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哀王孙
杜甫 Du Fu
哀王孙

哀王孙
  长安城头头白乌,夜飞延秋门上呼。
  又向人家啄大屋,屋底达官走避胡。
  金鞭断折九马死,骨肉不待同驰驱。
  腰下宝玦青珊瑚,可怜王孙泣路隅。
  问之不肯道姓名,但道困苦乞为奴。
  已经百日窜荆棘,身上无有完肌肤。
  高帝子孙尽隆准,龙种自与常人殊。
  豺狼在邑龙在野,王孙善保千金躯。
  不敢长语临交衢,且为王孙立斯须。
  昨夜东风吹血腥,东来橐驼满旧都。
  朔方健儿好身手,昔何勇锐今何愚。
  窃闻天子已传位,圣德北服南单于。
  花门剺面请雪耻,慎勿出口他人狙。
  哀哉王孙慎勿疏,五陵佳气无时无。


  Along the wall of the Capital a white-headed crow
  Flies to the Gate where Autumn Enters and screams there in the night,
  Then turns again and pecks among the roofs of a tall mansion
  Whose lord, a mighty mandarin, has fled before the Tartars,
  With his golden whip now broken, his nine war-horses dead
  And his own flesh and bone scattered to the winds....
  There's a rare ring of green coral underneath the vest
  Of a Prince at a street-corner, bitterly sobbing,
  Who has to give a false name to anyone who asks him-
  Just a poor fellow, hoping for employment.
  A hundred days' hiding in grasses and thorns
  Show on his body from head to foot.
  But, since their first Emperor, all with hooknoses,
  These Dragons look different from ordinary men.
  Wolves are in the palace now and Dragons are lost in the desert –
  O Prince, be very careful of your most sacred person!
  I dare not address you long, here by the open road,
  Nor even to stand beside you for more than these few moments.
  Last night with the spring-wind there came a smell of blood;
  The old Capital is full of camels from the east.
  Our northern warriors are sound enough of body and of hand –
  Oh, why so brave in olden times and so craven now?
  Our Emperor, we hear, has given his son the throne
  And the southern border-chieftains are loyally inclined
  And the Huamen and Limian tribes are gathering to avenge us.
  But still be careful-keep yourself well hidden from the dagger.
  Unhappy Prince, I beg you, be constantly on guard –
  Till power blow to your aid from the Five Imperial Tombs.

【白话文】 长安城头,伫立着一只白头乌鸦,夜暮了,还飞进延秋门上叫哇哇。
这怪物,又向大官邸宅啄个不停,吓得达官们,为避胡人逃离了家。
玄宗出奔,折断金鞭又累死九马,皇亲国戚,来不及和他一同驱驾。
有个少年,腰间佩带玉块和珊瑚,可怜呵,他在路旁哭得嗓子嘶哑。
千问万问,总不肯说出自己姓名,只说生活困苦,求人收他做奴伢!
已经有一百多天,逃窜荆棘丛下,身上无完肤,遍体是裂痕和伤疤。
凡是高帝子孙,大都是鼻梁高直,龙种与布衣相比,自然来得高雅。
豺狼在城称帝,龙种却流落荒野,王孙呵,你一定要珍重自己身架。
在十字路口,不敢与你长时交谈,只能站立片刻,交代你重要的话。
昨天夜里,东风吹来阵阵血腥味,长安东边,来了很多骆驼和车马。
北方军队,一贯是交战的好身手,往日勇猛,如今何以就流水落花。
私下听说,皇上已把皇位传太子,南单于派使拜服,圣德安定天下。
他们个个割面,请求雪耻上前线,你要守口如瓶,以防暗探的缉拿。
多可怜呵王孙,你万万不要疏忽,五陵之气葱郁,大唐中兴有望呀!

【注释】 ①延秋门:玄宗曾由此出逃。
②金鞭断折:指玄宗以金鞭鞭马快跑而金鞭断折。
③宝玦:玉佩。
④高帝子孙:汉高祖刘邦的子孙。这里是以汉代唐。隆准:高鼻。
⑤豺狼在邑:指安禄山占据长安。邑:京城。龙在野:指玄宗奔逃至蜀。
⑥临交衢:靠近大路边。衢:大路。斯须:一会儿。
⑦东风吹血腥:指安史叛军到处屠杀。
⑧“朔方”句:指唐将哥舒翰守潼关的河陇、朔方军二十万,为安禄山叛军大败的事。
⑨花门:即回纥。剺(lí)面:匈奴风俗在宣誓仪式上割面流血,以表诚意。这里指回纥坚决表示出兵助唐平定安史之乱。狙(jū):伺察,窥伺。
⑩佳气:兴旺之气。无时无:时时存在

【赏析】 唐玄宗天宝十五年(756)六月九日,潼关失守,十三日玄宗奔蜀,仅携贵妃姊妹几人,其余妃嫔、皇孙、公主皆不及逃走。七月安禄山部将孙孝哲攻陷长安,先后杀戮霍长公主以下百余人。诗中所指王孙,应是大难中的幸存者。 诗先追忆安史祸乱发生前的征兆;接着写明皇委弃王孙匆促出奔,王孙流落的痛苦;最后密告王孙内外的形势,叮咛王孙自珍,等待河山光复。 全诗写景写情,皆诗人所目睹耳闻,亲身感受,因而情真意切。荡人胸怀,叙事明净利索,语气真实亲切。写同情处见其神,写对话处见其情,写议论处见其真,写希望处见其切。杜诗之所以称“诗史” 者,盖在于此也。
作者在诗中极言王子王孙在战乱中颠沛流离,遭受种种苦楚,既寄予了深深的同情,又含蓄地规劝统治者应居安思危,不可一味贪图享乐,致使子孙亦无法遮顾,实为可悲可叹。全诗词色古泽,气魄宏大。明王嗣《杜臆》评这首诗:通篇哀痛顾惜,潦倒淋漓,似乱似整,断而复续,无一懈语,无一死字,真下笔有神。

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