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伊丽莎白一世
伊丽莎白一世Elizabeth was born in London Puleisenxi Palace, she was Henry VIII and his second King 后安妮博林 only surviving child. Because her parents are married by the Protestant canon, the Catholic that she was an illegitimate daughter. Her birth was designated as heir to the throne, and her half-sister Mary to be her maid officer. Elizabeth-year-old, her mother was sentenced to death treason a year, Henry VIII and his third Queen Jane Seymour gave birth to a boy: Edward. Elizabeth and Mary have become Edward's servants.
In her brother before his death, her position is relatively stable, but Edwards 1553 on tuberculosis or died of arsenic poisoning. Mrs. Qin Gelei only had nine days queen, by her father-the party to overthrow, and was later killed Mary came to power. Mary is a devout Catholic, she was forced Elizabeth converted to Catholicism. While the expansive surface, according to Elizabeth, but the inside is still a Protestant. Mary was very unhappy. There was even a short time off Rulunduita Elizabeth. Some people think that she is here to know her lover was Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, but more likely is that they've known her in childhood.
Elizabeth on January 15, 1559 was crowned Queen in Westminster Abbey, is said to be a wedding ring she was wearing to his hand, said she has been married to England. She was very unstable position. Her coronation day was a famous British mathematician and astrology 士约翰迪伊 selected, said that it particularly auspicious. Her coronation is Kalisile bishop, he was able to find in the church community recognized the legitimacy of her position were the highest. In the same year she had already signed cards to end the war, Italy and more - Hom accompany Kyrgyzstan treaty.
Although she tried to find among the religious extremists to go the way of a compromise, but she is undoubtedly a Protestant. Especially in the Irish Catholics and other people who are considered pagan persecution.威廉塞西尔 her closest political adviser, she was specially created for the Cecil Bailey Lord the title of nobility. 1598 Cecil's death, his son Robert Cecil as Elizabeth's closest adviser, but Robert is far from the ability to reach his father. Her administration is another important figure of Sir Francis Huaxing Han. Huaxing Han across Europe set up a spy ring. He can ensure that all of the Queen's plot have been his knowledge.
1568, the last qualified for the England of her successor - 凯瑟琳格蕾 his wife died, Elizabeth, Mary Queen of Scots was forced to reconsider. Mary Elizabeth proposed marriage with the Earl of Leicester, but Mary refused the proposal. But this time the son of Mary, James has been a Protestant education. 1570 His Holiness to return to Scotland to persuade Elizabeth to Mary, but Elizabeth made a number of stringent requirements, one of which is to allow James to remain in England. Even so, her advisers continue to try to help Mary, Cecil was back in Scotland, but refused to accept the Queen of Scots, so attempts.
Just at this time, the new Pope Pius V, February 25, 1570 to Elizabeth of excommunication, which makes Elizabeth is unable to continue her policy of religious tolerance. While her enemies conspiring against her made her very angry, 20 years, Mary Elizabeth has been trying not to challenge, but when she caught her Catholic sympathizers of the conspiracy. The plot's mastermind is Anthony Babington, whose purpose is to rescue Elizabeth and Mary to take her on behalf of, on Elizabeth, this is a good opportunity to eliminate the big enemy. In 1587 she executed Mary (said she was not willing to order under this section).
1588, embarked on the Spanish Armada to England. Elizabeth despite all the concerns for her personal safety, in Essex County Tierboli armor vain without guard naval review, and published a history of one of the most famous speech. After the help of location and weather conditions, England routed the invading naval armada, Elizabeth heard the news with only six followers to leave the fort to the town and celebrate the victory of her subjects.
Deaths
Elizabeth is a British cultural development during an important period. Literature, especially poetry and drama into a golden age. UK study on other continents, especially in the Americas visit entered a new stage. Like her father, she also engaged in writing and translation, she has translated Horace's "poetry", some of her speeches and translations during his lifetime has been passed so far.
On the other hand, many historians have also raised criticism of the Elizabethan era. Some modern European historians and biographers began to question the Tudor era has always been positive (for example: Somerset, Guy, Haigh, Ridley, Elton). From the military point of view, Elizabeth's England was not very successful. Although the Spanish Armada was defeated, but this is just a from 1585 to 1604 lasted for almost 20 years of the start of the war. English soldiers on land (mainly in the Netherlands and France) and done average, in 1588 after the sea battle is less negative and more wins, 1589 and from 1595 to 1596 naval battle in particular suffered heavy losses, 590 to 1591 and 1597 in the Azores have been combating piracy in England. 1595 attack on a Spanish team landed in Cornwall, and large parts of the county into war, which is a few times in history of foreign troops landed in the United Kingdom one of the events. Worse, in the last years of Mary and Elizabeth I, the beginning of five years, England continued to be expelled from the French mainland, giving England a big blow to self-esteem, but also to England completely abandon its mainland ambitions.
The war with Spain to England again tremendous economic burden. England again started from the 1590's debt. In particular, the guerrilla war to England, Ireland, has brought enormous economic losses, it was known as "England's treasury of funnel." Elizabeth had to sell state-owned land and office. 1603 England reach three million pounds of debt once again, beginning with Elizabeth ruled with almost. But James I was in peacetime debt faster than Elizabeth, and Elizabeth left the debt is not beyond the control.
However, to participate in the slave trade in England and Ireland's policy was to analyze the prevailing situation in view. Although Elizabeth Hawkins's trade to be accused of moral, but she was faced with three million pounds of huge debts, Hawkins was her source of income that she can not resist. Either way, the British slave trade in the Elizabethan period is far less than Spain and Portugal, the Netherlands was also smaller than the slave trade in the 17th century.
Popular Culture
* Florence Eldridge appeared in, Mary of Scotland (1936)
* Jane Simmons (Jean Simmons) starred, Young Bess (1953)
* Cate Blanchett star in "Elizabeth" (Elizabeth, 1998, Best Actress Oscar nomination), and its sequel "Elizabeth: The Golden Age" (Elizabeth: The Golden Age, 2006 年 4 月 shot)
* Glenda Jackson starred, BBC TV series Elizabeth R (1971), Emmy
* Helen Mirren (Helen Mirren) starred, Channel 4 drama Second set of Elizabeth I (2005/06), Emmy