美國 冷戰結束  (1918年三月15日～1987年五月13日)

 人類與考古 Anthropology： 《衆神的宮殿》 閱讀理查德·艾爾曼 Richard Ellmann在旅游地理的作品!!!

　　理查德·艾爾曼（Richard Ellmann）是二十世紀後半世紀西方文學界現代英語文學的主要權威之一。他就學於耶魯大學和都柏林三一學院，曾在哈佛，耶魯等美國許多著名大學任教。後任牛津大學英語文學講座教授，直至1984年退休。艾爾曼一生著述編輯甚豐，他的《葉芝傳》《喬伊斯傳》《王爾德傳》都受到西方術界的一致推崇，其中《喬伊斯傳》初版之後，很快就獲得普遍的贊賞，被譽為二十世紀最優秀的文學傳記。

　　Richard David Ellmann (March 15, 1918 – May 13, 1987) was a prominent American literary critic and biographer of the Irish writers James Joyce, Oscar Wilde, and William Butler Yeats. Ellmann's James Joyce (1959), for which he won the National Book Award in 1960, is one of the most acclaimed literary biographies of the 20th century and the 1982 revised edition of the work was similarly recognised with the award of the James Tait Black Memorial Prize. A liberal humanist, Ellmann's academic work generally focused on the major modernist writers of the twentieth century.
　　
　　Life
　　
　　Ellmann was born at Highland Park, Michigan, the second of the three sons (there were no daughters) of James Isaac Ellmann, lawyer, a Jewish Romanian immigrant, and his wife, Jeanette Barsook, an immigrant from Kiev. He served in the United States Navy during WWII. He studied at Yale University, where he later taught, and where with Charles Feidelson, Jr., he edited the extraordinarily important anthology, The Modern Tradition. He earlier taught at Northwestern, and later at Oxford, before serving (for a considerable stipend) as Emory University's Robert W. Woodruff Professor from 1980 till his death. In 1947 he was awarded a B.Litt degree (an earlier form of the M.Litt) from the University of Dublin (Trinity College), where he was resident while researching his biography of Yeats.
　　
　　Biographie
　　
　　
　　Yeat
　　In Yeats: The Man and the Masks, Ellmann drew on conversations with George Yeats along with thousands of pages of unpublished manuscripts to write a critical examination of the poet's life.
　　
　　Joyce
　　Ellmann is perhaps most well known for his literary biography of James Joyce, a revealing account of the life of one of the 20th century's most influential literary figures. Anthony Burgess called James Joyce "the greatest literary biography of the century." Edna O'Brien, the Irish novelist, remarked that "H. G. Wells said that Finnegans Wake was an immense riddle, and people find it too difficult to read. I have yet to meet anyone who has read and digested the whole of it—except perhaps my friend Richard Ellmann." Ellmann quotes extensively from Finnegans Wake, as epigraphs in James Joyce.
　　
　　Wilde
　　His Pulitzer Prize winning (1989) biography Oscar Wilde is still the standard life. Capturing the warmhearted and generous spirit of the legendary wit, he examines Wilde's ascent to literary prominence and his public downfall. Ellmann posthumously won a National (USA) Book Critics Circle Award in 1988 and a Pulitzer Prize in 1989 for the book. The book was the basis for the 1997 film Wilde, directed by Brian Gilbert.
　　It is considered to be the definitive work on the subject. Ray Monk, a philosopher and biographer, described Ellmann's Oscar Wilde as a "rich, fascinating biography that succeeds in understanding another person".
　　Ellmann used his knowledge of the Irish milieu to bring together four literary luminaries in Four Dubliners: Wilde, Yeats, Joyce, and Beckett, a collection of essays first delivered at the Library of Congress.
　　He was Goldsmiths' professor of English literature at Oxford University, 1970-1984, then Professor Emeritus, and a fellow at New College, Oxford, 1970-1987.
　　Ellmann died in Oxford, aged 69. His wife, Mary (c. 1921 - 1989), whom he married in 1949, was an essayist. The couple had three children: Stephen (b. 1951), Maud (b. 1954), and Lucy (b. 1956), the first two being academics and the third a novelist and teacher of writing.
　　Many of his collected papers, artifacts, and ephemera were acquired by the University of Tulsa's McFarlin Library, Department of Special Collections and University Archives. Other manuscripts are housed in the Northwestern University's Library special collections department.
　　
　　Bibliography
　　
　　As Author
　　Yeats: The Man And The Masks (1948; revised edition in 1979)
　　The Identity of Yeats (1954; second edition in 1964)
　　James Joyce (1959; revised edition in 1982)
　　Eminent Domain: Yeats among Wilde, Joyce, Pound, Eliot, and Auden (1970)
　　Literary Biography: An Inaugural Lecture Delivered Before the University of Oxford on 4 May 1971 (1971)
　　Ulysses on the Liffey (1972)
　　Golden Codgers: Biographical Speculations (1976)
　　The Consciousness of Joyce (1977)
　　James Joyce's hundredth birthday, side and front views: A lecture delivered at the Library of Congress on March 10, 1982 (1982)
　　Oscar Wilde at Oxford (1984)
　　W.B. Yeats’s Second Puberty; A Lecture Delivered At The Library Of Congress On April 2, 1984 (1985)
　　Oscar Wilde (1987) [but see Dr. Horst Schroeder:
　　'Additions and Corrections to Richard Ellmann's OSCAR WILDE' second edition, revised and enlarged (2002)]
　　Four Dubliners: Wilde, Yeats, Joyce, and Beckett (1987)
　　As Editor
　　My Brother's Keeper: James Joyce's Early Years (Stanislaus Joyce; ed. Richard Ellmann, 1958)
　　The Critical Writings of James Joyce (Eds. Ellsworth Mason and Richard Ellmann, 1959)
　　Letters of James Joyce Vol. 2 (Ed. Richard Ellmann, 1966)
　　Letters of James Joyce Vol. 3 (Ed. Richard Ellmann, 1966)
　　Giacomo Joyce (James Joyce; ed. Richard Ellmann, 1968)
　　Oscar Wilde: a Collection of Critical Essays (Ed. Richard Ellmann, 1969)
　　The Artist as Critic: Critical Writings of Oscar Wilde" (Ed. Richard Ellmann, 1970)
　　The Norton Anthology of Modern Poetry (Eds. Richard Ellmann and Robert O'Clair, 1973)
　　Selected Letters of James Joyce (Ed. Richard Ellmann, 1975)
　　Modern Poems: An Introduction to Poetry (Eds. Richard Ellmann and Robert O'Clair, 1976)
　　The Picture of Dorian Gray and Other Writings by Oscar Wilde (Ed. Ellmann, 1982)