Fans on the ferry crossing,
No look at the Taoyuan monopoly.
Kansas Guguan cold spell can be closed,
Cuckoo in the evening sun.
Send Station Plum,
Fish mass scale factors,
Brick Cihen no multiplicity.
Fortunately, from the mountains around the Chen Chen Jiang,
Xiaoxiang to whom shed.
蜀道难
蜀道难
蜀道难Such travelling is harder than scaling the blue sky.
...Until two rulers of this region
Pushed their way through in the misty ages,
Forty-eight thousand years had passed
With nobody arriving across the Qin border.
And the Great White Mountain, westward, still has only a bird's path
Up to the summit of Emei Peak –
Which was broken once by an earthquake and there were brave men lost,
Just finishing the stone rungs of their ladder toward heaven.
...High, as on a tall flag, six dragons drive the sun,
While the river, far below, lashes its twisted course.
Such height would be hard going for even a yellow crane,
So pity the poor monkeys who have only paws to use.
The Mountain of Green Clay is formed of many circles-
Each hundred steps, we have to turn nine turns among its mound –
Panting, we brush Orion and pass the Well Star,
Then, holding our chests with our hands and sinking to the ground with a groan,
We wonder if this westward trail will never have an end.
The formidable path ahead grows darker, darker still,
With nothing heard but the call of birds hemmed in by the ancient forest,
Male birds smoothly wheeling, following the females;
And there come to us the melancholy voices of the cuckoos
Out on the empty mountain, under the lonely moon....
Such travelling is harder than scaling the blue sky.
Even to hear of it turns the cheek pale,
With the highest crag barely a foot below heaven.
Dry pines hang, head down, from the face of the cliffs,
And a thousand plunging cataracts outroar one another
And send through ten thousand valleys a thunder of spinning stones.
With all this danger upon danger,
Why do people come here who live at a safe distance?
...Though Dagger-Tower Pass be firm and grim,
And while one man guards it
Ten thousand cannot force it,
What if he be not loyal,
But a wolf toward his fellows?
...There are ravenous tigers to fear in the day
And venomous reptiles in the night
With their teeth and their fangs ready
To cut people down like hemp.
Though the City of Silk be delectable, I would rather turn home quickly.
Such travelling is harder than scaling the blue sky....
But I still face westward with a dreary moan.
【Writing in Vernacular Chinese】 唉呀呀，多么危险多么高峻伟岸！蜀道真太难攀简直难于上青天。传说中蚕丛和鱼凫建立了蜀国，开国的年代实在久远无法详谈。自从那时至今约有四万八千年，秦蜀被秦岭所阻从不沟通往返。西边太白山有飞鸟能过的小道。从那小路走可横渡峨嵋山顶端。山崩地裂蜀国五壮士被压死了，两地才有天梯栈道开始相通连。上有挡住太阳神六龙车的山巅，下有激浪排空纡回曲折的大川。善于高飞的黄鹄尚且无法飞过，即使猢狲要想翻过也愁于攀援。青泥岭多么曲折绕着山峦盘旋，百步之内萦绕岩峦转九个弯弯。可以摸到参、井星叫人仰首屏息，用手抚胸惊恐不已坐下来长叹。
好朋友呵请问你西游何时回还？可怕的岩山道实在难以登攀！只见那悲鸟在古树上哀鸣啼叫；雄雌相随飞翔在原始森林之间。月夜听到的是杜鹃悲惨的啼声，令人愁思绵绵呵这荒荡的空山！蜀道难走呵简直难于上青天，叫人听到这些怎么不脸色突变？山峰座座相连离天还不到一尺；枯松老枝倒挂倚贴在绝壁之间。漩涡飞转瀑布飞泻争相喧闹着；水石相击转动象万壑鸣雷一般。那去处恶劣艰险到了这种地步；唉呀呀你这个远方而来的客人，为了什么要来到这个地方？
剑阁那地方崇峻巍峨高入云端，只要一人把守，千军万马也难攻占。驻守的官员若不是皇家的近亲；难免要变为豺狼踞此为非造反。清晨你要提心吊胆地躲避猛虎；傍晚你要警觉防范长蛇的灾难。豺狼虎豹磨牙吮血真叫人不安；毒蛇猛兽杀人如麻即令你胆寒。锦官城虽然说是个快乐的所在；如此险恶还不如早早地把家还。蜀道太难走呵简直难于上青天；侧身西望令人不免感慨与长叹！
【Notes】 １、蚕丛、鱼凫：都是传说中古蜀国国王。古代的蜀国本与中原不通，至秦惠王灭蜀（公元前三一六），始与中原相通。
２、太白：山名，又名太乙山，秦岭主峰，在今陕西周至、太白县一带。旧说因其冬夏积雪，故名。太白山在当进京城长安之西，故云“西当太白”。
３、鸟道：极言山路险窄，仅能容鸟飞过。
４、地崩句：相传秦惠王嫁五美女与蜀，蜀遣五个力士迎之，回到梓潼，见一大蛇入穴中，五人引其尾使出；结果山崩，五人皆被压死，五女上山化为石。
５、六龙回日：相传太阳神乘车，羲和驾六龙而驶之。此指高标阻住了六龙，只得回车。
６、高标：立木为表记，其最高处叫标，也即这一带高山的标志。
７、扪参句：意谓山高入天，竟至可以伸手摸到一路所见星辰。古以星宿分野，凡地上某一区域，都划在星空某一分野之内，并以天象所示来占卜地上属邑之吉凶。秦属井宿分野，蜀属参宿分里。胁息：屏气不敢呼吸。
８、子规：杜鹃鸟，蜀地最多。相传蜀帝杜宇，号望帝，死后其魂化为子规，啼声悲凄。
９、锦城：即锦官城，今四川成都市。
１０、咨嗟：叹息。
【Review】 这首诗，大约是唐玄宗天宝初年，李白第一次到长安时写的。《蜀道难》是他袭用乐府古题，展开丰富的想象，着力描绘了秦蜀道路上奇丽惊险的山川，并从中透露了对社会的某些忧虑与关切。
诗人大体按照由古及今，自秦入蜀的线索，抓住各处山水特点来描写，以展示蜀道之难。
从“噫吁”到“然后天梯石栈相钩连”为一个段落。一开篇就极言蜀道之难，以感情强烈的咏叹点出主题，为全诗奠定了雄放的基调。以下随着感情的起伏和自然场景的变化，“蜀道之难，难于上青天”的咏叹反复出现，象一首乐曲的主旋律一样激荡着读者的心弦。
为什么说蜀道的难行比上天还难呢？这是因为自古以来秦、蜀之间被高山峻岭阻挡，由秦入蜀，太白峰首当其冲，只有高飞的鸟儿能从低缺处飞过。太白峰在秦都咸阳西南，是关中一带的最高峰。民谚云：“武公太白，去天三百。”诗人以夸张的笔墨写出了历史上不可逾越的险阻，并融汇了五丁开山的神话，点染了神奇色彩，犹如一部乐章的前奏，具有引人入胜的妙用。下面即着力刻画蜀道的高危难行了。
从“上有六龙回日之高标”至“使人听此凋朱颜”为又一段落。这一段极写山势的高危，山高写得愈充分，愈可见路之难行。你看那突兀而立的高山，高标接天，挡住了太阳神的运行；山下则是冲波激浪、曲折回旋的河川。诗人不但把夸张和神话融为一体，直写山高，而且衬以“回川”之险。唯其水险，更见山势的高危。诗人意犹未足，又借黄鹤与猿猱来反衬。山高得连千里翱翔的黄鹤也不得飞度，轻疾敏捷的猿猴也愁于攀援，不言而喻，人行走就难上加难了。以上用虚写手法层层映衬，下面再具体描写青泥岭的难行。
青泥岭，“悬崖万仞，山多云雨”（《元和郡县志》），为唐代人蜀要道。诗人着重就其峰路的萦回和山势的峻危来表现人行其上的艰难情状和畏俱心理，捕捉了在岭上曲折盘桓、手扪星辰、呼吸紧张、抚胸长叹等细节动作加以摹写，寥寥数语，便把行人艰难的步履、惶悚的神情，绘声绘色地刻画出来，困危之状如在目前。
至此蜀道的难行似乎写到了极处。但诗人笔锋一转，借“问君”引出旅愁，以忧切低昂的旋律，把读者带进一个古木荒凉、鸟声悲凄的境界。杜鹃鸟空谷传响，充满哀愁，使人闻声失色，更觉蜀道之难。诗人借景抒情，用“悲鸟号古木”、“子规啼夜月”等感情色彩浓厚的自然景观，渲染了旅愁和蜀道上空寂苍凉的环境气氛，有力地烘托了蜀道之难。
然而，逶迤千里的蜀道，还有更为奇险的风光。自“连峰去天不盈尺”至全篇结束，主要从山川之险来揭示蜀道之难，着力渲染惊险的气氛。如果说“连峰去天不盈尺”是夸饰山峰之高，“枯松倒挂倚绝壁”则是衬托绝壁之险。
诗人先托出山势的高险，然后由静而动，写出水石激荡、山谷轰鸣的惊险场景。好象一串电影镜头：开始是山峦起伏、连峰接天的远景画面；接着平缓地推成枯松倒挂绝壁的特写；而后，跟踪而来的是一组快镜头，飞湍、瀑流、悬崖、转石，配合着万壑雷鸣的音响，飞快地从眼前闪过，惊险万状，目不暇接，从而造成一种势若排山倒海的强烈艺术效果，使蜀道之难的描写，简直达到了登峰造极的地步。如果说上面山势的高危已使人望而生畏，那此处山川的险要更令人惊心动魄了。
风光变幻，险象丛生。在十分惊险的气氛中，最后写到蜀中要塞剑阁，在大剑山和小剑山之间有一条三十里长的栈道，群峰如剑，连山耸立，削壁中断如门，形成天然要塞。因其地势险要，易守难攻，历史上在此割据称王者不乏其人。诗人从剑阁的险要引出对政治形势的描写。他化用西晋张载《剑阁铭》中“形胜之地，匪亲勿居”的语句，劝人引为鉴戒，警惕战乱的发生，并联系当时的社会背景，揭露了蜀中豺狼的“磨牙吮血，杀人如麻”，从而表达了对国事的忧虑与关切。唐天宝初年，太平景象的背后正潜伏着危机，后来发生的安史之乱，证明诗人的忧虑是有现实意义的。
李白以变化莫测的笔法，淋漓尽致地刻画了蜀道之难，艺术地展现了古老蜀道逶迤、峥嵘、高峻、崎岖的面貌，描绘出一幅色彩绚丽的山水画卷。诗中那些动人的景象宛如历历在目。
李白之所以描绘得如此动人，还在于融贯其间的浪漫主义激情。诗人寄情山水，放浪形骸。他对自然景物不是冷漠的观赏，而是热情地赞叹，借以抒发自己的理想感受。那飞流惊湍、奇峰险壑，赋予了诗人的情感气质，因而才呈现出飞动的灵魂和瑰伟的姿态。诗人善于把想象、夸张和神话传说融为一体进行写景抒情。言山之高峻，则曰“上有六龙回日之高标”；状道之险阻，则曰“地崩山摧壮士死，然后天梯石栈相钩连”……诗人“驰走风云，鞭挞海岳”（陆时雍《诗镜总论》评李白七古语），从蚕丛开国说到五丁开山，由六龙回日写到子规夜啼，天马行空般地驰骋想象，创造出博大浩渺的艺术境界，充满了浪漫主义色彩。透过奇丽峭拔的山川景物，仿佛可以看到诗人那“落笔摇五岳、笑傲凌沧洲”的高大形象。
唐以前的《蜀道难》作品，简短单薄。李白对东府古题有所创新和发展，用了大量散文化诗句，字数从三言、四言、五言、七言，直到十一言，参差错落，长短不齐，形成极为奔放的语言风格。诗的用韵，也突破了梁陈时代旧作一韵到底的程式。后面描写蜀中险要环境，一连三换韵脚，极尽变化之能事。所以殷璠编《河岳英灵集》称此诗“奇之又奇，自骚人以还，鲜有此体调”。
关于本篇，前人有种种寓意之说，断定是专为某人某事而作的。明人胡震亨、顾炎武认为，李白“自为蜀咏”，“别无寓意”。今人有谓此诗表面写蜀道艰险，实则写仕途坎坷，反映了诗人在长期漫游中屡逢踬碍的生活经历和怀才不遇的愤懑，迄无定论。
（阎昭典）
满江红
满江红According to one,
Tu tie up snow.
Spring just,
Dragon Sun perforation,
Purple Moss Cangbi.
Ruyan cited weak young fly,
Street prostitution call Friends of the sweetly mood.
Q Chungui
Refused to go with worry,
Intestinal 1000 Results.
Floors look,
Spring Hill stack;
What is home?
Yanbo separated.
The ancient grudge,
Who said to him?
Butterflies do not spread far and dream
Zigui month called off a three-shift.
Listen to repeatedly,
Pillow urges people to return,
Go hard.
More nakan, live sound partridge, cuckoo cut.
Fighting to find free Chungui, bitter hate Fangfei all break.
Operators did not arrive, the world farewell;
Pipa off immediately Serbia and Montenegro, longer door speech Jinque Tsui chariot.
To see Yan Yan, send go concubine.
General battle-body were split.
Beam to the river, thousands of miles back to the enemy a long break.
Xiao Xiao Yi River West air, full house dressed like snow.
Is a strong man, Elegy is not thorough.
Tiniao also known as Xu hate, do not cry Qinglei long expected cry blood.
Who were me, drunk the moon?
No way to earth in spring.
Swing, the
Grass incessantly,
Nampo who sent the dark sand?
Yiyi very Italian thread
Haimen Man Yi Fei Xu.
Crow over chaos,
City waste transfer bucket,
Pilot lights but not come.
Spring to go,
Who suffered most?
However, Yan Shen Arrow side
Liang Yan ownerless
Cuckoo in the long twilight door.
Yushu withered like soil,
Tears of the disc, such as dew.
Xianyang see a visitor repeatedly reviewed.
Inclined at not degrees.
Spring to go,
Still to no?
Jiang hate being so different,
Fu Yu worry,
Sir Georg Solti to do on the wind and rain.
Sigh fugue native country,
Former flower mind.
Living life,
Gu Ruzi,
Total Nights language.
Muyu several cuckoo sings to the old one Chunhua poultry empty.
Not like the City of Hibiscus go as lumbar Liu.
Dream With the spring Xu fluttering. He knows the first few Zhu bridge.
Call off the bird said, for fear Hunxiao.
In the old pool hall is not returned to green to make this year the grass.
Think about a thousand miles off Township Road. Mountains were water, when received.
Rhododendron only Jieyuancanchun, and regardless, people worry.
琵琶行并序Where maple-leaves and full-grown rushes rustled in the autumn.
I, the host, had dismounted, my guest had boarded his boat,
And we raised our cups and wished to drink-but, alas, there was no music.
For all we had drunk we felt no joy and were parting from each other,
When the river widened mysteriously toward the full moon –
We had heard a sudden sound, a guitar across the water.
Host forgot to turn back home, and guest to go his way.
We followed where the melody led and asked the player's name.
The sound broke off...then reluctantly she answered.
We moved our boat near hers, invited her to join us,
Summoned more wine and lanterns to recommence our banquet.
Yet we called and urged a thousand times before she started toward us,
Still hiding half her face from us behind her guitar.
...She turned the tuning-pegs and tested several strings;
We could feel what she was feeling, even before she played:
Each string a meditation, each note a deep thought,
As if she were telling us the ache of her whole life.
She knit her brows, flexed her fingers, then began her music,
Little by little letting her heart share everything with ours.
She brushed the strings, twisted them slow, swept them, plucked them –
First the air of The Rainbow Skirt, then The Six Little Ones.
The large strings hummed like rain,
The small strings whispered like a secret,
Hummed, whispered-and then were intermingled
Like a pouring of large and small pearls into a plate of jade.
We heard an oriole, liquid, hidden among flowers.
We heard a brook bitterly sob along a bank of sand...
By the checking of its cold touch, the very string seemed broken
As though it could not pass; and the notes, dying away
Into a depth of sorrow and concealment of lament,
Told even more in silence than they had told in sound....
A silver vase abruptly broke with a gush of water,
And out leapt armored horses and weapons that clashed and smote –
And, before she laid her pick down, she ended with one stroke,
And all four strings made one sound, as of rending silk
There was quiet in the east boat and quiet in the west,
And we saw the white autumnal moon enter the river's heart.
...When she had slowly placed the pick back among the strings,
She rose and smoothed her clothing and, formal, courteous,
Told us how she had spent her girlhood at the capital,
Living in her parents' house under the Mount of Toads,
And had mastered the guitar at the age of thirteen,
With her name recorded first in the class-roll of musicians,
Her art the admiration even of experts,
Her beauty the envy of all the leading dancers,
How noble youths of Wuling had lavishly competed
And numberless red rolls of silk been given for one song,
And silver combs with shell inlay been snapped by her rhythms,
And skirts the colour of blood been spoiled with stains of wine....
Season after season, joy had followed joy,
Autumn moons and spring winds had passed without her heeding,
Till first her brother left for the war, and then her aunt died,
And evenings went and evenings came, and her beauty faded –
With ever fewer chariots and horses at her door;
So that finally she gave herself as wife to a merchant
Who, prizing money first, careless how he left her,
Had gone, a month before, to Fuliang to buy tea.
And she had been tending an empty boat at the river's mouth,
No company but the bright moon and the cold water.
And sometimes in the deep of night she would dream of her triumphs
And be wakened from her dreams by the scalding of her tears.
Her very first guitar-note had started me sighing;
Now, having heard her story, I was sadder still.
"We are both unhappy – to the sky's end.
We meet. We understand. What does acquaintance matter?
I came, a year ago, away from the capital
And am now a sick exile here in Jiujiang –
And so remote is Jiujiang that I have heard no music,
Neither string nor bamboo, for a whole year.
My quarters, near the River Town, are low and damp,
With bitter reeds and yellowed rushes all about the house.
And what is to be heard here, morning and evening? –
The bleeding cry of cuckoos, the whimpering of apes.
On flowery spring mornings and moonlit autumn nights
I have often taken wine up and drunk it all alone,
Of course there are the mountain songs and the village pipes,
But they are crude and-strident, and grate on my ears.
And tonight, when I heard you playing your guitar,
I felt as if my hearing were bright with fairymusic.
Do not leave us. Come, sit down. Play for us again.
And I will write a long song concerning a guitar."
...Moved by what I said, she stood there for a moment,
Then sat again to her strings-and they sounded even sadder,
Although the tunes were different from those she had played before....
The feasters, all listening, covered their faces.
But who of them all was crying the most?
This Jiujiang official. My blue sleeve was wet.
【Writing in Vernacular Chinese】 唐宪宗元和十年，我被贬为九江郡司马。第二年秋季的一天，送客到湓浦口，夜里听到船上有人弹琵琶。听那声音，铮铮铿铿有京都流行的声韵。探问这个人，原来是长安的歌女，曾经向穆、曹两位琵琶大师学艺。后来年纪大了，红颜退尽，嫁给商人为妻。于是命人摆酒叫她畅快地弹几曲。她弹完后，有些闷闷不乐的样子，自己说起了少年时欢乐之事，而今漂泊沉沦，形容憔悴，在江湖之间辗转流浪。我离京调外任职两年来，随遇而安，自得其乐，而今被这个人的话所感触，这天夜里才有被降职的感觉。于是撰写一首长诗赠送给她，共六百一十六字，题为《琵琶行》。
秋夜我到浔阳江头送一位归客，冷风吹着枫叶和芦花秋声瑟瑟。
我下马和客人在船上饯别设宴，举起酒杯要饮却无助兴的管弦。
酒喝得不痛快更伤心将要分别，临别时夜茫茫江水倒映着明月。
忽听得江面上传来琵琶清脆声；我忘却了回归客人也不想动身。
循身轻轻探问弹琵琶的是何人？琵琶停了许久却迟迟没有动静。
我们移船靠近邀请她出来相见；叫下人添酒回灯重新摆起酒宴。
千呼万唤她才羞答答地走出来，还怀抱琵琶半遮着羞涩的脸面。
转紧琴轴拨动琴弦试弹了几声；尚示成曲调那形态就非常有情。
弦弦凄楚悲切声音隐含着沉思；似乎在诉说着她平生的不得志；
她低着头随手连续地弹个不停；用琴声把心中无限的往事说尽。
轻轻抚拢慢慢捻滑抹了又加挑；初弹霓裳羽衣曲接着再弹六幺。
大弦浑宏悠长嘈嘈如暴风骤雨；小弦和缓幽细切切如有人私语。
嘈嘈声切切声互为交错地弹奏；就象大珠小珠一串串掉落玉盘。
清脆如黄莺在花丛下婉转鸣唱；幽咽就象清泉在沙滩底下流淌。
好象水泉冷涩琵琶声开始凝结，凝结而不通畅声音渐渐地中断。
象另有一种愁思幽恨暗暗滋生；此时闷闷无声却比有声更动人。
突然间好象银瓶撞破水浆四溅；又好象铁甲骑兵撕杀刀枪齐鸣。
一曲终了她对准琴弦中心划拨；四弦一声轰鸣好象撕裂了布帛。
东船西舫人们都静悄悄地聆听；只见江心之中映着白白秋月影。
她沉吟着收起拨片插在琴弦中；整顿衣裳依然显出庄重的颜容。
她说我原是京城歌女负有盛名；老家住在长安城东南的虾蟆陵。
弹奏琵琶技艺十三岁就已学成；教坊乐团第一队中列有我姓名。
每曲弹罢都令艺术大师们叹服；每次妆成都被同行歌妓们嫉妒。
京都豪富子弟争先恐后来献彩；弹完一曲收来的红绡不知其数。
钿头银篦打节拍常常断裂粉碎；红色罗裙被酒渍染污也不后悔。
年复一年都在欢笑打闹中渡过；秋去春来美好的时光白白消磨。
兄弟从军姊妹死家道已经破败；暮去朝来我也渐渐地年老色衰。
门前车马减少光顾者落落稀稀；青春已逝我只得嫁给商人为妻。
商人重利不重情常常轻易别离；上个月他去浮梁做茶叶的生意。
他去了留下我在江口孤守空船；秋月与我作伴绕舱的秋水凄寒。
更深夜阑常梦少年时作乐狂欢；梦中哭醒啼泪纵横污损了粉颜。
我听琵琶的悲泣早已摇头叹息；又听到她这番诉说更叫我悲凄。
我们俩同是天涯沦落的可悲人；今日相逢何必问是否曾经相识。
自从去年我离开繁华长安京城；被贬居住在浔阳江畔常常卧病。
浔阳这地方荒凉偏僻没有音乐；一年到头听不到管弦的乐器声。
住在湓江这个低洼潮湿的地方；第宅周围黄芦和苦竹缭绕丛生。
在这里早晚能听到的是什么呢？尽是杜鹃猿猴那些悲凄的哀鸣。
春江花朝秋江月夜那样好光景；也无可奈何常常取酒独酌独饮。
难道这里就没有山歌和村笛吗？只是那音调嘶哑粗涩实在难听。
今晚我听你弹奏琵琶诉说衷情，就象听到仙乐眼也亮来耳也明。
请你不要推辞坐下来再弹一曲；我要为你创作一首新诗琵琶行。
被我的话所感动她站立了好久；回身坐下再转紧琴弦拨出急声。
凄凄切切不再象刚才那种声音；在座的人重听都掩面哭泣不停。
要问在座之中谁流的眼泪最多？我江州司马泪水湿透青衫衣襟！
【Notes】 1.行：古乐府诗的一种，与"歌"体相近，故常称歌行体。此诗题又作《琵琶引》。
2.九江郡：即江州，州治所在九江。司马：州刺史的副官，唐时常以谪官充之，有职无权。
3.明年：第二年。
4.湓浦口：湓水（今名龙开河）源出江西省瑞昌县清湓山，东流经九江入长江，江口称湓浦口。
5.善才：乐师。唐对琵琶艺人或曲师的通称
6.贾人：商人。
7.命酒：吩咐摆酒。
8.快弹：痛痛快快地弹。
9.本诗共六一六字。"二"当为"六"字之误。
10.浔阳江：长江流经浔阳郡境内的一段。荻花：荻是水生植物，秋天开草黄色花。11、管弦：管乐器与弦乐器，指音乐。
13.欲语迟：想回答又有些迟疑。
14.弦弦句：弦声低沉优郁，乐声深沉哀怨。
15.轻拢句：弹奏的各种手法。《霓裳》：即《霓裳羽衣曲》，据说是开元时从印度传入的，原名《婆罗门》，经唐明皇润色并改此名。作者还有《霓裳羽衣舞歌》，对此有较详细的描写。《六么》：琵琶曲名。也作"绿腰"，原名"录要"，以乐工进曲录其要点而得名，是当时流行的曲调。
16.大弦指琵琶四弦（或五弦）中最粗的弦，小弦指细弦。嘈嘈：形容低重之音。切切：形容轻细之音。
17.大珠句：形容琵琶声清脆圆润。
18.间关：鸟鸣声。滑：形容乐声宛转流畅。冰下难：以泉水在冰下流动受阻形容乐声艰涩低沉、呜咽断续。莺语流滑
19.银瓶两句：形容曲调暂歇之后，忽然急促高亢，又进入高潮。
20.曲终两句：描写演奏结束时，演奏者用拔子对着四弦的中心用力一划，琵琶声象猛然撕开布帛时发出的声响。
21.沉吟：沉思回味。敛容：整理情绪，从音乐意境中收回心来，表现出严肃而又恭敬的神态。
22.虾蟆陵：在长安城东南曲江附近，是歌女聚居的地方。旧说董仲舒葬此，门人经过这里，都下马步行，所以叫下马陵。后人误传为虾蟆陵。
23.教坊：唐高祖时设置的宫内教练歌舞的机构，唐玄宗又设内教坊和左教坊、右教坊。这位弹琵琶的娼女当是挂名教坊，临时入宫供奉的。第一部：首席乐队。
24.伏：通服，敬佩。秋娘：当时的一位名妓。
25.缠头：用锦帛送歌舞妓女
26.五陵年少：富贵人家子弟。五陵：指汉代的长陵、安陵、阳陵、茂陵、平陵，都在长安城北，是汉朝王公贵族的聚居处。缠头：古代赏赠给歌人舞女的丝织品。争缠头：争先恐后地送缠头。红绡：红色绫缎。
27.钿：用金玉珠宝等制成的花朵形的首饰。云箆：云状的箆，也是一种首饰。云一作银。击节碎：用贵重首饰打拍子，碎了也不可惜。
28.故：陈旧。
29.浮梁：唐天宝间改设的县，治所在今江西景德镇北浮梁。是个茶叶贸易中心。
30.妆泪：脂粉和眼泪混在一起。阑干：（泪水）纵横。
31.重：更加。唧唧：叹息。
32.杜鹃：又名子规，鸣声凄切。相传古蜀国的一位国君名叫杜宇，又称望帝，死后魂化杜鹃，鸣声凄切，常常啼叫得口角流血。
33.呕哑嘲哳：形容乐声杂乱难听。
34.翻作：依曲调写词。
35.却坐：重新坐下。退回到原处
36.江州司马：作者自指。
【Review】 前人或以为琵琶女之事未必真有。宋洪迈《容斋五笔·琵琶行海棠诗》条："白乐天《琵琶行》一篇，读者但羡其风致，敬其词章，至形于乐府歌咏之不足，遂以谓真为长安故倡所作。予窃疑之。唐世法纲虽于此为宽，然乐天曾居禁密，且谪居未久，必不肯乘夜入独处妇人船中，相从饮酒，至于极弹丝之乐，中夕方去，岂不虞商人者他日议其后乎？乐天之意，直欲抒写天涯沦落之恨尔。"田雯《古欢堂集杂著》卷三："余尝谓白香山《琵琶行》一篇，从杜子美《公孙大娘弟子舞剑器》诗得来。'临颖美人在白帝，妙舞此曲神扬扬。与余问答既有以，感时抚事增惋伤'。杜以四语，白成数行，所谓演法者也。"也有人认为真有琵琶女其人其事。陈寅恪《元白诗笺证稿》云："作此诗之人与此诗所咏之人，二者为一体。真可谓能所双亡，主宾俱化，专一而更专一，感慨复加感慨。"苏仲翔《元白诗选注》云：" 此诗本为长安故倡女感今伤昔而作，联系己身迁谪失路之怀"。
不论琵琶女真否，此诗所写天涯沦落之悲实为真情。《唐宋诗醇》云："满腔迁谪之感，借商妇以发之，有同病相怜之意焉。比兴相纬，寄托遥深，其意微以显，其情哀以思，其辞丽以则。"白氏自编集时，将此诗归入"感伤"类。
这是唐诗中写音乐的名篇，与李颀《听董大弹胡笳弄兼寄语房给事》、李白《听蜀僧濬弹琴》、韩愈《听颖师弹琴》、李贺《李凭箜篌引》等并受后人关注。此诗之音乐描写、人物形象、语言词藻，均优美动人，又情深意切，故颇能引起读者共鸣。
[鉴赏]
本题为《琵琶引并序》，“序”里却写作“行”。“行”和“引”，都是乐府歌辞的一体。“序”文如下：“元和十年，予左迁九江郡司马。明年秋，送客湓浦口。闻舟中夜弹琵琶者，听其音，铮铮然有京都声。问其人，本长安倡女。尝学琵琶于穆、曹二善才，年长色衰，委身为贾人妇。遂命酒使快弹数曲，曲罢悯然。自叙少小时欢乐事，今漂沦憔悴，转徙于江湖间。予出官二年，恬然自安，感斯人言，是夕始觉有迁谪意。因为长句，歌以赠之，凡六百一十二言，命曰《琵琶行》。”“一十二”当是传刻之误。宋人戴复古在《琵琶行诗》里已经指出：“一写六百十六字。”
《琵琶行》和《长恨歌》是各有独创性的名作。早在作者生前，已经是“童子解吟《长恨》曲，胡儿能唱《琵琶》篇”。此后，一直传诵国内外，显示了强大的艺术生命力。
如“序”中所说，诗里所写的是作者由长安贬到九江期间在船上听一位长安故倡弹奏琵琶、诉说身世的情景。
宋人洪迈认为夜遇琵琶女事未必可信，作者是通过虚构的情节，抒发他自己的“天涯沦落之恨”（《容斋随笔》卷七），这是抓住了要害的。但那虚构的情节既然真实地反映了琵琶女的不幸遭遇，那么就诗的客观意义说，它也抒发了“长安故倡”的“天涯沦落之恨”。看不到这一点，同样有片面性。
诗人着力塑造了琵琶女的形象。
从开头到“犹抱琵琶半遮面”，写琵琶女的出场。
首句“浔阳江头夜送客”，只七个字，就把人物（主人和客人）、地点（浔阳江头）、事件（主人送客人）和时间（夜晚）一一作概括的介绍；再用“枫叶荻花秋瑟瑟”一句作环境的烘染，而秋夜送客的萧瑟落寞之感，已曲曲传出。惟其萧瑟落寞，因而反跌出“举酒欲饮无管弦”。“无管弦”三字，既与后面的“终岁不闻丝竹声”相呼应，又为琵琶女的出场和弹奏作铺垫。因“无管弦”而“醉不成欢惨将别”，铺垫已十分有力，再用“别时茫茫江浸月”作进一层的环境烘染，就使得“忽闻水上琵琶声”具有浓烈的空谷足音之感，无怪乎“主人忘归客不发”，要“寻声暗问弹者谁”、“移船相近邀相见”了。
从“夜送客”之时的“秋萧瑟”、“无管弦”、“惨将别”一转而为“忽闻”、“寻声”、“暗问”、“移船”，直到“邀相见”，这对于琵琶女的出场来说，已可以说是“千呼万唤”了。但“邀相见”还不那么容易，又要经历一个“千呼万唤”的过程，她才肯“出来”。这并不是她在拿身份。正象“我”渴望听仙乐一般的琵琶声，是“直欲摅写天涯沦落之恨”一样，她“千呼万唤始出来”，也是由于有一肚子“天涯沦落之恨”，不便明说，也不愿见人。诗人正是抓住这一点，用“琵琶声停欲语迟”、“犹抱琵琶半遮面”的肖像描写来表现她的难言之痛的。
下面的一大段，通过描写琵琶女弹奏的乐曲来揭示她的内心世界。
先用“转轴拨弦三两声”一句写校弦试音，接着就赞叹“未成曲调先有情”，突出了一个“情”字。“弦弦掩抑声声思”以下六句，总写“初为《霓裳》后《六幺》”的弹奏过程，其中既用“低眉信手续续弹”、“轻拢慢撚抹复挑”描写弹奏的神态，更用“似诉平生不得志”、“说尽心中无限事”概括了琵琶女借乐曲所抒发的思想情感。此后十四句，在借助语言的音韵摹写音乐的时候，兼用各种生动的比喻以加强其形象性。“大弦嘈嘈如急雨”，既用“嘈嘈”这个叠字词摹声，又用“如急雨”使它形象化。“小弦切切如私语”亦然。这还不够，“嘈嘈切切错杂弹”，已经再现了“如急雨”、“如私语”两种旋律的交错出现，再用“大珠小珠落玉盘”一比，视觉形象与听觉形象就同时显露出来，令人眼花缭乱，耳不暇接。旋律继续变化，出现了先“滑”后“涩”的两种意境。“间关”之声，轻快流利，而这种声音又好象“莺语花底”，视觉形象的优美强化了听觉形象的优美。“幽咽”之声，悲抑哽塞，而这种声音又好象“泉流冰下”，视觉形象的冷涩强化了听觉形象的冷涩。由“冷涩”到“凝绝”，是一个“声渐歇”的过程，诗人用“别有幽愁暗恨生，此时无声胜有声”的佳句描绘了余音袅袅、余意无穷的艺术境界，令人拍案叫绝。弹奏至此，满以为已经结束了。谁知那“幽愁暗恨”在“声渐歇”的过程中积聚了无穷的力量，无法压抑，终于如“银瓶乍破”，水浆奔迸，如“铁骑突出”，刀枪轰鸣，把“凝绝”的暗流突然推向高潮。才到高潮，即收拨一画，戛然而止。一曲虽终，而回肠荡气、惊心动魄的音乐魅力，却并没有消失。诗人又用“东船西舫悄无言，唯见江心秋月白”的环境描写作侧面烘托，给读者留下了涵泳回味的广阔空间。
如此绘声绘色地再现千变万化的音乐形象，已不能不使我们惊佩作者的艺术才华。但作者的才华还不仅表现在再现音乐形象，更重要的是通过音乐形象的千变万化，展现了琵琶女起伏回荡的心潮，为下面的诉说身世作了音乐性的渲染。
正象在“邀相见”之后，省掉了请弹琵琶的细节一样；在曲终之后，也略去了关于身世的询问，而用两个描写肖像的句子向“自言”过渡：“沉吟”的神态，显然与询问有关，这反映了她欲说还休的内心矛盾；“放拨”、“插弦中”，“整顿衣裳”、“起”、“敛容”等一系列动作和表情，则表现了她克服矛盾、一吐为快的心理活动。“自言”以下，用如怨如慕、如泣如诉的抒情笔调，为琵琶女的半生遭遇谱写了一曲扣人心弦的悲歌，与“说尽心中无限事”的乐曲互相补充，完成了女主人公的形象塑造。
女主人公的形象塑造得异常生动真实，并具有高度的典型性。通过这个形象，深刻地反映了封建社会中被侮辱、被损害的乐伎们、艺人们的悲惨命运。面对这个形象，怎能不一洒同情之泪！
作者在被琵琶女的命运激起的情感波涛中坦露了自我形象。“我从去年辞帝京，谪居卧病浔阳城”的那个“我”，是作者自己。作者由于要求革除暴政、实行仁政而遭受打击，从长安贬到九江，心情很痛苦。当琵琶女第一次弹出哀怨的乐曲、表达心事的时候，就已经拨动了他的心弦，发出了深长的叹息声。当琵琶女自诉身世、讲到“夜深忽梦少年事，梦啼妆泪红阑干”的时候，就更激起他的情感的共鸣：“同是天涯沦落人，相逢何必曾相识”。同病相怜，同声相应，忍不住说出了自己的遭遇。
写琵琶女自诉身世，详昔而略今；写自己的遭遇，则压根儿不提被贬以前的事。这也许是意味着以彼之详，补此之略吧！比方说，琵琶女昔日在京城里“曲罢常教善才伏，妆成每被秋娘妒”的情况和作者被贬以前的情况是不是有某些相通之处呢？同样，他被贬以后的处境和琵琶女“老大嫁作商人妇”以后的处境是不是也有某些类似之处呢？看来是有的，要不然，怎么会发出“同是天涯沦落人”的感慨？
“我”的诉说，反转来又拨动了琵琶女的心弦，当她又一次弹琵琶的时候，那声音就更加凄苦感人，因而反转来又激动了“我”的感情，以至热泪直流，湿透青衫。
把处于封建社会底层的琵琶女的遭遇，同被压抑的正直的知识分子的遭遇相提并论，相互映衬，相互补充，作如此细致生动的描写，并寄予无限同情，这在以前的诗歌中还是罕见的。
（霍松林）
送梓州李使君
送梓州李使君
送梓州李使君On a thousand peaks cuckoos are calling;
And, after a night of mountain rain,
From each summit come hundreds of silken cascades.
...If girls are asked in tribute the fibre they weave,
Or farmers quarrel over taro fields,
Preside as wisely as Wenweng did....
Is fame to be only for the ancients?
【Writing in Vernacular Chinese】 梓州一带千山万壑尽是大树参天，
山连着山到处可听到悲鸣的杜鹃。
山里昨晚不停地下了透夜的春雨，
树梢淅淅沥沥活象泻着百道清泉。
蜀汉妇女以花织成的布来纳税，
巴郡农民常为农田之事发生讼案。
但愿你重振文翁的精神办学教化，
不可倚仗先贤的遗泽清静与偷闲。
(刘建勋)
【Notes】 1、树杪（miǎo）：树梢。
2、橦（tóng）布：橦木花织成的布，为梓州特产。巴：古国名，故都在今四川重庆。芋 田：蜀中产芋，当时为主粮之一。这句指巴人常为农田事发生讼案。
3、文翁：汉景时为郡太守，政尚宽宏，见蜀地僻陋，乃建造学宫，诱育人才，使巴蜀日渐开化。
4、翻：翻然改图之翻。这两句，纪昀说是"不可解"。赵殿成说是"不敢，当是敢不之论"。高眇瀛云："末二句言文翁教化至今已衰，当更翻新以振起之，不敢倚先贤成绩而泰然无为也。此相勉之意，而昔人以为此二句不可解，何邪"赵、 高二说中，赵说似可采。
【Review】 这是一首投赠诗，送友人李使君赴梓州上任。诗以即景生情，抒发惜别心绪，也兼写蜀中的风景土俗。开头四句写梓州山林奇胜；五、六两句写"汉女巴人"之风俗；七、八句以汉景帝时蜀郡太守文翁比拟李使君；寓意不能因为此地僻陋，人民难治而改变文翁教化之策。
诗的情绪积极开朗，格调高远，前半首尤胜，是唐诗中写送别的名篇之一。
诗人想象了友人为官的梓州山林的壮丽景象以及风俗和民情，勉励友人在梓州创造业绩，超过先贤。诗人能选取最能表现蜀地特色的景物，运用夸张手法加以描写，气象壮观开阔。全诗无一般送别诗的感伤气氛，情调开朗，爽利明快。
［鉴赏］
赠别之作，多从眼前景物写起，即景生情，抒发惜别之意。王维此诗，立意则不在惜别，而在劝勉，因而一上来就从悬想着笔，遥写李使君赴任之地梓州（州治在今四川三台县）的自然风光，形象逼真，气韵生动，令人神往。
开头两句互文见义，起得极有气势：万壑千山，到处是参天的大树，到处是杜鹃的啼声。既有视觉形象，又有听觉感受，读来使人恍如置身其间，大有耳目应接不暇之感。这两句气象阔大，神韵俊迈，被后世诗评家引为律诗工于发端的范例。
首联从大处落笔，起势不凡；颔联则从细处着墨，承接尤佳，不愧大家手笔。诗人展现了一幅绝妙的奇景：一夜透雨过后，山间飞泉百道，远远望去，好似悬挂在树梢上一般，充分表现出山势的高峻突兀和山泉的雄奇秀美。“山中”句承首联“山”字，“树杪”句承首联“树”字，两句又一泻而下，天然工巧。这两联挺拔流动，自然奇妙，画面、意境、气势、结构、语言俱佳。前人所谓“起四句高调摩云”（《唐宋诗举要》引纪昀语），“兴来神来，天然入妙，不可凑泊”（王士禛《古夫于亭杂录》），诚非虚夸。
作者以欣羡的笔调描绘蜀地山水景物之后，诗的后半首转写蜀中民情和使君政事。梓州是少数民族聚居之地，那里的妇女，按时向官府交纳用橦（ｔóｎｇ童）木花织成的布匹；蜀地产芋，那里的人们又常常会为芋田发生诉讼。“汉女”、“巴人”、“橦布”、“芋田”，处处紧扣蜀地特点，而征收赋税，处理讼案，又都是李使君就任梓州刺史以后所掌管的职事，写在诗里，非常贴切。最后两句，运用有关治蜀的典故。“文翁”是汉景帝时的蜀郡太守，他曾兴办学校，教育人才，使蜀郡“由是大化”（《汉书·循吏传》）。王维以此勉励李使君，希望他效法文翁，翻新教化，而不要倚仗文翁等先贤原有的政绩，泰然无为。联系上文来看，既然蜀地环境如此之美，民情风士又如此之淳，到那里去当刺史，自然更应当克尽职事，有所作为。寓劝勉于用典之中，寄厚望于送别之时，委婉而得体。
这首赠别诗写得很有特色。前半首悬想梓州山林奇胜，是切地；颈联叙写蜀中民风，是切事；尾联用典，以文翁拟李使君，官同事同，是切人。这样写来，神完气足，精当不移。诗中所表现的情绪积极开朗，格调高远，是唐代送别佳篇。
（刘德重）
锦瑟
锦瑟Each with its flower-like fret an interval of youth.
...The sage Chuangzi is day-dreaming, bewitched by butterflies,
The spring-heart of Emperor Wang is crying in a cuckoo,
Mermen weep their pearly tears down a moon-green sea,
Blue fields are breathing their jade to the sun....
And a moment that ought to have lasted for ever
Has come and gone before I knew.
【Writing in Vernacular Chinese】 锦瑟呀，你为何竟然有五十条弦？每弦每节，都令人怀思黄金华年。
我心象庄子，为蝴蝶晓梦而迷惘；又象望帝化杜鹃，寄托春心哀怨
沧海明月高照，鲛人泣泪皆成珠；蓝田红日和暖，可看到良玉生烟。
悲欢离合之情，岂待今日来追忆；只是当年却漫不经心，早已惘然。
【Notes】 １、锦瑟：装饰华美的瑟。瑟：拨弦乐器，通常二十五弦。
２、无端：犹何故。怨怪之词。
３、五十弦：这里是托古之词。作者的原意，当也是说锦瑟本应是二十五弦。
４、庄生句：意谓旷达如庄生，尚为晓梦所迷。庄生：庄周。
５、望帝句：意谓自己的心事只能寄托在化魂的杜鹃上。望帝：相传蜀帝杜宇，号望帝，死后其魂化为子规，即杜鹃鸟。
６、珠有泪：传说南海外有鲛人，其泪能泣珠。
７、蓝田：山名，在今陕西，产美玉。
【Review】 这首诗历来注释不一，莫衷一是。或以为是悼亡之作，或以为是爱国之篇或以为是自比文才之论，或以为是抒写思念待儿锦瑟。但以为是悼亡诗者为最多。有人认为，开首以瑟弦五十折半为二十五，隐指亡妇华年二十五岁。这话未免有嫌牵强。但是，首联哀悼早逝却是真实。颔联以庄子亡妻鼓盆而歌和期效望帝化成子规而啼血，间接地描写了人生的悲欢离合。颈联以鲛人泣珠和良玉生烟的典故，隐约地描摹了世间风情迷离恍惚，可望而不可置。最后抒写生前情爱漫不经心，死后追忆已经惘然的难以排遣的情绪。
这首《锦瑟》，是李商隐的代表作，爱诗的无不乐道喜吟，堪称最享盛名；然而它又是最不易讲解的一篇难诗。自宋元以来，揣测纷纷，莫衷一是。
诗题“锦瑟”，是用了起句的头二个字。旧说中，原有认为这是咏物诗的，但近来注解家似乎都主张：这首诗与瑟事无关，实是一篇借瑟以隐题的“无题”之作。我以为，它确是不同于一般的咏物体，可也并非只是单纯“截取首二字”以发端比兴而与字面毫无交涉的无题诗。它所写的情事分明是与瑟相关的。
起联两句，从来的注家也多有误会，以为据此可以判明此篇作时，诗人已“行年五十”，或“年近五十”，故尔云云。其实不然。“无端”，犹言“没来由地”、“平白无故地”。此诗人之痴语也。锦瑟本来就有那么多弦，这并无“不是”或“过错”；诗人却硬来埋怨它：锦瑟呀，你干什么要有这么多条弦？瑟，到底原有多少条弦，到李商隐时代又实有多少条弦，其实都不必“考证”，诗人不过借以遣词见意而已。据记载，古瑟五十弦，所以玉谿写瑟，常用“五十”之数，如“雨打湘灵五十弦”，“因令五十丝，中道分宫徵”，都可证明，此在诗人原无特殊用意。
“一弦一柱思华年”，关键在于“华年”二字。一弦一柱犹言一音一节。瑟具弦五十，音节最为繁富可知，其繁音促节，常令听者难以为怀。诗人绝没有让人去死抠“数字”的意思。他是说：聆锦瑟之繁弦，思华年之往事；音繁而绪乱，怅惘以难言。所设五十弦，正为“制造气氛”，以见往事之千重，情肠之九曲。要想欣赏玉谿此诗，先宜领会斯旨，正不可胶柱而鼓瑟。宋词人贺铸说：“锦瑟华年谁与度？”（《青玉案》）元诗人元好问说：“佳人锦瑟怨华年！”
（《论诗三十首》）华年，正今语所谓美丽的青春。玉谿此诗最要紧的“主眼”端在华年盛景，所以“行年五十”这才追忆“四十九年”之说，实在不过是一种迂见罢了。
起联用意既明，且看他下文如何承接。
颔联的上句，用了《庄子》的一则寓言典故，说的是庄周梦见自己身化为蝶，栩栩然而飞……浑忘自家是“庄周”其人了；后来梦醒，自家仍然是庄周，不知蝴蝶已经何往。玉谿此句是写：佳人锦瑟，一曲繁弦，惊醒了诗人的梦景，不复成寐。迷含迷失、离去、不至等义。试看他在《秋日晚思》中说：“枕寒庄蝶去”，去即离、逝，亦即他所谓迷者是。晓梦蝴蝶，虽出庄生，但一经玉谿运用，已经不止是一个“栩栩然”的问题了，这里面隐约包涵着美好的情境，却又是虚缈的梦境。本联下句中的望帝，是传说中周朝末年蜀地的君主，名叫杜宇。后来禅位退隐，不幸国亡身死，死后魂化为鸟，暮春啼苦，至于口中流血，其声哀怨凄悲，动人心腑，名为杜鹃。杜宇啼春，这与锦瑟又有什么关联呢？原来，锦瑟繁弦，哀音怨曲，引起诗人无限的悲感，难言的冤愤，如闻杜鹃之凄音，送春归去。一个“托”字，不但写了杜宇之托春心于杜鹃，也写了佳人之托春心于锦瑟，手挥目送之间，花落水流之趣，诗人妙笔奇情，于此已然达到一个高潮。
看来，玉谿的“春心托杜鹃”，以冤禽托写恨怀，而“佳人锦瑟怨华年”提出一个“怨”字，正是恰得其真实。玉谿之题咏锦瑟，非同一般闲情琐绪，其中自有一段奇情深恨在。
律诗一过颔联，“起”“承”之后，已到“转”笔之时，笔到此间，大抵前面文情已然达到小小一顿之处，似结非结，含意待申。在此下面，点笔落墨，好象重新再“起”似的。其笔势或如奇峰突起，或如藕断丝连，或者推笔宕开，或者明缓暗紧……手法可以不尽相同，而神理脉络，是有转折而又始终贯注的。当此之际，玉谿就写出了“沧海月明珠有泪”这一名句来。
珠生于蚌，蚌在于海，每当月明宵静，蚌则向月张开，以养其珠，珠得月华，始极光莹……。这是美好的民间传统之说。月本天上明珠，珠似水中明月；泪以珠喻，自古为然，鲛人泣泪，颗颗成珠，亦是海中的奇情异景。如此，皎月落于沧海之间，明珠浴于泪波之界，月也，珠也，泪也，三耶一耶？一化三耶？三即一耶？在诗人笔下，已然形成一个难以分辨的妙境。我们读唐人诗，一笔而有如此丰富的内涵、奇丽的联想的，舍玉谿生实不多觏。
那么，海月、泪珠和锦瑟是否也有什么关联可以寻味呢？钱起的咏瑟名句不是早就说“二十五弦弹夜月，不胜清怨却飞来”吗？所以，瑟宜月夜，清怨尤深。如此，沧海月明之境，与瑟之关联，不是可以窥探的吗？
对于诗人玉谿来说，沧海月明这个境界，尤有特殊的深厚感情。有一次，他因病中未能躬与河东公的“乐营置酒”之会，就写出了“只将沧海月，高压赤城霞”的句子。如此看来，他对此境，一方面于其高旷皓净十分爱赏，一方面于其凄寒孤寂又十分感伤：一种复杂的难言的怅惘之怀，溢于言表。
晚唐诗人司空图，引过比他早的戴叔伦的一段话：“诗家美景，如蓝田日暖，良玉生烟，可望而不可置于眉睫之前也。”这里用来比喻的八个字，简直和此诗颈联下句的七个字一模一样，足见此一比喻，另有根源，可惜后来古籍失传，竟难重觅出处。今天解此句的，别无参考，引戴语作解说，是否贴切，亦难断言。晋代文学家陆机在他的《文赋》里有一联名句：“石韫玉而山辉，水怀珠而川媚。”蓝田，山名，在今陕西蓝田东南，是有名的产玉之地。此山为日光煦照，蕴藏其中的玉气（古人认为宝物都有一种一般目力所不能见的光气），冉冉上腾，但美玉的精气远察如在，近观却无，所以可望而不可置诸眉睫之下，—这代表了一种异常美好的理想景色，然而它是不能把握和无法亲近的。玉谿此处，正是在“韫玉山辉，怀珠川媚”的启示和联想下，用蓝田日暖给上句沧海月明作出了对仗，造成了异样鲜明强烈的对比。而就字面讲，蓝田对沧海，也是非常工整的，因为沧字本义是青色。玉谿在词藻上的考究，也可以看出他的才华和工力。
颈联两句所表现的，是阴阳冷暖、美玉明珠，境界虽殊，而怅恨则一。诗人对于这一高洁的感情，是爱慕的、执着的，然而又是不敢亵渎、哀思叹惋的。
尾联拢束全篇，明白提出“此情”二字，与开端的“华年”相为呼应，笔势未尝闪遁。诗句是说：如此情怀，岂待今朝回忆始感无穷怅恨，即在当时早已是令人不胜惘惘了—话是说的“岂待回忆”，意思正在：那么今朝追忆，其为怅恨，又当如何！诗人用两句话表出了几层曲折，而几层曲折又只是为了说明那种怅惘的苦痛心情。诗之所以为诗者在于此，玉谿诗之所以为玉谿诗者，尤在于此。
玉谿一生经历，有难言之痛，至苦之情，郁结中怀，发为诗句，幽伤要眇，往复低徊，感染于人者至深。他的一首送别诗中说：“瘐信生多感，杨朱死有情；弦危中妇瑟，甲冷想夫筝！……”则筝瑟为曲，常系乎生死哀怨之深情苦意，可想而知。循此以求，我觉得如谓锦瑟之诗中有生离死别之恨，恐怕也不能说是全出臆断。
（周汝昌）
杂诗
杂诗And the causeway gleams with willows, and wheatfields wave in the wind,
We are thinking of our kinsfolk, far away from us.
O cuckoo, why do you follow us, why do you call us home?
【Writing in Vernacular Chinese】 时令将近寒食，春雨绵绵春草萋萋；
春风过处苗麦摇摆，堤上杨柳依依。
这是为什么呵，我却有家归去不得？
杜鹃呵，不要在我耳边不停地悲啼。
【Notes】 １、著：吹入。
２、等是：等于。
３、杜鹃：鸟名，即子规。
【Review】 这是歌咏游客居外不得返乡之情的诗。意思是在说寒食、清明将到，客居不能返乡，却听得杜鹃悲泣，更为伤感，大有"每逢佳节倍思亲"之慨。诗的节奏独特，首两句节拍为"一、二、三"，然而却谐绝句平仄韵，这是绝句中少见的。句写六朝往事如梦，台城早已破败；三、四句写风景依旧，人世沧桑。触景生情，借景寄慨，暗寓伤今。语言含蓄蕴藉，情绪无限感伤。
I Jichou heart and the moon, the wind until the Yelang West.
【Review】 《新唐书·文艺传》载王昌龄左迁龙标（今湖南省黔阳县）尉（古人尚右，故称贬官为左迁），是因为“不护细行”，也就是说，他的得罪贬官，并不是由于什么重大问题，而只是由于生活小节不够检点。在《芙蓉楼送辛渐》中，王昌龄也对他的好友说：“洛阳亲友如相问，一片冰心在玉壶。”即沿用鲍照《白头吟》中“清如玉壶冰”的比喻，来表明自己的纯洁无辜。李白在听到他不幸的遭遇以后，写了这一首充满同情和关切的诗篇，从远道寄给他，是完全可以理解的。
首句写景兼点时令，而于景物独取漂泊无定的杨花，叫着“不如归去”的子规，即含有飘零之感、离别之恨在内，切合当时情事，也就融情入景。因此句已于景中见情，所以次句便直叙其事。“闻道”，表示惊惜。“过五溪”，见迁谪之荒远，道路之艰难。（五溪，雄溪、樠溪、酉溪、溪、辰溪之总称，均在今湖南省西部。）不着悲痛之语，而悲痛之意自见。
后两句抒情。人隔两地，难以相从，而月照中天，千里可共，所以要将自己的愁心寄与明月，随风飘到龙标。这里的夜郎，并不是指位于今贵州省桐梓县的古夜郎国，而是指位于今湖南省沅陵县的夜郎县。沅陵正在黔阳的南方而略偏西。有人由于将夜郎的位置弄错了，所以定此诗为李白流夜郎时所作，那是不对的。
这两句诗所表现的意境，已见于前此的一些名作中。如谢庄《月赋》：“美人迈兮音尘缺，隔千里兮共明月。临风叹兮将焉歇，川路长兮不可越。”曹植《杂诗》：“愿为南流景，驰光见我君。”张若虚《春江花月夜》：“此时相望不相闻，愿逐月华流照君。”都与之相近。而细加分析，则两句之中，又有三层意思，一是说自己心中充满了愁思，无可告诉，无人理解，只有将这种愁心托之于明月；二是说惟有明月分照两地，自己和朋友都能看见她；三是说，因此，也只有依靠她才能将愁心寄与，别无它法。
通过诗人丰富的想象，本来无知无情的明月，竟变成了一个了解自己，富于同情的知心人，她能够而且愿意接受自己的要求，将自己对朋友的怀念和同情带到辽远的夜郎之西，交给那不幸的迁谪者。她，是多么地多情啊！
这种将自己的感情赋予客观事物，使之同样具有感情，也就是使之人格化，乃是形象思维所形成的巨大的特点之一和优点之一。当诗人们需要表现强烈或深厚的情感时，常常用这样一种手段来获得预期的效果。
（沈祖棻）
Spring Lane elegant, extended queue send Acacia. Who made you this thing, will re-Jean Rui.
Benefits even dream of yesterday, the DPRK Yin Xie public poetry. Dongfeng cited Bicao, feel students Huachi.
Pro negligent evening cloud cuckoo Ming sad night. Huai-Chun Fang-year-old breaks, Ting-shu Luo Hong Zi.
Bo to security in the Pavilion, Li Ling drop did not return. Sad sea change color, short Costumes Hu clothing.
Armed forces are laughing, making friends of your seven sparse. Remained an arrow, not the book Lo Lin shot.
Hangu jade off, when can survive. Luoyang as the Yi River, Songyue Yanshan.
Vulgar language change Qiang Hu, who Duosha Sai Yan. Application packets but weep, seven mane spots.
Miaomiao looking lake, green Lu Ye Qi. Go down where the heart, at no great Jiangxi.
Xiema near the spring grass, the line all the way fans want. Who can bear to cuckoo birds, he kept me sing.
Alone in a negative cliff Results hut. Xuan Du Forum Pacific front of the house, bluestone misty often cold.
Cuckoo Yeti mangosteen crack under the cloud flag day and turned the Queen Mother. Zhijun growth to this account,
Chicho Langgan day should be long. Locks can not climb high down, causing the body blessed Xiao Shuang Ho.
Lovely fresh Bi net, Xiao Su cold sheath together. Hui Yamane water, Ranran Song on the rain.
Yun Meng vent morning sickness the first day nebula complex. Meng Zhu Jiong half-light, indoor lattice window charm few.
Zhu forget the early policies, a carrot is Tingwu. Jis cuckoo called, micro-diameter no longer take.
And feeding young birds so far. Although there is the old rite with the monarch and his subjects, blood eyeful custodial body alone.
Workers flee volt deep tree, lunar call. The sound of sorrow mouth bleeding,
Wherein are often a mere complaint. Seoul destroyed before Qi energies, the shame shape with a feather quill injury Yu.
Changes Unexpectedly heaven was, how things are not repeated. What things are not repeated,
Qiyidangdian ministers trend.
I swim past Jincheng, Jie Lu Jin Pin. A bamboo one are the other, the towering trees.
Azaleas in late spring to sorrow and called the meantime. I see often Zaibai, heavy soul of the ancient emperor.
Son hundred nests, birds dare not anger. Still feeding his son, Eli, if Bong Extreme.
Goose and lamb, polite Pacific ago. Line flying and kneeling milk, such as the En sequence knowledge.
Sages of ancient rules, pay and later transfer. Jun love to see birds, Utah Jieshi rhododendrons.
Suddenly in late spring this year, the value I was sick for years. Body disease can not worship, cried as into spring.
Shoot all the trees green onions, evil vertical miscellaneous stone marks. Cuckoo sings day and night, warrior grabbing souls.
Gap open four miles, hydration hundreds of sources. Tiger-phase half-human living, the two kept the final phase injury.
Eventually becoming Ma Shu, Wu Yong Jingmen salt. Southwest lost generals, businessmen from the Star Ben.
Also this fall Yuanrong have heard moving line Hin. Mariner climate benefits involved, were also restrained respect.
I am in the center, not on the physical. Feet of waste lying melancholy disease, stroll, as the small garden.
With a short stretch of fields are green, Chang Wang Sun-thinking. Fung Wong to go with its, song sparrow twilight fan noise.
Sheet materials like native country, ten years do not Deserted Village. Higurashi go a few wings, Beilin air from the faint.
Andhra cover eight Ming, King and wash universe. Ji Qi Yi in force, Quanrong mention the swallow.
Not into the old scholars, courtiers worry about quadruple that. Trunk in the old pen, when the situation to aid recovery.
虎牙铜柱皆倾侧。巫峡阴岑朔漠气，峰峦窈窕谿谷黑。
杜鹃不来猿狖寒，山鬼幽忧雪霜逼。楚老长嗟忆炎瘴，
三尺角弓两斛力。壁立石城横塞起，金错旌竿满云直。
渔阳突骑猎青丘，犬戎锁甲闻丹极。八荒十年防盗贼，
征戍诛求寡妻哭，远客中宵泪沾臆。
Miao Miao see spring, the rustling night desolate. Worry that passengers listen to this, pretending to be near the people is low.
Xiong Jianming open box, full mooring of books. Centrifugation did not show chaos, bad Tse desolate.
Gluten Wife and Children asked to move essence years. Board and more to identify, cultivate depends on the Psalms.
Gap Cangjiang beam, the rock stone tree row of round. Clouds in air brush Chu, Wu, seaward take time.
Salt and cook well for the speed, degree of partial burning She. Sometimes shock peaks, where to find plain.
Xichi both dance base base rhesus monkeys hanging. Bilodeau may take a long, Kam stone as small as money.
Spring grass ever rest, cold flowers are poor. Shu hunter blowing the fire, Yedian cited spring.
Arouse Saotou urgent, help line a few wear clogs. Beijing still two thin production, with the whole world must shoulder.
Shogunate Chujiao provision, preparation Langguan fortunate members. Traveling while still melon, bitter Yin Yuan Ping Pan.
Bait virtual messy, quiet autumn will be sprinkled. Cardigan drive quotidian, eyesight sweeping clouds.
Feast princes of high ceremony, beauty before boarding. Ai Zheng hurt the boss, Hua Yan fairy houses.
Kaiyuan song in the South, often when the disciples pass. Law change songs turn, sold-out tears slowly flowing.
Interpreting shadow hanging secluded, Qu Jian Du ileum. Long term of the present stable water, Mo with Quanrong throttle.
Royal Fu Jia Geng, Xiao Cao Yu feast arch. Bee insect eradication by Wei, Ying Zhan my best effect.
Sen old things still around, the culprit did not repent evil. Battle lines to be cutting the country, who recalled only Ge Chan.
How polite servant, Enrong wrong and right. Hu Bei star a comet, Qian Shou then Spasm.
Lun cut silk sorrow, trouble harsh decree Juan. Yip Shing Chen before the king for Tin Siu Hei.
Jinglun secret palace, Yi Dai all the steps. Bear roots contained Lvwang, Hongyan Zhou Xuan United States.
ZTE side to listen to the Lord, Zhang Yin is not Shixian. Music emblem of a column number, hang under the jail thousands.
When Zheng Guang of the article and my first. Yin He Shangqing Province, Shen Song Xu United Pina.
Legal Bi Kunlun Bamboo, known dampness string sound. Merry both good price and satisfied when the long-forgotten Quan.
Home Station often the case, covered with Yan Tang Lung. Although every auspicious cloud, afraid to fall deal.
High as the income statement, with an open mind mysterious flavor. Devoting all Malays, will Qingtian dicey.
Business mountain wings, the Penglai Pavilion with the Han. Guan Ning Shamao net, Jiang Jin Pao so fresh.
Ita time Wall, South Lake at buckle side. Ling desperate excursion, Jian Hua dye Quotes.
For each fly alone, only to pull a hundred consideration. Career has been sparse, the country is Zhunzhan step.
Wu did not quilt pillow into the pond for disposal to donate. DA DA parting sorrow, tears Lian Lian Fu wax.
Class Fenggao Ju Lu, Ying Jian Chan autumn vegetables. Who were things of past, several new footpath.
Rich air back, lazy with the whip fight noise. Bingge dust misty, Jianghan Juanjuan month.
Cramped see Qiu Yan, Xiao Shu hear cicadas night. Mongolia memory carved insects, cotton cooking Lei Shen asked.
Pu Xian Junping stick, stealing deposit Zijing felt. Kushiro the hairpin virtual capsule, rice flower tin to make crack.
Gan sub-cool leaves, Mao Zhai eighty-nine rafters. Diagrams of sand north shore, city cum Rang West summit.
Often break the fetters of the heart, habitat that is later than the patients recover from illness. Min Ling received purple taro, white lotus pond land.
Good pear wins cheek color, multi-Rang Li than boxing. Edict kitchen unique flavor, seeking full or three-Zhan.
Children to see the fish basket for trapping fish, horse saddle blanket people to sit. Chapman tied the narrow, trickling through the bamboo slip.
Cutting edge arrived in the public plot, the village temple by wild land under wall. Lack of fencing will be refused spine, down winding stone Lai Teng.
North Korea asked the frequency by Ye, Ru stable drunk sleep. Who is the cloud line failure, perceived to sit to firm.
Silver Rain Fog astringent, sweet pink Yan Department. Not nearly far purple Luan, Xuan Pina any oriole.
Kun Xue violate conformity, the Ming Zhan public the mien. Sheng-Hua Chen pole folder, sooner or later the stars follow precedent.
Ken admonished to stay Peter Ding, Zhu Ru cited Fuqian. Not every lose Gengzhi, Chen Tao will be positive.
Yu Zhen Xiao sun_set_ worry, Li Yuan suffering Pian. Head all day long painting, whom Jane Green eds.
What are the difficulties in traveling, Dr. Xing has been designed to find. Origin of a flying oar, tentative control Ming string.
Body Xushuang Feng Temple, the doors seeking seven ancestral Zen. Suxi sail off the chase, to the true interpretation of brown clothes.
Ashmore name Jolyon Culbertson, the king was off to go to Yan. Way of non-Ji, check the like Zhang Qian.
Yun Ning Phi whisk, King does not extend stay flooded. End of the period wind waves, flying monsters Mo saliva.
Future speech Goddess, Spring and mood of the cuckoo. Cross with the parting light, flooding around the roundabout.
Since according to the Kasyapa, did they take Wo Quan. Peak Health to convey deep, orange is still high 褰 well.
Poor go East go Crane, Nanzheng do Hing Wah Street West kite. Education news and more wonderful night, finally plug Qianqian practice.
Gukai Dan Green column, Toutuo Wan Yan Juan. Chung incense deep Anan, to Su several flourishing.
Very brave of heart, clear of any lean body coward. Scrape gold grate empty eyes, not from the Civil mirror.
Grab the female with the male transition glance paradox. Black sweater looks haggard and miserable, all the birds Anken phase respected.
Hua-shaped housing can not destroy habitat, short quill I only hope the nest deep plexus. For transdermal mouth rot pecked bald
May only eat a bitter hungry insects. Who says child care is not self-feeding, this language could indeed serve as the ignorant.
If that sounds pharyngeal pharynx, the number of infants with a little cry. Dry mouth turn down blood Pocu,
Siyu appeal in the sky. Shu heard all stand still learning effectiveness Xiao legacy,
I realized that change can not be poor. It turned out that the former palace residence, such as bonuses around Qiang example.