Universal no idle land, the farmer still starve to death.
Hoe Wo day when afternoon, sweat Wo Soil.
Who knows the chopping block 粒粒皆辛苦.
【Notes】 一作古风二首
【Review】 李绅,字公垂。他不仅是中唐时期新乐府运动的倡导者之一,而且是写新乐府诗的最早实践者。元稹曾说过:“予友李公垂,贶予乐府新题二十首。雅有所谓,不虚为文。予取其病时之尤急者,列而和之,盖十二而已。”元稹和了十二首,白居易又写了五十首,并改名《新乐府》。可见李绅创作的《新题乐府》对他们的影响。所谓“不虚为文”,不也就含有“文章合为时而著,歌诗合为事而作”的意思吗?可惜的是李绅写的《新乐府》二十首今已不传,不过,他早年所写的《悯农二首》(一称《古风二首》),亦足以体现“不虚为文”的精神。
诗的第一首一开头,就以“一粒粟”化为“万颗子”具体而形象地描绘了丰收,用“种”和“收”赞美了农民的劳动。第三句再推而广之,展现出四海之内,荒地变良田,这和前两句联起来,便构成了到处硕果累累,遍地“黄金”的生动景象。“引满”是为了更有力的“发”,这三句诗人用层层递进的笔法,表现出劳动人民的巨大贡献和无穷的创造力,这就使下文的反结变得更为凝重,更为沉痛。“尽道丰年瑞,丰年事若何?”(罗隐《雪》)是的,丰收了又怎样呢?“农夫犹饿死”,它不仅使前后的内容连贯起来了,也把问题突出出来了。勤劳的农民以他们的双手获得了丰收,而他们自己呢,还是两手空空,惨遭饿死。诗迫使人们不得不带着沉重的心情去思索:是谁制造了这人间的悲剧?答案是很清楚的。诗人把这一切放在幕后,让读者去寻找,去思索。要把这两方综合起来,那就正如马克思所说的:“劳动替富者生产了惊人作品(奇迹),然而,劳动替劳动者生产了赤贫。劳动生产了宫殿,但是替劳动者生产了洞窟。劳动生产了美,但是给劳动者生产了畸形。”
第二首诗,一开头就描绘在烈日当空的正午,农民依然在田里劳作,那一滴滴的汗珠,洒在灼热的土地上。这就补叙出由“一粒粟”到“万颗子”,到“四海无闲田”,乃是千千万万个农民用血汗浇灌起来的;这也为下面“粒粒皆辛苦”撷取了最富有典型意义的形象,可谓一以当十。它概括地表现了农民不避严寒酷暑、雨雪风霜,终年辛勤劳动的生活。本来粒粒粮食滴滴汗,除了不懂事的孩子,谁都应该知道的。但是,现实又是怎样呢?诗人没有明说,然而,读者只要稍加思索,就会发现现实的另一面:那“水陆罗八珍”的“人肉的筵宴”,那无数的粮食“输入官仓化为土”的罪恶和那“船中养犬长食肉”的骄奢。可见,“谁知盘中餐,粒粒皆辛苦”,不是空洞的说教,不是无病的呻吟;它近似蕴意深远的格言,但又不仅以它的说服力取胜,而且还由于在这一深沉的慨叹之中,凝聚了诗人无限的愤懑和真挚的同情。
李绅当然不懂得阶级压迫和阶级剥削的道理,但是,我们从几十年之后唐末农民起义的“天补平均”的口号中,便不难看出这两首诗在客观上是触及到了封建社会的主要矛盾的。
《悯农二首》不是通过对个别的人物、事件的描写体现它的主题,而是把整个的农民生活、命运,以及那些不合理的现实作为抒写的对象。这对于两首小诗来说,是很容易走向概念化、一般化的,然而诗篇却没有给人这种感觉,这是因为作者选择了比较典型的生活细节和人们熟知的事实,集中地刻画了那个畸形社会的矛盾,说出了人们想要说的话。所以,它亲切感人,概括而不抽象。
诗人还用虚实结合、相互对比、前后映衬的手法,增强了诗的表现力。因此它虽然是那么通俗明白,却无单调浅薄之弊,能使人常读常新。在声韵方面诗人也很讲究,他采用不拘平仄的古绝形式,这一方面便于自由地抒写;另一方面也使诗具有一种和内容相称的简朴厚重的风格。两首诗都选用短促的仄声韵,读来给人一种急切悲愤而又郁结难伸的感觉,更增强了诗的艺术感染力。
(赵其钧)
绿杨重阴官舍静。此时醉客纵横书,公言可荐承明庐。
青天诏下宠光至,颁籍金闺征石渠。秭归山路烟岚隔,
山木幽深晚花拆。涧底红光夺火燃,摇风扇毒愁行客。
杜鹃啼咽花亦殷,声悲绝艳连空山。斜阳瞥映浅深树,
云雨翻迷崖谷间。山鸡锦质矜毛羽,透竹穿萝命俦侣。
乔木幽谿上下同,雄雌不惑飞栖处。望秦峰回过商颜,
浪叠云堆万簇山。行尽杳冥青嶂外,九重钟漏紫霄间。
元和列侍明光殿,谏草初焚市朝变。北阙趋承半隙尘,
南梁笑客皆飞霰。追思感叹却昏迷,霜鬓愁吟到晓鸡。
故箧岁深开断简,秋堂月曙掩遗题。呜呜晓角霞辉粲,
抚剑当应一长叹。刍狗无由学圣贤,空持感激终昏旦。
画象垂新令,消兵易旧谟。选贤方去智,招谏忽升愚。
大乐调元气,神功运化炉。脱鳞超沆瀣,翻翼集蓬壶。
捧日恩光别,抽毫顾问殊。凤形怜采笔,龙颔借骊珠。
掷地声名寡,摩天羽翮孤。洁身酬雨露,利口扇谗谀。
碧海同宸眷,鸿毛比贱躯。辨疑分黑白,举直牴朋徒。
庭兽方呈角,阶蓂始效莩。日倾乌掩魄,星落斗摧枢。
坠剑悲乔岳,号弓泣鼎湖。乱群逢害马,择肉纵狂貙。
胆为隳肝竭,心因沥血枯。满帆摧骇浪,征棹折危途。
燕客书方诈,尧门信未孚。谤兴金就铄,毁极玉生瘉。
砺吻矜先搏,张罗骋疾驱。地嫌稀魍魉,海恨止番禺。
瘴岭冲蛇入,蒸池蹑虺趋。望天收雪涕,看镜揽霜须。
草毒人惊剪,茅荒室未诛。火风晴处扇,山鬼雨中呼。
穷老乡关远,羁愁骨肉无。鹊灵窥牖户,龟瑞出泥途。
烟岛深千瘴,沧波淼四隅。海标传信使,江棹认妻孥。
到接三冬暮,来经六月徂。暗滩朝不怒,惊濑夜无虞。
俯首安羸业,齐眉慰病夫。涸鱼思雨润,僵燕望雷苏。
诏下因颁朔,恩移讵省辜。诳天犹指鹿,依社尚凭狐。
度岭瞻牛斗,浮江淬辘轳。未平人睚眦,谁惧鬼揶揄。
盆浦潮通楚,匡山地接吴。庾楼清桂满,远寺素莲敷。
仿佛皆停马,悲欢尽隙驹。旧交封宿草,衰鬓重生刍。
万戟分梁苑,双旌寄鲁儒。駸駸移岁月,冉冉近桑榆。
疲马愁千里,孤鸿念五湖。终当赋归去,那更学杨朱。
舰浮花鹢近蓬莱。草承香辇王孙长,桃艳仙颜阿母栽。
簪笔此时方侍从,却思金马笑邹枚。
阁连青琐近丹梯。墨宣外渥催飞诏,草布深恩促换题。
明日独归花路远,可怜人世隔云霓。
凤凰池畔泛金樽。绿丝垂柳遮风暗,红药低丛拂砌繁。
归绕曲江烟景晚,未央明月锁千门。
碧枝抽叶乍成条。羽衣道士偷玄圃,金简真人护玉苗。
长带九天馀雨露,近来葱翠欲成乔。
Cheng Pui Shan see also at dusk. Long crow flies crow green wheat, lonely path Tong wild pear.
Trekking rode thousands of miles away, getting into the Yanlan stack on credit risk. A bird flew out of the forest valley,
Qianyan a cry on the month. Heartbroken Sigui not be heard, hide, hate the soul to Sichuan.
I wish I listened to the birds, my soul, the soul sound of Death Studies Xianyuan Mo. Mo habitat for the birds family vertical,
Albatron straight http call God. At this point on as the title mirror mountain, rock mixed tree embraced each other.
Bringing a deep look into the Jian Quan, sub-chiao details see footpath. Dark ghost temple when the postal kiosk,
Dolphin slaughter chickens at fishy smell the smell of mutton. Yufu fortune from the confusion, what monsters pass by Braun.
Xiao Q Xingke month low mountains, sprinkle pepper paste has been shortage of street worship. Melancholy faithful believers self-sustaining,
Who hills Amah Rock Festival.
Hill Wood luxuriant waves deep. Jinghong Wang sun_set_ from the smoke, Xia Yao Shan Ying miles remaining.
Lili into the twilight days called David, Xia misty dark cloud water consumption. Shui Ling Yang Jiang dark waves,
Turtle Tuo turbulence flair show. Look to be unhappy pedestrians moon, stars v0 ups and downs of Chinese ghost number.
Seoul is not huai Qu Yuan, water House of Fetish sky. Why not drive the thunder and lightning than treacherous,
Poor air for Shen Quan bone. Dr. Lek wine toast Seoul soul, shadow on Huang Yang Kai universe.
Whitewater Montenegro wave implicit view, Miluo on remote intoxication. Sailing waiting to see five ounces dawn,
Shu drums pound mountains ring. Jiangjin ape over Tide robins, Jing Fu Man Chu flying propeller language.
Pu Island Xiaoxiang no home, but the dark water, wind scared shark fish. Single line to attack Zhao sigh,
He asked the soul, such as Seoul fine.
Results for the steamed insects poisonous snake inflammatory drugs. However, only the king of Zhou Jing Man, Emperor Yan cutting Yuantong coward.
Southern Standard Cylinders Limited shortage Jiao, Wuling're poor risk from the storm. Yan Fang North Mountain _truncate_d,
Back to the black smoke Yanfeng South miasma. Ben hurt profit for the Otaki TIMES, turbulent shock waves, such as rope flying straight.
Cliffs towering thousands of monkeys near the tsunami tragedy, Dan Xuan poisonous snake snake snake potential Wei. Husband to be split Ji Otaki high waves,
Ups and downs, such as electricity suddenly glanced over. Monte Bambusa Lingtou cage density, split fire flame burning at the red banana.
Ridge Spring flow north or south, the pedestrian according to the water feeling of sadness bone. Ying Yu dark stone path disk,
Yuhan at regular Sri Lanka to be warm. Temporary volcanic cloud volume malaria, the vast poor air-sea Panyu.
Partridge birds continued with apes, Chuiji Xiao Qi and promote the same call. Yuqing one hundred river is different,
Xu lightning seasons drugged. Yan Wang sealed envelopes enough guts, to far Sanjiang Ridge thousand.
Tong Qi Qingyuan Gap diving, wild geese crossing the difficult Zhangjiang East. Geothermal steam cloud frost sleet,
Tao Li Donghua bandit change. Rainbow sky long stream down to drink, do not rank mud Yan Yan Qian.
Fortunately, every thunder faint monster swing, guide and support joys and sorrows to the sea gate. Look at the Eyes West less long,
Cold north wind identified the body temperature of awake. JIA disgrace to the ex-President, crying into the book went so far as any benefits.
Zhongliang avoid non-physical form, filling the feud purple toward the enemy drive. Variant holiness Emperor Ming Huang,
Ghosts of innocent parties are not trapped. Chen Fu Chinese and Japanese to abandon the end, and now bad old man re-glow.
Yan Gao day deep sea, although the residual Zhuangxin made in the teeth. A different air ashamed inferior horse hair,
No mortal so ashamed golden bone.
Basin City, according to the sun_set_, watch the clouds subtle pump basin. More subtle gray cloud, Kuang Shan low sun_set_.
Chu Ke Xi Feng Shui, Qin sad strange land. Autumn Thoughts bitter foreign land, Jiang Gao, Yuet Wah spit.
Bo Ting Yang Yang hidden, long-pass Yuepu. Officials designate Jinqiao go, bamboo Lane open door.
Narrow beds with Marina, only a few shoulder-length block. Gap light non Baiju, no fear of me hanging chime.
Thin and few lines _set_, home security sip feeding fat. Double Dutch Exile pity condemned the breach of contract Zhu Fan passengers.
All four blue eyes, a head and half-white rejoice. Now to think back, past benefits sad.
Love affair with the past and present, different joys and sorrows of the present. Pm sigh access of water, a record for fleeting.
Unique Western Cape Court, solitary white open-ming.
穷通泛滥劳,趣适殊昏旦。浴日荡层空,浮天淼无畔。
依滩落叶聚,立浦惊鸿散。浪叠雪峰连,山孤翠崖断。
风帆同巨壑,云矗成高岸。宇宙可东西,星辰沈粲烂。
霞生澒洞远,月吐青荧乱。岂复问津迷,休为吕梁叹。
漂沈自讵保,覆溺心长判。吴越郡异乡,婴童及为玩。
依稀占井邑,嘹唳同鹅鹳。举棹未宵分,维舟方日旰。
徵斯济川力,若鼓凌风翰。易狎当悔游,临深罔知难。
乱帆争疾竞浮沉。一身累困怀千载,百口无虞贵万金。
空阔远看波浪息,楚山安稳过云岑。
Black Dragon of dark to avoid future. Shu Qi Wu Men may distinguish the fire, water, plug relay Chu City fans away.
Jiang leaves look more desolate, the two townships is an official all love both.
Wild smoke floating cover light waves. Ju-Ying Qiu westerly section of urgency, Yan cited North anvil sound thinking more.
Insomnia is also singing alone at night, sit Lufthansa condensation summary report.
醉筵多就月中开。劝人莫折怜芳早,把烛频看畏晓催。
闻道数年深草露,几株犹得近池台。
Come the new turn pipa music. Green sat out layer urban female moth, Sheng Di mixed together laughing.
Zhu Yan-day listening silk shells, all the music Jakunen not dare to move. Golden Phoenix as be committed to take the title,
Turn the wrist rope swing chord wiping promote flower phoenix whistled across the sky turned up, Pei fly back to the house full of Spring Snow.
Degree of acoustic string music pumping new hair cut Jinling jade phase luster of gems. Picture street prostitution fly forest,
Male and female crane Li moon. At this time Feng Zhao Shi Majestic, do not bomb the house of Zhao Xu Cheng'en.
March Qujiang spring grass green, Miracle day under the cloud music. Purple beard dedicated knees before,
Best music when playing wonderful spring. Cold Spring Long open water injection, Hu Yan whipped to the day he does not.
Scattered dark dust traveling at twilight, but unfortunately the new sound of a surplus for the sigh. Crown Hill Bridge closure next year, the sword,
Solitary Hill Touhai Miles River. Cage bird spear-he still has to fly, the first white students return from the Five Ridges.
Rotten smell Road Shancai into bone, spare sound disciple Hui Feng. South Qiao lonely III Spring Festival,
Complaints of Miseries alone when guests play the chord. Played Chu Yueguang deep listening, recalling past heard of Qujiang feast.
Heart feel sad tears Langan, more tuning playing over and over again. Autumn winds shake the goddess wear,
Crystal beads knocking on disk. Huaihai self-pity with Nizi, hate soul condensate heart failure death.
To remember the things melancholy air, feeling the door only for the Seoul Yong.
Brother brother hoe hoe wife in the machine, open the bottle the night the dog does not bark Fei. Village children, drunk still full,
Turbid mash firstfruits advised Weng old woman. Ming Yu know in good dove fu, Qi and Yanghwa Tachun grass.
To persuade young, happy farming Sang. Shijun cut thorns for me, sympathizing as I drive wolves.
Tiger Mountain forest without deer, no underwater Jiao fish bream. Father son hunting and fishing day return twilight,
Yue Ming Huang Liang Chung everywhere. Village children, club elders to Koo,
Well I know that fertility puff? Moling Prefecture Chi Zhu Fan, Yiming Lu magpie hanging drum noise.
Seoul officials noise sound evil main door, chirp Lili cooking chicken dolphin. Village children, Mo sad Sa.
Ban Zhao Ming Wang on, the re-election virtuous shirt Widows and Orphans. Late spring drive five horses,
Investment money that Xie left calf. Village children, and finally Seoul word. I have no Handicraft CD selfless,
Qi temporary road show of hands waved.
空悲七子委尘泥。旧坛无复翔云鹤,废垒曾经振鼓鼙。
点检遗编尽朝菌,应难求望一刀圭。
Hunting is also the first drive for cats welcome. Each of the publicity push to spare, not at machines with the potential harm of Health Seoul.
Only the greedy and brutal off by wolves, and good for the animal A. Wong Yan Ming.
Who dare to speak words to drink ice cold. Nightlights space should be fishing the fire, toward the beach drinking places also by geese.
West played the blood away Jishou Cheng, begging the old Riverside capacity owned by disease.
Huaiyang effective management space sick, Rong Qi Shu Love by speech classes. Chen Li is not any trend north palace,
Dongshan nowhere to send home. Fatigue Can ye read the future tax Juanniao security can also be twilight.
Yamashita treasure Bagong Sou, Tears do not work more to recover heavy climbing.
Years leaves the table Wong map. Yi Shan of less known no suffering, since the rain has not withered stick.
Good care to live alone root peach, Moling mixed firewood from the Soviet Union.
免遭狐假妄凭威。渡河岂适他邦害,据谷终无暴物非。
尔效驺虞护生草,岂徒柔伏在淮淝。