我还没谈,今天也没时间来说。那天的日出真是壮丽极了!周围的树林滴着晶莹的露珠,田野清新,显得生意盎然。我们的女伴打起盹来了。绿蒂问,我要不要也和那两位一样假寐片刻,她还让我随便一点,不用管她。——“只要我看见你这双眼睛睁着,”我说,同时紧紧盯着她,“就绝不会犯困。”——于是我们两人就一直坚持到她家门口。这时女仆为她轻轻地开了门,绿蒂问起父亲和弟妹们,女仆说,他们都很好,还都睡着呢。同她告别时,我请求她允许我当天再去看她;得到她的首肯,我也就走了。——从这时起,日月星辰任其悄悄地又升又落,我却不知白天和黑夜,我周围的整个世界都消失了。
   六月二十一日
   日子过得真幸福,简直可以同上帝留给他那些圣徒的相媲美;无论将来我的命运会是怎样,我都不会说,我没有消受过欢乐,没有消受过最纯洁的生之欢乐。——我的瓦尔海姆你是知道的,我就在这儿住下了,此地到绿蒂那儿只消半小时,在那儿我感觉到了我自己,体验了人生的一切幸福。当初我在选择瓦尔海姆为散步的目的地时,何曾想到,它离天堂只有一步之遥!过去我在长距离漫游途中,有时从山上,有时从平原上曾多少次看过河对岸那座猎庄啊,如今它蕴蓄着我的全部心愿!
   亲爱的威廉,我思绪万千,想到人有闯荡世界、搞出新发现,以及遨游四方等种种欲望,也想过人由于有了内心的本能冲动,于是便甘心情愿地局限在狭小的天地里,按习惯行事,对周围事物也不再去操那份闲心。
   真是妙极了:我来到这里,从山丘上眺望美丽的山谷,周围的景色真让我着迷。——那是小树林!——你当可以到树荫下去小憩!——那是山峦之巅!——你当可以从那里眺望辽阔的原野!——那是连绵不断的山丘和个个可爱的山谷!——但愿我在那里留连忘返!——我急忙赶去,去而复返,我所希冀的,全没有发现。哦,对远方的希冀犹如对未来的憧憬!一个巨大、朦胧的东西在我们的心灵之前,我们的感觉犹如我们的眼睛,在这朦胧的整体里变得模糊一片,啊,我们渴望奉献出整个身心,让那唯一伟大而美好的感情所获得的种种欢乐来充实我们的心灵。——啊,倘若我们急忙赶去,倘若“那儿”变成了“这儿”,那么这一切又将依然照旧,我们依然贫穷,依然受着束缚,我们的灵魂依然渴望吸吮那业已弥散的甘露。
   于是,连那最不安分的飘泊异乡的浪子最终也重新眷恋故土了,并在自己的小屋里,在妻子的怀里,在孩子们中间,在为维持全家生计的操劳中找到了他在广阔的世界上未曾找到的欢乐。
   清晨,我随初升的朝阳去到我的瓦尔海姆,在那儿的菜园里亲手采摘豌豆,坐下来撕豆荚上的筋,这当间再读读我的荷马;然后我在小小的厨房里挑一只锅,挖一块黄油,同豆荚一起放进锅里,盖上锅盖,置于火上煮烧,自己则坐在一边,不时在锅里搅和几下;每当这时,我的脑海里便栩栩如生地浮现出佩涅洛佩的那些忘乎所以的求婚者杀猪宰牛、剔骨煨炖的情景。这时充盈在我心头的那种宁静、真实的感觉正是这种宗法社会的生活特色,我呢,感谢上帝,我可以把这种生活特色自然而然地融进自己的生活方式里去。
   我好高兴呀,我的心能感受到一个人将他自己培植的卷心菜端上餐桌时的那份朴素无邪的欢乐,而且不仅仅是卷心菜,得以品味的还有那些美好的日子,他栽种秧苗的那个美丽的清晨,他洒水浇灌的那些可爱的黄昏,——所有这些,他在一瞬间又重新得到享受,因为他曾为其不断生长而感到快乐。
   六月二十九日
   前天,大夫从城里来看望法官,他发现我和绿蒂的弟妹们一起在地上玩,有几个在我身上爬来爬去,有的在逗弄我,我则搔他们的痒痒,弄得他们大叫大嚷。这位大夫是个非常刻板的木偶人,说话的时候老要理理袖口上的皱褶,没完没了地扯扯他的轮状绉领。我从他的鼻子上看出,他准认为我的举动有失聪明人的尊严。我才不吃这一套,让他去大发宏论好了。原先用纸牌搭的房子已被孩子们折散了,我又重新为他们搭了几座。此大夫回城以后就四处发泄他的不平,说法官家的孩子本来就缺少教养,现在维特又把他们全给毁了。是啊,亲爱的威廉,在这个世界上同我的心挨得最近的便是孩子。我从旁观察,在小事情上看到了他们将来所需要的品德和力量的萌芽;在他们的执拗中看出他们未来性格的坚定和刚毅,在他们的任性中看出足以化解世道险阻的良好的心态和洒脱的风度,而这一切又是如此纯洁,点污未沾!——于是我不断地、不断地回味人类导师的金玉良言:“你们若不回转,变成小孩子的样式,……”现在,我的挚友,孩子是同我们一样的人,我们本应以他们为榜样,然而我们却待他们如奴隶,不许他们有自己的意志!——难道我们没有吗?哪儿来的这特权?——就因为我们年纪大些,聪明些!——天国中仁慈的上帝呀,年纪大的和年纪轻的孩子全都在你眼里,别无其他;至于你更喜欢哪一种孩子,你的儿子早已有昭示。可是他们信仰他,却不听他的话,——这也是老问题了!——他们全都按照他们自己的模式来培养孩子。关于这些我不想继续饶舌了。再见,威廉!
   七月一日
   我从自己这颗可怜的心,这颗比某些缠绵病榻的人更受煎熬的心感受到,对一个病人来说,绿蒂有多重要。她将要来城里几天,陪伴一位束身自好的夫人。据大夫说,这位夫人大限已近,在她生命的最后时刻想要绿蒂呆在身边。上星期我同绿蒂一起去看望圣某某的一名牧师,那是个小村子,在旁边的山里,有一小时路程。我们是四点左右去的。绿蒂带了她的二妹妹。牧师的院子里有两棵高大的胡桃树,浓荫遮地。我们到那儿的时候,这位善良的老人正坐在门口的长凳上,他一见绿蒂,便变得精神焕发,竟忘了拄节疤手杖就站了起来,迎上前去。绿蒂赶忙跑去,把他按在凳上,她自己也在他身边坐下,转达她父亲的问候,又抱起老人的宠儿,那个又淘气又脏的最小的男孩来亲吻。你真该看看她对这位老人关怀备至的情景。她提高嗓音,好让他半聋的耳朵听得见。她告诉他,几位身强力壮的年轻人竟意外地死了;她又说起卡尔斯巴德温泉的出色的疗效,并称赞老人来年夏天要去那儿的决定;她还说,他的气色好多了,比上次见他的时候精神多了。——这当间我问候了牧师夫人,并极有礼貌地逗她高兴。老人兴致勃勃,胡桃树的绿荫遮盖着我们,真令人欣喜,以致我不由得夸赞起来。这下打开了老人的话匣子,虽然说起来有些吃力,但他还是讲了这两棵树的故事。——“那棵老的,”他说,“我们不知道是谁种的,有人说是这位,有人说是那位牧师。这后面那棵小一点的和我夫人同年,到十月就满五十了。她父亲早晨栽上这棵树,傍晚她就出生了。他是我的前任,这棵树在他心目中之宝贵,那是没说的,在我心目中当然也丝毫不差。二十七年前我还是个穷大学生,第一次来到这院子时,我夫人正坐在树底下的一根梁木上编织东西。”——绿蒂问起他女儿,他说,她同施密特先生到牧草地上工人那儿去了。接着,老人又继续说道:他的前任及其女儿很喜欢他,他先是担任老牧师的副手,后来就接了他的班。他的故事刚讲完,他女儿就同施密特先生从花园里走来了。姑娘亲切、热情地对绿蒂表示欢迎,说实话,我对她的印象不错。她是个性格敏捷、身体健美的褐发姑娘,一个暂居乡间的人,同她在一起是很惬意的。她的情人(施密特先生马上就表明了这个身份)是个文雅、但寡言少语的人,尽管绿蒂一再同他搭话,他仍旧不愿加入我们的谈话。最使我扫兴的是,我从他的面部表情看出,他之所以不爱说话,并不是由于智力贫乏,而是因为脾气固执和心情不佳。这一点可惜随后就表现得一清二楚了:散步的时候,弗丽德莉克同绿蒂,有时也同我走在一起,这位先生本来就黑黑的脸,一下便显得格外阴沉,以致绿蒂马上就扯扯我的袖子,提醒我别对弗丽德莉克太殷勤。我生平最讨厌的莫过于人与人之间相互折磨,尤其是风华正茂的年轻人,本可以胸怀坦荡地尽情欢乐,可是他们却彼此拿一些无聊的蠢事把不多几天的好日子都糟蹋掉,等意识到浪费的光阴已经无法弥补时,已经太晚了。想到这些,我心里感到十分恼火,因此,当我们傍晚时分回到牧师的院子里,坐在桌旁喝牛奶,谈起人世间的欢乐与痛苦时,我便忍不住接过话茬,真心实意地对心情不佳问题发了一通议论。——“我们人呵,”我开始说,“常常抱怨好日子这么少,坏日子这么多,我觉得,这种抱怨多半是没有道理的。倘若我们豁达大度,尽情享受上帝每天赐给我们的幸福,那么,如果遭到什么不幸,我们也就会有足够的力量去承受。”——“可是我们无力驾驭自己的情绪呀,”牧师夫人说,“这与我们的身体状况关系很大!一个人要是身体不舒服,他就会觉得处处不对劲。”——我同意她的说法。——“那么就把心情不佳看做一种病吧,”我接着说,“我们得问一问,有没有办法治呢?”——“这话说得对,”绿蒂说,“至少我相信,这在很大程度上要取决于我们自己。我自己就有切身体会。我要是受到戏弄,正当气头上,那我就一跃而起,到花园里去唱几支乡村舞曲,来回走一走,烦恼就全消了。”——“这正是我要说的,”我说,“心情不佳同懒惰完全一样,它本来就是一种懒惰。我们的天性就有此种倾向,可是,只要我们一旦有了振奋精神的力量,我们工作起来就会得心应手,并在工作中得到真正的快乐。”——弗丽德莉克凝神专注地听着,但那位年轻人却不同意我的意见,他反驳道,我们并不能主宰自己,尤其是无法控制自己的感情。——“我们这里谈的是关于尴尬的感情问题,”我说,“这种感情是人人都想摆脱的;要是不试一试,谁也不知道自己到底有多大力量。当然,要是病了,就会到处求医,为了恢复健康,最严的戒忌,最苦的药他也不会拒绝。”——我注意到,那位诚实的老人也在费劲地听着,以便参加我们的讨论。于是我便提高嗓门,把话题转向他。“牧师布道时谴责各种罪恶,”我说,“但是我还从未听到有谁从布道席上对恶劣的情绪加以谴责过。”——“这事该由城里的牧师来做,”他说,“农民的心情没有不好的;偶尔讲一讲倒也不妨,至少对他夫人以及法官先生是个教育。”——听了他的话,我们全都哈哈大笑,他也会心地笑了,笑得他咳嗽起来,我们的讨论才暂时中断。随后,这位年轻人又开口了:“您说心情不佳是一种罪恶;我觉得,这种说法过分了。”——“绝不过分,”我回答,“恶劣情绪既害自己,又害亲人,所以称它为罪恶是恰当的。我们不能使彼此幸福,难道这还不够,还非得互相抢夺各自心里间或所得到的那点快乐不成?请您告诉我,有没有这样的人,他情绪恶劣,却能将它藏于心中独自承受,而不破坏周围的快乐气氛?或者这样说吧,所谓心情不佳正是对于我们自己身份不配而内心感到沮丧以及对我们自己感到不满的表现,而这种不满又总是同被愚蠢的虚荣心煽动起来的妒忌联系在一起的。我们看到幸福的人,而我们却偏要让他们不幸,这是最让人不能忍受的。”——绿蒂见我说话时激动的神情,便向我微微一笑,弗丽德莉克眼里滚着的泪水鼓励我继续说下去。——“有的人控制着别人的心,”我说,“于是他便利用这个权力去掠夺别人心里自动萌发的单纯的快乐,这种人呀,真是可恨!世上任何馈赠和美意都无法补偿我们自身片刻的欢乐,那被我们的暴君不自在的妒忌心所败坏的片刻的欢乐。”
Home>> Travel>> 言情>> Goethe   Germany   德意志邦联   (August 28, 1749 ADMarch 22, 1832 AD)