鸟鸣涧
鸟鸣涧
鸟鸣涧Moonrise shock blackbirds, when Jian Ming in the spring.
Blows on the heart of that jujube tree,
Till that heart looks tender and beautiful.
What toil and pain did our mother endure!
The genial wind from the south
Blows on the branches of that jujube tree,
Our mother is wise and good;
But among us there is none good.
There is the cool spring
Below [the city of] Jun.
We are seven sons,
And our mother is full of pain and suffering.
The beautiful yellow birds
Give forth their pleasant notes.
We are seven sons,
And cannot compose our mother's heart.
I was born as the beginning of yet,
Jo Han after I was born bad.
Come down Luanli days heartless,
Heartless Come to me every time.
Come on the road to find weapons of war risk,
Come people were sad sad death in exile.
Bi Ye Sheng Hu Lu Xi dust,
Xi Chi means good and righteousness loss.
Duishusuxi not my wish,
Come when the report was the evil who disgrace.
Jia Xi piano for a one shot,
No one knows my heart Come collapse dead.
】 【Second beat
Rong Jie forced me to Shi Jia Xi,
Come to me End of the World Bank.
Come return Yunshan thousand ya,
Come wind thousands of miles of sand dust.
Meng Xi as many people Chongyi violence,
Come to Jiaoshe control string Beijia.
Come two shots hanging string-stricken,
Xi since Chi sad sigh Xinzhe destroy.
The third film】 【
Hon Kwok Yue Hu Xi into the city,
Come home virginity death as no students.
Come for the flesh and fur skirts felt shocked,
Come for the taste of mutton Jie stop my love in vain.
Come night noise from the scabbard Damien Drum,
Come dark plug faint wind vast camp.
Xi Xi III injury filmed this sense,
Title Beixuhenxi He Shiping!
The fourth film】 【
Come every day and night I do not think local,
Come with none other than the endowment of my students suffer.
Come chaos of natural disasters the country who, without the Lord,
Xi Rong not only I wretched prisoner.
Xi Popular different mind body special difficulties
Shi Yu Xi who with different language.
Li Xi wondering how involved < hi> resistance,
Four turned into Xi Yi tragically.
Fifth take】 【
The South side of the heart Yan Xi Yu Ji,
Come to get Yanbei return to Han.
Wild geese hard to find high-Xi Miao,
Heartbroken Xisiyinyin empty.
Cuanmei May Come to ask Yaqin,
Five shot clear qin melody Xi Mi deep meaning.
】 【Sixth film
Xi body bitter cold frost stern,
Come hungry for meat, not dairy meal.
Come hear the sound of water the night Long sobs,
An audience with the Great Wall Xiluyaoman.
Come luggage past the memorial is difficult,
Six shot sad to Come To stop playing.
】 【Seventh shot
Come sun_set_ side of the wind cries sad,
Come say I do not know who to worry about the heart is.
Xi Feng Wan Rong fields Depression,
Come elderly cheap popular young for the United States.
Come have _set_tled down thatch plants by base,
Come together all over the floor, such as cattle and sheep ant bee.
Xi Yang Ma to make the water dried grass are migration,
Seven Come shoot the evil hate living in this stream.
】 【Eighth beat
He has eyes for days Come see me drifting alone,
Come Spirit of God has anything for me far apart at first.
I live with me any day special Come match day,
I live up to God, bearing in mind that the more I Come what God shortage of state.
Come beat the system hereby proposed eight-row worries,
Come to know what turn into a sad song.
】 【Ninth shot
Come to endless day is long,
Then worry about my heart Come abuzz.
Come mortal life too, such as Baiju the gap,
However, when I was not happy Come the prime.
Come To the question resentment days
Come on gray days missed.
Come empty clouds give the first look,
Who Paihuaiqingxi nine pass.
【X】 shot
The city did not head off the flames,
When to break campaign battlefield.
Zhao Zhao murderous red cock,
Feng edge blowing on every night.
Come home every sound dust extinction,
Come gas will swallow a silent cry.
Come leave a hard edge of life,
Come take ten deep sorrow into tears of blood.
】 【XI beat
I am not a greed and bad death,
Xi can not be donated heart to the body.
Students still have to Xi Ji return their homeland,
Come death when the resting length are gone.
Come home all day in the month Rong barrier
Come pet my barbarian has two sons.
The education of the Xi Ju no shame
Min Xi growth of an idea rustic edge.
Come have a shot ten from Mainz,
Aixiangxiche Xinsui.
Film】 【XII
Dongfeng Xi Heating should be legal and more
The Emperor of Han Xi Yang, and cloth.
Qiang Hu Xi were celebrating and dancing,
Come stop Bingge intercourse between the two countries.
Xi said suddenly that nearly every Chao Han,
Come daughter sent redemption undefined status.
Hydergine Come alive every monarch,
Do not sigh for the second child will have no Xi.
Shiyou Er Xi funeral were shot,
The two who love to live with Chen Xi.
Film】 【XIII
Xi is not that the remaining years was owned by rotation,
Caress Hu Xi Qixiazhanyi children.
Come to meet my four-Han Mu Fei Fei,
No. Hu Xi children who know.
Come to my death every time,
No worry for the child Come glorious day.
Ru Xi will return nothing wings,
Come for a full step difficult to move away.
Hun Xiao Ying Xi absolutely loving left,
Come ten shot string Jidiao three sad,
Human liver and intestine stir thorn Xi Mo, I know.
Film】 【Fourteenth
Come children Mozhi returned with the body,
Come hungry long as the heart Xuan Xuan.
Come all seasons wax and wane,
Come sorrow not only temporary shift.
Come see the wide upland mountain Ru-free period,
Dream Come Yelan Nilai deeper Adams.
Come for a dream Kiichi handle grief,
Come feel the pain my heart when no Xiuxie.
Come take ten tears make four vertical,
Xi River flows east is the thinking mind.
XV beat】 【
Come fifth film festival to promote adjustment,
Come gas filled breast who know music.
Come even at Qionglu special customs,
Come back days of May from the desire.
Xi Han also favor another country,
Yi Xi heart deep sorrow turn.
Come sun and the moon was not selfless come again,
Come difficult to separate any means PIP.
Come across as the same day, the more business participation,
Come to find where life and death, not knowing each other.
Film】 【XVI
Come take sixteen think the vast,
I Come with the children of the party.
Come on Christians across the East on the West,
Come empty heartbroken not go hand in hand.
Come on Hemerocallis only want to worry about forgetting,
Come Ho Ming Kum love playing hurt.
Do not go home this sub-Xi,
Come new level resentment resentment long.
Tears of Blood upward Xi v. gray,
Come with me alone suffer this calamity.
Film】 【seventeenth
Seventeen Come take heart Bisuan,
Xi Guan Shan resistance repair the difficulties in traveling.
Come to the dry soil when the leaves dry pregnant,
Arrows mark the bones Come marks the battlefield.
Come spring and summer stern wind, frost, cold,
Come one poisonous snake flesh hungry troops.
It turned out too heavy to Come into Chang'an,
Interest-stricken tears Xi Huan railings.
Eighteenth shot】 【
Hu Jia Hu in the self check-out,
Green pulls out a melody with the piano.
Although the final eighth shot Xi Qu,
Come think not affect the poor are remaining.
Come to know all is good fortune of a delicate string and wind power.
Come the funeral there is a change with the people you pass,
Xi Hu and the Han Shu exotic wind.
Come son of heaven and earth separated mother of East West,
Bitter resentment I Come ho in the sky.
Come by the Hop should not be away from.
Come clan exterminate single portal.
Come into Western enforcement body slightly off.
Adventure Zuxizhiqiang pretty.
Come Long Way Valley subtle.
Gu Xi East dependents but lament.
Mi = http} {Ming Xi when sleep can not be an.
Come hungry when the food is not food.
Come canthal quit often runny nose.
Come read the victims of the ambition and thin.
Although invisible to treat all Xi Yan.
Yang Jing Xi Yuan but other side.
Come summer snow chi zero condensate.
Obstruct the desert dust {Xi Ming Ming Mi Mi = http = http} {}.
There is not Wing Chun Xi vegetation.
Come eat people like animals smell fishy.
Xi made like Miu stop away from the pocket.
Come twilight years of age when the step Yu Zheng.
Xijinmenjiong a long night.
Come from the screen can not sleep camp.
Pro Xi Hu Guang Teng Temple Court.
Yun Xuan Hop Star May Come shade.
Xi Li Su clear qin melody north.
Hu Jia Xi side maming action.
Come voice trained, trained, owned by Lone Wild Goose.
Xi Zheng Xing musicians playing.
Sounds sad and clear phase and Xi.
Come spit think center chest anger surplus.
For fear he scared Shu Qi Xi.
Come with sad tears stained pharyngeal neck.
Come home Angelica both Ning Ying.
Come a long way to donate Pro born.
Come cry aloud children call home.
I Come not bear to hear their ears.
Come chase me away Qiongqiong support.
Xi Yan destroyed since Dayton-shaped complex.
Gu Xi also breaking human.
DA heart Come never dead back to life.
杜陵叟Sou Duling, Duling home, more than one are aged species Susukida.
Dry wind, no rain in March, barley grass does not show more yellow death.
September frost early autumn cold, Wo are young immature ear dry.
Zhang Li Shen knows not breaking, radical violence to seek convergence of the examination.
Code Officer is satisfied Sang land rent, food and clothing will be how about next year.
Silk peel me, take my mouth millet.
Pest child who is the wolf, why hook claws saw tooth eating human flesh.
I do not know who played the emperor, the emperor heart compassion Appreciating disadvantages.
White linen paper book, Dean, Gyeonggi do put this tax.
Xu came to the door yesterday, where, armed with country-foot dispatch list.
Tax nine of ten graduates, virtual free by Wu Jun Yan Juan.
【Notes】 【秀】开花
【申破】呈报事情真相
【求考课】力求完成税征作考绩
【何必】不一定
【弊】劳瘁
【白麻纸】公文分黄白，任命、赦免等要令书白麻纸，黄者普通诏令。
【蠲】免除
【Review】 唐宪宗元和三年（808）冬天到第二年春天，江南广大地区和长安周围，遭受严重旱灾。这时白居易新任左拾遗，上疏陈述民间疾苦，请求“减免租税”，“以实惠及人”。唐宪宗总算批准了白居易的奏请，还下了罪己诏；但实际上不过是搞了个笼络人心的骗局。为此，白居易写了《轻肥》和这首《杜陵叟》。
这首诗在禾穗青乾，麦苗黄死，赤地千里的背景上展现出两个颇有戏剧性的场面：一个是，贪官污吏如狼似虎，逼迫灾民们“典桑卖地纳官租”；接着的一个是，在“十家租税九家毕”之后，里胥才慢腾腾地来到乡村，宣布“免税”的“德音”，让灾民们感谢皇帝的恩德。
诗人说他的这首诗是“伤农夫之困”的。“杜陵叟”这个典型所概括的，当然不仅是杜陵一地的“农夫之困”，而是所有农民的共同遭遇。由于诗人对“农夫之困”感同身受，所以当写到“典桑卖地纳官租，明年衣食将何如”的时候，无法控制自己的激情，改第三人称为第一人称，用“杜陵叟”的口气，痛斥了那些为了自己升官发财而不顾农民死活的“长吏”：“剥我身上帛，夺我口中粟。虐人害物即豺狼，何必钩爪锯牙食人肉？”作为唐王朝的官员，敢于如此激烈地为人民鸣不平，不能不使我们佩服他的勇气。而他塑造的这个“我”的形象，以高度概括地反映了千百万农民的悲惨处境和反抗精神而闪耀着永不熄灭的艺术火花，至今仍有不可低估的认识意义和审美价值。
正面写“长吏”只用了两句诗，但由于先用灾情的严重作铺垫，后用“我”的控诉作补充，中间又揭露了封建社会最本质的东西，所以着墨不多而形象凸现，且有高度的典型性。“明知”农民遭灾，却硬是“不申破”，甚至美化现实以博取皇帝的欢心，这个长吏不是很有典型性吗？“明知”夏秋两熟，颗粒未收，农民已在死亡线上挣扎，却硬是“急敛暴征求考课”，这不是入木三分地揭露了最本质的东西吗？
从表面上看，诗人鞭挞了长吏和里胥，却歌颂了皇帝。然而细绎全诗，就会有不同的看法。对于长吏的揭露，集中到“求考课”；对于里胥的刻画，着重于“方到门”：显然是有言外之意的。考课者，考核官吏的政绩也。既然长吏们“急敛暴征”是为了追求在考课中名列前茅，得以升官，那么，考课的目的是什么，也就不言而喻了。“里胥”有多大的权力，竟敢等到“十家租税九家毕”之后“方到门”来宣布“免税”的“德音”，难道会没有人支持吗？事情很清楚：“帝心恻隐”是假，用考课的办法鼓励各级官吏搜刮更多的民脂民膏是真，这就是问题的实质所在。诗人能怀着“伤农夫之困”的深厚感情，通过笔下的艺术形象予以揭露，是难能可贵的。
事实上，当灾荒严重的时候，由皇帝下诏免除租税，由地方官加紧勒索，完成、甚至超额完成“任务”，乃是历代统治者惯演的双簧戏。苏轼在《应诏言四事状》里指出“四方皆有‘黄纸放而白纸催’之语”（在唐代，皇帝的诏书分两类：重要的用白麻纸写，叫“白麻”；一般的用黄麻纸写，叫“黄麻”。在宋代，皇帝的诏书用黄纸写，地方官的公文用白纸写），就足以证明这一点。此后，范成大在《后催租行》里所写的“黄纸放尽白纸催，卖衣得钱都纳却”，朱继芳在《农桑》里所写的“淡黄竹纸说蠲逋，白纸仍科不嫁租”，就都是这种双簧戏。而白居易，则是最早、最有力地揭穿了这种双簧戏的现实主义诗人。
（霍松林）
Red carpet, silk clear choice boiled silkworm Qiao, pick red and blue dye silk line training.
Red and blue dyed red, carpet weaving for Phi Hong Dianshang.
Phi Xiangdian wide ten Zhang Yu, the red line can be woven into a shop house.
Choi Hong baboons soft and thick wire, wire soft flowers numerous virtual objects;
Americans step on the dance, the Law no socks embroidered with the step.
Taiyuan blanket thread hard astringent Cui, Shu is a thin mattress Jinhua cold;
Not so warm and soft blanket, in mid-October to Xuanzhou.
Xuanzhou prefect of sample organizations, since that can be tried for the minister;
Centurion palace with Tam, the line of thick multi-volume wire not.
Xuanzhou Prefecture know I do not know? Yi Zhang blankets, a thousand two wire,
I do not know who to warm to cold, less away people's clothes for the lichen!
【Notes】 【缲丝】将蚕茧抽为丝缕
【练】煮缣使熟，又有选择意
【红蓝】花名，箭镞锯齿形蓝色叶，夏开红黄花，可制胭脂和红色颜料。
【披香殿】汉成帝皇后赵飞燕曾歌舞
Ling Ling Ho of the wind like a sail, not like raw silk and Wan Yee Lo;
Should they agree to anything like last month, Tiantai Mountain, forty five feet waterfalls spring.
There are articles and Wonderful, ground floor cluster snow white fireworks.
Clothes organizers who who who? The more women Palace Ji Han River.
Last year, Amnesty mouth propaganda manipulation, sampling the sky world organization.
Organization for the Clouds Qiuyan line for Jason Jiang dye color.
System wide cut sleeves long dress, Kim iron scissors wave pattern.
Relatives and queer Caribbean splendor, Zhuance see Flower uncertain.
Zhaoyang dancers grace is deep, a pair of spring clothes straight daughter.
James Khan is no longer a dirty powder, drag step on clay soil without pity heart.
Wind damask woven into charges merit, Moby unusual tie and silk.
Qiao fine wire over girls hand pain, Zaza Sounds not Ying Chi.
Zhaoyang temple dance man, if the organization should see and treat.
【Notes】 【文章】花纹
【广裁】幅阔足以连袖裁
【Review】 这首诗，是白居易《新乐府》五十篇中的第三十一篇。主题是“念女工之劳”。作者从缭绫的生产过程、工艺特点以及生产者与消费者的社会关系中提炼出这一主题，在艺术表现上很有独创性。
缭绫是一种精美的丝织品，用它做成“昭阳舞人”的“舞衣”，价值“千金”。本篇的描写，都着眼于这种丝织品的出奇的精美，而写出了它的出奇的精美，则出奇的费工也就不言而喻了。
“缭绫缭绫何所似？”──诗人以突如其来的一问开头，让读者迫切地期待下文的回答。回答用了“比”的手法，又不是简单的“比”，而是先说“不似……”，后说“应似……”，文意层层逼进，文势跌宕生姿。罗、绡、纨、绮，这四种丝织品都相当精美；而“不似罗绡与纨绮”一句，却将这一切全部抹倒，表明缭绫之精美，非其他丝织品所能比拟。那么，什么才配与它相比呢？诗人找到了一种天然的东西：“瀑布”。用“瀑布”与丝织品相比，唐人诗中并不罕见，徐凝写庐山瀑布的“今古长如白练飞，一条界破青山色”，就是一例。但白居易在这里说“应似天台山上明月前，四十五尺瀑布泉”，仍显得新颖贴切。新颖之处在于照“瀑布”以“明月”；贴切之处在于既以“四十五尺”兼写瀑布的下垂与一匹缭绫的长度，又以“天台山”点明缭绫的产地，与下文的“越溪”相照应。缭绫是越地的名产，天台是越地的名山，而“瀑布悬流，千丈飞泻”（《太平寰宇记·天台县》），又是天台山的奇景。诗人把越地的名产与越地的名山奇景联系起来，说一匹四十五尺的缭绫高悬，就象天台山上的瀑布在明月下飞泻，不仅写出了形状、色彩，而且表现出闪闪寒光，耀人眼目。缭绫如此，已经是巧夺天工了；但还不止如此。瀑布是没有“文章”（图案花纹）的，而缭绫呢，却“中有文章又奇绝”，这又非瀑布所能比拟。写那“文章”的“奇绝”，又连用两“比”：“地铺白烟花簇雪”。“地”是底子，“花”是花纹。在不太高明的诗人笔下，只能写出缭绫白底白花罢了，而白居易一用“铺烟”、“簇雪”作比，就不仅写出了底、花俱白，而且连它们那轻柔的质感、半透明的光感和闪烁不定、令人望而生寒的色调都表现得活灵活现。
诗人用六句诗、一系列比喻写出了缭绫的精美奇绝，就立刻掉转笔锋，先问后答，点明缭绫的生产者与消费者，又从这两方面进一步描写缭绫的精美奇绝，突出双方悬殊的差距，新意层出，波澜叠起，如入山阴道上，令人目不暇给。
“织者何人衣者谁”？连发两问，“越溪寒女汉宫姬”，连作两答。生产者与消费者以及她们之间的对立，均已历历在目。“越溪女”既然那么“寒”，为什么不给自己织布御“寒”呢？就因为要给“汉宫姬”织造缭绫，不暇自顾。“中使宣口敕”，说明皇帝的命令不可抗拒，“天上取样”，说明技术要求非常高，因而也就非常费工。“织为云外秋雁行”，是对上文“花簇雪”的补充描写。“染作江南春水色”，则是说织好了还得染，而“染”的难度也非常大，因而也相当费工。织好染就，“异彩奇文相隐映，转则看花花不定”，其工艺水平竟达到如此惊人的程度，那么，它耗费了“寒女”多少劳力和心血，也就不难想见了。
精美的缭绫要织女付出多么高昂的代价：“丝细缲多女手疼，扎扎千声不盈尺。”然而，“昭阳舞女”却把缭绫制成的价值千金的舞衣看得一文不值：“汗沾粉污不再着，曳土踏泥无惜心。”这种对比，揭露了一个事实：皇帝派中使，传口敕，发图样，逼使“越溪寒女”织造精美绝伦的缭绫，就是为了给他宠爱的“昭阳舞人”做舞衣！就这样，诗人以缭绫为题材，深刻地反映了封建社会被剥削者与剥削者之间类锐的矛盾，讽刺的笔锋，直触及君临天下、神圣不可侵犯的皇帝。其精湛的艺术技巧和深刻的思想意义，都值得重视。
这首诗也从侧面生动地反映了唐代丝织品所达到的惊人水平。“异采奇文相隐映，转侧看花花不定”，是说从不同的角度去看缭绫，就呈现出不同的异彩奇文。这并非夸张。《资治通鉴》“唐中宗景龙二年”记载：安乐公主“有织成裙，值钱一亿。花绘鸟兽，皆如粟粒。正视、旁视，日中、影中，各为一色”，就可与此相参证。
（霍松林）
卖炭翁
卖炭翁
卖炭翁Maitan Weng, cutting pay, Nanshan in charcoal.
Fireworks sounded dust color, gray temples fingers black.
He sold the business of carbon have the money, who dress fresh mouth.
Clothing the poor who are single, worry long carbon base is willing to Tian Han.
The night comes a foot of snow on the city, Xiao-carbon cars driving Nianbing difficult situation.
Hungry people trapped on cattle has been high, the mud outside the South Gate City Break.
Lightly Liangji to who, in yellow messenger in white children.
Amnesty said hand instrument port, enter the north ox scold.
A car of carbon, more than a thousand pounds, the palace will be pity not to drive.
Yi Zhang Hong Sha Ling half horse, the Department of charge to the Ngau Tau carbon straight.
【Writing in Vernacular Chinese】 一个卖炭的老翁，在终南山里一年到头地砍柴，烧炭。
他满脸灰尘，完全是烟熏火燎的颜色；两鬓花白，十个指头就如乌炭一样黑。
卖了炭得到一点钱，拿来做什么用呢？只不过是为了身上的衣裳和口中的饭食。
可怜他身上的衣服破旧又单薄，但他却担心炭价太低，只盼望天气更加寒冷。
昨天夜里，长安城外下了一尺多深的雪。一大清早，他就装好木炭，套上牛车，辗着冰雪，赶往京师集市。
牛已十分疲倦，人也很饿了，日头已出来很高。这时他才到达市场南门外，在泥泞中歇下脚来。
有两人骑马扬鞭，翩翩而来，那是谁呀？是皇宫里派出来的采办，穿黄绸衣裳的是头儿，着白绸衫的是随从。
他们走到卖炭翁前，手持文书凭证，装模做样，自称是奉旨办货。说着，就让车子掉转方向，吆喝着牛，往北边皇宫方向赶去。
那一车木炭，足足有一千多斤重啊，就这样眼睁睁地被宫使拉走。老翁虽然捶胸顿足，万般不舍，却也无可奈何。
结果他们只给了半匹红纱和一丈白绫，把它搭在牛角上边，说是用来充抵炭钱。
【Notes】 1、辙：(zhé)
2、敕：(shì)
3、系: (xì)
【宫市】帝派太监出宫劫民财的方式，韩愈曰“名为宫市，其实夺之”。
【Review】 《卖炭翁》是白居易《新乐府》组诗中的第三十二首，自注云：“苦宫市也。”诗人以个别表现一般，通过卖炭翁的遭遇，深刻地揭露了“宫市”的本质，对统治者掠夺人民的罪行给予有力的鞭挞。
这篇诗没有象《新乐府》中的有些篇那样“卒章显其志”，而是在矛盾冲突的高潮中戛然而止，因而更含蓄，更有力，更引人深思，扣人心弦。这首诗千百年来万口传诵，并不是偶然的。
《卖炭翁》是白居易《新乐府》组诗中的第三十二首，自注云：“苦宫市也。”“宫市”的“宫”指皇宫，“市”是买的意思。皇宫所需的物品，本来由官吏采买。中唐时期，宦官专权，横行无忌，连这种采购权也抓了过去，常有数十百人分布在长安东西两市及热闹街坊，以低价强购货物，甚至不给分文，还勒索“进奉”的“门户钱”及“脚价钱”。名为“宫市”，实际是一种公开的掠夺（其详情见韩愈《顺宗实录》卷二、《旧唐书》卷一四○《张建封传》及《通鉴》卷二三五），其受害者当然不止一个卖炭翁。诗人以个别表现一般，通过卖炭翁的遭遇，深刻地揭露了“宫市”的本质，对统治者掠夺人民的罪行给予有力的鞭挞。
开头四句，写卖炭翁的炭来之不易。“伐薪、烧炭”，概括了复杂的工序和漫长的劳动过程。“满面尘灰烟火色，两鬓苍苍十指黑”，活画出卖炭翁的肖像，而劳动之艰辛，也得到了形象的表现。“南山中”点出劳动场所，这“南山”就是王维所写的“欲投人处宿，隔水问樵夫”的终南山，豺狼出没，荒无人烟。在这样的环境里披星戴月，凌霜冒雪，一斧一斧地“伐薪”，一窑一窑地“烧炭”，好容易烧出“千余斤”，每一斤都渗透着心血，也凝聚着希望。
写出卖炭翁的炭是自己艰苦劳动的成果，这就把他和贩卖木炭的商人区别了开来。但是，假如这位卖炭翁还有田地，凭自种自收就不至于挨饿受冻，只利用农闲时间烧炭卖炭，用以补贴家用的话，那么他的一车炭被掠夺，就还有别的活路。然而情况并非如此。诗人的高明之处在于没有自己出面向读者介绍卖炭翁的家庭经济状况，而是设为问答：“卖炭得钱何所营？身上衣裳口中食。”这一问一答，不仅化板为活，使文势跌宕，摇曳生姿，而且扩展了反映民间疾苦的深度与广度，使我们清楚地看到：这位劳动者已被剥削得贫无立锥，别无衣食来源；“身上衣裳口中食”，全指望他千辛万苦烧成的千余斤木炭能卖个好价钱。这就为后面写宫使掠夺木炭的罪行做好了有力的铺垫。
“可怜身上衣正单，心忧炭贱愿天寒。”这是脍炙人口的名句。“身上衣正单”，自然希望天暖。然而这位卖炭翁是把解决衣食问题的全部希望寄托在“卖炭得钱”上的，所以他“心忧炭贱愿天寒”，在冻得发抖的时候，一心盼望天气更冷。诗人如此深刻地理解卖炭翁的艰难处境和复杂的内心活动，只用十多个字就如此真切地表现了出来，又用“可怜”两字倾注了无限同情，怎能不催人泪下！
这两句诗，从章法上看，是从前半篇向后半篇过渡的桥梁。“心忧炭贱愿天寒”，实际上是期待朔风凛冽，大雪纷飞。“夜来城外一尺雪”，这场大雪总算盼到了！也就不再“心忧炭贱”了！“天子脚下”的达官贵人、富商巨贾们为了取暖，难道还会在微不足道的炭价上斤斤计较吗？当卖炭翁“晓驾炭车辗冰辙”的时候，占据着他的全部心灵的，不是埋怨冰雪的道路多么难走，而是盘算着那“一车炭”能卖多少钱，换来多少衣和食。要是在小说家笔下，是可以用很多笔墨写卖炭翁一路上的心理活动的，而诗人却一句也没有写，这因为他在前面已经给读者开拓了驰骋想象的广阔天地。
卖炭翁好容易烧出一车炭、盼到一场雪，一路上满怀希望地盘算着卖炭得钱换衣食。然而结果呢？他却遇上了“手把文书口称敕”的“宫使”。在皇宫的使者面前，在皇帝的文书和敕令面前，跟着那“叱牛”声，卖炭翁在从“伐薪”、“烧炭”、“愿天寒”、“驾炭车”、“辗冰辙”，直到“泥中歇”的漫长过程中所盘算的一切、所希望的一切，全都化为泡影！
从“南山中”到长安城，路那么遥远，又那么难行，当卖炭翁“市南门外泥中歇”的时候，已经是“牛困人饥”；如今又“回车叱牛牵向北”，把炭送进皇宫，当然牛更困、人更饥了。那么，当卖炭翁饿着肚子、喝着困牛走回终南山的时候，又想些什么呢？他往后的日子，又怎样过法呢？这一切，诗人都没有写，然而读者却不能不想。当想到这一切的时候，就不能不同情卖炭翁的遭遇，不能不憎恨统治者的罪恶，而诗人“苦宫市”的创作意图，也就收到了预期的效果。
这首诗具有深刻的思想性，艺术上也很有特色。诗人以“卖炭得钱何所营，身上衣裳口中食”两句展现了几乎濒于生活绝境的老翁所能有的唯一希望，——又是多么可怜的希望！这是全诗的诗眼。其他一切描写，都集中于这个诗眼。在表现手法上，则灵活地运用了陪衬和反衬。以“两鬓苍苍”突出年迈，以“满面尘灰烟火色”突出“伐薪、烧炭”的艰辛，再以荒凉险恶的南山作陪衬，老翁的命运就更激起了人们的同情。而这一切，正反衬出老翁希望之火的炽烈：卖炭得钱，买衣买食。老翁“衣正单”，再以夜来的“一尺雪”和路上的“冰辙”作陪衬，使人更感到老翁的“可怜”。而这一切，正反衬了老翁希望之火的炽烈：天寒炭贵，可以多换些衣和食。接下去，“牛困人饥”和“翩翩两骑”，反衬出劳动者与统治者境遇的悬殊；“一车炭，千余斤”和“半匹红纱一丈绫”，反衬出“宫市”掠夺的残酷。而就全诗来说，前面表现希望之火的炽烈，正是为了反衬后面希望化为泡影的可悲可痛。
这篇诗没有象《新乐府》中的有些篇那样“卒章显其志”，而是在矛盾冲突的高潮中戛然而止，因而更含蓄，更有力，更引人深思，扣人心弦。这首诗千百年来万口传诵，并不是偶然的
（霍松林《欧阳易幽·白居易》)
盐商妇Salt women, more Jinbo, do not do field performance of agricultural and silkworm;
North-South thing without losing the home, feng shui for the house boat for the township.
This is a small family in Yangzhou women, marry off Xijiang business.
Green DW-rich to more than nobile, Hao Wan fertilizer to chuan narrow.
After calling the former soldier scold servant, Seoul asked why so?
Husband fifteen years for merchants, is not a case of the emperor counties.
Of salt per year into the government interest, the less and more into the private sector into the local administrative officials.
Authoritative thin profit private thick, salt Shang far less.
Moreover, the first river fish and rice cheap, red orange yellow kuai aromatic rice;
Reliance House, heavy makeup and feed the rudder, two red cheeks like blossoming flowers.
Salt women, had the honor to marry merchants;
DPRK end meals, Zhongsui good clothes.
Good food has to place clothing, also ashamed Sang Hongyang.
Sang Hongyang, died a long time, not just Han today also.
【Notes】 【幸人】游惰者
【绿鬟】年少发黑有光彩似浓绿。去、来皆助词
【苍头】奴隶
【舵楼】大楼船尾安舵处有楼曰
【桑弘羊】汉武帝时洛阳商人之子。他采取国家直接掌握物资和市价，废除富商从中剥削，不加重人民负担，国家收入却增多。
Known to-day with a good thing, suddenly writing and fifteen poles, kindly see the vote.
Its meaning to the thick, high-its art, not to answer confer for the song in order to report, where one hundred and eighty Transmission of clouds.
Among the bamboo plant is difficult to write, draw, although not like those ancient and modern.
Xiao Lang alone write realistic, Dan-the only one since.
People who Huazhu swollen body fat, thin stems Xiao painting steadily startled;
Dead people picture Zhushao win down, Xiao leaf painting live action shoot.
The roots from the Italian, not in the shoots formed by the T.
Wild rely upon the shore side of the pond waters, dense clump of two fifteen stems.
Moon yet Yun powder state, Hsiao Sa Wind and Smoke do have feelings.
Mandrax do not give the first picture, low sound of the ear listened suspect.
West Cong Jin and Jian seven stems, Tianzhu Temple province to see the stone.
East cluster thinning and shoot eight cold, Yi Hsiang Fei temple was watching the rain.
Quiet position not far from thinking less of people, and the king of the same care for empty sigh.
Lang Xiao Lang Xiao old Unfortunately, the first snow faint tremor eye color.
Since the statement is absolutely the pen, from now on this particular rare bamboo.
【Notes】 【婵娟】美好
【筠粉】新竹皮上的一层白色粉状物
【省】记得
【远思】高远情趣
【少人别】很少人能识别领会
放歌I was born not Hu Chen, Martins boss states. Go out to his back, cried He poured waves!
Listen to me before the speech, blood gas with the sentimental.
Shang Yan authoritarian cool, net of numerous strong, both human rights trampled, "Evolution," the final degeneration.
Beings are still asleep, the people are not bitter Yang Qi. Wolf party in power, songbirds still at the Church.
However Tianjiao break in, squat next to my couch. Divide and beans split, horizontal sound lengthy meeting.
World trend, Devil May Cry God also lag. Disk vortex at to the fast, want to cross the river without beam.
Four hundred heavy states, the corpse away across the mound. Other colonies, where is home?
The following words Nvzei Sheng, Lan Fong Hui is not dark. Pain in women scattered, Women in Zaoe calamity.
What people talk about evil? Suppression sub-Fu Yin and Yang. It is no virtue, and tolerance so that the blind female group.
Subject for the play well, absurd flow no end. Clearly the right to equality, exploitation, endless reservoir.
Will Jishou stone, the chief culprit Chouqin Huang. Li added the complex variable, stupid Fernando towards Tang.
Cut off the feet of innocent torture facilities, offshore prison earnings boudoir. Fast two compatriots, disheartened blood cool.
Huan Chai worry and disease, the long night long. I Siou race, the amount of sage with a bucket.
Admired selfish theft, two antagonistic St. difficult. Rousseau first person, the bronze statue Chang Wei days.
"People about" a hung with, righteous ruler Chang. Embryonic revolutionary army, sweeping away the husks and chaff.
For centuries European, Zhang Hui happy day. Following are Spencer, Women in depends on a Marina.
Affirmative rich imagination, justice Fang Xiangxiang. Absurd provision predecessors, anatomical details jump to boast.
Wisdom with the benefit out, Great is Diana Yan Huang Huang. Shina who laugh alone, ethical magic for the barrier.
Hypocrite advocate Wei Yan, drug classes and regular people. Today the proliferation of cross-flow, flood disaster who when?
Andhra has hero, Li Chang-weight to make this! Sky and bitter silence, a rise sing a long song.
孤愤Ode to the new U.S. have see Yang Xiong 4, Ji advised pass into the word is also 5.
Is there anything to be Emperor Mu 6 Monkey? When rats are by actually rot 7.
Xiao Qin dream to suddenly be killed, the Northern Expedition from the sound of swearing 9.
【Notes】 １．“孤愤”是韩非子的篇名，本指正直有才能的人不见容于世的愤慨。这首诗写的是为袁世凯称帝而愤，作于民国四年（１９１５）。
２．“真防决地维”，用共工怒触不周山，“天柱折，地维绝”（淮南子天文训）故事，形容愤恨的深刻。“决”，断绝。
３．“群尸”，指斥趋奉袁世凯的人，言其无灵魂。
４．“美新”句：王莽称帝，国号新。扬雄上剧秦美新，颂莽功德。这里指杨度等组织筹安会，准备向袁劝进。
５．“劝进”句：魏帝封司马昭为晋公，进相国，加九锡，昭伪辞不受，阮籍为众公卿作笺劝进。这里指梁士诒等组织全国请愿联合会，要求变更国体，拥袁称帝。
６．“岂有”句：断言袁世凯必失败。“沐猴”，弥猴。史记项羽本纪有人言“楚人淋猴而冠耳”。
７．“居然”句：为小人乘机作祟而痛心。
８．“亡秦”，指推翻袁世凯。
９．“北伐”句：梦中起兵参加讨袁战役。袁世凯称帝不久，蔡锷、唐继尧等起义云南，出兵北伐。
Who enlightenest and rulest this lower world!
I marched on this expedition to the west,
As far as this wilderness of Qiu.
From the first day of the second month,
I have passed through the cold and the heat.
My heart is sad;
The poison [of my lot] is too bitter.
I think of those [at court] in their offices,
And my tears flow down like rain.
Do I not wish to return?
But I fear the net for crime.
Formerly, when I set out,
The sun and moon had renewed the year.
When shall I return?
The year is now late.
I think how I am alone,
While the affairs devolving on me are very many.
My heart is sad;
And I am toiled without any leisure.
I think of those [at court] in their offices,
Looking back to them with fond regard.
Do I not wish to return?
But I am afraid of reproof and anger.
Formerly, when I set out,
The sun and moon were giving a mild warmth.
When shall I return?
The affairs of government are become more urgent.
It is late in the year,
And we are gathering the southernwood, and reaping the beans.
My heart is sad;
I give myself nothing but distress.
When I think of those [at court] in their offices,
I rise and pass the night outside.
Do I not wish to return?
But I am afraid of the vicissitudes of things.
Ah! ye gentlemen!
Do not reckon on your rest being permanent.
Quietly fulfil the duties of your offices,
Associating with the correct and upright.
So shall the Spirits hearken to you,
And give you good.
Ah! ye gentlemen!
Do not reckon on your repose being permanent.
Quietly fulfil the duties of your offices,
Loving the correct and upright.
So shall the Spirits hearken to you,
And give you large measures of bright happiness.
Loom not hear the sound, only heard women sigh.
Asked the woman He Suosi? Asked the woman what the memory?
No women think, women have no memory.
See military posts last night, Khan bigger soldiers,
Twelve volumes of military books, rolls with God name.
Great grandfather no children, no older brother Mulan,
Willing to City pommel horse, for the Lord from this levy.
East Market to buy a horse, buy a saddle western city,
Nanshi buy bridle, Taipei buy bullwhip.
Yeniang go towards speech, twilight places along the Yangtze River.
Girls do not hear Yeniang call, but the smell of the Yellow River water splash splash Ming.
Once the Yellow River to go to the black hills evening.
Girls do not hear Yeniang call, but heard murmuring Yanshan Huji.
Miles to go to win the battle, off Santos Ruofei.
Golden Moon Watchman airborne, cold light iron clothes.
General hundred killed, warrior ten years go.
Return see the emperor, the emperor sitting hall.
Xun-second transfer policy, reward Baiqian strong.
Khan asked the pace, and "Mulan not Shangshu Lang,
Would like to take out camel thousand feet, to send children home also. "
Yeniang woman to hear, the GUO will be catching.
Azi Wen-mei come, when the household management of red makeup.
Sister to brother heard, sharpening swine and sheep.
Open my East Gemen, sitting in my bed the West Pavilion.
I take off my wartime gown, my old clothes.
When the window manager its shallow, yellow decals on the mirror.
Look out the fire with the fire with all panic.
Peer twelve years, I do not know Mulan is woman.
"Foot Pushuo male rabbits, female rabbit eyes blurred;
Walked near the two rabbits, could I tell if I am a female and male! "
【Writing in Vernacular Chinese】 叹息声一声连着一声，木兰姑娘当门在织布。织机停下来机杼不再作响，只听见姑娘在叹息。问问姑娘你这样叹息是在思念什么呢？（木兰回答道）姑娘我并没有思念什么。昨夜我看见征兵文书，知道君王在大量征募兵士，那么多卷征兵文书，每一卷上都有父亲的名字。父亲没有长大成人的儿子，我木兰没有兄长，我愿意去买来马鞍和马匹，从现在起替代父亲去应征。
在东市上买来骏马，西市上买来马鞍和鞍下的垫子，南市上买来马嚼子和缰绳，北市上买来长马鞭。早上辞别父母上路，晚上宿营在黄河边，听不见父母呼唤女儿的声音，只能听到黄河汹涌奔流的哗哗声。早上辞别黄河上路，晚上到达黑山头，听不见父母呼唤女儿的声音，只能听到燕山胡兵战马啾啾的鸣叫声。
行军万里奔赴战场作战，翻越关隘和山岭就象飞过去那样迅速。北方的寒风中传来刁斗声，清冷的月光映照着战士们的铁甲战袍。将士们经过无数次出生入死的战斗，十年之后才得胜而归。
胜利归来朝见天子，天子坐上殿堂（论功行赏）。记功授爵木兰是最高一等，得到的赏赐千百金以上。天子问木兰有什么要求，木兰不愿做尚书郎这样的官，希望骑上一匹好骆驼，借助它的脚力送我回故乡。
父母听说女儿回来了，互相搀扶着到城外迎接她；姐姐听说妹妹回来了，对着门户梳妆打扮起来；弟弟听说姐姐回来了，忙着霍霍地磨刀杀猪宰羊。打开我闺房东面的门，坐在我闺房西面的床上，脱去我打仗时穿的战袍，穿上我以前女孩子的衣裳，当着窗子整理象乌云一样柔美的鬓发，对着镜子在额上贴好花黄。出门去见同去出征的伙伴，伙伴们都很吃惊都说我们同行十二年之久，竟然不知道木兰是女孩子。
兔子不跑动时，雄兔的脚喜欢乱骚乱扑腾，雌兔的两眼老是眯缝着，当它们挨着一起在地上跑的时候，又怎能分辨得出谁雄谁雌呢？
【Review】 乐府《鼓角横吹曲》名。北朝乐府民歌。又称《木兰辞》。约作于北魏迁都洛阳以后，中经隋唐文人润色。最初录于南朝陈僧智匠《古今乐录》，长300余字。它是我国古代民间文学中的一篇优秀叙事诗。写的是女英雄木兰乔扮男装替父从军，最后光荣还乡的故事。在艺术上突破了汉代杂言体民歌的狭小篇幅，形成了自己的长篇巨制体式，对唐代七言歌行的发展起了示范性的推动作用。布局严谨，繁简得当，描写生动，语言丰富，浪漫主义色彩浓厚，对后世文学有较大影响。
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