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和晋陵陆丞相早春游望
Du Shenyan
和晋陵陆丞相早春游望

和晋陵陆丞相早春游望
和晋陵陆丞相早春游望
和晋陵陆丞相早春游望
和晋陵陆丞相早春游望
  Only to wanderers can come
  Ever new the shock of beauty,
  Of white cloud and red cloud dawning from the sea,
  Of spring in the wild-plum and river-willow....
  I watch a yellow oriole dart in the warm air,
  And a green water- plant reflected by the sun.
  Suddenly an old song fills
  My heart with home, my eyes with tears.
  
  2) In Reply to Magistrate Lu's Poem: An Excursion in Early Spring
  Tr. Ni Peiling
  
  Only to officials away from home,
  The shock of beauty ever new will come,
  Of rising clouds at dawn above the sea,
  Of Spring in river side plum and willow-tree.
  Orioles are urged to sing in warm air,
  And green-clad duckweed in the sun looks fair.
  An old tune suddenly sung to my ears
  Fills my heart with home and my eyes with tears.

【Writing in Vernacular Chinese】 只有远离故里外出做官之人,
特别敏感自然物候转化更新。
海上云霞灿烂旭日即将东升,江南梅红柳绿江北却才回春。
和暖的春气催促着黄莺歌唱,晴朗的阳光下绿苹颜色转深。
忽然听到你歌吟古朴的曲调,勾起归思情怀令人落泪沾襟。

【Notes】 晋陵:郡名,治所在今江苏常州市。陆丞,作者友人,不详其名,时为晋陵郡丞。《早春游望》是陆丞所作的诗,本篇是唱和之作。
一作韦应物诗。

【Review】 清人王夫之《姜斋诗话》指出:“近体,梁陈已有,至杜审言而始叶于度”。杜审言的五言律诗,格律严整,音韵谐美,章法井然,意境深远,语言清丽自然,称得上是这种新兴诗体的典范作品。本诗就是其中较有代表性的一篇。
全诗因物兴感,写自己宦游他乡,辜负春光,不能归家的伤痛之情。从通篇来看,作者用的是即景抒情的常格,但开头却不落俗套,偏不从自然景物起笔,而是从自身写起.首句“独有宦游人”突出了诗人作为一个异乡游子与本地欣赏春光者迥然不同,为下文伤春蓄足了势头。《唐诗别裁集》评此句为“警健”。高步瀛《唐宋诗举要》也引纪昀的话评论说:“起句警拔,入手即撇过一层,擒题乃紧,知此自无通套之病”。所论皆确。次句“偏惊物候新”,高度概括,涵盖全篇,堪称“诗眼”。其中“偏”字呼应首句的“独”字,“惊”字感情色彩更浓,显得生辣而警醒。“偏”、“惊”合用,点明了多情的诗人对自然景物特有的敏感,所谓“伤心人别有怀抱”,诗的主旨,正是抒发这伤心人独特的“惊”春之情。如果把此诗比为一支伤春的乐曲,则这两个字显然起到了为全曲的抒情旋律定调的关键作用。再看“物”字衍出下文的“云霞”、“梅柳”、“黄鸟”、“绿苹”,“候”字关合下文的“海曙”、“江春”、“淑气”、“晴光”等等。而一“新”字则扣住诗题的“早”字,使得诗歌因物兴感的中心内容更加鲜明动人。真是脉络井井,关锁紧密,字字千金。
诗的中间两联,淋漓尽致地铺写“物候”的“新”。这是两组辞藻清丽、声调谐畅、境界华美的对仗。“云霞出海曙,梅柳渡江春”一联,推衍诗题之“望”字,写诗人远眺时的所见,在海阔天空的宏大背景中描画出江南早春瑰丽迷人的风物。这里没有用一个颜色字,然而由红霞、红梅、红日和碧海、蓝天、绿柳,清江织成的五彩缤纷的景色却跃然纸上,色泽感十分鲜明。这一联不但生动地写出了物象,而且更与人观察景物的心理感受密合,因而诗意盎然。动词“出”与“渡”十分传神。破晓时,太阳象是从东海升起,云气被阳光照耀,蔚成绚烂的霞彩,也好象和旭日同时从海中出来,所以说“云霞出海曙”。江南比江北早暖,梅柳透露春意也比江北为早,人过江而南,忽见梅已开花,柳已发绿,似乎梅柳一过长江就变换春装似的,所以说“梅柳渡江春”,颈联“淑气催黄鸟,晴光转绿苹”,从南朝江淹《咏美人春游诗》“江南二月春,东风转绿苹”二句变化而来。前一联既写“望”中远景,这一联则续写“游”时所见,处处关合题目,针线十分绵密。比起上一联,这一联写景更加深入细致,使人读后如同亲身感受到春天的萌动和春光的和煦。动词“催”与“转”更加传神.温暖的春气使万物复苏,连黄鹂的鸣叫也似乎是由它“催促”所致,晴朗的阳光照射到水面上,使水中的苹草也很快由嫩绿“转”为深绿。物态的变化全由这两个词的巧妙使用而活灵活现,作者文心之细于此可见一斑。
诗的末联“忽闻歌古调,归思欲沾襟”,正面道出自己伤春思归的本意,并以闻“歌古调”缴足题面,点明和诗之旨。这两句说,陆丞的诗好象使作者忽然听到了古人的歌曲,不觉勾起了回乡的念头,以至泪下沾襟了。上文“惊”物候之“新”,叹春光之美,都是为这里引出“归思”而作铺垫陪衬的。春景是触发“归思”的媒介物,陆丞的早春游望诗更对“归思”的燃烧起了催化作用,故此处以“忽”字作转折,将上文的明媚与欢跃之景突然一下子打入伤感凄怆的气氛之中,达到了抒发伤春之情的目的。这一顿挫,与篇首的“惊”字遥相呼应,愈见此诗婉曲跌宕之妙。

[鉴赏]
这是一首和诗。原唱是晋陵陆丞作的《早春游望》。晋陵即今江苏常州,唐代属江南东道毗陵郡。陆丞,作者的友人,不详其名,时在晋陵任县丞。大约武则天永昌元年(689)前后,杜审言在江阴县任职,与陆某是同郡邻县的僚友。他们同游唱和,可能即在其时。陆某原唱已不可知。杜审言这首和诗是用原唱同题抒发自己宦游江南的感慨和归思。

  诗人在唐高宗咸亨元年(670)中进士后,仕途失意,一直充任县丞、县尉之类小官。到永昌元年,他宦游已近二十年,诗名甚高,却仍然远离京洛,在江阴这个小县当小官,心情很不高兴。江南早春天气,和朋友一起游览风景,本是赏心乐事,但他却象王粲登楼那样,“虽信美而非吾土”,不如归去。所以这首和诗写得别有情致,惊新而不快,赏心而不乐,感受新鲜而思绪凄清,景色优美而情调淡然,甚至于伤感,有满腹牢骚在言外。

  诗一开头就发感慨,说只有离别家乡、奔走仕途的游子,才会对异乡的节物气候感到新奇而大惊小怪。言外即谓,如果在家乡,或是当地人,则习见而不怪。在这“独有”、“偏惊”的强调语气中,生动表现出诗人宦游江南的矛盾心情:这一开头相当别致,很有个性特点。

  中间二联即写“惊新”。表面看,这两联写江南新春伊始至仲春二月的物候变化特点,表现出江南春光明媚、鸟语花香的水乡景色;实际上,诗人是从比较故乡中原物候来写异乡江南的新奇的,在江南仲春的新鲜风光里有着诗人怀念中原暮春的故土情意,句句惊新而处处怀乡。

  “云霞”句是写新春伊始。在古人观念中,春神东帝,方位在东,日出于东,春来自东。但在中原,新春伊始的物候是“东风解冻,蛰虫始振,鱼上冰”(《礼记·月令》),风已暖而水犹寒。而江南水乡近海,春风春水都暖,并且多云。所以诗人突出地写江南的新春是与太阳一起从东方的大海升临人间的,象曙光一样映照着满天云霞。

  “梅柳”句是写初春正月的花木。同是梅花柳树,同属初春正月,在北方是雪里寻梅,遥看柳色,残冬未消;而江南已经梅花缤纷,柳叶翩翩,春意盎然,正如诗人在同年正月作的《大酺》中所形容的:“梅花落处疑残雪,柳叶开时任好风。”所以这句说梅柳渡过江来,江南就完全是花发木荣的春天了。

  接着,写春鸟。“淑气”谓春天温暖气候。“黄鸟”即黄莺,又名仓庚。仲春二月“仓庚鸣”(《礼记·月令》),南北皆然,但江南的黄莺叫得更欢。西晋诗人陆机说:“蕙草饶淑气,时鸟多好音。”(《悲哉行》)“淑气催黄鸟”,便是化用陆诗,而以一个“催”字,突出了江南二月春鸟更其欢鸣的特点。

  然后,写水草。“晴光”即谓春光。“绿蘋”是浮萍。在中原,季春三月“萍始生”(《礼记·月令》);在江南,梁代诗人江淹说:“江南二月春,东风转绿蘋。”(《咏美人春游》)这句说“晴光转绿苹”,便是化用江诗,也就暗示出江南二月仲春的物候,恰同中原三月暮春,整整早了一个月。

  总之,新因旧而见奇,景因情而方惊。惊新由于怀旧,思乡情切,更觉异乡新奇。这两联写眼中所见江南物候,也寓含着心中怀念中原故乡之情,与首联的矛盾心情正相一贯,同时也自然地转到末联。

  “古调”是尊重陆丞原唱的用语。诗人用“忽闻”以示意外语气,巧妙地表现出陆丞的诗在无意中触到诗人心中思乡之痛,因而感伤流泪。反过来看,正因为诗人本来思乡情切,所以一经触发,便伤心流泪。这个结尾,既点明归思,又点出和意,结构谨严缜密。

  前人欣赏这首诗,往往偏爱首、尾二联,而略过中间二联。其实,它的构思是完整而有独创的。起结固然别致,但是如果没有中间两联独特的情景描写,整首诗就不会如此丰满、贯通而别有情趣,也不切题意。从这个意义上说,这首诗的精采处,恰在中间二联。

  (倪其心)

南海乱石山作
Du Shenyan
  JI-day plot up the sea, mountains and high Ye ground. According to legend, that rocks, Compiled British Illustration missing something.
  Overhang crisis learned astonishing, not class size. At first the cloud island pole, with Galaxy times.
  Suddenly flying on a towering, still want to fall under the Pro. Dan Tun Frequently Mailed toward purple, green Jiong soul night.
  Chong fog rain dome build, seclusion Ling Xian Bi. Wan hanging crane nest searching, little knowledge is a vertical Yuanbi.
  Xi wind related to King, to Guxi to this. Wing view of this song too, long to fine differences.
Translated by Google
送和西蕃使
Du Shenyan
  Resorted to Phoenix Chi, the capital late spring. Shang Sheng Zhao side policies, Zhao Yu Bing Ge Yan.
  Worship hands Mingguang Hall, shaking heart Shanglinyuan. Drop more than species of green Qiang, off Santos Akasaka.
  Battlefield and nothing, Song of Solomon and meals. Ningdu Xi and Rong, even when the closure will be far.
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蓬莱三殿侍宴奉敕咏终南山应制
Du Shenyan
  Dipper hanging edge of the town, Nanshan lean front of the hall.
  Standard Jinque regression cloud, tree tip of Plum Blossoms suspended.
  Half Ling Tong Jia Qi, the peak around the Swiss smoke.
  Xiao Chen Xian Shou held, long the DAI Yao days.
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望春亭侍游应诏
Du Shenyan
  帝出明光殿,天临太液池。尧樽随步辇,舜乐绕行麾。
  万寿祯祥献,三春景物滋。小臣同酌海,歌颂答无为。
宿羽亭侍宴应制
Du Shenyan
  Step out of one thousand chariot, Palace opened in February. Liu reported that the new scenery, feast falling reminder reward.
  Clear water and shake an empty House, Castle Peak blowing around Taiwan. San Hing love to stay late, to send the remaining cup of song control.
Translated by Google
岁夜安乐公主满月侍宴应制
Du Shenyan
  Chang Yin Qi at birth, an important official feast day cup. The beginning of the full moon painted floor, Xiangdian early spring.
  Rui Bao for Yao Jun, Sun Mou Liang Guozhen. Will be at the Ming Yuan, Chen Wanshou movement.
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奉和七夕侍宴两仪殿应制
Du Shenyan
  Do not blame the title year, word began Tanabata return. Convergence and tears open star dimple, micro-step moving clouds clothing.
  For days, back to the rabbit down the river Kuang magpie grounded. Nakan make this night to cripple complex machine.
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大酺(永昌元年)
Du Shenyan
  After the dry days by San, Wong Ming Yu Li Chen. Purple Palace early start to sit, dark green jade is temporary spring.
  Ze thunderstorm paste down, money donated servant. Huan Chao drink in company tours all over, except for new Jiaotai see.
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赋得妾薄命
Du Shenyan
  Nagato grass green cover, moss green Wing Lane quiet. Move the new love of pet wins, Leila so love to stay.
  Tiniao shock Canmeng, fly alone stir worry. Self-pity Spring stop, round fan complex Yingqiu.
Translated by Google
和韦承庆过义阳公主山池五首
Du Shenyan
  Xingcheng in the wild hair, the DPRK-British material from outside. Love hanging Zhu Fu Wang, Qi moving red spring tour.
  Swallow Nest Book Club, pheasants dance floor painting. The remaining clear late summer rain, a total of Northern Rock to sit quiet.
  Path adversity peak force, the bridge back to the short shore harm. Yuquan shift alcohol, Shi Hong marrow for japonica.
  Approx fog black hair weak, led by the wind purple vine long. Utah made a small pleasures, do not back pond.
  Portable piano around Bayside, shaking pen get Qingxia. Kakitsubata quiet court grass, marsh hibiscus flower song.
  Banquet off into the wild, form wins have Xianjia. Lau Sin often step, easy to climb on ramp.
  When Xuan Shi save leaning, flying Xuanquan degree of lattice window. Red deer fawn prostitutes seats, Tsuruko drag children clothing.
  Garden fruit taste hard times, not rare pick lotus pool. Shutter to be on CD, should be drunk in return.
  Mid-Autumn of the future, high-love at this time. Water back in eight pools, nine mountain peaks for the suspect.
  Yi Jing partial to fish, birds like to bully people busy. Do not stay Xing Qing Xi, but with the clouds of.
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秋夜宴临津郑明府宅
Du Shenyan
  Behavior are not, the move to find unique monarch. Kansas put the years in the wine, the clouds around them.
  Lu Bai Xiao Zhong Che, Xiao leakage Delicate smell. Hing to take to bring the rest, it may not outliers.
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和康五庭芝望月有怀
Du Shenyan
  明月高秋迥,愁人独夜看。暂将弓并曲,翻与扇俱团。
  雾濯清辉苦,风飘素影寒。罗衣一此鉴,顿使别离难。
登襄阳城
Du Shenyan
  旅客三秋至,层城四望开。楚山横地出,汉水接天回。
  冠盖非新里,章华即旧台。习池风景异,归路满尘埃。
旅寓安南
Du Shenyan
  交趾殊风候,寒迟暖复催。仲冬山果熟,正月野花开。
  积雨生昏雾,轻霜下震雷。故乡逾万里,客思倍从来。
春日怀归
Du Shenyan
  Go look heart is hurt, Chungui different from previous years. Que Heshan Kam Wei, Qin Chuan Yi homeland.
  Fangyuan Flower miscellaneous birds, wind and green smoke. Huai Huan more tours, the car Marlow bridge.
Translated by Google
代张侍御伤美人
Du Shenyan
  Twenty-eight Fei spring cover, curtain screen pet empty. Tears midnight snack candle, melancholy chaos spring.
  Qiao Xiao suspected in the new song does not end makeup. Should pity powder gas, keep the costumes in the.
Translated by Google
送高郎中北使
Du Shenyan
送高郎中北使
  北狄愿和亲,东京发使臣。马衔边地雪,衣染异方尘。
  岁月催行旅,恩荣变苦辛。歌钟期重锡,拜手落花春。
都尉山亭
Du Shenyan
  紫藤萦葛藟,绿刺罥蔷薇。下钓看鱼跃,探巢畏鸟飞。
  叶疏荷已晚,枝亚果新肥。胜迹都无限,只应伴月归。
夏日过郑七山斋
Du Shenyan
  共有樽中好,言寻谷口来。薜萝山径入,荷芰水亭开。
  日气含残雨,云阴送晚雷。洛阳钟鼓至,车马系迟回。
送崔融
Du Shenyan
送崔融
送崔融
  Line out of the king, far from the secretary of the levy.
  Que River ancestral account with the military rejoice moving Los Angeles.
  Jing Zhan toward the moon gas, Jia blowing the night side of the sound.
  Sit sleep smoke sweeping, autumn ancient Peking.
Translated by Google
经行岚州
Du Shenyan
  The North late spring, cold weather border town. Flowers are not made between the old and new snow is still disabled.
  Water for the piano to your liking, mountain paintings look suspect. Battle led away from the shock, dangerous signs promoting the saddle.
Translated by Google
重九日宴江阴
Du Shenyan
  Cricket of late return, cornel section of the new candidates. Frost on young women, white people to send wine.
  Pleased to longevity, habitat across British Columbia Elegance. Lonza is here, sitting adjacent to old customs.
Translated by Google
除夜有怀
Du Shenyan
  Therefore, when the song Code section, a candle and greet the New Year. Love Arrow atmosphere Qiu Dong, Spring waiting cock.
  Xing Jin Wen pot cover, fight night À see cross. Life will be trillions more Ye Kokonoe city.
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