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艾未未
艾未未
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艾未未
艾未未 Ai Weiwei
艾未未
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艾未未
艾未未 Ai Weiwei
艾未未 Ai Weiwei
艾未未 Ai WeiweiAIWEIWEI 简历
1957年8月28日生于中国北京
1978年北京电影学院
1981年parsonsSchoolofDesign,ArtStudentleague，美国纽约。
1994-1999年主编出版前卫艺术刊物“黑皮书”(1994)、白皮书(1995)、灰皮书(1999)北京。
1998-1999年“中国艺术文件库”艺术总监
展览
1979年第一届《星星画展》，中国北京
1980年第二届《星星画展》，中国美术馆，北京
1982年个展，旧金山亚洲基金会画廊，美国。
1986年《七个中国艺术家》VorpalGallery，美国
《中国新表现》纽约市市立画廊，美国。
《中国前卫艺术》VassarCollegcGallery
AlbanyUniversityArtGallery,美国。
1987年《TheStaratHarvard》FairbankCenter，HarvardUniversity，美国。
1988年个展《旧鞋·性安全》美国纽约。
1989年《TheStar：TenYear》HanartGallery，香港，台北，巴黎。
1990年国际版画展，HanartGallery,台北。
1994年《中国艺术展》东京画廊，日本。
《中国当代艺术展》哥德堡艺术博物馆，瑞典。
1995年《Configura2》，德国
1996年《彼得·路德维希收藏展》，德国。
1997年《交点》中、日、韩现代艺术展，韩国
1999年 第48届威尼斯双年展，意大利
2000年《伊西双年展》，法国
1999年 《创新》，北京艺术文件仓库，中国
《观念和抽象》，北京艺术文件仓库，中国
1999年 柯隆艺术节，德国
艾未未（1957年5月18日－），中国艺术家，中国艺术文件仓库艺术总监。同时活跃于建筑、策展、摄影、电影，以及社会文化评论。艾未未是已故诗人艾青之子，他曾在美国居留与工作，于2008年北京奥运会担任主要场地国家体育场或称“鸟巢”的设计艺术顾问。
艾未未除从事艺术创作，还关注维权活动，并对中国内地多个涉嫌政治腐败而引发的事故进行调查，包括毒奶粉事件、汶川大地震中因政府兴建学校偷工减料，而倒塌导致大量学生死亡事故、声援被迫害的维权人士等。因其行动及言论曾受到政府的软禁和暴力对待。
2011年4月3日，艾未未于北京被当局扣留，但超过法定期限一个多月仍未被起诉，中共透过传媒指控艾未未涉嫌逃税等多种不当行为， 后来公安机关声称查明艾未未涉嫌经济犯罪。他被扣留事件触发外界关注及部分人的声援，有不少评论认为他被捕的原因是他参与维权活动及抨击中共有关。 同年6月22日，艾未未获当局取保候审，后来中国政府当局称他漏税，往后他仍周旋于被当局指控及监视之间。
早年生活
第十二届文献展展品，《模》
第十二届文献展展品，《客人的住处》艾未未1957年于北京出生，为已故中国现代诗人艾青与高瑛之子，其妻路青为画家，居于北京草场地村。中共发起的反右运动期间，艾青一家于1958年被流放新疆并在新疆石河子居住了十六年，后于1975年全家返回北京。
1978年入读北京电影学院，同期的学生包括中国导演陈凯歌与张艺谋。1981年至1993年艾未未主要居住在美纽约，并就读纽约帕森设计学院，后因一门课未通过而被学校停止发放奖学金，最后更离开学校而成为非法居留者并以街头画像或打零工。他所混迹的纽约自身公寓，成为许多中国艺术家在美国的中转站，此外他亦同时成为一位积极的街头抗议者，参与了许多街头抗议活动，并多次与纽约警察发生肢体冲突，也曾拍下警察对别的抗议者实施过度暴力的照片。1987年在美国举办《旧鞋、性安全》艺术展，被艺评家称为“引人注目的新达达主义”。在1989六四事件中, 获得“六四血卡”。但1993年4月父亲艾青患病，他返回北京照顾父亲并放弃了美国居民身分。
返回北京以后他协助成立北京东村，该地成为很多实验艺术家的家园。他出版了一系列三本的书，名为《黑皮书》、《白皮书》和《灰皮书》。1999年艾未未在北京东北部的草场地建了自己的工作室和房子，这是他的第一个建筑项目，他从这时候开始从事更多的建筑项目并成立了名为发课工作室的建筑事务所。
艺术生涯
早期1978年艾未未与马德升、王克平、黄锐、李爽、钟阿城、曲磊磊等人创办最终于1983年解散的星星画会，艾未未至今仍有参与星星的集体美术展，例如1989年的《星星画会十年展》与2007年的《原点：星星画会回顾展》。1981年至1993年主要居住在美国纽约并曾就读纽约帕森设计学院，这段时期深受杜尚颠覆正统风格的影响，制作的艺术品大多是以现成物件改装的概念作品。他在1994年更为电视剧《北京人在纽约》担任副导演。
展览2000年时与冯博一在上海举办“不合作方式”艺术展。他的作品《童话》、《模》于2007年参加第十二届卡塞尔文献展，其中《模》被大雨摧毁，但艾未未没有修复，并认为大自然的力量令作品更出色。在2010年艾未未被邀请创作一个作品来补充丹麦哥本哈根因租借到上海参加世博会的美人鱼雕像而造成的空位，他建造了一个能现场直播小美人鱼世博会情况的闭路电视系统网站，来表达中国人都处在某种监视之下的真实生活。2010年9月19日，艾未未与左小祖咒参加了2010大声展。
建筑艾未未在建筑设计上充满了个人主义的风格，他在1999年设计及建造位于北京东五环外草场地村的艾未未工作室，2003年瑞士的建筑事务所赫尔佐格和德梅隆（Herzog & de Meuron）设计北京国家体育场“鸟巢”时他被聘为该项目的艺术顾问，还在2006年于纽约哈德逊河谷区设计一所私人住宅。2012年2月，伦敦肯辛顿公园（Kensington Gardens）宣布，已邀得2008年北京奥运“鸟巢”的设计者、艾未未和两名瑞士设计师再度携手，设计奥运户外场馆，寓意延续北京奥运的精神。
著作1994年至1999年主编中国前卫艺术刊物《黑皮书》、《白皮书》、《灰皮书》。
讥讽之作艾未未艺术作品《一虎八奶图》，被媒体解读为讥讽中共而惹争议。作品中的艾未未手巧妙地遮住下体，代表着“党中央”（挡中央）；双手安稳地置于左膝上，表明坚定的左倾立场。画面最左的女子，戴着眼镜坐在没有靠背的椅子，象征知识分子有地位、有架子，但却靠不住；而她拨弄头发，始终侧身向着党中央，也说明知识分子再怎么卖弄，仍被政府牵着走。最右的女子体态丰腴，挂玉佩、戴手表，是资产阶级；她有地位也靠得住，双手向身体右侧摆，代表“右倾”立场。在这幅画里，党中央与资产阶级相隔甚远，好比台面上的关系，但两人还有另外一张单独合影，则象征背后的官商勾结。画中的短发女子原先没有地位，仅能站着陪笑，但后来被党中央拉去靠着坐，代表新闻媒体受控制。至于从头到尾只能站在椅后，身体被遮住最多的，则是没有地位、也时常被无视的农工阶级。中国作家顾晓军表示，该图太真实和太大胆，真实得没有任何一丝一缕的掩饰与编导痕迹，是大胆与其对艺术的诠释。
维权之路
调查汶川大地震2008年5月汶川大地震发生后，大批校舍倒塌造成数千师生死亡，遇难学生家长抨击校舍可能存在建筑问题，质疑当局为何在坍塌的校舍周围其它建筑物却能够经受地震的冲击。 2008年5月，艾未未在其新浪的博客里陆续公布了2008年四川汶川大地震死亡的具体的学生名单，但这些数据不久后便被管理方删除。
2008年12月5日艾未未发起了公民调查志愿者活动，对512大地震遇难学生的具体数据，如；学校、姓名、年龄、班级、家庭住址、家长联系方式等进行调查，截至2010年3月，公民调查共找到5212名遇难学生名单。2009年10月开始，艾未未以他发起的“公民调查”的名义向中央、四川省级、县市级以及基金会等100多家不同政府机构申请公开512条完整信息，包括灾情核查、捐款使用明细、坍塌校舍调查报告、以及遇难师生具体情况等近万条信息，但却没有得到任何正面回复。
声授维权人士2009年8月12日，艾未未与调查汶川大地震遇难学生校舍工程质量的志愿者等人，应四川维权人士谭作人律师邀请而作为证人前往成都出庭。据称当天凌晨在酒店遭到成都公安的拘禁及殴打，该过程被拍摄成纪录片《老妈蹄花》并上传至网络。9月14日艾未未在德国慕尼黑美术馆布展期间头痛加剧被送到德国慕尼黑大学医院，后经诊断为“脑出血”。 同年11月，艾未未的女助手从北京到日本东京成田国际机场探望并采访因被上海当局拒绝返国而滞留于机场管制区内的维权人士冯正虎，并将过程剪辑成记录片《冯正虎回家》。2010年4月6日前往成都金牛区西安路派出所报案，要求警方对其在2009年8月12日被殴打事件立案侦查。5月4日，艾未未工作室完成纪录片《美好生活》并上传网络。该片记录了冯正虎回家的故事。5月6日，发布制作近两年的杨佳案的全程纪录片，《一个孤僻的人》及其续集《王静梅》。5月12日，发布纪念“512地震遇难学生”的《念》。
工作室突遭拆除2010年1月11日，艾未未在上海马陆的艺术工作室遭到强拆，该根据上海嘉定区马陆镇的引进艺术家规划而兴建的工作室，在建筑完工不久，突然接获马陆镇当局通知，称其违反《城乡规划法》决定予以拆除。。艾未未在一个电话采访中谈到，强行拆除行为和政府之前的举动完全不一致。他说：“他们不仅批准了这个工作室，甚至市长在一次针对这个地区发展的讲话中，还用我做了宣传”。负责兴建工作室的吕恒中认为，强拆与艾未未追查造成6死5伤的杨佳袭警案有关。而据中央社报道，杨佳袭警案发生在2008年7月1日的上海市闸北区政法大楼，造成6死5伤事故。对此艾未未还特地发布过讲述杨佳案全部过程的记录片“一个孤僻的人”，“希望人们不要遗忘”。
网络评选被淡化2011年1月26日，新浪网在其收藏频道推出“2010新浪艺术权力榜”评选活动，艾未未成为网友投票的第一名，但1月27日凌晨早上六时左右此评选页面突然消失而被“2010年度艺术权力榜最具网络人气艺术机构评选”代替，2月16日， 在“2010年度艺术权力榜最具网络人气艺术机构评选”中，网友投票艾未未所设计的三影堂，令其得票数快速增长达到5000多票而位居榜首，然而到了当日晚间8点投票截止前，主办方新浪网偷偷篡改投票数目，将原本嘉德的3400多票改为5000多票，而三影堂的5000多票改为4500多票，有网友电询新浪，但新浪员工表示不知情也拒绝透露详情。随后在2月21日，于798艺术区品画廊举行的颁奖典礼中艾未未与助手到现场入口处抗议，还在牛博上发表了文章，过往2009年六四二十周年前夕，艾未未的新浪、搜狐和网易博客同时被彻底关闭，但艾未未在防火长城之外的牛博国际博客未受到影响。
参与游行示威2010年2月22日，北京朝阳区金盏乡长店村的创意正阳艺术区亦遭强制拆迁，有目击者称200多名身分不明的人到园区内打伤艺术家、砸坏物品，包括日本艺术家岩间贤在内的8人被打伤，并且有挖掘机毁坏房屋。艾未未当天下午与近20名艺术家拉起写着“公民权利”及“严惩凶手除黑打恶”的横幅到北京长安街游行示威，原来他们预定要走到天安门广场，不过在距离广场两公里处就被赶到的大批军警和公安人员拦阻，第二天《环球时报》英文版罕有地对事件进行了报道，但报道该事件的记者文涛在20天后被开除。
被拘留往后之历程2010年11月，艾未未的支持者数百人星期天聚集在其即将被强拆的上海工作室，参加“河蟹”宴，而艾未未本人仍被当局软禁在北京家中，无法成行。
2011年4月3日，艾未未原本计划经由香港转飞台北，筹备10月在台湾举办的一个展览，但在北京上机前被边检人员带走，公安并搜查了艾未未工作室，把八名工作人员带至朝阳区南皋派出所问话。同时新浪微博上以“艾未未”为关键字搜索系统显示“根据相关法律法规和政策，搜索结果未予显示”，同时新浪屏蔽了有关艾未未被拘留的微博内容。
2011年4月11日路青告诉美联社记者称警方未告知她艾未未拘留地点、理由及时期，并于4月10日搜查了工作室，带走了一些文档、电脑和硬盘。
2011年5月16日，律师刘晓原会见了艾未未的母亲高瑛及妻子路青，路青在5月15日在秘密关押地点见到了艾未未，并称艾未未身体状况良好，未被关在医院或监狱，但没有进一步说明艾未未的居住条件。路青猜测艾未未在外被监视居住。同一天，中国外交部副部长称艾未未事件应信任中国司法。
2011年5月20日，《文汇报》援引新华社的消息称“艾未未涉经济犯罪查明”。 2011年5月21日，艾未未的姐姐高阁反驳了官方对他的偷漏税指控。
2011年6月11日，艾未未被扣留第69天。艾未未的妻子路青及失踪的发课文化发展有限公司的员工的家属再次联名致信公安部、北京市公安局、北京市检察院、北京市纪委及北京市政法委。
2011年6月22日，中共官方媒体新华社报道北京市公安机关鉴于艾未未认罪态度好、患有慢性疾病等原因，且其多次主动表示愿意积极补缴税款，依法对艾未未取保候审。 艾未未对媒体表示“自己很开心回到家里，但由于仍在保释阶段，无法接受媒体采访”。 英国皇家国际事务研究所（Chatham House）的中国问题专家罗德里克·维（Roderic Wye）认为中国政府释放艾未未与中国总理温家宝访问欧洲没有联系。
2011年6月23日，艾未未表示，因为在取保候审期间，接下来一年内他不被允许离开北京，也不能接受采访，不能上网。中国外交部发言人洪磊表示，针对艾未未的调查将继续进行，艾未未不允许离开北京。 路青在接受美联社电话采访时表示当局不允许艾未未谈及被拘禁和释放的原因，且艾未未仍受到便衣警察监视跟踪。
2011年6月24日，柏林德国外交政策协会的专家桑德施奈德（Eberhard Sandschneider）认为，艾未未获释有可能是中国领导层面向最近访问的东道主德国与英国所做出的和解姿态。
2011年6月28日，刘晓原律师透露当局要艾未未补交总数约200万美元的税款及罚款。艾未未本人拒绝对此事表态。
2011年7月15日，艾未未在接受自由亚洲电台的采访时，首次回应了中国政府当局称他就偷漏税案“认罪”的说法。他说:“我觉得认罪要建立在对我实行逮捕和起诉的程序上，然而这个程序从来没有完成过，没有真正的被逮捕或者起诉过，所以我觉得是一件很滑稽的事情。 " 谈及偷税案件时，他说:“所有关于税务案的内容都是不清晰的，而且也不能进行公开的听证，所以我觉得这方面是很明了的。”
2011年11月1日，艾未未收到北京市税务局的罚款单，额度高达1500万人民币，限期15天补缴税款。
2011年11月2日，艾未未的母亲高瑛和弟弟艾丹以艾青故居为抵押物签署抵押声明。随后有网友发起“成为艾未未债主”行动，表示要为艾未未借款。
2011年11月7日，艾未未的支持者在网上发起借钱运动，协助艾未未度过难关，据艾未未说，网友通过各种方式“借钱”给他，其中包括邮政汇款、银行转账等，甚至有人夜间隔着墙往他家里扔钱。艾未未承诺“每一分钱都还”。艾未未称自己决不会用网友的钱缴税，他将把这些钱放在一个公开安全的地方，以后有机会将全部退还。中共官方媒体《环球时报》当天发表社评称“艾未未‘借钱还税’搞得太戏剧性”。艾未未的母亲高瑛谴责中共当局向艾未未追缴税款。
2011年11月13日，截至当日，艾未未从支持者那里获得的“借款”已经达到869万元人民币，但北京税务部门拒绝接受艾未未依法缴纳的保证金。
2011年11月18日，艾未未的罪名中除了税务问题外，他以前与四名女性网友一起拍的一张裸体照片《一虎八奶图》，被以“网上传播淫秽照片”之名遭警方调查。
2012年03月29日，北京市地税局称，经复议决定艾未未上诉失败，案件不举行公开听证，维持对原有的税罚决定，罚款1,500万元人民币。艾未未在推特（ Twitter）上指，“国家说你偷漏税你就偷漏税了。中国的行政程序是为政治服务的，税务成为公安维稳的工具”。
2012年4月3日，艾未未上年当天被拘捕，他在家中安装了四个摄像头，24小时通过weiweicam.com网站对外直播他的生活，进行另类抗议，在官员要求下，艾未未的直播在历时共47小时9分钟后被迫关闭。艾获释后近一年仍然被监视居住，当局在他位于北京草场地的住所100米范围内安装超过15个闭路电视，禁止他离京。
中国政府及其媒体评论与争议官方媒体
2011年4月6日凌晨，新华社英文版发表短信引述公安部门消息指“艾未未因为涉嫌经济犯罪正依法接受调查”，不过报道很快就删除，但香港亲中共报章《文汇报》仍刊登了出来。中共官方报纸《人民日报》旗下的《环球时报》于4月6日发表社评“法律不会为特立独行者弯曲”，于4月18日发表社评“西方给艾未未的庇护太特殊”。4月15日，香港《文汇报》发表文章“艾未未真面目：五玩艺术家－－五毒俱全”，指艾未未为艺术，玩政治，玩法律，玩感情，玩良知，文章对其行为诋毁。报道又指艾未未涉嫌逃漏税、重婚罪和网络散播淫秽物品罪被当局控制正在接受调查。5月12日，《环球时报》发表社评“汶川，千面中国的一个真实表情”，社评中称“中国以涉嫌经济犯罪逮捕艾未未，禁止街头“茉莉花革命”，却引起西方舆论的一片争议”。 6月24日，《环球时报》发表社评“西方总想给中国法院‘批条子’”。
中国政府
2011年4月7日凌晨，中国官方新华社发布简短英文消息说，艾未未因为“涉嫌经济犯罪” 正在接受警方调查，随后，新华网对该消息进行删除，但有网民对此消息进行截图存证。随后，中国外交部发言人洪磊也对此消息进行证实，称被扣查的著名艺术家艾未未涉嫌经济犯罪案被调查。
争议
香港时事评论员刘锐绍认为，官方新华社发表针对艾未未的文章是试图抺黑他。如刘晓波等不同政见人士入罪前，都受到文章抺黑，这种亦是中国政府惯用的伎俩，他称中国政府应让艾未未有抗辩的机会。《人民日报》旗下的《环球时报》英文版，于2011年06月27日发表社论，指胡佳、刘晓波、艾未未等人所以获西方称许，是缘于西方对中国政府的偏见，并非基于对中国社会及世界和平作出贡献。文章又称，艾未未等人均无一例外反对中国的政治体制，因此才被西方称许，并非因对中国社会及世界和平有所贡献，最终会被西方社会遗忘
牵连
抄袭争议
最先在香港上环街头出现的“谁在害怕艾未未？”肖像涂鸦
香港艺术家将艾未未头像投射到警署大楼表达不满
香港发起的1001张椅撑艾未未及被捕异见人士的行动2011年04月，在艾未未被捕后，新华社发表文章指其涉嫌经济犯罪正接受调查，文章又指艾未未在德国展出的作品是抄袭艺术家岳路平的另作品。但岳路平在新浪微博发表二千多字公开声明，题目是“请新华社别滥用我的名字”。声明指自己的名字被新华社招募成为一颗棋子，其本人并不情愿。2011年4月17日，岳路平在网志称受到恐吓，他又表示事情本是艺术界悬案，与政治无关，新华社如此渲染，对艾未未很不公平。
涂鸦抗议潮2011年4月13日，香港上环街头出现多个白色漆油的艾未未肖像涂鸦，旁边更有中英文字句写道“谁在害怕艾未未？”，估计目的是抗议当局拘捕艾未未。警方把这个刑事毁坏案案件，交由专门调查严重罪行的重案组来处理，事件引起了香港部分人士质疑警方的政治中立性。有评论认为在香港随处可见广告涂鸦，但这次警方出动重案组调查，难逃政治打压之嫌，只会弄巧反拙。，而事件没有平息，其后在多处位置出现同类涂鸦，有人甚至将艾未未的肖像投射到解放军驻港部队总部、湾仔警察总部等建筑物的外墙及警车等渲泄。
外界评论及声援2011年4月4日，身在悉尼的计算机人工智能博士后研究员阮吉建立了“我爱未未 i Love Weiwei”博客。
2011年4月23日，而在香港，超过一千名港人游行要求中共当局释放艾未未。
2011年5月2日，是艾未未被当局扣押一个月的日子。香港民主派号召民众在维多利亚公园椅摆出一个巨大的“囚”字，象征中国现在是世界上最大的囚牢，要求中国当局释放艾未未以及包括刘晓波在内的所有政治异议人士。
2011年5月30日，在腾讯的QQ浏览器介绍网页中出现“aiww”、“释放”、“64”字样（截图），设计者用十分隐晦的方式抗议官方逮捕艾未未，随后腾讯将网页上的"#aiww#"改为了"#love#"。
2011年6月9日，艾未未部分专访在瑞士日内瓦召开的联合国人权理事会会议上首次公开。
2011年6月22日，香港新世纪出版社的负责人鲍朴认为艾未未突然被释放可能和马上到来的中国共产党建党90周年有关。
文艺界
2011年3月29日，由记者兼纪录片制作者Alison Klayman拍摄的纪录片《Who's afraid of Ai Weiwei？》（谁在害怕艾未未）在美国公共电视台（PBS）Frontline播出。Alison Klayman于4月4日撰文“艾未未不是罪犯”
。
2011年4月3日，美国著名建筑师Lebbeus Woods在自己的网志上声明“不再接受中国的任何项目，直到艾未未被释放”。
2011年5月15日，香港有艺术工作者继早前的声援艾未未游行后，再次举行游行活动要求当局释放艾未未和其他异见人士，高喊“释放所有政治犯”等口号。
2011年5月28日，英国作家Hari Kunzru撰文声援艾未未。
2011年6月4日，中国流亡作家贝岭在中正纪念堂用1001张椅子排出“艾未未”三个大字。
2011年6月15日，著名的英国雕塑家阿尼诗·卡普尔宣布取消他原定在北京举办的展览，以抗议中国政府关押艾未未。
2011年6月23日，著名的英国雕塑家阿尼诗·卡普尔表示，艾未未获假释令他振奋，但是卡普尔并不相信艾未未逃税。
政界
美国 2011年4月21日，驻华大使洪博培在时代杂志时代百大人物评选中为艾未未撰文。
中华民国 2011年4月6日，行政院陆委会主委赖幸媛在立法院表示艾未未此行访台目的单纯而与政治活动无关，呼吁大陆方面立即释放艾未未。2011年6月4日，中华民国总统马英九发表六四事件纪念专文，并提到希望大陆当局早日释放刘晓波、艾未未。
德国外长韦斯特韦勒、英国外交大臣威廉·黑格、法国外交部、美国国务院要求中共当局立即释放艾未未。
国际组织
2011年4月4日，国际特赦组织亚太地区主任山姆·扎里费（Sam Zarifi）指艾未未没有参与任何“茉莉花”运动，他遭到拘捕似乎没有任何理由。
2011年6月22日，国际特赦组织亚太地区副主任凯瑟琳·巴珀（Catherine Baber）认为中国政府释放艾未未是为了转移批评。同时国际特赦组织呼吁中国政府释放艾未未工作室的其他四名被非法拘禁的助手文涛、胡明芬、刘正刚和张劲松。
2011年6月23日，国际特赦组织再次要求中国政府表明艾未未工作室助手的下落。
2011年4月6日，人权观察组织要求中国政府应立即释放艺术家、批评家艾未未，并停止恣意打压异议人士。
2011年6月22日，人权观察组织亚洲倡导促进事务部主任，索菲·理查森 （Sophie Richardson）认为中国政府拘捕之后又释放艾未未是出于政治目的，中国政府释放艾未未也是国际舆论压力起效果的一个例子。
荣誉2010年3月，艾未未于比利时根特大学的政治与社会学系获得荣誉博士学位。9月获颁德国卡塞尔市公民奖“理性棱镜”奖；12月香港天文学会会长杨光宇成功向国际天文学会申请将小行星83598命名为艾未未星。同年英国《艺术评论》杂志把艾未未评为“现代艺术界最有影响力的100人”中的第十三名。
2011年6月，英国皇家艺术学院授予艾未未为荣誉院士7月，德国柏林艺术大学授予艾未未教授职位。
2011年10月13日，艾未未被英国《艺术观察》杂志评为全球最有影响力艺术人。
相关著作Ai Weiwei: Works Beijing 1993–2003
Ai Weiwei Speak
Ai Weiwei's Blog: Writings, Interviews, and Digital Rants, 2006-2009
Ai Weiwei
Art and Cultural Policy in China
Ai Weiwei / Herzog & De Meuron: Beijing, Venice, London
Becoming : Images of Beijings Air Terminal 3 by Ai Weiwei
生产模式，透视中国当代艺术（In Production Mode, Contemporary Art in China）
此时此地
Life and workAi Weiwei's father was Chinese poet Ai Qing, who was denounced during the Anti-Rightist Movement and in 1958 sent to a labour camp in Xinjiang with his wife, Gao Ying. Ai Weiwei was one year old at the time and lived in Shihezi for 16 years. In 1975 the family returned to Beijing. Ai Weiwei is married to artist Lu Qing.
In 1978, Ai enrolled in the Beijing Film Academy and attended school with Chinese directors Chen Kaige and Zhang Yimou. In 1978, he was one of the founders of the early avant garde art group the "Stars", together with Ma Desheng, Wang Keping, Huang Rui, Li Shuang, Zhong Acheng and Qu Leilei. The group disbanded in 1983, yet Ai participated in regular Stars group shows, The Stars: Ten Years, 1989 (Hanart Gallery, Hong-Hong and Taipei), and a retrospective exhibition in Beijing in 2007:Origin Point (Today Art Museum, Beijing).
From 1981 to 1993, he lived in the United States, mostly in New York, creating conceptual art by altering readymade objects. He studied at Parsons School of Design and at the Art Students League of New York. At the same time, Ai became fascinated by blackjack card games and frequented Atlantic City casinos. He is still regarded in gambling circles as a top tier professional blackjack player according to an article published on blackjackchamp.com.
In 1993, Ai returned to China after his father became ill. He helped establish the experimental artists' Beijing East Village and published a series of three books about this new generation of artists: Black Cover Book (1994), White Cover Book (1995), and Gray Cover Book (1997).
Ai Weiwei's contribution to the Documenta 12 in Kassel 2007Ai Weiwei is its Artistic Director of China Art Archives & Warehouse (CAAW), which he co-founded in 1997. This contemporary art archive and experimental gallery in Beijing concentrated on experimental art from the People's Republic of China, initiates and facilitates exhibitions and other forms of introductions inside and outside China. The building which houses it was designed by Ai in 2000.
In 1998, Ai moved to Caochangdi, in the northeast of Beijing, and built a studio house – his first architectural project. Due to his interest in architecture, he founded the architecture studio FAKE Design, in 2003. In 2000, he co-curated the art exhibition Fuck Off with curator Feng Boyi in Shanghai, China.
In 2006, Ai and HHF Architects designed a private residence in upstate New York for collectors Christopher Tsai and André Stockamp. According to the New York Times, the Tsai Residence is divided into four modules and the details are "extraordinarily refined". In 2009, the Chicago Athenaeum Museum of Architecture and Design selected the home for its International Architecture Awards, one of the world's most prestigious global awards for new architecture, landscape architecture, interiors and urban planning. In 2010, Wallpaper magazine nominated the Tsai Residence for its Wallpaper Design Awards category: Best New Private House. A detached guesthouse to the Tsai Residence, also designed by Ai and HHF Architects, was completed after the main house and, according to New York Magazine, looks like a "floating boomerang of rusty Cor-Ten steel."
Ai Weiwei's Fountain of Light (2007) is a 7m high tower of steel and crystals, reinterpreting Vladimir Tatlin's Monument to the Third International.
On 15 March 2010, Ai took part in Digital Activism in China, a discussion hosted by The Paley Media Center in New York with Jack Dorsey (founder of Twitter) and Richard MacManus.
ExhibitionsAi's artwork has been exhibited in Australia, Europe, North and South America. Solo exhibitions include Stiftung DKM, Duisburg (2010); Museum of Contemporary Craft, Portland (2010); Arcadia University Gallery, Glenside (2010); Mori Art Museum, Tokyo (2009); Haus der Kunst, Munich (2009); Three Shadows Photography Art Center, Beijing (2009); Sherman Contemporary Art Foundation, Cambelltown Arts Center, Sydney (2008); Groninger Museum, Groningen (2008).
Ai’s work was included in the 48th Venice Biennale in Italy (1999), 1st Guangzhou Triennale in China (2002), 1st Montpellier Biennial of Chinese Contemporary Art in France (2005), The 2nd Guangzhou Triennial (2005), Busan Biennial in Korea (2006), The 5th Asia-Pacific Triennial of Contemporary Art in Australia (2006), Documenta 12 in Germany (2007), Liverpool Biennial International 08 in the United Kingdom (2008), 2010 Venice Architecture Biennale and the 29th Sao Paulo Biennial in Brazil (2010).
Sunflower Seeds, 2010Fairytale is the title of Ai's contribution for Documenta 12 in 2007. For this project Ai brought 1001 people from all over China to the city of Kassel in Germany. They were chosen through an open invitation he posted on his blog. Ai even designed clothes, luggage and a temporary home in an old textile factory. He let them wander around the city during the exhibition time of three months. The participants were divided into five groups that each stayed in Kassel for eight days. According to Philip Tinari the primary design object here is not the clothing or suitcases but the participants' experiences, even their spirits. During the exhibition his monumental outdoor sculpture titled Template, made of wooden doors and windows from destroyed Ming and Qing Dynasty houses (1368–1911), collapsed after a storm. In 2008 he curated the architecture project Ordos 100 in Ordos City, Inner Mongolia. He invited 100 architects from all over the world (29 countries) to participate in this project.
Ai curated the exhibition The State of Things, together with Belgian artist Luc Tuymans. It was shown at the Centre for Fine Arts in Brussels from 18 October 2009 to 10 January 2010 and at the National Art Museum in Beijing from 1–30 May 2010. From October 2009 to January 2010 Ai exhibited So Sorry at Haus der Kunst in Munich, Germany. This solo exhibition showed Ai’s largest retrospective to date. The title refers to the thousands of apologies expressed recently by governments, industries, and financial corporations worldwide in an effort to make up for tragedies and wrongdoings – though often withhout shouldering the consequences or the desire to acknowledge let alone repair. Saying sorry – or not saying it – is in the headlines everywhere and thus also in China. For this show Ai created the installation Remembering on Haus der Kunst's façade. It was made out of 9000 children's backpacks. They spell out the sentence 'She lived happily for seven years in this world' in Chinese characters. This is a quote from a mother whose child died in the Sichuan earthquake in 2008. Ai said: "The idea to use backpacks came from my visit to Sichuan after the earthquake in May 2008. During the earthquake many schools collapsed. Thousands of young students lost their lives, and you could see bags and study material everywhere. Then you realize individual life, media, and the lives of the students are serving very different purposes. The lives of the students disappeared within the state propaganda, and very soon everybody will forget everything."
Template (2007) after collapseOn 25 July 2009 Ai opened his solo show According to What? at Tokyo's Mori Art Museum, Japan. This exhibition presented 26 works, most made over the past decade.
In December 2009, Ai had a small exhibition at the Comme des Garcons store in Hong Kong.
In February 2010, Ai Weiwei: Dropping the Urn, the first exhibition by Ai to travel outside New York City in the United States, opened at Arcadia University Art Gallery. The exhibition traveled to the Museum of Contemporary Craft in 2010, and the Knoxville Museum of Art and the Victoria and Albert Museum, London, in 2011. Included in the exhibition were iconic works by Ai including a Chinese figure in a Johnnie Walker liquor bottle (Untitled, 1993) and a Coca-Cola vase (Coca-Cola vase, 1997) from the collection of Christopher Tsai and André Stockamp.
From March to September 2010, Ai exhibited Barely Something, an exhibition curated by Roger M. Buergel, the director of Documenta12, at the Museum DKM in Duisburg, Germany.
In October 2010, Sunflower Seeds was installed at the Tate Modern Turbine Hall, London. The work consists of one hundred million porcelain "seeds," each individually hand-painted in the town of Jingdezhen by 1,600 Chinese artisans, and scattered over a large area of the exhibition hall. The artist was keen for visitors to walk across and roll in the work to experience and contemplate the essence of his comment on mass consumption, Chinese industry, famine and collective work. However, on 16 October, Tate Modern stopped people from walking on the exhibit due to health liability concerns over the porcelain dust. In February 2011, a 220-pound (100 kg) pile from Sunflower Seeds sold for $559,394 (well above its high estimate of $195,000) at Sotheby's in London.
Despite the artist's absence, Circle of Animals/Zodiac Heads opened on 4 May 2011, at the Pulitzer Fountain outside the Plaza Hotel in New York City. The heads were also on display at Somerset House in London from 12 May – 26 June 2011. The heads copy 18th century heads in the gardens of the Old Summer Palace, or Yuanmingyuan, near Beijing. They were ransacked by British and French troops during the Second Opium War of 1860, some of them resurfacing in 2000. A Guggenheim curator read Ai's words, "Without freedom of speech there is no modern world, just a barbaric one."
Ai's work is included in numerous public collections, among others the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, and the Museum of Contemporary Art, San Diego. On 20 April 2011, Ai was appointed Visiting Professor of the Berlin University of the Arts.
For the first time outside of China, his photographs of his time in New York City from 1983 to 1993 are featured in an exhibition presented by Asia Society. The earliest photographs are from 1983, while he was living in the Williamsburg neighborhood of Brooklyn. In 1985, he moved to Manhattan’s Lower East Side, where he lived in two different apartments until he returned to China in 1993 to be with his ailing father. The exhibition includes images of the poets Allen Ginsberg, Gu Cheng, and Bei Dao. The exhibition, showcasing 227 photos, opened on 29 June and lasted until 14 August 2011; It then took place at Martin Gropius Bau in Berlin from 15 October 2011 to 18 March 2012. Another exhibition this year Ai Weiwei: Dropping the Urn at the Victoria and Albert Museum from 15 October 2011 – 18 March 2012 featured a selection of ceramic works including Coca Cola Vase and a pile of sunflower seeds. In his ceramic works Ai angages with issues as the loss of historic material culture due to rapid modernization as well as broader themes including perceptions of value, mass production, globalization and the concepts of 'real' and 'fake'.
Awards and NominationsIn March 2010, Ai received an Honorary Doctorate Degree from the Faculty of Politics and Social Science, University of Ghent, Belgium.
In September 2010 he received Das Glas der Vernunft (The Prism of Reason), Kassel Citizen Award, Kassel, Germany.
Ai was ranked 13th in ArtReview's guide to the 100 most powerful figures in contemporary art: Power 100, 2010. Ai is now on top of ArtReview's guide to the 100 most powerful figures in contemporary art: Power 100, 2011.
In December 2011, he was one of four runners-up in Time's Person of the Year award.
Beijing National Stadium
The Beijing National Stadium at night during the 2008 Summer OlympicsAi was commissioned as the artistic consultant for design, collaborating with the Swiss firm Herzog & de Meuron, for the Beijing National Stadium for the 2008 Summer Olympics, also known as the "Bird's Nest." Although ignored by the Chinese media, he had voiced his anti-Olympics views. He later distanced himself from the project, saying, "I've already forgotten about it. I turn down all the demands to have photographs with it," saying it is part of a "pretend smile" of bad taste. In August 2007 he also accused those choreographing the Olympic opening ceremony, including Steven Spielberg and Zhang Yimou, of failing to live up to their responsibility as artists. Ai said "It's disgusting. I don't like anyone who shamelessly abuses their profession, who makes no moral judgment." In February 2008, Spielberg withdrew from his role as advisor to the 2008 Summer Olympics. When asked why he participated in the designing of the Bird's Nest in the first place, Ai replied "I did it because I love design."
Sichuan earthquake student casualties investigationOn 15 December 2008, Ai supported an investigation, started by another Chinese artist, into student casualties in the 2008 Sichuan earthquake. The investigation aimed to compile a list of students killed in the earthquake by 12 May 2009, the earthquake's first anniversary. As of 14 April 2009, the list had accumulated 5,385 names. Ai published the collected names as well as numerous articles documenting the investigation on his blog which was shut down by Chinese authorities in May 2009. He also posted his list of names of schoolchildren who died on the wall of his office at FAKE Design in Beijing.
Ai suffered headaches and claimed he had difficulty concentrating on his work since returning from Chengdu in August 2009, where he was beaten by the police for trying to testify for Tan Zuoren, a fellow investigator of the shoddy construction and student casualties in the earthquake.
On 14 September 2009, Ai was diagnosed to be suffering internal bleeding in a hospital in Munich, Germany, and the doctor arranged for emergency brain surgery. The cerebral hemorrhage is believed to be linked to the police attack.
According to the Financial Times, in an attempt to force Ai to leave the country, two accounts used by him had been hacked in a sophisticated attack on Google in China dubbed Operation Aurora, their contents read and copied; his bank accounts were investigated by state security agents who claimed he was under investigation for "unspecified suspected crimes".
Shanghai studio controversyIn November 2010, Ai was placed under house arrest by the Chinese police. He said this was to prevent the planned party marking the demolition of his newly built Shanghai studio.
The building was designed and built by Ai upon encouragement and persuasion from a "high official [from Shanghai]" as part of a new cultural area designated by Shanghai Municipal authorities; Ai would have used it as a studio and to teach architecture courses. But now Ai has been accused of erecting the structure without the necessary planning permission and a demolition notice has been ordered, even though, Ai said, officials had been extremely enthusiastic, and the entire application and planning process was "under government supervision". According to Ai, a number of artists were invited to build new studios in this area of Shanghai because officials wanted to create a cultural area.
On 3 November 2010 Ai said the government had informed him two months earlier that the newly completed studio would be knocked down because it was illegal. Ai complained that this was unfair, as he was "the only one singled out to have my studio destroyed." The Guardian reported Ai saying Shanghai municipal authorities were 'frustrated' by documentaries on subjects they considered sensitive: two of the better known ones featured Shanghai resident Feng Zhenghu, who lived in forced exile for three months in Narita Airport, Tokyo; another well known documentary focused on Yang Jia, who murdered six Shanghai police officers.
In the end, the party took place without Weiwei's presence; his supporters feasted on river crab, an allusion to "harmony", and a euphemism used to jeer official censorship. Ai was released from house arrest the next day.
Like other activists and intellectuals, Ai was prevented from leaving China in late 2010. Ai suggested that the authorities wanted to prevent him from attending the ceremony in December 2010 to award the 2010 Nobel Peace Prize to fellow dissident Liu Xiaobo. Ai said that he had not been invited to the ceremony, and was attempting to travel to South Korea for a meeting when he was told that he could not leave for reasons of national security.
In the evening of 11 January 2011, Ai's studio was demolished in a surprise move by the local government.
2011 arrest
South China Morning Post reports that Ai received at least two visits from the police, the last being on 31 March – three days before his detention – apparently with offers of membership to the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. A staff member recalled that Ai had mentioned receiving the offer earlier, "[but Ai] didn't say if it was a membership of the CPPCC at the municipal or national level, how he responded or whether he accepted it or not."
On 24 February, amid an online campaign for Middle East-style protests in major Chinese cities by overseas dissidents, Ai posted on his Twitter account: "I didn’t care about jasmine at first, but people who are scared by jasmine sent out information about how harmful jasmine is often, which makes me realize that jasmine is what scares them the most. What a jasmine!"
The caption (草泥马挡中央, "grass mud horse covering the middle") to Ai's self-portrait sounds almost the same in Chinese as 肏你妈党中央, "Fuck your mother, the Communist party central committee".On 3 April, Ai was arrested at Beijing Airport just before catching a flight to Hong Kong and his studio facilities were searched. A police contingent of approximately 50 officers came to his studio, threw a cordon around it and searched the premises. They took away laptops and the hard drive from the main computer; along with Ai, police also detained eight staff members and Ai's wife, Lu Qing. Police also visited the mother of Ai's two year-old son. While state media originally reported on 6 April that Ai was arrested at the airport because "his departure procedures were incomplete," the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs said on 7 April that Ai was arrested under investigation for alleged economic crimes. Then, on 8 April, police returned to Ai's workshop to examine his financial affairs. On 9 April, Ai's accountant, as well as studio partner Liu Zhenggang and driver Zhang Jingsong, disappeared, while Ai's assistant Wen Tao has remained missing since Ai's arrest on 3 April. Ai's wife said that she was summoned by the Beijing Chaoyang district tax bureau, where she was interrogated about his studio's tax on 12 April.
Response to Ai's arrestSee also: Free Ai Weiwei street art campaign
Analysts and other activists said Ai had been widely thought to be untouchable, but Nicholas Bequelin from Human Rights Watch suggested that his arrest, calculated to send the message that no one would be immune, must have had the approval of someone in the top leadership. International governments, human rights groups and art institutions, among others, have called for Ai's release, while Chinese officials have yet to notify Ai's family of his whereabouts.
State media started describing Wei as a 'deviant and a plagiarist' in early 2011. The China Daily subsidiary, the Global Times editorial on 6 April 2011 attacked Wei, saying "Ai Weiwei likes to do something 'others dare not do.' He has been close to the red line of Chinese law. Objectively speaking, Chinese society does not have much experience in dealing with such persons. However, as long as Ai Weiwei continuously marches forward, he will inevitably touch the red line one day." Two days later, the journal scorned Western media for questioning Ai's charge as a "catch-all crime", and denounced the use of his political activism as a "legal shield" against everyday crimes. It said "Ai's detention is one of the many judicial cases handled in China every day. It is pure fantasy to conclude that Ai's case will be handled specially and unfairly." Frank Ching expressed in the South China Morning Post that how the Global Times could radically shift its position from one day to the next was reminiscent of Alice in Wonderland.
Tate Modern in London, home to Ai's 'Sunflower Seeds' exhibition, put a large sign on their exterior that reads "Release Ai Weiwei"Michael Sheridan of The Times suggested that Ai had offered himself to the authorities on a platter with some of his provocative art, particularly photographs of himself nude with only a toy alpaca hiding his modesty – with a caption『草泥马挡中央』 ("grass mud horse covering the middle"). The term possesses a double meaning in Chinese: one possible interpretation was given by Sheridan as: "Fuck your mother, the party central committee".
Ming Pao in Hong Kong reacted strongly to the state media's character attack on Ai, saying that authorities had employed “a chain of actions outside the law, doing further damage to an already weak system of laws, and to the overall image of the country.” Pro-Beijing newspaper in Hong Kong, Wen Wei Po, announced that Ai was under arrest for tax evasion, bigamy and spreading indecent images on the internet, and vilified him with multiple instances of strong rhetoric. Supporters said "the article should be seen as a mainland media commentary attacking Ai, rather than as an accurate account of the investigation."
The United States and European Union protested Ai's detention. The international arts community also mobilised petitions calling for the release of Ai: "1001 Chairs for Ai Weiwei" was organized by Creative Time of New York that calls for artists to bring chairs to Chinese embassies and consulates around the world on 17 April 2011, at 1 pm local time "to sit peacefully in support of the artist's immediate release." Artists in Hong Kong, Germany and Taiwan demonstrated and called for Ai to be released.
One of the major protests by U.S. museums took place on 19 and 20 May when the Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego organized a 24-hour silent protest in which volunteer participants, including community members, media, and museum staff, occupied two traditionally styled Chinese chairs for one-hour periods. The 24-hour sit-in referenced Ai’s sculpture series, Marble Chair, two of which were on view and were subsequently acquired for the Museum’s permanent collection.
The Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation and the International Council of Museums, which organised petitions, said they had collected more than 90,000 signatures calling for the release of Ai. On 13 April 2011, a group of European intellectuals led by Václav Havel had issued an open letter to Wen Jiabao, condemning the arrest and demanding the immediate release of Ai. The signatories include Ivan Klíma, Jiří Gruša, Jáchym Topol, Elfriede Jelinek, Adam Michnik, Adam Zagajewski, Helmuth Frauendorfer; Bei Ling (Chinese:贝岭), a Chinese poet in exile drafted and also signed the open letter.
On 16 May 2011, the Chinese authorities allowed his wife to visit him briefly. Liu Xiaoyuan, his attorney and personal friend, reported that Wei was in good physical condition and receiving treatment for his chronic diabetes and hypertension; he was not in a prison or hospital but under some form of house arrest.
He is the subject of the 2012 documentary film Ai Weiwei: Never Sorry, directed by American filmmaker Alison Klayman, which received a special jury prize at the 2012 Sundance Film Festival and will open the Hot Docs Canadian International Documentary Festival, North America’s largest documentary festival, in Toronto on April 26, 2012.
ReleaseOn 22 June 2011, the Chinese authorities released Ai on bail after close to three months' detention on charges of tax evasion. Beijing Fake Cultural Development Ltd., a company Ai controlled, had allegedly evaded taxes and intentionally destroyed accounting documents. State media also reports that Ai was granted bail takes on account of Ai's "good attitude in confessing his crimes", willingness to pay back taxes, and his chronic illnesses. According to the Chinese Foreign Ministry, he is prohibited from leaving Beijing without permission for one year.
Ai's supporters widely viewed his detention as retaliation for his vocal criticism of the government. On 23 June 2011, professor Wang Yujin of China University of Political Science and Law stated that the release of Ai on bail shows that the Chinese government could not find any solid evidence of Ai's alleged "economic crime".
On 24 June 2011, Ai told a Radio Free Asia reporter that he was thankful for the support of the Hong Kong public, and praised Hong Kong's conscious society. Ai also mentioned that his detention by the Chinese regime was hellish (Chinese: 九死一生), and stressed that he is forbidden to say too much to reporters.
After his release, his sister gave some details about his detention condition to the press, explaining that he was subjected to a kind of psychological torture: he was detained in a tiny room with constant light, and two guards were set very close to him at all times, and watched him constantly.
In November, Chinese authorities were again investigating Ai and his associates, this time under the charge of spreading pornography. Lu was subsequently questioned by police, and released after several hours though the exact charges remain unclear.
Unpaid taxes and finesIn June 2011, the Beijing Local Taxation Bureau demanded a total of over 12 million yuan (US $1.85 million) from Beijing Fake Cultural Development Ltd in unpaid taxes and fines, and accorded three days to appeal the demand in writing. According to Ai's wife, Beijing Fake Cultural Development Ltd has hired two Beijing lawyers as defense attorneys. Ai's family state that Ai is neither the chief executive nor the legal representative of the design company, which is registered in his wife’s name." Lawyer-friend Liu Xiaoyuan has initiated an internet donation (or 'loan') campaign to help Ai to pay the unpaid taxes. They have reportedly received 1 million yuan.
Lawyers acting for Ai submitted an appeal against the fine in January 2012; the Chinese government subsequently agreed to conduct a review.