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瑪瑟琳•代博爾德-瓦爾莫（Marceline Desbordes-Valmore，1786-1859），法國十九世紀著名女詩人，擅長抒情詩和愛情詩，代表作有《哀歌和情歌》（Elégies et romances，1819）、《哭泣》（Les Pleurs，1833）、《可憐的花朵》（Pauvres fleurs，1839）、《花束和祈求》（Bouquets et Prières，1843）等詩集。她一生坎坷，詩歌多為愁苦之音，並表現從痛苦中汲取的力量和美，因而受到浪漫派的高度重視，也為象徵派所喜愛，被譽為“哭泣的聖母”。巴爾紮剋、波德萊爾、魏爾倫對她均有極高的評價。
She was born in Douai. Following the French Revolution, her father's business was ruined, and she traveled with her mother to Guadeloupe in search of financial help from a distant relative. Marceline's mother died of yellow fever there, and the young girl somehow made her way back to France. At age 16, back in Douai, she began a career on stage. In 1817 she married her husband, the "second-rate" actor Prosper Lanchantin-Valmore.
She published Élégies et Romances, her first poetic work, in 1819. Her melancholy, elegiacal poems are admired for their grace and profound emotion. In 1821 she published the narrative work Veillées des Antilles. It includes the novella Sarah, an important contribution to the genre of slave stories in France.
Marceline appeared as an actress and singer in Douai, Rouen, the Opéra-Comique in Paris, and the Théâtre de la Monnaie in Brussels, where she notably played Rosine in Beaumarchais's Le Barbier de Séville. She retired from the stage in 1823. She later became friends with the novelist Honoré de Balzac, and he once wrote that she was an inspiration for the title character of La Cousine Bette.
The publication of her innovative volume of elegies in 1819 marks her as one of the founders of French romantic poetry. Her poetry is also known for taking on dark and depressing themes, which reflects her troubled life. She is the only female writer included in the famous Les Poètes maudits anthology published by Paul Verlaine in 1884. A volume of her poetry was among the books in Friedrich Nietzsche's library.
She died in Paris.
Bibliography
Each year links to its corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:
1819: Élégies et romances
1825: Élégies et poésies nouvelles
1830: Poésies inédites
1833: Les Fleurs
1839: Pauvres Fleurs
1843: Bouquets et prières
1860: Poésies posthumes (posthumous)
Notes
Descaves, Lucien. La Vie douloureuse de Marceline Desbordes-Valmore. Paris.
"Marceline Desbordes-Valmore". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2019-06-20.
L'Harmattan 2006.
MLA 2008 in French and English translation. See also Doris Y. Kadish, Fathers, Daughters, and Slaves: Women Writers and French Colonial Slavery. Liverpool UP 2012
Hunt, Herbert J. Balzac's Comédie Humaine. London: University of London Athlone Press, 1959. OCLC 4566561. p. 380.
Aimée Boutin, Maternal Echoes: The Poetry of Marceline Desbordes-Valmore and Alphonse de Lamartine. University of Delaware Press, 2001.
Rees, William, The Penguin book of French poetry: 1820-1950, Penguin, 1992, ISBN 978-0-14-042385-3
Works by Marceline Desbordes-Valmore at Project Gutenberg
Works by or about Marceline Desbordes-Valmore at Internet Archive
Works by Marceline Desbordes-Valmore at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)