shǒuyè>> wénxué>> 'ěr wén Charles Darwin
   'ěr wén zài zhǒng yuánzhōng chū liǎng lùn rèn wéi suǒ yòu de dòng zhí dōushì yóu jiào zǎo jiào yuán shǐ de xíng shì yǎn biàn 'ér lái rèn wéi shēng yǎn huà shì tōng guò rán xuǎn 'ér lái
  
   lùn zhòng diǎn xià zhǒng bìng fēi chéng biànér shì huì suí huán jìng biàn dòng 'ér gǎi biànshēng de yǎn huà shì cháng shí jiān lián xìng de huǎn màn gǎi biàn shì rán xìng de biàntóng lèi shēng yòu zhe gòng tóng de xiān lèi shì yóu tóng xiān yǎn biàn 'ér láishēng qún huì suí zhe fán zhí 'ér kuò bìng chāo guò shēng cún kōng jiān shí gōng yìng de xiànyǐn jiān de jìng zhēng shì yìng huán jìng de huì bèi táo tàishì zhě cái néng shēng cúnbìng fán yǎn hòu dài
  《 zhǒng yuán》 - zuò zhě jiǎn jiè
  
   'ěr wén( CharlesDarwin, 1809 1882): yīng guó wěi de xué jiā xué jiājìn huà lùn de diàn rénshēng yīng guó míng shì jiāér shí chú lièyǎng gǒuzhuā lǎo shǔ wài suǒ shì shì 'ěr wén qīn )。 hòu yīn jié shí zhí xué jiā hēng luó hòu duì xué chǎn shēng xīng 。 1831 nián cān jiā 'ěr hàojiàn de quán qiú yuǎn háng, 1842 nián shǒu chū zhǒng jìn huà lùn”。
  《 zhǒng yuán》 - zhuàn xiě bèi jǐng
  
   zài 'ěr wén shí dàirén men biàn jiē shòuchuāng zào lùnxiāng xìn shàng chuàng zào shì jièbìng jiù chuàng zào chū suǒ yòu de shēng tóng shí shàng měi zhǒng shēng de juésèér měi zhǒng de shè fēi cháng wán měisuǒ zhǒng shì yǒng héng dìng biàn de céng zhōng xiàn de huà shí shì dài qiú céng jīng zāo hóng shuǐ de zhèng xiē huà shí jiù shì méi yòu dēng shàng nuò fāng zhōu de dòng qiú de shǐ yuē zhǐ yòu liù qiān nián zuǒ yòuzhè shì jīng yóu cóng dāng xià kāi shǐ hòu de rén lèi shì dài suǒ tuī suàn de shí jiān
  
   'ěr wén 1809 nián shēng yīng lán shū (Shrewsbury)。 'ěr wén cóng xiǎo jiù duì kuàng dòng yòu xīng 。 1831 nián cóng jiàn qiáo xué shén xué yuàn rán 'ér hái shì duì zhì xué shēng xué jiào yòu xīng 。 1831 nián 12 yuè 'ěr wén cān jiā liǎo hǎi jūn jiàn tǐng xiǎo liè quǎn hào qián wǎng nán měi zhōu cóng shì rán diào chá yán jiū gōng zuòzuì chū zài nán měi hǎi 'àn diào chábìng duō jìn nán měi zhōu biān de jiā qún dǎojīng guò tài píng yáng dào xīn lánào nán fēirán hòu yòu huí dào nán měi zhōuzhí dào 1836 nián 10 yuè cái huí dào yīng guó
  
  1836 nián 10 yuè 'ěr wén huí dào yīng guó hòu huā liǎo 22 nián shí jiān zhuàn xiě zhǒng yuán shū。 1859 nián 11 yuè 24 'ěr wén de zhǒng yuán shū chū bǎnzhè běn shū chōng liǎoshén chuàng lùn”, yǐn jiào huì liè fǎn duìdàn dào duō yòu shí zhī shì de zàn shǎng wéi hòu 'ěr wén de xué shuō zài quán qiú guǎng fàn chuán duàn shēn rén xīn。 19 shì 70 nián dài 'ěr wén de xué shuō chuán zhōng guó
  《 zhǒng yuán》 - lùn xíng chéng
  
   'ěr wén zài nán měi zhōu kǎo chá shízài 'ān shān shān dǐng shàng xiàn hǎi yáng shēng de huà shíràng gǎn dào kùn huòzài xiǎo liè quǎn hào háng shí 'ěr wén céng dài liǎo běn yīng guó zhì xué jiā lāi 'ěr suǒ zhù de zhì xué yuán 》; lāi 'ěr rèn wéi qiú de xíng mào shì jīng guò cháng shí jiān duàn de wēi biàn huà de jiēguǒlāi 'ěr xiāng xìn fēng bīng xuě děng wēi xiǎo de liàngchí qiān wàn nián hòu jiù wán quán gǎi biàn biǎo de xíng mào 'ěr wén běn rén xiāng xìnzhǐ yào shí jiān gòu chá jué de wēi gǎi biàn zào chéng de biàn huà 'ěr wén tuī suàn bái 'ě zhōng jīn yuē yòu sān nián zuǒ yòu de shǐchí cháng shí jiān wēi xiǎo de zhèn děng rán yīn shǐ yuán lái zài hǎi zhōng de shēng néng zài gāo shān shàng xiàn
  
   zài jiā qún dǎo kǎo chá shí 'ěr wén xiàn měi dǎo shàng de guī què niǎo bìng méi yòu hěn de chā dàn yòu yòu xiē de tóng yòu xiàn jiā qún dǎo de shēng nán měi zhōu de zhǒng lèi fēi cháng xiāng shì kāi shǐ huái dǎo shàng shēng néng yòu gòng tóng de xiān men zhī jiān de chā shì yóu qiān bǎi nián lái shì yìng dǎo tóng huán jìng de jiēguǒměi zhǒng dōushì xiē wēi de biàn huà zài shù shì dài de guò chéng zhōng chǎn shēng de jiēguǒ
  1《 zhǒng yuán
  
   shēng jìn huà zài dāng shí bìng shì xīn de gài niàn。 1809 nián shí guó dòng xué jiā biàn chūdāng huán jìng gǎi biàn shí zhǒng huì tiáoshì zhǎn de guān lái shì yìng huán jìngcháng yòng de guān huì biàn yòng de guān huì zhú jiàn tuì huàbìng qiě zhè dài huò de gǎi biàn huì chuán gěi xià dàidàn méi yòu xué zhèng zhèng míngyòng jìn fèi tuìhuò xìng zhēng chuánde jiǎ shuōhòu lái 'ěr wén yòu cóng yīng guó rén kǒu xué zhě 'ěr suǒ zhù derén kǒu lùn dào líng gǎn 'ěr rèn wéirén lèi liáng shí de shēng chǎn yǒng yuǎn gǎn shàng rén kǒu de zēng jiāzhì shǐ liáng shí gōng yìng qiújìn 'ér shēng huāng huò zhàn zhēngdǎo zhì fēn rén kǒu wáng 'ěr wén lián xiǎng dào shēng yǎn huà shēng de zhìyǎn huà shì shēng cún jìng zhēng zhōng yóu táo tài de jiēguǒshí kōng jiān děng yuán yòu xiànzhǐ yòu zuì shì yìng huán jìng de cái néng shēng cún xià láiyán qún
  
  “ tiān de gài niàn zhú jiàn zài 'ěr wén de nián huán qiú kǎo chá guò chéng zhōng xíng chéngzài 1836 nián huí dào yīng guó hòu 'ěr wén màn màn jiāng de kàn xiě chéng wén zhāngrán 'ér méi yòu biǎo fēn xué jiā rèn wéi 'ěr wén chí liǎo hěn jiǔ cái biǎo de zuò pǐnyuán yīn zhī jiù shì dān xīn de xiǎng duì dāng shí de shè huì lái shuō guò jìn。 1858 nián 'ěr wén jiē dào zài lái qún dǎo diào chá de xué zhě huá lāi shì yòu guān zhǒng xíng chéng de wén zhānghuá lāi shì duì zhǒng xíng chéng de kàn yòu hěn duō xiāng zhī chùzēng jiā liǎo 'ěr wén duì xué shuō de xìn xīn shì liǎng rén zài 1858 nián de lún dūn huáng jiā xué nián huì zhōng liǎng rén gòng tóng míng de fāng shì biǎo yòu guān zhǒng xíng chéng de kàn jiē zhe 'ěr wén zài 1859 nián biǎo liǎo zhǒng yuán》。
  《 zhǒng yuán》 - yǐng xiǎng
  
   yǐn zhēng
  
   'ěr wén de jìn huà lùn dāng shí yǐn liǎo guǎng fàn de zhēng bèi jiào huì shì wéi duān xié shuō fāng shè huì duì 'ěr wén lěng cháo fěng jǐn shàng chuàng zào wàn de shuō bèi tuī fānrén lèi bèi xíng róng wéi qiān bǎi nián lái cán de shēng cún jìng zhēng suǒ xíng chéng de chǎn hái zhǐ chū rén dòng yòu zhe gòng tóng xiānzhè zài dāng shí bǎo shǒu de shè huì shì xiāng dāng de zhèn hàn
  
   háo wèn gěi dāng shí de shè huì dài lái de shì bān de zhèn dàngxiàng zhà dàn yàng tóu dàoshén xué zhèn de xīn zàng shàng”, yǐn liǎo zhěng shì jiè bié shì yīng guó bǎo shǒu shì zōng jiào shén xué shì de duān jīng kǒng kuáng qiǎn de shēng làng tiān gài 'ér láijiào huì shì lǎo pài xué zhě gōng zhǒng yuánshìè zuò ”, wéi bèi liǎo shàng de shìshì guǐ de shèng jīng”, ér 'ěr wén běn rén shìyīng guó zuì wēi xiǎn de rén”。
  
   'ěr wén jiàn dào zhè běn shū de chū bǎn dìng huì yǐn liè de zhēng lùnyīn yàng shū fēn sòng gěi lāi 'ěr léi děng xué jiā zhēng men de zhī chí
  
   xué shù wèi
  
   běn shū shì shēng xué shǐ shàng de jīng diǎn zhù zuò。 1859 nián 11 yuè 24 zhǒng yuánchū bǎndāng tiān bèi qiǎng gòu kōngzhè zhù yào yīn wéi zhǒng yuán shòu dào yīng guó guó jiā xiē xué zhě de zhī chíxiàng yīng guó de T.H. guó de E. hǎi 'ěr děng。《 zhǒng yuánchū bǎn shēng xué jiàn zài wán quán xué de chǔ shàng quán xīn de shēng jìn huà xiǎng tuī fān liǎoshén chuàng lùn zhǒng biàn lùnshēng biàn jìn huà de xiǎng jìng tiān shì zhě shēng cúnde jìn huà zhì chéng wéi xué shù jiè xiǎng jiè de gōng lùnzài shū zhōng 'ěr wén chū liǎo yòu lìng rén zhèn jīng de lùn duànshēng mìng zhǐ yòu xiānyīn wéi shēng mìng yuán yuán shǐ bāo de kāi duānshēng shì cóng jiǎn dān dào cóng dào gāo zhú zhǎn 'ér lái deshēng zài jìn huà zhōng duàn jìn xíng zhe shēng cún dǒu zhēngjìn xíng zhe rán xuǎn yóu 'ěr wén de shēng jìn huà lùn bèi chēng wéi 19 shì rán xué de sān xiàn zhī ,《 zhǒng yuánsuǒ de duō guān diǎn chéng wéi rén jìn jiē zhī de cháng shí
  《 zhǒng yuán》 - miàn lín tiǎo zhàn
  
   'ěr wén bìng rèn wéi de lùn wán měi quē yòu hěn duō kùn huò zhǒng yuánchū bǎn 100 nián jiānjìn huà lùn xiān hòu miàn lín xué zhǎn dài lái de xià tiǎo zhàn”:
  
   zài zhǒng yuán biǎo 6 nián hòu guó xué zhě hǎi 'ěr jìn huà lùn xiǎng huà chū liǎo shēng mìng zhī shù”, yòngshùlái xíng xiàng miáo huì shēng jìn huà shǐrán 'éryóu xíng tài shēng zhēng de jìn huà jiā shàng huà shí liào gòu wán zhěng,“ shēng mìng zhī shùnán fǎn yìng shēng jìn huà shǐ de quán màozài zhè zhǒng qíng kuàng xiàxiàn dài fènzǐ shēng xué de zhòng yào xìng jiù xiǎn xiàn chū láixiàn zài yán rén yuán tōng guò jiào liè lái yán jiū tóng shēng zhī jiān de jìn huà guān gòu jiànjìn huà shù”。 bìng děng wēi shēng wǎng zhuàngjìn huà jié gòu de xiàn duì qián de jìn huà lùn chū wèn shǐ jìn wán shàn
  
   'ěr wén jìn huà lùn de zhòng yào guān diǎn shì jiàn biàn lùn zhǒng shì tōng guò wēi xiǎo de yōu shì biàn zhú jiàn gǎi jìn de biàn shì hěn shǎo dedàn zuì lìng 'ěr wén kùn huò de shì hán zhǒng bào zhōng guó xué jiā tōng guò duì yún nán chéng jiāng dòng qún huà shí de xiàn yán jiūjiē shì liǎo hán zhǒng bào de zhěng lún kuòzhèng shí jīhū suǒ yòu dòng de xiān céng jīng zhàn zài tóng páo xiàn shàngzhè xiàn zài hěn chéng shàng shuō míngshēng de jìn huà bìng fēi zǒng shì jiàn jìn deér shì jiàn jìn yuè jìn bìng cún de guò chéng
  
   'ěr wén zài zhǒng yuán shū zhōng jiào duō tuī chóng rán xuǎn rèn wéi shēng jìn huà zhōng yòu hài de biàn jiào duōyòu de biàn hěn shǎoér jīng guò cháng de jìn huà guò chéngyòu de biàn jīng guò rán xuǎn zhōng zhàn liǎo shàng fēngdàn hòu lái xué yán jiū xiàn zhǒng de yòu hài biàn yòu biàn dōubù shì hěn duōduō de shì duì rán xuǎn lái shuō hǎo huài de zhōng xìng biànzhè hòu lèi biàn jìn huà de guān lián hái yòu dài shēn zhì de yán jiū
  《 zhǒng yuán》 - píng jià
  
   guǒ yào píng xuǎn guò de qiān nián lái zuì zhòng yào de zhù zuò 'ěr wén de zhǒng yuán wèn shì qiáng yòu de jìng zhēng zhě jǐn wéi shēng xué diàn dìng liǎo jiān shí de lùn chǔ yǐng xiǎng liǎo rén lèi shè huì de jīhū suǒ yòu fāng miàn
  
   shēng jìn huà lùn shì yán jiū shēng jìn huàshēng zhǎn guī yùn yòng zhè xiē guī de xuéshì shēng xué de zhòng yào ménjìn huà lùn zuì chū shì chū 'ěr wén de zhǒng yuán shū diàn dìng liǎo jìn huà lùn de xué chǔzài zhǒng yuán biǎo qián de 'ōu zhōujiē shòu jìn huà lùn xiǎng de rén fēi cháng shǎojìn guǎn dāng shí rén men jīng zài shēng huó zhōng shì mèi de zōng jiào tǒng zhì zhōng lüè bái de tài yáng zhōng xīn shuō jīng què 300 duō niándàn rén men réng rán xiāng xìnshèng jīngzhōng de shàng chuàng shì shuōrén qiē shēng dōushì shàng chuàng zào dezhè shì tiān jīng yōng zhì dedàn shì zhè běn shū dǎn xiàng shàng chuàng shì shuō jìn xíng liǎo tiǎo zhànbìng cóng gēn běn shàng hàn dòng liǎoshèng jīngde chǔ
  
   zhè zhù zuò de wèn shì shēng xué jiàn zài wán quán xué de chǔ shàngquè dìng liǎo zhǒng de biàn xìng chéng xìng quán xīn deshēng jìn huà xiǎngtuī fān liǎo zhǒng dòng zhí kàn zuò háo lián deǒu rán deshén zào de biàn de dōng de guān diǎn jiù shìshén chuàng lùn zhǒng biàn de lùn 'ěr wén rán jiè de guī dài liǎozào zhù de zhì huì”, bìng zhí jiē shè rén lèi shēn de yóu lái shǐshǐ zōng jiào de běn xìn niàn shēng liǎo dòng yáodǎo zhì xué zōng jiào jiān de gēngshēn chōng


  Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species, published on 24 November 1859, is a work of scientific literature which is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology. Its full title was On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. For the sixth edition of 1872, the short title was changed to The Origin of Species. Darwin's book introduced the theory that populations evolve over the course of generations through a process of natural selection. It presented a body of evidence that the diversity of life arose by common descent through a branching pattern of evolution. Darwin included evidence that he had gathered on the Beagle expedition in the 1830s and his subsequent findings from research, correspondence, and experimentation.
  
  Various evolutionary ideas had already been proposed to explain new findings in biology. There was growing support for such ideas among dissident anatomists and the general public, but during the first half of the 19th century the English scientific establishment was closely tied to the Church of England, while science was part of natural theology. Ideas about the transmutation of species were controversial as they conflicted with the beliefs that species were unchanging parts of a designed hierarchy and that humans were unique, unrelated to animals. The political and theological implications were intensely debated, but transmutation was not accepted by the scientific mainstream.
  
  The book was written for non-specialist readers and attracted widespread interest upon its publication. As Darwin was an eminent scientist, his findings were taken seriously and the evidence he presented generated scientific, philosophical, and religious discussion. The debate over the book contributed to the campaign by T.H. Huxley and his fellow members of the X Club to secularise science by promoting scientific naturalism. Within two decades there was widespread scientific agreement that evolution, with a branching pattern of common descent, had occurred, but scientists were slow to give natural selection the significance that Darwin thought appropriate. During the "eclipse of Darwinism" from the 1880s to the 1930s, various other mechanisms of evolution were given more credit. With the development of the modern evolutionary synthesis in the 1930s and 1940s, Darwin's concept of evolutionary adaptation through natural selection became central to modern evolutionary theory, now the unifying concept of the life sciences.
shǒuyè>> wénxué>> 'ěr wén Charles Darwin