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没蕃故人
Zhang Ji
没蕃故人

没蕃故人
  Last year you went with your troops to Tibet;
  And when your men had vanished beyond the citywall,
  News was cut off between the two worlds
  As between the living and the dead.
  No one has come upon a faithful horse guarding
  A crumpled tent or torn flag, or any trace of you.
  If only I knew, I might serve you in the temple,
  Instead of these tears toward the far sky.

【Writing in Vernacular Chinese】 前年你去月支防守边疆,
据说在城下覆灭了全师。
蕃汉之间消息全然断绝,
我与你永作生死的别离。
无人去收拾遣弃的营帐,
只有归马认得残破战旗。
想祭奠却疑心你还活着,
海角天涯此时怎不哭啼?!

【Notes】 1、月支:指吐蕃。
2、没:死。
3、蕃:吐蕃,古时西部少数民族建立的一个国家。

【Review】 诗是悼念为征战覆没于异域的故人,然而是存是殁,将信将疑。诗前半首从戌守写到全军覆没,消息全无,死生不明。后半首是想象战场衰败和希望友人能不死生还。语真情苦,流露出非战思想。

寄远曲
Zhang Ji
  Warm Spring beauty come and go, no Xiang Jiang head over. Wun Sha stone Waterfowl Habitat,
  South Road, Changchun, at short. Lan Zhou Gui Ji often cross the river, no re-sent due to double Joan pendant.
Translated by Google
行路难
Zhang Ji
  Xiangdong pedestrians long sigh, a decade go home without. Ma Lei Qiu suffering harm line
  Gluten servants less hungry. Do not you see the gold make the bed, warrior no color.
  Lung Poon no mud cloud, not Shengbi l Tianyi.
Translated by Google
征妇怨
Zhang Ji
  九月匈奴杀边将,汉军全没辽水上。万里无人收白骨,
  家家城下招魂葬。妇人依倚子与夫,同居贫贱心亦舒。
  夫死战场子在腹,妾身虽存如昼烛。
白纻歌
Zhang Ji
  皎皎白纻白且鲜,将作春衣称少年。裁缝长短不能定,
  自持刀尺向姑前。复恐兰膏污纤指,常遣傍人收堕珥。
  衣裳著时寒食下,还把玉鞭鞭白马。
野老歌(一作山农词)
Zhang Ji
  Farmer from a poor family living in the mountains, farming Yamada four acres.
  Miao Shu tax shall not eat more, enter into the official positions of soil.
  Suimu hoe plow near empty room, call child climbing close acorns.
  Jia-off beads one hundred cups of Xijiang River, a long ship in dog meat.
Translated by Google

【Review】 张籍是新乐府运动的健将之一,“风雅比兴外,未尝著空文”(白居易《读张籍古乐府》),其乐府诗之精神与元、白相通;而具体手法略有差异。白居易的讽谕诗往往“意激而言质”,篇幅亦长,故不免有尽、露之疵累。而张籍的乐府,如这首《野老歌》作法就不同。

  诗共八句,很短,但韵脚屡换。诗意可按韵的转换分为三层。前四句开门见山,写山农终年辛劳而不得食。“老农家贫在山住,耕种山田三四亩”,“山”字两见,强调这是一位山农(诗题一作《山农词》)。山地贫瘠,广种薄收,“三四亩”收成不会很多。而深山为农,本有贫困而思逃租之意。但安史乱后的唐王朝处在多事之秋,财政困难,封建剥削无孔不入。“纵使深山更深处,也应无计避征徭”。“苗疏”意味收成少,收成少而“税多”,必然产生劳动者“不得食”的不合理现象。如仅仅写到粮食“输入官仓”那样一种司空见惯的事实为止,深度还不够,而“化为土”三字的写出,方才揭示出一种怵目惊心的社会现实。一方面是老农终年做牛马,使土地长出粮食;一方面是官家不劳而获,且轻易把粮食“化为土”,这实际上构成一种鲜明的对比关系。好在不但表现出老农被剥夺的痛苦,而且表现出他眼见心血被践踏的痛心。所以,虽然只道事实,语极平易,读来至为沉痛,字字饱含血泪。

  五、六句写老农迫于生计不得不采野果充饥,仍是直陈其事:“岁暮锄犁傍空室,呼儿登山收橡实。”可是,这是多么发人深思的事实:辛苦一年到头,赢得的是“空室”——一无所有,真叫人“何以卒岁”!冬来农闲,辛苦一年的农具可以傍墙休息,可辛苦一年的人却不得休息。粮食难收,却“收橡实”。两句内涵尚未尽于此,“呼儿登山”四字又暗示出老农衰老羸弱,不得不叫儿子一齐出动,上山采野果。橡实乃橡树子,状似栗,可以充饥。写“呼儿登山收橡实”,又确有山居生活气息,使人想到杜甫“岁拾橡栗随狙公,天寒日暮深谷里”(《乾元中寓居同谷县作歌七首》)的名句,没有生活体验或对生活的深入观察,难以写出。

  老农之事,叙犹未已,结尾两句却旁骛一笔,牵入一“西江贾客”。桂、黔、郁三江之水在广西苍梧县合流,东流为西江,亦称上江。“西江贾客”当指广西做珠宝生意的商人,故诗中言“珠百斛”。其地其人与山农野老似全不相干,诗中又没有叙写的语言相联络,跳跃性极显。然而,一边是老小登山攀摘野果,极度贫困;一边是“船中养犬长食肉”,极度奢靡,又构成一种鲜明对比。人不如狗,又揭示出一种极不合理的社会现象。豢养于船中的狗与猎犬家犬不同,纯是饱食终日无所事事,这形象本身也能引起意味深长的联想。作者《估客乐》一诗结尾“农夫税多长辛苦,弃业宁为贩宝翁”,手法与此略同,但有议论抒情成分,而此诗连这等字面也没有,因而更见含蓄。

  全诗似乎只摆一摆事实就不了了之,象一个没有说完的故事,与“卒章显其志”的作法完全相反,但读来发人深思,诗人的思想倾向十分鲜明,揭露现实极其深刻。其主要的手法就在于形象的对比。诗中两次对比,前者较隐,后者较显,运用富于变化。人物选择为一老者,尤见封建剥削之残酷,及世道之不合理,也愈有典型性。篇幅不长而韵脚屡换,给人活泼圆转的印象;至如语言平易近人,又颇有白诗的好处。

  (周啸天)

寄衣曲
Zhang Ji
  Factors alone Kuxin sewing weaving, the underlying cause to send back to hiring. Authoritative grouped to send clothes to go,
  Concubine of the king from the hands of your body. Diocese Regardless old child without paternity, not to the border town from where.
  Attentive to see the beginning of time, Yukio who should not.
Translated by Google
送远曲
Zhang Ji
  Mountain horse show clusters of Tainan, hillside Yin Jiuge other song. Pedestrians drunk from boarding
  Gallery back to the statue to persuade servants. Blue sky covered a long long way, travel to distant lands without home security is maintained.
  Jun everywhere since titles ready, to go from future Zhijun.
Translated by Google
筑城词
Zhang Ji
  Fortification Department, thousands of people together to pestle. Kennedy tried numerous soil cone
  Matrimony Zhibian reminder for later. Deep in the moraine to a year, although the jacket water thirsty.
  Pestle force do not throw the sound of pestle everyone sound not entirely dead. Home when domestic male portal
  Soil under the city today for the monarch.
Translated by Google
猛虎行
Zhang Ji
  Ming Ming Shan Kitayama tree, the day the Tigers around the forest line.
  Evening among the one in power food, a silent mountain elk do.
  Adopted son in the Valley every year, by male and female mountain incompatible.
  A village near Cave Valley, long home to the village to take Huang calves.
  Five Hills youth not shoot, look at the line blank to forest tracks.
Translated by Google

【Review】 这是一首以乐府体写的寓言诗,表面上是写猛虎危害村民的情景,实际是写社会上某些恶势力的猖獗,启示人们认识现实。全诗比喻贴切,描写生动,寓意深刻。

  诗的开头,点出猛虎所居,及其大胆妄为之状:“南山北山树冥冥,猛虎白日绕村行。”猛虎本出入深邃幽暗的山林,而在光天化日之下竟敢绕村寻衅,比喻恶势力依仗权势,肆意横行。两句发端立意,统领全篇。

  接着,步步深入地刻画老虎的凶恶残暴、肆无忌惮之举。

  “向晚一身当道食,山中麋鹿尽无声。”傍晚之际,猛虎孤身在大路上捕食生灵。这富有启迪性的诗句,不禁使人们想到羽林军的“楼下劫客楼上醉”,宦官们名买实夺的“宫市”,方镇们的“政由己出”,屠城杀人,以及贪官们的税外“赋敛”羡余,这些不都是趁朝廷黯弱之际的“当道”捕食吗?慑于猛虎的淫威,山中的麋鹿不敢有半点动静,喻指当时社会上一片恐怖,善良的劳动人民只好战战兢兢、忍气吞声地生活。

  “年年养子在深谷,雌雄上下不相逐”,也是一种人世社会的借喻。它深刻揭示当时社会的恶势力有着非常深广的社会联系,皇亲国戚,豪门大族,利用封建宗族和裙带关系,结成盘根错节、根深蒂固的统治集团,官官相护,上下勾结,各霸一方,危害百姓。

  猛虎施虐为害,受害最深的要算靠近虎穴的山村了:“谷中近窟有山村,长向村家取黄犊。”“黄犊”即小黄牛。黄牛是农家的重要生产资料,“取犊”而去,民何以堪!这两句表面是说老虎把爪牙伸向了附近的山庄,把农家的小黄牛咬死、吃掉,实则是写人中之“虎”用“杀鸡取卵”、“竭泽而渔”的残酷手段虐害人民、弄得民不聊生的情形。

  描写“猛虎”之害,至此已淋漓尽致,最后笔触转向“射虎”之人:“五陵年少不敢射,空来林下看行迹。”五陵是长安西北的地名,因汉代的五个皇帝的陵墓于此而得名。五陵年少,一般指豪侠少年。这两句,字面是说,这些猛虎作恶多端,就连那些号称善于骑射、以豪侠自命的人也不敢惹,只是来到林下看看它们的行迹。实际上是讽刺朝廷姑息养奸,为掩人耳目,虚张声势,故作姿态。“空来看行迹”,含有辛辣的嘲讽。

  诗人胸中怨悱,不能直言,便以低回要眇之言出之,国事之忧思,隐然蕴于其内。全诗处处写猛虎,句句喻人事;写“虎”能符合虎之特征,寓事能见事之所指,寄思遥深,不言胸中正意,自见无穷感慨。

  (傅经顺)

别离曲
Zhang Ji
  Pedestrians to go out to the end, even when riding in front of road. Recalling the early Nace Jun Xi, the
  Liaoyang Shu is not made by the body. If I had known today as parting, as king his family for whom good.
  Existing biological man named its own, it was wrong when my youth. Jun campaign than by death,
  Who alone in the old Konggui.
Translated by Google
牧童词
Zhang Ji
  Far cattle, millet around the village surrounded by thick Wo.
  Cattle in the pecking Wu Pei hungry, so I can not play the first ridge.
  Pei many cattle scattered into the line of grass, white calves from time to time in the Ming Lo.
  Dike blow leaves should be companions, but also three or four acoustic drums whip:
  "Cow grazing Mo touching, local administrative officials cut the head angle of Seoul!"
Translated by Google

【Review】 这首民歌体的政治讽刺诗,是用一个牧童的口吻写的。

  因为村子四周禾黍稠密,怕牛吃了庄稼,所以把它远远地放入陂中。沿河的陂岸,泉甘草美,真是个放牧的好地方;放到这儿来的牛可多着哩!牛自由自在的吃草,喝水,牧童又何尝不想到山坡上和别的放牛娃去玩一会儿;可是讨厌的鸟儿,在天空盘旋。它们饿了,老是要飞到牛背上去啄虮虱。怎能丢下不管呢?牛性是好斗的,特别是牧童放的这头小白牛更淘气,它时而低头吃草,时而举头长鸣。这鸣声该不会是寻找触角的对象的信号吧?真叫人担心,一刻也不能离开它。此时,牧童耳边忽然传来一个熟悉的声音,有人卷着芦叶在吹口哨。他知道是他的同伴放着牛在堤的那一边,于是他也学着样儿,卷着叶子吹起来,互相应和;一面监视着这正在吃草的牛,抖动几下手里的长鞭,并且向牛说了下面两句警告的话。这话里是有个典故的。

  原来,北魏时,拓跋辉出任万州刺史,从信都到汤阴的路上,因为需要润滑车轮的角脂,派人到处生截牛角,吓得老百姓不敢把牛放出来。这一横暴故事在民间广泛流传,牧童们谁都知道。“官家截尔头上角”,是这牧童挥鞭时随口说出来的。这话对无知的牛来说,当然无异“弹琴”,可是在牧童却认为是有效的恐吓。为什么会如此呢?这是值得深长思之的。

  唐朝自安史乱后,藩镇割据,内战不停。官府借口军需而抢夺、宰杀民间耕牛,是极常见的事。和张籍同时的诗人元稹在《乐府古题·田家词》里就有所反映:“六十年来兵簇簇,月月食粮车辘辘。一日官军收海服,驱车驾车食牛肉。”连肉都被吃光,那头上两只角截下熬角脂,自然不在话下!这就是当时的客观现实。对于这种现实,张籍这诗里并未作任何描写,只是结尾时借放牛娃的口,轻轻地点了一下,笔意在若有若无之间,而人民对官府畏惧和对抗的心情,也就可以想见了。

  全诗十句,是一幅绝妙的牧牛图。前八句生动曲折地描绘了牧场的环境背景、牧童的心理活动和牛的动态,情趣盎然。然而诗的主题并不在此;直到最后两句,我们才能看出诗人用意之所在。从前面八句转入最后两句,如信手拈来,用笔十分自然;寓尖锐讽刺于轻松调侃之中,用意又是多么的明快而深刻!

  诗歌语言朴直清新,明白如话,表现出一种“由工入微,不犯痕迹”的精湛功夫。

  (马茂元)

沙堤行,呈裴相公
Zhang Ji
  长安大道沙为堤,早风无尘雨无泥。宫中玉漏下三刻,
  朱衣导骑丞相来。路傍高楼息歌吹,千车不行行者避。
  街官闾吏相传呼,当前十里惟空衢。白麻诏下移相印,
  新堤未成旧堤尽。
求仙行
Zhang Ji
  Han Wong want to make flying fairies, herbs every year in the East China Sea. Penglai pathless Sea,
  Boat dead alchemist the phase pillow. Swagger back in the days of the day, Ganquan Yu Xian-free real tree.
  Nine Emperors end real high, to the Palace Temple Tai-empty. Pubic region with gas condensate Su-hua,
  Jun Xia able to protect the rose purple.
Translated by Google
古钗叹
Zhang Ji
  Well without falling into the old hairpin color, this complex was accomplished by the mud. Phoenix reverberates with the ancient instrument,
  Yu Wei when the jewelry is not known. I do not know the main companion Biography, Luoxiu wipe Health glory.
  Blue cream has done a half off shares, no glyph carved like years. Although away from the bottom into the tray,
  Also the same time without falling.
Translated by Google
各东西
Zhang Ji
  Visitors do not, Yidong complex One West. Contrary to the two did not back out, but the wheels and hooves letter.
  I do not know at the road a lengthy, high mountains and wide sea who hard. Variable difficult to travel to distant lands Jishu,
  Day when the words do not look empty. Clouds, rain fell on the ground, temporarily joined the final divorce.
  I am not a child now and he, too, not to abandon life and death.
Translated by Google
节妇吟,寄东平李司空师道
Zhang Ji
节妇吟,寄东平李司空师道
节妇吟,寄东平李司空师道
  Jun knowledge concubine of a married, two-pearl gift concubine;
  Jun lingering sense of meaning, the Department of Law in the red jacket.
  Even the Court House tower concubine, the beloved, in the implementation of Meiko Ji.
  Zhijun intentions, such as sun and moon, do swear to be with her husband death.
  Chun also Pearl, tears down, why not meet when unmarried.
Translated by Google

【Review】 此诗一本题下注云:“寄东平李司空师道”。李师道是当时藩镇之一的平卢淄青节度使,又冠以检校司空、同中书门下平章事的头衔,其势炙手可热。中唐以还,藩镇割据,用各种手段,勾结、拉拢文人和中央官吏。而一些不得意的文人和官吏也往往去依附他们,韩愈曾作《送董邵南序》一文婉转地加以劝阻。张籍是韩门大弟子,他的主张统一、反对藩镇分裂的立场一如其师。这首诗便是一首为拒绝李师道的勾引而写的名作。通篇运用比兴手法,委婉地表明自己的态度。单看表面完全是一首抒发男女情事之诗,骨子里却是一首政治诗,题为《节妇吟》,即用以明志。

  此诗似从汉乐府《陌上桑》、《羽林郎》脱胎而来,但较之前者更委婉含蓄。

  首二句说这位既明知我是有夫之妇,还要对我用情,此君非守礼法之士甚明,语气中带微辞,含有谴责之意。这里的“君”,喻指藩镇李师道,“妾”是自比,十字突然而来,直接指出师道的别有用心。

  接下去诗句一转,说道:我虽知君不守礼法,然而又为你情意所感,忍不住亲自把君所赠之明珠系在红罗襦上。表面看,是感师道的知己;如果深一层看,话中有文章。

  继而又一转,说自己家的富贵气象,良人是执戟明光殿的卫士,身属中央。古典诗词,传统的以夫妇比喻君臣,这两句意谓自己是唐王朝的士大夫。

  紧接两句作波澜开合,感情上很矛盾,思想斗争激烈:前一句感谢对方,安慰对方;后一句斩钉截铁地申明己志,“我与丈夫誓同生死”!

  最后以深情语作结,一边流泪,一边还珠,言词委婉,而意志坚决。

  此诗富有民歌风味,它的一些描写,在心理刻画中显示,写得如此细腻,熨贴,入情入理,短幅中有无限曲折,真所谓“一波三折”。

  “你虽有一番‘好意’,我不得不拒绝。”这就是张籍所要表达的,可是它表达得这样委婉,李师道读了,也就无可奈何了。

  (钱仲联 徐永端)

宴客词
Zhang Ji
  No custodial care boarding payments, the owner and wine-jun Mo violation. Invitation to take the garden to see flowers,
  An increasing rare earth branches. Stone mountain shadows disappear, no wind, a stream should be more Pitt.
  When everyone is dancing drunk together, and who feel turned down clothing and conical cap. Ming Dynasty took over and everyone has to go,
  Alone to an empty juke here.
Translated by Google
永嘉行
Zhang Ji
  黄头鲜卑入洛阳,胡儿执戟升明堂。晋家天子作降虏,
  公卿奔走如牛羊。紫陌旌幡暗相触,家家鸡犬惊上屋。
  妇人出门随乱兵,夫死眼前不敢哭。九州诸侯自顾土,
  无人领兵来护主。北人避胡多在南,南人至今能晋语。
采莲曲
Zhang Ji
  Autumn River shore more than seeds, lotus daughter by Riverboat. Green Room Round Shiqijiji,
  Yang Jing microwave off before competition. Green led the next test to find lotus stems, broken multiple stab wounds at the hands of silk.
  Bailian waist cuff half of the volume, unplug jade hairpin Zhuangshu shallow. Degree under the boat before the continents,
  Q. A person who lives by far. Total return to be twilight when the tide, since the get Lotus also rowing.
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伤歌行(元和中,杨凭贬临贺尉)
Zhang Ji
  Huang Chao next door promoting collected, King join the government censor system. Go out with no re-steps,
  Relatives can not meet language. South China Sea into a state of disgrace Wei speech, ordered not to leave even for a moment.
  Pathetic evil dressed in riding horses, no carrier outside the door. Postal officials anxious husband noisy anti-flooding,
  Tend to fall under its feet shock. Chang shortage in the mansion, while the rich have been lowered second killer.
  Diocese lock orchestral dance pavilion, overlooking beautiful southwest days.
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吴宫怨
Zhang Ji
  Fall river surrounded by Wu Gong, Jiang Qing Lu Bai Lotus death. King drunk like dressing,
  Johnson can not afford to seat beauty. One thousand million palace complex, the number of Junen who repeatedly.
  Jun concubine both heart and is different only to the king before the dance. Red Real vertical cornel full house,
  Health Grateloupia autumn wave. Xi Yan stage strike Suzhou, Shi Qin also independent of others go.
  Day in the sky to the ground, it was this king looks abandoned.
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北邙行(一作白邙山)
Zhang Ji
  North Gate North Mang Road, Luoyang, mourning a passing carriage into the details for. Lu shallot front singing songs,
  New from the high white grave Mindanao Mindanao. Funeral procession of people day and night, more people of Luoyang city.
  Daughter tombstone hundred feet high, and finally as someone's pillar stone. Mountain pine semi main,
  Underground bones than soil. Cold Food every family to send paper money, Ukraine kite for the title on the nest tree.
  Habitat towards the city is not drowned their sorrows, please Mang Jun temporary travel north.
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关山月
Zhang Ji
  Lang Lang Moon off the mountain, the mountain pedestrian horseshoe ring. Guanshan autumn rain and snow and more
  See side of the pedestrian on to sing songs. Weather vast sea of white, Hu children Huanglong moraine degree night.
  Army probe evening ride out of town, low-Jing Ji ambush in the dark. Frost grass groaning stream level,
  Wild camel in search of water till Ming. Longtou wild winds high, fighting hard battle more than a meteor.
  Poor nations off Hill Road, every year more bones found in the public battle.
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