| sī lǐ lán kǎ Sri Lanka shǒudōu:kē lún pō guógūdàimǎ: lk |
 斯里兰卡 斯里兰卡guó qí sī lǐ lán kǎ guó qí chéng héng cháng fāng xíng， cháng yǔ kuān zhī bǐ yuē wéi ２ ∶ １。 qí miàn sì zhōu de huáng sè biān kuàng hé kuàng nèi kào zuǒ cè de huáng sè shù tiáo， jiāng zhěng gè qí miàn huàfēn wéi zuǒ yòu jié gòu de kuàng jià。 zuǒ biān kuàng nèi shì lǜ sè hé chéng sè de liǎng gè shù cháng fāng xíng； yòu cè wéi kā fēi sè cháng fāng xíng， zhōng jiān shì yī tóu jǐn wò zhàn dāo de huáng sè shī zǐ， cháng fāng xíng de sì jiǎo gè yòu yī piàn pú tí shù yè。 kā fēi sè dài biǎo sēng gā luó zú， zhàn quán guó rén kǒu de ７２ ％； chéng、 lǜ sè dài biǎo shǎo shù mín zú； huáng sè biān kuàng xiàng zhēng rén mín zhuī qiú guāng míng hé xìng fú。 pú tí shù yè biǎo shì duì fó jiào de xìn yǎng， ér qí xíng zhuàng yòu hé gāi guó guó tǔ lún kuò xiāng sì； shī zǐ tú 'àn biāo zhì zhe gāi guó de gǔ chēng “ shī zǐ guó ”， yě xiàng zhēng gāng qiáng hé yǒng gǎn。 guó huī sī lǐ lán kǎ guó huī tú 'àn zhōng yuán miàn de zhōng xīn wéi yī tóu shī zǐ， qí xíng xiàng yù yì tóng guó qí。 shī zǐ zhōu wéi huán rào zhe１ ６ duǒ hé huā bàn， xiàng zhēng shèng jié、 jí xiáng； huā bàn yòu wéi liǎng suì dào gǔ huán rào， xiàng zhēng zhe fēng shōu。 tú 'àn xià duān shì yī zhǐ huā wǎn， wǎn lǐ zhuāng zhe miào huā； huā wǎn liǎng cè fēn bié wéi tài yáng hé yuè liàng tú 'àn。 guó huī dǐng duān wéi xiàng zhēng zōng jiào xìn yǎng de fó jiào fǎ lún； yǒng yuǎn zhuàndòng de fǎ lún， hái xiàng zhēng guó jiā rú rì yuè yī yàng yǒng cún。 guó gē dǐng lǐ， dǐng lǐ， mǔ qīn tóng běi jīng shí chā -2.30 guó jì diàn huà mǎ 94 dú lì rì １ ９ ４ ８ nián２ yuè４ rì guó qìng rì ２ yuè４ rì（１９４８ nián） jiàn jūn rì １ ０ yuè１０ rì guó huā lián huā ( shuì lián kē ) guó shí māo yǎn shí yǔ yán sēng gā luó yǔ huò bì sī lǐ lán kǎ lú bǐ miàn jī 65610 píng fāng gōng lǐ rén kǒu 1988 wàn（ 2006 nián）。 sēng gā luó zú zhàn 74%， tài mǐ 'ěr zú 18%， mó 'ěr zú 7%， qí tā 1%。 sēng gā luó yǔ、 tài mǐ 'ěr yǔ tóng wéi guān fāng yǔ yán hé quán guó yǔ yán， shàng céng shè huì tōng yòng yīng yǔ。 jū mín 69% xìn fèng fó jiào， 15% xìn fèng yìn dù jiào， 8% xìn fèng jī dū jiào， 7% xìn fèng yī sī lán jiào。 shǒu dū kē lún pō colombo sù yòu“ dōng fāng shí zì lù kǒu” zhī chēng， cóng zhōng shì jì qǐ， zhè lǐ jiù shì shì jiè shàng zhòng yào de shāng gǎng zhī yī， zài shì jiè shàng xiǎng yòu shèng yù de lán kǎ bǎo shí， biàn shì cóng zhè lǐ yuán yuán bù duàn dì shū wǎng hǎi wài。 rè dài jì fēng qì hòu， nián jūn qì wēn２８ ℃。 yòu rén kǒu２２ ３ .４ wàn（２００１ nián）。 guó jiā zhèng yào zǒng tǒng mǎ xīn dá · lā jiǎ pà kè sà MahindaRajapaksa， 2005 nián 11 yuè jiù zhí。 tóng nián 11 yuè 21 rì， lā jiǎ pà kè sà zǒng tǒng rèn mìng lā tè nà xī lǐ · wéi kè lā mǎ nà yà kè RatnasiriWickramanayaka wéi zhèng fǔ zǒng lǐ。 jiǎn kuàng nán yà cì dà lù nán duān yìn dù yáng shàng de dǎo guó， xī běi gé bǎo kè hǎi xiá yǔ yìn dù bàn dǎo xiāng wàng。 jiē jìn chì dào， zhōng nián rú xià， nián píng jūn qì wēn 28℃。 gè dì nián píng jūn jiàng shuǐ liàng 1283-3321 háo mǐ bù děng。 fēng jǐng xiù lì， sù yòu“ yìn dù yáng shàng de zhēn zhū” zhī chēng。 1500 nián qián， lái zì běi yìn dù de yǎ lì 'ān rén yí mín zhì xī lán dǎo jiàn lì liǎo sēng gā luó wáng cháo。 gōng yuán qián 247 nián， yìn dù kǒng què wáng cháo de 'ā yù wáng pài qí zǐ lái dǎo hóng yáng fó jiào， shòu dào dāng dì guó wáng de huān yíng， cóng cǐ sēng gā luó rén bìn qì pó luó mén jiào 'ér gǎi xìn fó jiào。 gōng yuán qián 2 shì jì qián hòu， nán yìn dù de tài mǐ 'ěr rén yě kāi shǐ qiān xǐ bìng dìng jū xī lán dǎo。 cóng gōng yuán 5 shì jì zhì 16 shì jì， dǎo nèi sēng gā luó wáng guó hé tài mǐ 'ěr wáng guó zhī jiān zhēng zhàn bù duàn。 16 shì jì qǐ xiān hòu bèi pú táo yá hé hé lán rén tǒng zhì。 18 shì jì mò chéng wéi yīng guó zhí mín dì。 1948 nián 2 yuè huò dé dú lì， dìng guó míng xī lán。 1972 nián 5 yuè 22 rì gǎi chēng sī lǐ lán kǎ gòng hé guó。 1978 nián 8 yuè 16 rì gǎi guó míng wéi sī lǐ lán kǎ mín zhù shè huì zhù yì gòng hé guó。 zhèng zhì zǒng tǒng wèiguó jiā yuán shǒu、 zhèng fǔ shǒu nǎo hé wǔ zhuāng bù duì zǒng sī lìng， xiǎng yòu rèn mìng zǒng lǐ hé nèi gé qí tā chéng yuán de quán lì。 2005 nián， sī lǐ lán kǎ jǔ xíng dì wǔ jiè zǒng tǒng xuǎn jǔ。 zhí zhèng de zì yóu dǎng hòu xuǎn rén、 shí rèn zǒng lǐ mǎ xīn dá · lā jiǎ pà kè sà shèng chū， yú 11 yuè 19 rì xuān shì jiù zhí， rèn qī 6 nián。 11 yuè 21 rì， lā jiǎ pà kè sà zǒng tǒng rèn mìng lā tè nà xī lǐ · wéi kè lā mǎ nà yà kè RatnasiriWickramanayaka wéi zhèng fǔ zǒng lǐ。 wéi tóng rì xuān shì jiù zhí， dì 'èr cì chū rèn zǒng lǐ。 xí sú sī lǐ lán kǎ shì yī gè xìn yǎng fó jiào de guó jiā， xǔ duō de xí sú dū yǔ fó jiào yòu guān， zài sī lǐ lán kǎ fó jiào sēng lǚ shì bèi shòu zūn jìng de， sī lǐ lán kǎ jū mín hé fó jiào sēng lǚ duì huà shí， bù lùn shì zhàn zhe， hái shì zuò zhe， dū shè fǎ lüè dī yú sēng lǚ de tóu bù， gèng bù néng yòng zuǒ shǒu ná dōng xī dì gěi fó jiào sēng lǚ hé xìn tú。 zài cān guān fó jiào sì yuàn shí， bù néng duì fó xiàng zuò cǎi、 kuà、 qí děng wú lǐ dòng zuò， ér qiě jìn rù sì yuàn， yào chì jiǎo， bù kě chuān xié hé wà zǐ， yě bù kě dài mào zǐ。 sī lǐ lán kǎ de jū mín yǔ rén chū cì jiàn miàn， duō cǎi yòng wò shǒu、 shuāng shǒu hé shí de fāng fǎ lái dǎ zhāo hū， shuāng shǒu zài miàn bù hé shí shì zuì wéi guī fàn de zuò fǎ。 sī lǐ lán kǎ rén xǐ huān hóng sè、 bái sè、 huáng sè děng yán sè， gèng shì wū yā wéi jí xiáng wù， xǐ huān yòng rán dēng de fāng shì lái qìng zhù kāi yè、 diàn jī、 zōng jiào yí shì děng。 sī lǐ lán kǎ rén de hūn sú bǐ jiào tè bié， yǐ sēng gā luó rén de hūn sú wéi dài biǎo， nán nǚ shuāng fāng xiān dìng qīn， què dìng hūn qī hòu， hù huàn jiè zhǐ， jié hūn dāng rì， yòu xiǎo jiù zǐ wéi xīn láng xǐ jiǎo、 xì“ tóng xīn jié”、 dǎ pò yē zǐ děng xí sú， ér zhēn zhèng de lǐ chéng shì zài xīn niàn zài jié hūn lǐ tái shàng， zài yāo shàng wéi shàng xīn láng suǒ sòng de huā bù、 tóu shàng dài shàng xīn láng suǒ sòng de yú xíng fāqiǎ zhī hòu。 zài sī lǐ lán kǎ de zhōng bù shān qū mù qián hái cún zài zhe yī qī duō fū zhì。 zhí dé zhù yì de shì zài sī lǐ lán kǎ， diǎn tóu hé yáo tóu de hán yì yǔ zhōng guó xiāng fǎn， diǎn tóu shì biǎo shì bù shì， yáo tóu zé biǎo shì shì。 sī lǐ lán kǎ rén chī fàn shì yòng yòu shǒu de mǔ zhǐ、 shí zhǐ、 zhōng zhǐ zhè sān gēn zhǐ tóu ná qǐ shí wù shí yòng， gěi dāng dì rén sòng lǐ wù shí， bù yào sòng huā， chī fàn hé jiē shòu lǐ wù shí， dōuyào yòng yòu shǒu。 xiàn fǎ xiàn xíng xiàn fǎ yú 1978 nián 9 yuè 7 rì shēng xiào， wéi sī lì shǐ shàng dì sì bù xiàn fǎ， gǎi yì huì zhì wéi zǒng tǒng zhì。 1982 nián hòu céng duō cì xiū gǎi xiàn fǎ， jiāng yì huì rèn qī yóu 6 nián gǎi wéi rèn mǎn shí kě tōng guò gōng mín tóu piào jué dìng shì fǒu yán cháng。 xiàn fǎ guī dìng， sī suǒ yòu guān yuán， bāo kuò yì yuán zài nèi， bì xū xuān shì fǎn duì fēn liè zhù yì， wéi hù guó jiā tǒng yī。 yì huì sī yì huì wéi yī yuàn zhì， yóu 225 míng yì yuán zǔ chéng， rèn qī 6 nián。 běn jiè yì huì yú 2004 nián 4 yuè xuǎn chū， xí wèi fēn bù qíng kuàng wéi： tǒng yī rén mín zì yóu lián méng 105 xí， tǒng yī guó mín zhèn xiàn 82 xí， tài mǐ 'ěr quán guó lián méng 22 xí， quán guó sēng gā luó chuán tǒng dǎng 9 xí， mù sī lín dà huì dǎng 5 xí， gāo dì rén mín zhèn xiàn 1 xí， yī lā mǔ rén mín mín zhù dǎng 1 xí。 2005 nián 6 yuè， rén mín jiě fàng zhèn xiàn（ zhàn yì huì 39 xí） tuì chū tǒng yī rén mín zì yóu lián méng， zhì shǐ yóu zhí zhèng dǎng sī zì yóu dǎng shuài lǐng de tǒng yī rén mín zì yóu lián méng lún wéi yì huì shǎo shù pài。 xiàn rèn yì cháng luó kù bān dá lā W.J.M.Lokubandara yú 2004 nián 4 yuè xuān shì jiù zhí。 wén huà jiào yù mín zú wén huà lì shǐ yōu jiǔ， shēn shòu fó jiào yǐng xiǎng。 zhèng fǔ yī guàn zhòng shì jiào yù， zì 1945 nián qǐ shí xíng yòu 'ér yuán dào dà xué de miǎn fèi jiào yù。 2004 nián jū mín shí zì shuài dá 92.5%。 zhù yào dà xué yòu pèi lā dé ní yà dà xué hé kē lún pō dà xué。 quán guó yòu dà xué 30 suǒ， zhōng xiǎo xué 10.7 wàn suǒ， zài xiào xué shēng 430 wàn duō rén， jiào shī 20 wàn rén。 xīn wén chū bǎn quán guó yòu bào kān 200 yú zhǒng， 4 gè bào yè xì tǒng： (1) xī lán lián hé bào yè gōng sī： tōng chēng hú bīn dà shà， 1918 nián chuàng bàn， 1973 nián 7 yuè yóu zhèng fǔ jiē guǎn。 chū bǎn 5 zhǒng rì bào、 3 zhǒng xīng qī rì rì bào hé 10 duō zhǒng zhōu kān。 zhù yào bào kān yòu《 měi rì xīn wén》， shì sī zuì dà de yīng wén rì bào；《 měi rì tài yáng bào》， shì zuì dà de sēng gā luó wén rì bào zhī yī。 (2) wū pà lǐ jí tuán bào yè gōng sī： 1981 nián 11 yuè chuàng bàn。 chū bǎn rì bào、 xīng qī rì rì bào、 zhōu kān gè 2 zhǒng。 zhù yào bào kān《 dǎo bào》 wéi yīng、 sēng wén rì bào， fā xíng liàng hěn dà。 (3) wéi jiǎ yà bào yè gōng sī： 1990 nián chuàng bàn。 zhù yào bào kān yòu sēng gā luó wén rì bào《 lán kǎ zhī guāng》 hé yīng wén《 xīng qī rì shí bào》。 (4) kuài kuài bào yè gōng sī： 1930 nián chuàng bàn， sī yíng。 chū bǎn tài mǐ 'ěr wén bào kān，《 xióng shī bào》 wéi zuì dà de tài mǐ 'ěr wén rì bào。 lán kǎ tōng xùn shè： 1978 nián yóu jǐ jiā bào yè gōng sī lián hé chuàng bàn de bàn guān fāng xīn wén jī gòu。 sī lǐ lán kǎ guǎng bō gōng sī： yuán míng xī lán diàn tái， 1967 nián gǎi yòng xiàn míng， xì guān fāng guǎng bō diàn tái。 sī lǐ lán kǎ diàn shì tái： xì guó jiā diàn shì tái。 1982 nián kāi bō， shì sī zuì dà de diàn shì tái， měi tiān yòng yīng、 sēng、 tài sān zhǒng yǔ yán bō chū。 èr、 zhèng fǔ [ biān ji běn duàn ] 2007 nián 1 yuè， lā jiǎ pà kè sà zǒng tǒng gǎi zǔ nèi gé。 zhù yào nèi gé bù cháng yòu： zǒng lǐ jiān rèn nèi bù xíng zhèng bù cháng lā tè nà xī lǐ · wéi kè lā mǎ nà yà kè， guó jiā yí chǎn bù cháng 'ā nǔ lā · bān dá lā nài kè（ AnuraBandaranaike）， wèi shēng yī liáo yǔ yíng yǎng bù cháng ní mǎ 'ěr · xī lǐ pà lā · dé · xí 'ěr wǎ（ NimalSiripaladeSilva）， shí yóu yǔ shí yóu zī yuán kāi fā bù cháng fǎ qí（ A.H.M.Fowzie）， wài jiāo bù cháng luó xī tǎ · bō gé lā jiā mǎ（ RohithaBogollagama）， gōng lù yǔ dào lù fā zhǎn bù cháng jié yà lā jiǎ · fèi 'ěr nán duō pǔ lè（ JeyarajFernandopulle）， jiào yù bù cháng sū xī 'ěr · pǔ léi mǎ jiǎ yàn tǎ（ SusilPremajayantha）， gōng gòng guǎn lǐ yǔ nèi zhèng bù cháng kǎ lǔ · jiǎ yà sū lǐ yà（ KaruJayasuriya）， yóu zhèng yǔ diàn xìn bù cháng láo fū · hā jī mǔ（ RauffHakeem）， chéng shì fā zhǎn yǔ shèng dì fā zhǎn bù cháng dí nèi shí · gǔ nà wǎ dé nà（ DineshGunawardena）， kē xué jì shù bù cháng dì sà · wéi tǎ lā nà（ TissaWitarana）， diàn lì yǔ néng yuán bù cháng yuē hàn · sài nà wéi lā tè nà（ JohnSeneviratne）， qǐ yè fā zhǎn yǔ tóu zī cù jìn bù cháng sà lā tè · ā mù lā jiā mǎ（ SarathAmunugama）， lǚ yóu bù cháng mǎ lín dá · mò lā gāo dá（ MilindaMoragoda） , wén huà bù cháng mǎ xīn dá · yà pà · ā bèi wǎ dé nà（ MahindaYapaAbeywardena）， guàn gài yǔ shuǐ lì guǎn lǐ bù cháng chá mǎ · lā jiǎ pà kè sà（ ChamalRajapaksa）， gōng yè fā zhǎn bù cháng kù mǎ lā · wéi jiā mǎ（ KumaraWelgama）， yùn shū bù cháng dá lā sī · ā lā hā pǔ lǔ mǎ（ DallasAlahapperuma）， sī fǎ bù cháng 'ā mǎ lā xī lǐ · duō dān gāo dá（ AmarasiriDodangoda）。 xíng zhèng qū huá quán guó fēn wéi 9 gè shěng hé 25 gè xiàn。 9 gè shěng fēn bié wéi xī fāng shěng、 zhōng yāng shěng、 nán fāng shěng、 xī běi shěng、 běi fāng shěng、 běi zhōng yāng shěng、 dōng fāng shěng、 wū wǎ shěng hé sà bā lā jiā mù wǎ shěng。 sī fǎ jī gòu sī fǎ jī gòu yóu sān bù fēn zǔ chéng： fǎ yuàn， bāo kuò zuì gāo fǎ yuàn、 shàng sù fǎ yuàn、 gāo jí fǎ yuàn hé dì fāng fǎ yuàn děng； sī fǎ bù， fù zé sī fǎ xíng zhèng gōng zuò； sī fǎ wěi yuán huì， fù zé fǎ yuàn rén shì hé jì lǜ jiǎn chá。 zuì gāo fǎ yuàn shǒu xí fǎ guān nán dá · xí 'ěr wǎ (S.NandaSilva)。 sān、 zhèng dǎng [ biān ji běn duàn ] （ 1） sī lǐ lán kǎ zì yóu dǎng SriLankaFreedomParty： 1951 nián 9 yuè yóu suǒ luó mén · bān dá lā nài kè chuàng jiàn。 xiàn yòu dǎng yuán yuē 65 wàn。 fèng xíng kāi fàng de shì chǎng jīng jì zhèng cè hé bù jié méng de wài jiāo zhèng cè。 céng yú 1956、 1961 hé 1970 nián sān cì zhí zhèng。 1981、 1984 hé 1993 nián xiān hòu sān cì fēn liè。 1993 nián qǐ lián hé qí tā xiǎo dǎng zǔ chéng rén mín lián méng， zài 1994 hé 2000 nián yì huì xuǎn jǔ zhōng huò shèng。 2004 nián， gāi dǎng yǔ rén mín jiě fàng zhèn xiàn zǔ chéng tǒng yī rén mín zì yóu lián méng zài yì huì xuǎn jǔ zhōng huò dé duō shù xí wèi， zài cì shàng tái zhí zhèng。 mù qián， zhù xí wéi mǎ xīn dá · lā jiǎ pà kè sà（ MahindaRajapaksa）， zǒng shū jì mài tè lǐ pà lā · xī lǐ sài nà（ MaithripalaSirisena）。 （ 2） rén mín jiě fàng zhèn xiàn JanathaVimukthiPeramuna， People ’ sLiberationFront, chéng lì yú 1970 nián， zhù yào chéng yuán lái zì dāng shí de xī lán gòng chǎn dǎng。 zhí zhì shàng shì jì 90 nián dài chū， gāi dǎng yī zhí jiān chí wǔ zhuāng dǒu zhēng。 90 nián dài yǐ lái tiáozhěng zhèng cè， xuǎn zé yì huì dǒu zhēng dào lù， zhù zhāng“ jiàn lì shè huì zhù yì zhèng fǔ”、“ yùn yòng rén mín fù yú de quán lì wèirénmín móu fú lì”、“ zhuī qiú jīng jì píng děng”， wài jiāo shàng zhù zhāng gǎi shàn hé fā zhǎn yǔ lín guó de guān xì， fǎn duì bié guó gān shè sī nèi bù shì wù。 lǐng xiù wéi 'ā mǎ lā xīn hā（ SomawansaAmarasinghe）， zǒng shū jì dì 'ěr wén · xí 'ěr wǎ（ TilvinSilva） （ 3） tǒng yī guó mín dǎng UnitedNationalParty： 1946 nián 9 yuè 6 rì chéng lì， yōng yòu dǎng yuán yuē 140 wàn。 zhù zhāng zì yóu jìng zhēng、 duì wài kāi fàng de jīng jì zhèng cè hé bù jié méng de wài jiāo zhèng cè。 lǐng xiù lā ní 'ěr · wéi kè lā mǎ xīn hā， fù lǐng xiù kǎ lǔ · jiǎ yà sū lǐ yà (KaruJayasuriya)， zhù xí mǎ lì kè · sà mǎ lā wéi kè lā mǎ（ MalikSamarawickrema）， zǒng shū jì sài nà lā tè · kǎ pǔ kē tǔ wǎ（ SenerathKapukotuwa）。 qí tā zhèng dǎng hé zǔ zhì hái yòu quán guó sēng gā luó sēng lǚ dǎng、 xī lán gōng rén dà huì dǎng、 mù sī lín dà huì dǎng、 quán guó tǒng yī lián méng、 gāo dì rén mín zhèn xiàn、 yī lā mǔ rén mín mín zhù dǎng hé sī lǐ lán kǎ gòng chǎn dǎng děng。 sì、 hé píng jìn chéng [ biān ji běn duàn ] sī sēng gā luó zú hé tài mǐ 'ěr zú jiān de chōng tū yǐ chí xù 20 duō nián， zào chéng jìn 7 wàn rén sǐ wáng。 2002 nián 2 yuè， zài nuó wēi wò xuán xià， sī chōng tū shuāng fāng qiān shǔ《 yǒng jiǔ tíng huǒ xié yì》， bìng xiān hòu jǔ xíng 6 lún hé tán。 2003 nián 4 yuè，“ měng hǔ” tuì chū hé tán， hé píng jìn chéng xuān gào zhōng duàn。 2006 nián 2 yuè， sī zhèng fǔ hé“ měng hǔ” zài rì nèi wǎ jǔ xíng liǎo 2003 nián hé tán zhōng duàn hòu de shǒu cì gāo jí bié zhí jiē huì tán， dàn shuāng fāng zài yī xiē shí zhì wèn tí shàng wèi néng dá chéng yī zhì。 tóng nián 10 yuè zài rì nèi wǎ jǔ xíng de dì 'èr lún hé tán yì wú guǒ 'ér zhōng。 2005 nián dǐ yǐ lái， sī zhèng fǔ yǔ“ měng hǔ” zǔ zhì chōng tū bù duàn。 guó jì shè huì pǔ biàn zhī chí sī hé píng jìn chéng。 měi guó、 nuó wēi、 rì běn děng guó yī zhí zài jī jí wò xuán， bìng yǔn xiàng sī tí gōng rén dào zhù yì jí jīng jì chóngjiàn yuán zhù， zhēng qǔ shuāng fāng chóngxīn huí dào tán pàn zhuō shàng lái。 2002 nián 11 yuè、 2003 nián 4 yuè、 6 yuè hé 2005 nián 6 yuè， yuán sī dōng jīng huì yì ( lián xí fāng wéi měi guó , ōu méng , rì běn hé nuó wēi ) fēn bié zài 'ào sī lù、 huá shèng dùn、 dōng jīng hé bù lǔ sài 'ěr jǔ xíng。 wǔ、 zhòng yào rén wù [ biān ji běn duàn ] mǎ xīn dá · lā jiǎ pà kè sà zǒng tǒng， shēng yú 1945 nián 11 yuè 18 rì， sēng gā luó zú， fó jiào tú， zì yóu dǎng zhù xí。 qí fù D·A· lā jiǎ pà kè sà céng rèn fù yì cháng， wéi zì yóu dǎng chuàng shǐ rén zhī yī。 bì yè yú kē lún pō fǎ xué yuàn， huò lǜ shī zī gé。 1970 nián zuò wéi zì yóu dǎng hòu xuǎn rén dāng xuǎn yì yuán， chéng wéi dāng shí zuì nián qīng yì yuán。 1989 nián zài cì dāng xuǎn yì yuán， bìng dān rèn yì huì rén quán wěi yuán huì mì shū。 1994 nián chū rèn láo gōng、 zhí yè péi xùn bù cháng， hòu zhuǎn rèn yú yè hé shuǐ chǎn zī yuán fā zhǎn bù cháng。 2000 nián 10 yuè rèn zì yóu dǎng fù zhù xí。 2002 nián 2 yuè rèn fǎn duì dǎng lǐng xiù。 2004 nián 4 yuè bèi kù mǎ lā tōng jiā zǒng tǒng rèn mìng wéi zhèng fǔ zǒng lǐ。 zài 2005 nián 11 yuè dì 5 jiè zǒng tǒng xuǎn jǔ zhōng huò shèng， dāng xuǎn sī dì 6 rèn zǒng tǒng。 lā tè nà xī lǐ · wéi kè lā mǎ nà yà kè zǒng lǐ， shēng yú 1933 nián 5 yuè 5 rì， sēng gā luó zú， fó jiào tú， zì yóu dǎng zī shēn chéng yuán。 zǎo nián jiù dú yú kē lún pō 'ā nán dá zhōng xué， hòu fù yīng guó lín kěn xué yuàn xué xí fǎ lǜ， bì yè hòu huò lǜ shī zī gé。 1965 nián hé 1970 nián liǎng cì dà xuǎn jūn dāng xuǎn yì yuán， hòu lì rèn sī fǎ bù cháng、 gōng 'ān bù cháng、 fó jiào shì wù bù cháng、 nóng yè bù cháng děng zhí。 2000 nián 8 yuè， jiē tì cí zhí de bān fū rén jiù rèn zǒng lǐ， zhí zhì 2001 nián 12 yuè。 2005 nián 11 yuè， bèi xīn dāng xuǎn de zǒng tǒng lā jiǎ pà kè sà rèn mìng wéi zǒng lǐ。 luó kù bān dá lā yì cháng， shēng yú 1941 nián 8 yuè 5 rì， sēng gā luó rén， tǒng yī guó mín dǎng zī shēn dǎng yuán。 luó céng huò lún dūn dà xué xué shì xué wèi hé pèi lā dé ní yà dà xué róng yù xué wèi。 1977 nián cān jiā yì huì xuǎn jǔ hòu zhèng shì bù rù zhèng jiè， lì rèn běn tǔ yī yào bù cháng jí wén huà、 jiào yù hé méi tǐ bù cháng。 2001 nián tǒng yī guó mín dǎng yíng dé dà xuǎn hòu， luó chū rèn yì yuán lǐng xiù hé sī fǎ jiān fó jiào shì wù bù cháng。 2004 nián 4 yuè 22 rì， dāng xuǎn wéi sī dì 13 jiè guó mín yì huì yì cháng。 luó xī tǎ · bō gé lā jiā mǎ wài cháng， shēng yú 1954 nián 8 yuè 6 rì， fó jiào tú， tǒng yī guó mín dǎng yì yuán。 cóng yè fǎ lǜ 30 yú nián， jīng tōng shāng yè hé mào yì fǎ， dān rèn sī zhèng fǔ hé duō jiā wài guó zǔ zhì jī gòu de fǎ lǜ gù wèn。 céng rèn sī tóu zī jú zhù xí， zài cù jìn wài guó zhí jiē tóu zī hé gōng yè fā zhǎn fā miàn chéng jì xiǎn zhù。 2005 nián 11 yuè chū rèn qǐ yè fā zhǎn yǔ tóu zī cù jìn bù cháng。 2006 nián dài biǎo sī zhèng fǔ yǔ“ měng hǔ” zǔ zhì zài rì nèi wǎ jǔ xíng hé tán。 2007 nián 1 yuè chū rèn wài cháng。 liù、 jīng jì [ biān ji běn duàn ] yǐ zhòngzhí yuán jīng jì wéi zhù， zhù yào zuò wù yòu chá yè、 xiàng jiāo、 yē zǐ hé dào mǐ。 gōng yè jī chǔ bó ruò， yǐ nóng chǎn pǐn hé fú zhuāng jiā gōng yè wéi zhù。 zài nán yà guó jiā zhōng， shuài xiān shí xíng jīng jì zì yóu huà zhèng cè。 jīng guò 10 duō nián jīng jì gǎi gé， sī guó yòu huà jīng jì guǎn lǐ mó shì yǐ dǎ pò， shì chǎng jīng jì gé jú jī běn xíng chéng。 jìn nián lái， sī jīng jì bǎo chí zhōng sù zēngzhǎng。 2004 nián dǐ hǎi xiào zāi hài zhōng， quán guó sān fēn zhī 'èr de yán hǎi dì qū shòu zāi， 3.5 wàn rén sǐ wáng， 5600 yú rén shī zōng， 100 duō wàn rén wú jiā kě guī。 sī zhèng fǔ gū jì zāi hòu chóngjiàn xū 3-5 nián shí jiān， hào zī yuē 22 yì měi yuán。 2006 nián sī guó mín jīng jì bǎo chí jiào kuài zēngzhǎng。 2006 nián zhù yào jīng jì shù jù： guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí： 269 yì měi yuán rén jūn guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí： 1355 měi yuán guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí zēngchánglǜ： 7.4％ huò bì míng chēng： lú bǐ（ Rupee） huì shuài（ 2006 nián píng jūn zhí）： 1 měi yuán =104 lú bǐ shī yè shuài： 6.5% zī yuán zhù yào kuàng cáng yòu shí mò、 bǎo shí、 tài tiě、 gào shí、 yún mǔ děng。 shí mò、 bǎo shí、 yún mǔ děng yǐ kāi cǎi。 yú yè、 lín yè hé shuǐ lì zī yuán fēng fù。 gōng yè gōng yè zhù yào yòu fǎng zhì、 fú zhuāng、 pí gé、 shí pǐn、 yǐn liào、 yān cǎo、 zào zhǐ、 mù cái、 huà gōng、 shí yóu jiā gōng、 xiàng jiāo、 sù liào hé jīn shǔ jiā gōng jí jī qì zhuāng pèi děng gōng yè， dà duō jí zhōng yú kē lún pō dì qū。 2006 nián gōng yè chǎn zhí 41.6 yì měi yuán， zhàn GDP de 15.5％。 nóng yè kě gēng dì miàn jī 400 wàn gōng qǐng， yǐ lì yòng 200 wàn gōng qǐng。 nóng yè rén kǒu ( bāo kuò lín、 mù、 yú yè ) zhàn quán guó zǒng rén kǒu de 72.2%。 zhù yào zuò wù wéi chá yè、 xiàng jiāo、 yē zǐ děng。 2006 nián nóng yè chǎn zhí 56 yì měi yuán， zhàn GDP de 20.8％。 lǚ yóu yè lǚ yóu yè shì sī jīng jì de zhòng yào zǔ chéng bù fēn。 yóu kè zhù yào lái zì 'ōu zhōu、 yìn dù、 dōng nán yà děng guó jiā hé dì qū。 sī nèi zhàn céng yī dù yǐng xiǎng lǚ yóu yè， dàn zì hé píng jìn chéng qǔ dé jìn zhǎn yǐ lái， yóu kè rén shù yòu suǒ huí shēng。 sī 2003-2005 lián xù sān nián nián dào fǎng wài guó yóu kè shù liàng tū pò 50 wàn rén。 zì 2005 nián dǐ， sī zhèng fǔ jūn yǔ“ měng hǔ” chōng tū duì lǚ yóu yè zào chéng yī dìng chōng jī。 jiāo tōng yùn shū quán guó yòu gōng lù 2.8 wàn gōng lǐ， tiě lù 1944 gōng lǐ。 zhù yào gǎng kǒu yòu kē lún pō、 gāo 'ěr hé tíng kě mǎ lǐ。 kē lún pō jī chǎng wèiguó jì jī chǎng。 lán kǎ háng kōng gōng sī jīng yíng guó jì háng kōng yè wù。 cái zhèng jīn róng 2006 nián cái zhèng shōu rù 4457 yì lú bǐ， cái zhèng zhī chū 7328 yì lú bǐ， cái zhèng chì zì 2871 yì lú bǐ。 duì wài mào yì shí xíng zì yóu wài mào zhèng cè， chú zhèng fǔ kòng zhì shí yóu wài， qí tā shāng pǐn jūn kě zì yóu jìn kǒu。 zhù yào chū kǒu shāng pǐn yòu fǎng zhì pǐn、 fú zhuāng、 chá yè、 xiàng jiāo、 yē zǐ hé shí yóu chǎn pǐn。 jìn nián lái， chū kǒu mào yì jié gòu fā shēng gēn běn biàn huà， yóu guò qù de nóng chǎn pǐn wéi zhù zhuǎn biàn wéi yǐ gōng yè chǎn pǐn wéi zhù。 zhù yào chū kǒu duì xiàng shì měi guó、 yīng guó、 yìn dù、 dé guó、 bǐ lì shí、 rì běn děng， zhù yào jìn kǒu duì xiàng shì yìn dù、 xīn jiā pō、 xiāng gǎng、 yī lǎng děng。 jìn nián wài mào qíng kuàng rú xià（ dān wèi： yì měi yuán） nián fèn 20022003200420052006 zǒng 'é 108.04118.05137.57152.10171.36 chū kǒu 'é 46.9951.3357.5763.4768.83 jìn kǒu 'é 61.0566.7280.0088.63102.53 chā 'é -14.06-15.39-22.43-25.16-33.70 wài guó zī běn zhèng fǔ shí xíng bǎo hù hé xī yǐn wài zī de zhèng cè。 quán guó yǐ jiàn lì 4 gè zì yóu mào yì qū。 wài zī zhù yào lái zì rì běn、 ào dà lì yà、 dé guó、 nuó wēi、 ruì diǎn hé zhōng guó tái wān。 2006 nián wài guó zhí jiē tóu zī yuē 4.5 yì měi yuán。 wài guó yuán zhù wài yuán zài sī jīng jì shēng huó zhōng zuò yòng tū chū。 sī jīhū suǒ yòu dà xíng xiàng mù jūn yǐ kào wài yuán xīng jiàn。 xiàng sī tí gōng yuán zhù de guó jiā hé guó jì zǔ zhì yòu 30 duō gè， zhù yào yòu rì běn、 dé guó、 měi guó、 yīng guó、 nuó wēi、 jiā ná dà、 hé lán jí shì jiè yín xíng hé yà zhōu kāi fā yínháng děng。 rén mín shēng huó zhèng fǔ cháng qī yǐ lái shí xíng dà mǐ bǔ tiē、 miǎn fèi jiào yù hé quán mín miǎn fèi yī liáo děng xiàng fú lì cuò shī。 quán guó yòu yī yuàn 500 duō suǒ， chuáng wèi 55000 duō gè。 yī liáo kāi zhī zhàn guó mín shēng chǎn zǒng zhí de 1.69％， zhàn zhèng fǔ zǒng kāi zhī de 7.2％。 rén jūn shòu mìng nán xìng wéi 71.7 suì， nǚ xìng wéi 76.4 suì。 qī、 jūn shì [ biān ji běn duàn ] sī lǐ lán kǎ lù、 kōng jūn jiàn yú 1949 nián， hǎi jūn jiàn yú 1950 nián。 zǒng tǒng wéi wǔ zhuāng lì liàng zǒng sī lìng。 zuì gāo guó fáng jué cè jī gòu wèiguó jiā 'ān quán wěi yuán huì， chéng yuán yòu guó fáng bù cháng， lù、 hǎi、 kōng sān jūn sī lìng， jǐng chá zǒng jiān děng， zhù xí yóu zǒng tǒng jiān rèn。 guó fáng bù wéi zuì gāo jūn shì xíng zhèng jī gòu。 wǔ zhuāng lì liàng yóu zhèng guī jūn hé jǐng chá zǔ chéng。 zhèng guī jūn fēn lù、 hǎi、 kōng sān gè jūn zhǒng。 zǒng tǒng tōng guōguó jiā 'ān quán wěi yuán huì、 guó fáng bù hé lù hǎi kōng sān jūn nèi bù duì quán jūn shí shī lǐng dǎo hé zhǐ huī。 lù jūn sī lìng sà lā tè · fēng sài kǎ Lt.GeneralSarathFonseka， hǎi jūn sī lìng wǎ sāng tǎ · kǎ lā nà gāo dá ViceAdmiralWasanthaKarannagoda， kōng jūn sī lìng gǔ nà tí lā kè AirMarshalWDRMJGoonetileke。 zǒng bīng lì yuē 17 wàn rén。 lù jūn 13.5 wàn， hǎi jūn 2 wàn rén， kōng jūn 1.5 wàn rén， lìng yòu jǐng chá、 guó mín fǔ zhù zhì yuàn duì hé jiā xiāng wèi duì yuē 8 wàn rén。 bā、 duì wài guān xì [ biān ji běn duàn ] fèng xíng dú lì hé bù jié méng de wài jiāo zhèng cè， zhī chí hé píng gòng chù wǔ xiàng yuán zé， fǎn duì gè zhǒng xíng shì de dì guó zhù yì、 zhí mín zhù yì、 zhǒng zú zhù yì hé dà guó bà quán zhù yì， wéi hù sī lǐ lán kǎ dú lì、 zhù quán hé lǐng tǔ wán zhěng， bù yǔn xǔ wài guó duì sī nèi zhèng hé wài jiāo shì wù jìn xíng gān shè。 guān xīn guó jì hé dì qū 'ān quán， zhù zhāng quán miàn chè dǐ cái jūn， bāo kuò quán qiú hé cái jūn yǐ jí jiàn lì guó jì zhèng zhì、 jīng jì xīn zhì xù。 jiān jué fǎn duì guó jì kǒng bù zhù yì， 1998 nián 1 yuè qiān shǔ liǎo lián hé guó fǎn kǒng bù bào zhà gōng yuē， chéng wéi gāi gōng yuē de dì yī gè qiān zì guó。 jī jí tuī dòng nán yà qū yù hé zuò。 wài jiāo zhòng diǎn shì zài jiě jué guó nèi mín zú wèn tí shàng xún qiú guó jì shè huì de lǐ jiě hé zhī chí。 zài lián hé guó hé nán méng děng zǔ zhì nèi hūyù jiā qiáng guó jì fǎn kǒng hé zuò。 yǐ tóng 130 duō gè guó jiā jiàn lì liǎo wài jiāo guān xì。 tóng zhōng guó shuāng biān guān xì 1、 shuāng biān zhèng zhì guān xì zhōng sī yǒu hǎo jiāo wǎng lì shǐ yōu jiǔ。 zhōng guó shǐ chēng sī lǐ lán kǎ wéi shī（ shī） zǐ guó huò sēng gā luó guó。 gōng yuán 410 nián， zhōng guó jìn dài gāo sēng fǎ xiǎn cóng yìn dù fù sī yóu xué liǎng nián， qǔ huí fó jiào jīng diǎn bìng zhù yòu《 fó guó jì》 yī shū。 míng dài háng hǎi jiā zhèng hé céng duō cì dǐ sī。 15 shì jì， sī yī wáng zǐ fǎng wèn běi jīng， huí guó tú zhōng zài fú jiàn quán zhōu dìng jū， bèi míng huáng cì xìng wéi shì， qí hòu dài xiàn réng zài quán zhōu hé tái wān dìng jū。 sī lún wéi xī fāng zhí mín dì hòu， zhōng sī guān xì yī dù zhōng duàn。 1950 nián sī zhèng fǔ chéng rèn xīn zhōng guó。 1957 nián 2 yuè 7 rì liǎng guó jiàn jiāo。 cǐ hòu， zhōng sī yī zhí bǎo chí zhe yǒu hǎo guān xì， gāo céng wǎng lái bù duàn。 zhōu 'ēn lái zǒng lǐ（ 1957、 1964）、 dèng yíng chāo fù wěi yuán cháng（ 1977）、 gěng biāo fù zǒng lǐ（ 1978）、 huáng huá fù zǒng lǐ jiān wài cháng（ 1981）、 wú xué qiān guó wù wěi yuán jiān wài cháng（ 1985）、 lǐ xiān niàn zhù xí（ 1986）、 lǐ péng zǒng lǐ（ 1990）、 qián qí chēn fù zǒng lǐ jiān wài cháng（ 1994）、 chén mù huá fù wěi yuán cháng（ 1997）、 lǐ ruì huán zhèng xié zhù xí（ 1999）、 zhū róng jī zǒng lǐ（ 2001）、 jiǎ qìng lín zhèng xié zhù xí（ 2003）、 zhōng yāng jì wěi shū jì wú guān zhèng（ 2004）、 wēn jiā bǎo zǒng lǐ（ 2005）、 táng jiā xuán guó wù wěi yuán（ 2006） xiān hòu fǎng sī。 sī lǐ lán kǎ zǒng lǐ bān dá lā nài kè fū rén（ 1961、 1972）、 zǒng tǒng jiǎ yà wǎ dé nà（ 1984）、 zǒng lǐ pǔ léi mǎ dá sà（ 1979、 1988）、 zǒng lǐ wéi jié tōng jiā（ 1989）、 wài cháng kǎ dí jiā mǎ（ 1995、 1998）、 zǒng tǒng kù mǎ lā tōng jiā fū rén（ 1996、 2005）、 zǒng lǐ wéi kè lā mǎ xīn hā（ 2003）、 zǒng lǐ wéi kè lā mǎ nà yà kè（ 2006）、 yì cháng luó kù bān dá lā（ 2006）、 wài cháng sà mǎ lā wéi lā（ 2006）、 zǒng tǒng lā jiǎ pà kè sà（ 2007） děng xiān hòu fǎng huá。 2006 nián， zhōng sī guān xì jì xù jiàn kāng、 shùn lì fā zhǎn， gāo céng hù fǎng pín fán， gè lǐng yù hù lì hé zuò bù duàn kuò dà。 3 yuè 14 zhì 15 rì， guó wù wěi yuán táng jiā xuán fǎng wèn sī lǐ lán kǎ , fēn bié huì jiàn zǒng tǒng mǎ xīn dá · lā jiǎ pà kè sà、 fǎn duì dǎng tǒng yī guó mín dǎng fù lǐng xiù kǎ lǔ · jiǎ yà sū lǐ yà děng lǐng dǎo rén。 shuāng fāng xuān bù 2007 nián wéi“ zhōng sī yǒu hǎo nián”， bìng qiān shǔ《 zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó zhèng fǔ hé sī lǐ lán kǎ mín zhù shè huì zhù yì gòng hé guó zhèng fǔ jīng jì jì shù hé zuò xié dìng》 hé zhōng fāng xiàng sī yuán zhù wù zī jǔ bàn nán yà yùn dòng huì de huàn wén。 liǎng guó qǐ yè hái jiù sī lǐ lán kǎ pǔ tè lā mǔ rán méi diàn zhàn xiàng mù zhèng shì qiān shǔ shāng wù hé jì shù hé tóng。 4 yuè 12 zhì 15 rì， zhōng gòng zhōng yāng shū jì chù shū jì、 zhōng yāng jì wěi fù shū jì hé yǒng shuài zhōng gòng dài biǎo tuán fǎng sī， fēn bié bài huì lā jiǎ pà kè sà zǒng tǒng hé wéi kè lā mǎ nà yà kè zǒng lǐ， bìng huì jiàn sī zì yóu dǎng zǒng shū jì xī lǐ sài nà hé zì yóu dǎng fù zhù xí sài nà wéi lā tè nà děng。 4 yuè 21 zhì 23 rì， sī lǐ lán kǎ zǒng lǐ lā tè nà xī lǐ · wéi kè lā mǎ nà yà kè lái huá chū xí bó 'áo yà zhōu lùn tán 2006 nián nián huì， guó jiā fù zhù xí céng qìng hóng yú yǐ huì jiàn。 huì hòu， wéi yīháng yú 23 zhì 26 rì fù xī 'ān hé shàng hǎi cān guān fǎng wèn。 6 yuè 25 zhì 30 rì， sī lǐ lán kǎ yì cháng luó kù bān dá lā fǎng huá， quán guó rén dà cháng wěi huì wěi yuán cháng wú bāng guó hé fù wěi yuán cháng xǔ jiā lù fēn bié huì jiàn bìng yàn qǐng， luó yīháng bìng fù shàng hǎi hé háng zhōu cān guān fǎng wèn。 7 yuè 12 rì zhì 16 rì， sī lǐ lán kǎ wài cháng màn gé lā · sà mǎ lā wéi lā fǎng huá， bài huì guó wù yuàn zǒng lǐ wēn jiā bǎo， yǔ lǐ zhào xīng wài cháng jǔ hánghuì tán， bìng fēn bié huì jiàn jiāo tōng bù、 shāng wù bù、 guó jiā lǚ yóu jú děng bù wěi lǐng dǎo rén。 sà hái zài zhōng guó guó jì wèn tí yán jiū suǒ jiù“ zhōng guó zhèng zhì jīng jì fā zhǎn bèi jǐng xià de zhōng sī guān xì wèi lái zǒu xiàng” fā biǎo liǎo zhuān tí yǎn jiǎng。 fǎng wèn hòu， shuāng fāng fā biǎo《 lián hé xīn wén gōng bào》。 2007 nián 2 yuè 26 rì zhì 3 yuè 4 rì， sī lǐ lán kǎ zǒng tǒng mǎ xīn dá · lā jiǎ pà kè sà duì zhōng guó jìn xíng guó shì fǎng wèn。 guó jiā zhù xí hú jǐn tāo yǔ lā zǒng tǒng jǔ xíng huì tán， quán guó rén dà cháng wěi huì wěi yuán cháng wú bāng guó hé guó wù yuàn zǒng lǐ wēn jiā bǎo fēn bié huì jiàn， quán guó zhèng xié zhù xí jiǎ qìng lín yǔ lā zǒng tǒng gòng tóng chū xí zhōng sī jiàn jiāo 50 zhōu nián jì“ zhōng sī yǒu hǎo nián” qìng zhù zhāo dài huì。 lā jiǎ pà kè sà zǒng tǒng dài biǎo sī lǐ lán kǎ zhèng fǔ hé rén mín xiàng zhōng guó zhèng fǔ hé rén mín zèng sòng liǎo yī tóu xiǎo xiàng、 yī zūn fó xiàng hé yǎn jiǎo mó。 lā yīháng bìng fù shàng hǎi、 guǎng zhōu hé sān xiá cān guān fǎng wèn。 sī zhèng fǔ yī guàn fèng xíng duì huá yǒu hǎo zhèng cè， cháng qī yǐ lái zài tái wān、 xīzàng、 rén quán děng wèn tí shàng jǐyǔ zhōng guó zhī chí。 liǎng guó zài xǔ duō zhòng dà guó jì hé dì qū wèn tí shàng yōng yòu gòng shí， hé zuò liáng hǎo。 2、 shuāng biān jīng mào guān xì hé jīng jì jì shù hé zuò 1952 nián， sī zài wèi yǔ wǒ jiàn jiāo de qíng kuàng xià， bù gù měi děng xī fāng guó jiā duì zhōng guó de fēng suǒ， tóng zhōng guó qiān dìng liǎo mǐ jiāo mào yì xié dìng， kāi chuàng liǎo zhōng sī liǎng guó yǒu hǎo de jīng mào hé zuò shǐ。 cóng 1953 nián zhì 1982 nián， zhōng sī mào yì wéi jì zhàng mào yì。 1983 nián， liǎng guó mào yì kāi shǐ yǐ xiàn huì fāng shì jié suàn。 jù zhōng guó hǎi guān zǒng shǔ tǒng jì， 2006 nián zhōng sī shuāng biān mào yì 'é wéi 11.4 yì měi yuán， zēngzhǎng 16.9%。 qí zhōng wǒ chū kǒu 11.1 yì měi yuán， jìn kǒu 0.3 yì měi yuán， tóng bǐ fēn bié zēngzhǎng 17.7% hé xià jiàng 4.8%。 mù qián， wǒ cóng sī jìn kǒu de zhù yào chǎn pǐn yòu xiàng jiāo jí qí zhì pǐn、 hóng chá、 bǎo shí hé yē yóu děng， zhù yào chū kǒu chǎn pǐn yòu fǎng zhì pǐn、 jī diàn chǎn pǐn、 jiàn cái、 xiǎo wǔ jīn、 yī yào děng。 mù qián， wǒ yī xiē míng pái chǎn pǐn， rú hǎi 'ěr、 qīng qí mó tuō chē děng kāi shǐ jìn rù sī shì chǎng。 zhōng sī hù lì jīng jì hé zuò shǐ yú 1982 nián。 jié zhì 2006 nián 10 yuè， wǒ zài sī lěi jì qiān dìng chéng bāo gōng chéng yǔ láo wù hé zuò hé tóng 'é 12.9 yì měi yuán， wán chéng yíng yè 'é 7.9 yì měi yuán。 qí zhōng， chéng bāo gōng chéng hé tóng 'é 12.6 yì měi yuán， wán chéng yíng yè 'é 7.6 yì měi yuán。 jié zhì 2006 nián 9 yuè， zhōng fāng zài sī xié yì tóu zī jīn 'é 2258 wàn měi yuán。 sī zài huá tóu zī xiàng mù 40 gè， hé tóng 'é 3520 wàn měi yuán， shí jì tóu zī 1453 wàn měi yuán。 sān、 zhòng yào shuāng biān xié yì jí wén jiàn 1952 nián《 mǐ jiāo xié dìng》 1956 nián《 zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó zhèng fǔ dài biǎo tuán hé xī lán zhèng fǔ dài biǎo tuán lián hé gōng bào》 1957 nián《 zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó zǒng lǐ zhōu 'ēn lái hé xī lán zǒng lǐ bān dá lā nài kè lián hé shēng míng》 1963 nián《 zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó zhèng fǔ hé xī lán lián hé gōng bào》 1964 nián《 zhōng xī lián hé gōng bào》 1972 nián《 zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó hé sī lǐ lán kǎ gòng hé guó lián hé gōng bào》 2003 nián《 zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó wài jiāo bù hé sī lǐ lán kǎ mín zhù shè huì zhù yì gòng hé guó zhèng fǔ wài jiāo bù guān yú shuāng biān cuō shāng de yì dìng shū》 jí《 zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó zhèng fǔ hé sī lǐ lán kǎ mín zhù shè huì zhù yì gòng hé guó zhèng fǔ guān yú duì suǒ dé bì miǎn shuāngchóng zhēng shuì hé fáng zhǐ tōu lòu shuì de xié dìng》 2005 nián 4 yuè《 zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó zhèng fǔ hé sī lǐ lán kǎ mín zhù shè huì zhù yì gòng hé guó zhèng fǔ lián hé gōng bào》 2005 nián 9 yuè《 zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó hé sī lǐ lán kǎ mín zhù shè huì zhù yì gòng hé guó lián hé gōng bào》 2007 nián 2 yuè《 zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó yǔ sī lǐ lán kǎ mín zhù shè huì zhù yì gòng hé guó lián hé xīn wén gōng bào》 hé qí tā guó jiā guān xì 1、 tóng měi guó de guān xì měi shì sī zhù yào de yuán zhù guó hé zuì dà de mào yì huǒ bàn。 měi duì sī zhèng fǔ jiān chí jīng jì gǎi gé、 píng héng tuī xíng mín zhù jìn chéng biǎo shì mǎn yì。 měi zhī chí sī zhèng fǔ zhèng zhì jiě jué mín zú wèn tí de lì chǎng。 1997 nián， měi xuān bù“ měng hǔ” wéi kǒng bù zǔ zhì。 2004 nián dǐ hǎi xiào zāinàn fā shēng hòu， měi zài sī jiù zāi hé zāi hòu chóngjiàn zhōng fā huī liǎo jī jí zuò yòng。 2006 nián 1 yuè， sī wài cháng sà mǎ lā wéi lā fǎng měi， fēn bié huì jiàn liǎo měi guó wù qīng lài sī děng guān yuán。 6 yuè， měi zhù guǎn nán yà hé zhōng yà shì wù de zhù lǐ guó wù qīng bào chè fǎng sī， huì jiàn liǎo sī zǒng tǒng hé zǒng lǐ。 bào zài huì hòu duì sī méi tǐ biǎo shì，“ ‘ měng hǔ’ bì xū fàng qì kǒng bù shǒu duàn， rèn shí dào zhǐ yòu tōng guò zhèng zhì tú jìng cái néng jiě jué chōng tū。” 12 yuè， sī lù jūn sī lìng fēng sài kǎ fǎng měi， huì jiàn měi guó wù yuàn fù guó wù qīng bó 'ēn sī yǐ jí guó fáng bù guān yuán， chóngshēn sī zhèng fǔ zhì lì yú zhèng zhì jiě jué mín zú wèn tí de lì chǎng。 2、 tóng yìn dù de guān xì sī lǐ lán kǎ yǔ yìn dù yòu zhe yōu jiǔ de lì shǐ hé dì yuán lián xì。 tóng yìn bǎo chí yǒu hǎo guān xì shì sī wài jiāo zhèng cè de zhòng diǎn。 sī zhù zhāng quán qiú fàn wéi nèi de hé cái jūn， dàn bù fǎn duì yìn chéng wéi hé guó jiā。 shuāng fāng zhòng shì jīng jì hé zuò， xī wàng tōng guò shuāng fāng de jīng jì hé zuò dài dòng nán méng hé zuò de qǐ bù。 yìn zhī chí sī hé píng jiě jué mín zú chōng tū。 2006 nián， sī yìn guān xì wěn bù fā zhǎn。 1 yuè dǐ zhì 2 yuè chū， yìn kōng jūn sī lìng tǎ jí duì sī jìn xíng yǒu hǎo fǎng wèn， bài huì liǎo sī zǒng tǒng、 zǒng lǐ、 guó fáng bù cháng mì yǐ jí sān jūn sī lìng děng。 5 yuè， sī wài cháng sà mǎ lā wéi lā fǎng yìn， huì jiàn yìn wài jiāo guó wù bù cháng xià 'ěr mǎ， tōng bào liǎo sī hé píng jìn chéng de jìn zhǎn qíng kuàng， bìng biǎo shì guó jì shè huì bì xū xiàng“ měng hǔ” zǔ zhì shī yā， pò qí zhòng huí tán pàn zhuō。 7 yuè， yìn dù zǒng lǐ tè bié dài biǎo、 wài mì sà rén shān fǎng sī， yǔ sī zǒng tǒng jiù sī guó nèi jú shì jǔ xíng liǎo cuō shāng， sī wài cháng、 wài mì、 sān jūn zǒng cān móu cháng děng cān jiā。 8 yuè， sī wài cháng sà mǎ lā wéi lā zài cì fǎng yìn。 11 yuè， yìn dù xīn rèn wài mì méi nóng fǎng sī， fēn bié huì jiàn liǎo sī zǒng tǒng、 zǒng lǐ、 wài cháng hé guó fáng bù cháng mì děng。 tóng yuè， sī zǒng tǒng lā jiǎ pà kè sà fǎng yìn， qī jiān zuò wéi zhù bīn chū xí liǎo yà zhōu shì cháng huì yì， yǔ xīn gé zǒng lǐ jǔ xíng huì tán， bìng huì jiàn liǎo yìn guó dà dǎng lǐng xiù suǒ ní yà · gān dì、 wài cháng mù kè jí hé guó jiā 'ān quán gù wèn nà lā yà nán。 3、 tóng nán méng de guān xì sī zhòng shì nán yà qū yù hé zuò， jī jí zhī chí hé cānyù nán méng de gè xiàng huó dòng。 1998 nián 7 yuè， nán méng dì 10 jiè shǒu nǎo huì yì zài sī jǔ xíng。 sī jī jí tuī dòng nán méng guó jiā fā zhǎn hé zuò guān xì， qiáng diào jīng jì fā zhǎn shì nán méng de shǒu yào rèn wù， wèicǐ xū yào yī gè hé píng、 ān dìng de dì qū huán jìng。 2003 nián 2 yuè， nán méng wén huà bù cháng huì yì zài kē lún pō jǔ xíng。 2005 nián 11 yuè， sī zǒng tǒng kù mǎ lā tōng jiā fū rén shuài tuán chū xí zài mèng jiā lā shǒu dū dá kǎ jǔ xíng de dì 13 jiè nán méng fēng huì。 2007 nián 4 yuè， sī zǒng tǒng lā jiǎ pà kè sà chū xí zài xīn dé lǐ jǔ xíng de dì 14 jiè nán méng fēng huì。 qì hòu lèi xíng rè dài jì fēng xìng qì hòu。 yán hǎi dì qū píng jūn zuì gāo qì wēn 31.3 shè shì dù， píng jūn zuì dī qì wēn 23.8 shè shì dù。 shān qū píng jūn zuì gāo qì wēn 26.1 shè shì dù， píng jūn zuì dī qì wēn 16.5 shè shì dù。 sī wú sì jì zhī fēn， zhǐ yòu yǔ jì hé hàn jì de chā bié， yǔ jì wéi měi nián 5 yuè zhì 8 yuè hé 11 yuè zhì cì nián 2 yuè， jí xī nán jì fēng hé dōng běi jì fēng jīng guò sī lǐ lán kǎ shí。 quán nián jiàng yǔ liàng xī nán bù wéi 2， 540 háo mǐ zhì 5， 080 háo mǐ， xī běi bù hé dōng nán bù zé shǎo yú 1， 250 háo mǐ。 Because of its location in the path of major sea routes, Sri Lanka is a strategic naval link between West Asia and South East Asia, and has been a center of Buddhist religion and culture from ancient times. Today, the country is a multi-religious and multi-ethnic nation, with more than a quarter of the population following faiths other than Buddhism, notably Hinduism, Christianity and Islam. The Sinhalese community forms the majority of the population, with Tamils, who are concentrated in the north and east of the island, forming the largest ethnic minority. Other communities include the Muslim Moors and Malays and the Burghers. Famous for the production and export of tea, coffee, coconuts and rubber, Sri Lanka boasts a progressive and modern industrial economy and the highest per capita income in South Asia. The natural beauty of Sri Lanka's tropical forests, beaches and landscape, as well as its rich cultural heritage, make it a world famous tourist destination. After over two thousand years of rule by local kingdoms, parts of Sri Lanka were colonized by Portugal and the Netherlands beginning in the 16th century, before the control of the entire country was ceded to the British Empire in 1815. During World War II, Sri Lanka served as an important base for Allied forces in the fight against the Japanese Empire. A nationalist political movement arose in the country in the early 20th century with the aim of obtaining political independence, which was eventually granted by the British after peaceful negotiations in 1948. In ancient times, Sri Lanka was known by a variety of names: ancient Greek geographers called it Taprobane and Arabs referred to it as Serendib (the origin of the word "serendipity"). Ceilão was the name given to Sri Lanka by the Portuguese when they arrived on the island in 1505, which was transliterated into English as Ceylon. In 1972, the official name of the country was changed to "Free, Sovereign and Independent Republic of Sri Lanka" (in Sinhala śrī laṃkā, IPA: [ˌʃɾiːˈlaŋkaː]; whereas the island itself is referred to as ලංකාව laṃkāva, IPA: [laŋˈkaːʋə], in Tamil இலங்கை ilaṅkai, iˈlaŋgai). In 1978 it was changed to "Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka". The current name is derived from Sanskrit word laṃkā, meaning "resplendent land", which was also the name of the island as described in the ancient Indian epics Mahabharata and the Ramayana. The word "Sri" is a Sanskrit title of veneration. History Paleolithic human settlements have been discovered at excavations in several cave sites in the Western Plains region and the South-western face of the Central Hills region. Anthropologists believe that some discovered burial rites and certain decorative artifacts exhibit similarities between the first inhabitants of the island and the early inhabitants of Southern India. Recent bioanthropological studies have however dismissed these links, and have placed the origin of the people to the northern parts of India. One of the first written references to the island is found in the Indian epic Ramayana, which described the emperor Ravana as monarch of the powerful kingdom of Lanka, which was created by the divine sculptor Vishwakarma for Kubera, the treasurer of the Gods. English historian James Emerson Tennent also theorized Galle, a southern city in Sri Lanka, was the ancient seaport of Tarshish from which King Solomon is said to have drawn ivory, peacocks and other valuables. The main written accounts of the country's history are the Buddhist chronicles of Mahavansa and Dipavamsa. The earliest-known inhabitants of the island now known as Sri Lanka were probably the ancestors of the Wanniyala-Aetto people, also known as Veddahs and numbering roughly 3,000. Linguistic analysis has found a correlation of the Sinhalese language with the languages of the Sindh and Gujarat, although most historians believe that the Sinhala community emerged well after the assimilation of various ethnic groups. From the ancient period date some remarkable archaeological sites including the ruins of Sigiriya, the so-called "Fortress in the Sky", and huge public works. Among the latter are large "tanks" or reservoirs, important for conserving water in a climate that alternates rainy seasons with dry times, and elaborate aqueducts, some with a slope as finely calibrated as one inch to the mile. Ancient Sri Lanka was also the first in the world to have established a dedicated hospital in Mihintale in the 4th century BCE. Ancient Sri Lanka was also the world's leading exporter of cinnamon, which was exported to Egypt as early as 1400 BCE. Sri Lanka was also the first Asian nation to have a female ruler in Queen Anula (47–42 BC) Sri Lankan coin, 1st century CE.Since ancient times Sri Lanka was ruled by monarchs, most notably of the Sinha royal dynasty that lasted over 2000 years. The island was also infrequently invaded by South Indian kingdoms and parts of the island were ruled intermittently by the Chola dynasty, the Pandya dynasty, the Chera dynasty and the Pallava dynasty. The island was also invaded by the kingdoms of Kalinga (modern Orissa) and those from the Malay Peninsula. Buddhism arrived from India in the 3rd century BCE, brought by Bhikkhu Mahinda, who is believed to have been the son of Mauryan emperor Ashoka. Mahinda's mission won over the Sinhalese monarch Devanampiyatissa of Mihintale, who embraced the faith and propagated it throughout the Sinhalese population. The Buddhist kingdoms of Sri Lanka would maintain a large number of Buddhist schools and monasteries, and support the propagation of Buddhism into Southeast Asia. Sri Lanka had always been an important port and trading post in the ancient world, and was increasingly frequented by merchant ships from the Middle East, Persia, Burma, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia and other parts of Southeast Asia. The islands were known to the first European explorers of South Asia and settled by many groups of Arab and Malay merchants. A Portuguese colonial mission arrived on the island in 1505 headed by the Lourenço de Almeida the son of Francisco de Almeida. At that point the island consisted of three kingdoms, namely Kandy in the central hills, Kotte at the Western coast, and Yarlpanam (Anglicised Jaffna) in the north. The Dutch arrived in the 17th century. Although much of the island came under the domain of European powers, the interior, hilly region of the island remained independent, with its capital in Kandy. The British East India Company established control of the island in 1796, declaring it a crown colony in 1802, although the island would not be officially connected with British India. The fall of the kingdom of Kandy in 1815 unified the island under British rule. Sigiriya Rock Fortress.European colonists established a series of tea, cinnamon, rubber, sugar, coffee and indigo plantations. The British also brought a large number of indentured workers from Tamil Nadu to work in the plantation economy. The city of Colombo was established as the administrative centre, and the British established modern schools, colleges, roads and churches that brought Western-style education and culture to the native people. Increasing grievances over the denial of civil rights, mistreatment and abuse of natives by colonial authorities gave rise to a struggle for independence in the 1930s, when the Youth Leagues opposed the "Ministers' Memorandum," which asked the colonial authority to increase the powers of the board of ministers without granting popular representation or civil freedoms. Buddhist scholars and the Teetotalist Movement also played a vital role in this time. During World War II, the island served as an important Allied military base. A large segment of the British and American fleet were deployed on the island, as were tens of thousands of soldiers committed to the war against Japan in Southeast Asia. Following the war, popular pressure for independence intensified. On February 4, 1948 the country won its independence as the Commonwealth of Ceylon. Don Stephen Senanayake became the first Prime Minister of Sri Lanka. On July 21, 1960 Sirimavo Bandaranaike took office as prime minister, and became the first female head of government in post-colonial Asia and the first female prime minister in the world. In 1972, the country became a republic within the Commonwealth, and the name was changed to Sri Lanka. The island enjoyed good relations with the United Kingdom and had the British Royal Navy stationed at Trincomalee. Since 1983, there has been on-and-off civil war, predominantly between the government and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE, also known as the Tamil Tigers), a separatist militant organization who fight to create an independent state named Tamil Eelam in the North and East of the island. Geography and climate Main cities in Sri Lanka.The island of Sri Lanka lies in the Indian Ocean, to the southwest of the Bay of Bengal and to the southeast of the Arabian Sea. It is separated from the Indian subcontinent by the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait. According to Hindu mythology, a land bridge to the Indian mainland, known as Rama's Bridge, was constructed during the time of Rama by the vanara architect Nala. Often referred to as Adam's Bridge, it now amounts to only a chain of limestone shoals remaining above sea level. According to colonial British reports, this is a natural causeway which was formerly complete, but was breached by a violent storm in 1480. The width of the Palk Strait is small enough for the coast of Sri Lanka to be visible from the furthest point near the Indian town of Rameswaram.[citation needed] The tear drop shaped island consists mostly of flat-to-rolling coastal plains, with mountains rising only in the south-central part. Amongst these are Sri Pada (Adams Peak) and the highest point Pidurutalagala, at 2,524 meters (8,281 ft). The Mahaweli ganga (Mahaweli river) and other major rivers provide fresh water to the population. Topographical map of Sri Lanka.Sri Lanka's climate can be described as tropical, and quite hot. Its position between 5 and 10 north latitude endows the country with a warm climate, moderated by ocean winds and considerable moisture. The mean temperature ranges from a low of 16 °C (61 °F) in Nuwara Eliya in the Central Highlands (where frost may occur for several days in the winter) to a high of 32 °C (90 °F) in Trincomalee on the northeast coast (where temperatures may reach 38 °C (100 °F)). The average yearly temperature for the country as a whole ranges from 28° to 30 °C (82–86 °F). Day and night temperatures may vary by 4 to 7 °C (7–13 °F). In January, the coolest month, many people wear coats and sweaters in the highlands and elsewhere. May, the hottest period, precedes the summer monsoon rains. The rainfall pattern is influenced by the monsoon winds of the Indian Ocean and Bay of Bengal, which encounter the slopes of the Central Highlands, they unload heavy rains on the mountain slopes and the southwestern sector of the island. Some of the windward slopes receive up to 2,500 millimetres (98 in) of rain per month, but the leeward slopes in the east and northeast receive little rain. Periodic squalls occur and sometimes tropical cyclones bring overcast skies and rains to the southwest, northeast, and eastern parts of the island. Between December to March, monsoon winds come from the northeast, bringing moisture from the Bay of Bengal. Humidity is typically higher in the southwest and mountainous areas and depends on the seasonal patterns of rainfall. At Colombo, for example, daytime humidity stays above 70% all year, rising to almost 90 percent during the monsoon season in June. Anuradhapura experiences a daytime low of 60% during the monsoon month of March, but a high of 79% during the November and December rains. In the highlands, Kandy's daytime humidity usually ranges between 70 and 79%. Flora and fauna The mountains and the southwestern part of the country, known as the "wet zone," receive ample rainfall (an annual average of 2500 millimetres). Most of the southeast, east, and northern parts of the country comprise the "dry zone," which receives between 1200 and 1900 mm (47–75 in) of rain annually. Much of the rain in these areas falls from October to January; during the rest of the year there is very little precipitation, and all living creatures must conserve precious moisture. The arid northwest and southeast coasts receive the least amount of rain — 600 to 1200 mm (24–47 in) per year — However, though many say that there are no really dry areas in Sri Lanka, there are many pockets of very dry and abandoned areas where there is little to no rainwater. Varieties of flowering acacias are well adapted to the arid conditions and flourish on the Jaffna Peninsula. Among the trees of the dry-land forests are some valuable species, such as satinwood, ebony, ironwood, and mahogany and teak. In the wet zone, the dominant vegetation of the lowlands is a tropical evergreen forest, with tall trees, broad foliage, and a dense undergrowth of vines and creepers. Subtropical evergreen forests resembling those of temperate climates flourish in the higher altitudes. Forests at one time covered nearly the entire island, but by the late 20th century lands classified as forests and forest reserves covered around one-third of the land. As the area covered by forests declined, thereby threatening various species of wildlife, Sri Lanka became the first country in the world to establish a wildlife sanctuary. Among them, the Ruhunu National Park in the southeast protects herds of elephant, deer, and peacocks, and the Wilpattu National Park in the northwest preserves the habitats of many water birds, such as storks, pelicans, ibis, and spoonbills. During the Mahaweli Ganga Program of the 1970s and 1980s in northern Sri Lanka, the government set aside four areas of land totaling 1,900 km² (730 sq mi) as national parks. The island has three biosphere reserves, Hurulu, Sinharaja, and the Kanneliya-Dediyagala-Nakiyadeniya. The national flower of Sri Lanka is Nil Mahanel (Nympheae stellata), the national tree is Na (Mesua nagassarium) and the national bird is the Sri Lanka Junglefowl, which is endemic to the country. Government and politics The Constitution of Sri Lanka establishes a democratic, socialist republic in Sri Lanka, which is also a unitary state. The government is a mixture of the presidential system and the parliamentary system. The President of Sri Lanka is the head of state, the commander in chief of the armed forces, as well as head of government, and is popularly elected for a six-year term. In the exercise of duties, the President is responsible to the Parliament of Sri Lanka, which is a unicameral 225-member legislature. The President appoints and heads a cabinet of ministers composed of elected members of parliament. The President's deputy is the Prime Minister, who leads the ruling party in parliament and shares many executive responsibilities, mainly in domestic affairs. Members of parliament are elected by universal (adult) suffrage based on a modified proportional representation system by district to a six-year term. The primary modification is that, the party that receives the largest number of valid votes in each constituency gains a unique "bonus seat." The president may summon, suspend, or end a legislative session and dissolve Parliament any time after it has served for one year. The parliament reserves the power to make all laws. On July 1, 1960 the people of Sri Lanka elected the first-ever female head of government in Prime Minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike. Her daughter Chandrika Kumaratunga served multiple terms as prime minister and as president from 1999 to 2005. The current president and prime minister, both of whom took office on November 21, 2005, are Mahinda Rajapaksa and Ratnasiri Wickremanayake respectively. Sri Lanka has enjoyed democracy with universal suffrage since 1931. Politics in Sri Lanka are controlled by rival coalitions led by the left-wing Sri Lanka Freedom Party, headed by President Rajapaksa, the comparatively right-wing United National Party led by former prime minister Ranil Wickremesinghe and Marxist-Nationalist JVP. There are also many smaller Buddhist, socialist and Tamil nationalist political parties that oppose the separatism of the LTTE but demand regional autonomy and increased civil rights. Since 1948, Sri Lanka has been a member of the Commonwealth of Nations and the United Nations. It is also a member of the Non-Aligned Movement, the Colombo Plan, Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation and the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation. Through the Cold War-era, Sri Lanka followed a foreign policy of non-alignment but has remained closer to the United States and Western Europe. The military of Sri Lanka comprises the Sri Lankan Army, the Sri Lankan Navy and the Sri Lankan Air Force. These are administered by the Ministry of Defence. Since the 1980s, the army has led the government response against the Marxist militants of the JVP and now the LTTE militant forces. Sri Lanka receives considerable military assistance from Pakistan and China . Sri Lanka was considered one of the "world's most politically unstable countries" by the World Bank and Asian Development Bank in 2004. . The Economist labels Sri Lanka a "flawed democracy" in its 2006 rankings (ranking 57 and positioned among 54 other flawed ranked ones) and Foreign Policy ranks Sri Lanka 25th (Alert Category) in its Failed States Index for 2007. However, Sri Lanka, according to the US State Department in 2005, was classified a "stable democracy" amidst a ceasefire period of the long running civil war . Provinces and districts Sri Lanka is divided into 9 provinces and 25 districts. Each province is administered by a directly-elected provincial council: Province Capital Districts 1 Central Kandy Kandy, Matale, Nuwara Eliya 2 North Central Anuradhapura Anuradhapura, Polonnaruwa 3 Northern Jaffna Jaffna, Kilinochchi, Mannar, Vavuniya, Mullativu 4 Eastern Trincomalee Ampara, Batticaloa, Trincomalee 5 North Western Kurunegala Kurunagala, Puttalam 6 Southern Galle Galle, Hambanthota, Matara 7 Uva Badulla Badulla, Monaragala 8 Sabaragamuwa Ratnapura Kegalle, Rathnapura 9 Western Colombo Colombo, Gampaha, Kaluthara The districts are further subdivided into divisional secretariats, and these in turn to Grama Sevaka divisions. Economy In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, Sri Lanka became a plantation economy, famous for its production and export of cinnamon, rubber and Ceylon tea, which remains a trademark national export. The development of modern ports under British rule raised the strategic importance of the island as a centre of trade. During World War II, the island hosted important military installations and Allied forces. However, the plantation economy aggravated poverty and economic inequality. From 1948 to 1977 socialism strongly influenced the government's economic policies. Colonial plantations were dismantled, industries were nationalised and a welfare state established. While the standard of living and literacy improved significantly, the nation's economy suffered from inefficiency, slow growth and lack of foreign investment. From 1977 the UNP government began incorporating privatisation, deregulation and promotion of private enterprise. While the production and export of tea, rubber, coffee, sugar and other agricultural commodities remains important, the nation has moved steadily towards an industrialised economy with the development of food processing, textiles, telecommunications and finance. By 1996 plantation crops made up only 20% of export, and further declined to 16.8% in 2005 (compared with 93% in 1970), while textiles and garments have reached 63%. The GDP grew at an average annual rate of 5.5% during the early 1990s, until a drought and a deteriorating security situation lowered growth to 3.8% in 1996. The economy rebounded in 1997-2000, with average growth of 5.3%. The year of 2001 saw the first recession in the country's history, as a result of power shortages, budgetary problems, the global slowdown, and continuing civil strife. Signs of recovery appeared after the 2002 ceasefire. The Colombo Stock Exchange reported the highest growth in the world for 2003, and today Sri Lanka has the highest per capita income in South Asia. Arugam Point at the Arugam Bay beach an attractive place for tourists.In April 2004, there was a sharp reversal in economic policy after the government headed by Ranil Wickremesinghe of the United National Party was defeated by a coalition made up of Sri Lanka Freedom Party and the leftist-nationalist Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna called the United People's Freedom Alliance. The new government stopped the privatization of state enterprises and reforms of state utilities such as power and petroleum, and embarked on a subsidy program called the Rata Perata economic program. Its main theme to support the rural and suburban SMEs and protect the domestic economy from external influences, such as oil prices, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. Sri Lanka, with an income per head of $1,350, still lags behind some of its neighbors including Maldives and Mauritius but is ahead of its giant neighbor India. Its economy grew by an average of 5% during the 1990s during the 'War for Peace' era. According to the Sri Lankan central bank statistics, the economy was estimated to have grown by 7% last year, although inflation had reached 20%. It should be noted that Sri Lanka's central bank statistics have been called into question over allegations of political interference and institutional decay . Parts of Sri Lanka, particularly the South and East coast, were devastated by the 2004 Asian Tsunami. The economy was briefly buoyed by an influx of foreign aid and tourists, but this was disrupted with the reemergence of the civil war resulting in increased lawlessness in the country and a sharp decline in tourism . Transport Colombo-Galle Face GreenMost Sri Lankan cities and towns are connected by the Sri Lanka Railways, the state-run national railway operator. The first railway line was inaugurated on April 26, 1867, linking Colombo with Kandy. The total length of Sri Lankan roads exceeds 11,000 kilometres (6,840 mi), with a vast majority of them being paved. The government has launched several highway projects to bolster the economy and national transport system, including the Colombo-Katunayake Expressway, the Colombo-Kandy (Kadugannawa) Expressway, the Colombo-Padeniya Expressway and the Outer Circular Highway to ease Colombo's traffic congestion. There are also plans to build a major bridge connecting Jaffna to the Indian city of Chennai. The Ceylon Transport Board is the state-run agency responsible for operating public bus services across the island. Sri Lanka also maintains 430 kilometres (270 mi) of inland waterways. It has three deep-water ports at Colombo, Trincomalee and Galle. There is also a smaller, shallower harbour at Kankesanturai, north of Jaffna. There are twelve paved airports and two unpaved airstrips in the country. SriLankan Airlines is the official national carrier, partly owned and operated by Emirates Airline. It was voted the best airline in South Asia by Skytrax. SriLankan Air Taxi is the smaller, domestic arm of the national carrier, while Expo Aviation and Lankair are private airline companies. The Bandaranaike International Airport is the country's only international airport, located in Katunayaka, 22 kilometres (14 mi) north of Colombo. Military Sri Lankan soldiers have taken part in many wars throughout its history, including the Boer War and both World Wars (under the command of the British at the time). In the course of the civil war, the military has been transformed from a ceremonial force to a modern army. Since 2004, Sri Lankan troops have been a part of the UN peacekeeping force in Haiti, which is the country's first major overseas mission. The military of Sri Lanka is organized into three branches: Army, Navy, and Air Force. Since independence, its primary mission has been the targeting of armed groups within the country, most notably engaging in a 25 year long war with the LTTE. The LTTE is proscribed as a terrorist organisation by 32 countries (see list). Human rights Human Rights situation in Sri Lanka has come under criticism by human rights groups such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch, as well as the United States Department of State and the European Union, have expressed concern about the state of human rights in Sri Lanka. Both the government of Sri Lanka and the separatist Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) are accused of violating human rights. In its 2007 report, however, they stated that "escalating political killings, child recruitment, abductions and armed clashes created a climate of fear in the east, spreading to the north by the end of the year", whilst also outlining concerns with violence against women, the death penalty and "numerous reports of torture in police custody". However, the report also stated that the ceasefire between government and LTTE remained in place despite numerous violations. However, the Sri Lankan minister for HR said “We regret one or two statements made here, that fly in the face of all concrete evidence, that the situation in Sri Lanka is deteriorating, when we have dealt more firmly with terrorism, with far-less damage to civilians, than in any comparative situation.”Foreign Minister Rohitha Bogollagama said, the report presents a distorted view of the actual situation in Sri Lanka during the year 2007 and is a litany of unsubstantiated allegations, innuendo and vituperative exaggerations. Sri Lanka's government is labeled as one of the "world's worst perpetrators of enforced disappearances", according to a study by US-based pressure group 'Human Rights Watch' (HRW). An HRW report accuses security forces and pro-government militias of abducting and "disappearing" hundreds of people - mostly Tamils - since 2006. Sri Lanka's government says HRW has exaggerated the scale of the problem. The report said, "The number of disappearances carried out by the Tamil Tigers in government-controlled areas was relatively low. But, the Tigers were responsible for targeted killings, forced child recruitment, bomb attacks on civilians and the repression of basic rights in areas they controlled.". Demographics Sri Lanka is the 53rd most populated nation in the world, with an annual population growth rate of 0.79%. Sri Lanka has a birth rate of 15.63 births per 1,000 people and a death rate of 6.49 deaths per 1,000 people. Population density is the greatest in western Sri Lanka, especially in and around Colombo. There is a small population on the island of the Wanniyala-Aetto people, also known as Veddahs. These are believed to be the oldest and indigenous ethnic group to inhabit the island. The Sinhalese people form the largest ethnic group in the nation, composing approximately 81.9% of the total population. Tamils are concentrated in the North, East, Central and Western provinces of the country. Tamils who were brought as indentured labourers from India by British colonists to work on estate plantations, nearly 50% of whom were repatriated following independence in 1948,[page # needed] are called "Indian Origin" Tamils. They are distinguished from the native Tamil population that has resided in Sri Lanka since ancient times. According to 2001 census data Indian Tamils makeup 5.1% of the Sri Lankan population and, Sri Lankan Tamils 4.3%. Though this figure only accounted for Sri Lankan Tamils in government-controlled areas, not accounting for those in rebel-held territories. There is a significant population (8.0%) of Moors, who trace their lineage to Arab traders and immigrants from the Middle East. Their presence is concentrated in the cities and the central and eastern provinces. There are also small ethnic groups such as the Burghers (of mixed European descent) and Malays from Southeast Asia. The Buddha statue at Mihintale.Sinhalese and Tamil are the two official languages of Sri Lanka. English is spoken by approximately 10% of the population, and is widely used for education, scientific and commercial purposes. Members of the Burgher community speak variant forms of Portuguese Creole and Dutch with varying proficiency, while members of the Malay community speak a form of creole Malay that is unique to the island. Sri Lanka also enjoys significant religious diversity. Culture and arts The island is the home of two main traditional cultures: the Sinhalese (centered in the ancient cities of Kandy and Anuradhapura) and the Tamil (centered in the city of Jaffna). In more recent times a British colonial culture was added, and lately Sri Lanka, particularly in the urban areas, has experienced a dramatic makeover in the western mold. Until recently, for example, most Sri Lankans, certainly those in the villages, have eaten traditional food, engaged in traditional crafts and expressed themselves through traditional arts. But economic growth and intense economic competition in developed countries has spilled over to most of Sri Lanka, producing changes that might variously be identified as progress, westernisation or a loss of identity and assimilation. Traditional food Elephants at the Esala Perahera.Sri Lankans have added western influences to the customary diet such as rice and curry, pittu (mixture of fresh rice meal, very lightly roasted and mixed with fresh grated coconut, then steamed in a bamboo mould). Kiribath (cooked in thick coconut cream for this unsweetened rice-pudding which is accompanied by a sharp chili relish called "lunumiris"), wattalapam (rich pudding of Malay origin made of coconut milk, jaggery, cashew nuts, eggs, and various spices including cinnamon cloves and nutmeg), kottu, and hoppers ("appa"), batter cooked rapidly in a hot curved pan, accompanied by eggs, milk or savouries. Middle Eastern influences and practices are found in traditional Moor dishes. While Dutch and Portuguese influences are found with the island's Burgher community preserving their culture through traditional favourites such as Lamprais (rice cooked in stock and baked in a banana leaf), Breudher (Dutch Christmas cake) and Bolo Fiado (Portuguese-style layer cake). Festivals Every year on or about April 13th Sinhala and Tamil people celebrate Sinhala and Tamil New Year Festival, and Muslims celebrate Ramadan. Esala Perahera (A-suh-luh peh-ruh-ha-ruh) is the grand festival of Esala held in Sri Lanka. It is very grand with elegant costumes. Happening in July or August in Kandy, it has become a unique symbol of Sri Lanka. It is a Buddhist festival consisting of dances and richly-decorated elephants. There are fire-dances, whip-dances, Kandian dances and various other cultural dances. The elephants are usually adorned with lavish garments. The festival ends with the traditional 'diya-kepeema'. The elephant is paraded around the city bearing the tooth of Buddha. However the new year for tamils have been established as being on January 14th from this year. Cinema Kadawunu Poronduwa 1947Sri Lankan cinema in past years has featured subjects such as family relationships, love stories and the years of conflict between the military and Tamil Tiger rebels. Many films are in the Sinhalese language and the Sri Lankan cinematic style is similar to Indian cinema. The first film to be produced and shown in Sri Lanka was Kadawunu Poronduwa (The Broken Promise) which was released in 1947. The first colour film of Sri Lanka was Ran Muthu Doova. Afterwards there were many Sinhalese movies produced in Sri Lanka and some of them, such as Nidhanaya, received several international film awards. The most influential filmmaker in the history of Sri Lankan cinema is Lester James Peiris who has directed many movies of excellent quality which led to global acclaim. His latest film, 'Wekanda Walawwa' (Mansion by the Lake) became the first movie to be submitted from Sri Lanka for the Best Foreign Language film award at the Academy Awards. In 2005 the director Vimukthi Jayasundara became the first Sri Lankan to win the prestigious Camera d’Or award for Best First Film, or any award for that matter, at the Cannes Film Festival for his Sinhalese language film Sulanga Enu Pinisa (The Forsaken Land). Controversial filmmaker Asoka Handagama's films are considered by many in the Sri Lankan film world to be the best films of honest response to the ethnic conflict currently raging in the country. Prasanna Vithanage is one of Sri Lanka's most notable filmmakers. His films have won many awards, both local and international. Recent releases like 'Sooriya Arana', 'Samanala thatu', and 'Hiripoda wessa' have attracted Sri Lankans to cinemas. Sri Lankan films are usually in the Sinhalese language. Tamil language movies are also filmed in Sri Lanka but they are not part of Kollywood which is Indian Tamil cinema. However some Kollywood films are based in Sri Lanka as well. Music The earliest music came from the theater at a time when the traditional open-air drama (referred to in Sinhala as Kolam, Sokari and Nadagam). In 1903 the first music album, Nurthi, was released through Radio Ceylon. Also Vernon Corea introduced Sri Lankan music in the English Service of Radio Ceylon. In the early 1960s, Indian music in films greatly influenced Sri Lankan music and later Sri Lankan stars like Sunil Shantha found greater popularity among Indian people. By 1963, Radio Ceylon had more Indian listeners than Sri Lankan ones. The notable songwriters Mahagama Sekara and Ananda Samarakoon made a Sri Lankan music revolution. At the peak of this revolution, musicians such as W. D. Amaradeva, H.R. Jothipala, Milton Mallawarachchi, M.S. Fernando, Annesley Malewana and Clarence Wijewardene did great work. A very popular type of music is the so-called Baila, a kind of dance music that originated from Portuguese music introduced to the island in colonial times. See also: Ceylon tea (black), Cuisine of Sri Lanka, Dances of Sri Lanka, Fashion Industry of Sri Lanka, Cinema of Sri Lanka, and Music of Sri Lanka Religions Sri Lanka has a multi ethnic and multi religious population. Buddhism constitutes the religious faith of about 70% of the population of the island, most of whom follow the Theravada school of Buddhism. According to traditional Sri Lankan chronicles, Buddhism was introduced into Sri Lanka in the 2nd century BCE by Venerable Mahinda, the son of the Emperor Ashoka, during the reign of Sri Lanka's King Devanampiyatissa. During this time, a sapling of the Bodhi Tree under which the Buddha attained enlightenment was brought to Sri Lanka and the first monasteries were established under the sponsorship of the Sri Lankan king. The Pali Canon (Thripitakaya), having previously been preserved as an oral tradition, was first committed to writing in Sri Lanka around 30 BC. Sri Lanka has the longest continuous history of Buddhism of any Buddhist nation, with the Sangha having existed in a largely unbroken lineage since its introduction in the 2nd century BCE. During periods of decline, the Sri Lankan monastic lineage was revived through contact with Thailand and Burma. Periods of Mahayana influence, as well as official neglect under colonial rule, created great challenges for Theravada Buddhist institutions in Sri Lanka, but repeated revivals and resurgences — most recently in the 19th century — have kept the Theravada tradition alive for over 2000 years. The Jami Ul Alfar mosque in Colombo. Islam was brought to Sri Lanka by Arab MerchantsSri Lanka religiosity religion percent Buddhism 70% Hinduism 15% Christianity 8% Islam 7% The second largest religion is Hinduism. Hinduism was primarily established in Sri Lanka by migrants and often invaders from southern India, and Hindus now constitute seven to fifteen percent of the population, mostly of the Shaivite school.[citation needed] Followers of Islam comprise approximately eight percent of the population, having been brought to the island by Arab traders over the course of many centuries European colonists introduced Christianity to the country in the 16th century, and the religion has been adopted by around six percent of the population. There also was a small population of Zoroastrian immigrants from India (Parsis) who settled in Ceylon during the period of British rule. As a result of emigration, few remain, yet they have played a significant role in the growth of the country. The former finance minister of Sri Lanka, Nariman Choksy, was a Parsi. Other famous Parsi families in Sri Lanka include the Captain family and the Pestongee family. Religion plays an important part in the life and culture of Sri Lankans. The Buddhist majority observe Poya Days, once per month according to the Lunar calendar. The Hindus and Muslims also observe their own holidays. There are many Buddhist temples in Sri Lanka and many mosques, Hindu temples and churches across the island, especially in areas where respective communities are concentrated. Buddhists are distributed across most parts of the island except in the north. Hindus are concentrated in north, east, and central high lands. Christians, particularly Roman Catholics are mainly concentrated along the western coastal belt. Muslims are concentrated in several pockets along the coast and in interior. All religious communities are represented in western province and in other urban centers in sizable numbers. Media The national radio station, Radio Ceylon is the oldest-running radio station in Asia. It was established in 1923 by Edward Harper just three years after broadcasting was launched in Europe. It remains one of the most popular stations in Asia, with its programming reaching neighboring Asian nations. The station is managed by the Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation and broadcasts services in Sinhalese, Tamil, English and Hindi. Since the 1980s, a large number of private radio stations have also being introduced, and they have gained commercial popularity and success. Broadcast television was introduced to the country in 1979 when the Independent Television Network was launched. Initially all Television stations were state controlled, but private television networks began broadcasts in 1992. Global television networks from India, Southeast Asia, Europe and the United States are also widely popular, and cable and satellite television is gaining in popularity with Sri Lanka's middle-class. Popular publications include the English language Daily Mirror and The Sunday Observer and The Sunday Times, Divayina, Lankadeepa and Lakbima in Sinhalese and the Tamil publications Dinakaran and Uthayan. Education With a literacy rate of 92%, and 83% of the total population having had Secondary Education, Sri Lanka has one of the most literate populations amongst developing nations. An education system which dictates 9 years of Compulsory Schooling for every child is in place, with 99% of the children entering the first grade. A free education system initiated in 1945 by Dr. C. W. W. Kannangara, a former minister of education, has greatly contributed to this. Mr. Kannangara led the establishment of the Madhya Maha Vidyalayas (Central Schools) in different parts of the country in order to provide education to Sri Lanka's rural population. In 1942 a special education committee proposed extensive reforms to establish an efficient and quality education system for the people. Most secondary schools in Sri Lanka provide education from grades 1 to 13 in the same institution. Students sit for the GCE Ordinary Level Examination (O/Levels) in grade 11 and the GCE Advanced Level Examination (A/levels) in grade 13, conducted by the Department of Examinations. These schools are modeled on British colleges. A majority of them are public, but a number of private schools do exist. While most reputed schools centered around large cities are usually single-sex institutions, rural schools tend to be coeducational. In recent decades, a large number of international schools have been established across the nation. In these schools General Certificate of Secondary Education, International Baccalaureate and Cambridge International Examinations are popular education programs. Sri Lanka Institute of Information TechnologySri Lanka has a around 16 public universities. They include the University of Colombo, the University of Peradeniya, the University of Kelaniya, the University of Sri Jayewardenepura, the University of Moratuwa, the University of Peradeniya, the University of Jaffna, the University of Ruhuna, the Eastern University of Sri Lanka, the Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka and the Wayamba University of Sri Lanka. However the lack of space in these institutions and the unwillingness to establish private universities has led to a large number of students been denied entry into formal universities as well as high undergraduate unemployment. As a result, a number of public and private institutions have emerged, which provide specialised education in a variety of fields, such as computer science, business administration and law. These include the government owned Sri Lanka Institute of Information Technology and the Institute of Technological Studies. Sports A Test match between Sri Lanka and England at the SCC Ground, Colombo, March 2001.While the national sport in Sri Lanka is volleyball, by far the most popular sport in the country is cricket. Rugby union also enjoys extensive popularity, as do aquatic sports, athletics, Football (soccer) and tennis. Sri Lanka's schools and colleges regularly organize sports and athletics teams, competing on provincial and national levels. The Sri Lankan cricket team achieved considerable success beginning in the 1990s, rising from underdog status to winning the 1996 World Cup, as well as the Asia Cup in 1996 and 2004. Sri Lanka remains one of the leading cricketing nations in the world, with the national team reaching the finals of Cricket World Cup 2007, where they lost to Australia. Sri Lanka has a large number of sports stadiums, including the Sinhalese Sports Club Ground, the R. Premadasa Stadium and the Rangiri Dumbulla Stadium in Dambulla as well as the Galle International Stadium. The country co-hosted the 1996 Cricket World Cup with India and Pakistan, and has hosted the Asia Cup tournament on numerous occasions. It will also co-host the 2011 Cricket World Cup. Aquatic sports such as boating, surfing, swimming and scuba diving on the coast, the beaches and backwaters attract a large number of Sri Lankans and foreign tourists. Failed state Sri Lanka has managed get into the top 20 Failed States Index 2008 by the Foreign Policy and The Fund for Peace which rank the countries where state collapse may be just one disaster away. Sri Lanka has been ranked 20 in the list of 60 failed states with Somalia claiming the number one spot and the distinction of being the state most at risk of failure. |
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