1801 nián， luò kè wū xiān shēng lái dào shān zhuāng bài fǎng xī cì kè lì fū xiān shēng， yào zū xià tā de huà méi shān zhuāng， xī cì kè lì fū xiān shēng duì tā hěn cū bào， hái yòu yī qún 'è gǒu xiàng tā fā qǐ jìn gōng。 dàn tā hái shì yòu yī cì zào fǎng xī cì kè lì fū xiān shēng， tā yù dào liǎo xíng wéi cū sú， bù xiū biān fú de yīng jùn shàonián hā lǐ dùn 'ēn xiāo， hé mào měi de xī cì kè lì fū xiān shēng zhī zǐ de yí shuāng。 yóu yú tiān hēi yòu xià xuě xī cì kè lì fū xiān shēng bù dé bù liú tā zhù liǎo xià lái， yè lǐ tā zuò liǎo yī gè qí guài de mèng， mèng jiàn shù zhī dǎ zài chuāng chǐ dǎ suì bō lí， xiǎng zhé duàn wài tóu de shù zhī， kě shǒu zhǐ què chù dào yī shuāng bīng liáng de xiǎo shǒu， yī gè yōu líng shìde chuò qì shēng qǐ qiú tā fàng tā jìn lái。 tā shuō tā jiào kǎi sè lín · lín dūn， yǐ jīng zài zhè yóu dàng liǎo 20 nián liǎo， tā xiǎng chuǎng jìn lái， xià dé luò kè wū shī shēng dà jiào。 xī cì kè lì fū xiān shēng wén shēng gǎn lái， ràng xī kè lì chū qù， tā zì jǐ pū dǎo zài chuáng shàng， kū zhe jiào qǐ lái： “ kǎi dì， lái bā！ ā， lái yā， zài lái yī cì！ ā， wǒ xīn zhōng zuì qīn 'ài de！ kǎi sè lín， zuì hòu yī cì！ ” kě chuāng wài háo wú shēng xī， yī zhèn lěng fēng chuī miè liǎo là zhú。
dì 'èr tiān， luò kè wū xiān shēng lái dào huà méi shān zhuāng， xiàng nǚ guǎn jiā 'ài lún dí 'ēn wèn qǐ cǐ shì， nǚ guǎn jiā biàn jiǎng liǎo fā shēng zài hū xiào shān zhuāng de shì qíng。
hū xiào shān zhuāng yǐ yòu 300 nián de lì shǐ， yǐ qián de zhù rén 'ēn xiāo fū fù cóng jiē tóu jiǎn lái yī gè jí pǔ sài rén de qì 'ér， shōu tā zuò yǎng zǐ， zhè jiù shì xī cì kè lì fū。 xī cì kè lì fū yī dào zhè jiā jiù shòu dào cái xiān shēng de 'ér zǐ xīn dé léi de qī fù hé nüè dài， kě xiǎng dé lāi de mèi mèi kǎi sè lín què fēng kuáng dì 'ài shàng liǎo xī cì kè lì fū。
《 hū xiào shān zhuāng》 lǎo zhù rén sǐ liǎo zhī hòu， yǐ hūn de xīn dé léi chéng liǎo hū xiào shān zhuāng de zhù rén。 tā kāi shǐ zǔ zhǐ xī cì kè lì fū hé kǎi sè lín de jiāo wǎng， bìng bǎ xī cì kè lì fū gǎn dào tián lǐ qù gànhuó， bù duàn dì chā rǔ tā， zhé mó tā， tā biàn dé bù jìn rén qíng， jìn hū chī dāi， kǎi sè lín yě biàn dé yě xìng shí zú。
yī cì， tā men dào huà méi shān zhuāng qù wán， kǎi sè lín bèi gǒu yǎo shāng， zhù rén lín dūn fū fù zhī dào tā shì 'ēn xiāo jiā de hái zǐ， jiù rè qíng dì liú tā yǎng shāng， ér bǎ xī cì kè lì fū dàngchéng huài xiǎo zǐ gǎn páo liǎo。 kǎ kǎi sè lín hé lín dūn de 'ér zǐ 'āi dé jiā、 nǚ 'ér yī suō bèi lā chéng liǎo hǎo péng yǒu。 kǎi sè lín zhù liǎo wǔ gè cháng xīng qī huí lái hòu， biàn chéng wēn wén 'ěr yǎ， yí tài wàn fāng de fù jiā xiǎo jiě。 dāng tā zài cì jiàn dào xī cì kè lì fū shí， shēng pà tā nòng zàng liǎo zì jǐ de yī fú。 xī cì kè lì fū de zì zūn xīn shòu dào liǎo shāng hài， tā shuō：“ wǒ yuàn yì zěn me zàng， jiù zěn me zàng。” tā fā shì yào duì xīn dé léi jìn xíng bào fù， tā xīn zhōng de yě xìng hé fèn hèn quán bù duì zhǔn xīn dé léi。
1778 nián 6 yuè， xīn dé léi de qī zǐ shēng xià hā lǐ dùn 'ēn xiāo hòu yīn fèi bìng sǐ qù， xīn dé léi shòu liǎo hěn dà de dǎ jī，
cóng cǐ biàn dé gèng jiā cán rěn， gèng jiā lěng kù wú qíng。 kǎi sè lín pái huái yú xī cì kè lì fū hé 'āi dé jiā de 'ài qíng zhī jiān， tā zhēn xīn 'ài xī kè lì， dàn yòu jué dé yǔ yī gè pú rén jié hūn， yòu shī shēn fèn。 dāng 'āi dé jiā xiàng tā qiú hūn shí， xiǎng dào tā de piào liàng hé fù yòu， biàn dāyìng liǎo。 dàn zài tā líng hún shēn chù， fēi cháng míng bái zì jǐ cuò liǎo， biàn xiàng nǚ pú 'ài lún dí 'ēn tù lù zhēn qíng：“ wǒ duì 'āi dé jiā de 'ài xiàng shù lín zhōng de yè zǐ， dāng dōng jì gǎi biàn shù mù de shí hòu， suí zhī jiù huì gǎi biàn yè zǐ。 wǒ duì xī kè lì de 'ài què xiàng dì xià shuǐ jiǔ bù biàn de yán shí …… wǒ jiù shì xī kè lì！ tā wú shí wú kè bù zài wǒ xīn zhōng， bìng bù shì zuò wéi yī zhǒng lè qù， jī shì zuò wéi wǒ de yī bù fēn。”
xī kè lì tīng dào tā men de duì huà， tòng kǔ wàn fēn， dāng yè lí kāi liǎo hū xiào shān zhuāng， kǎ sè lín yīn xī kè lì de lí qù 'ér dà bìng yīcháng。 hòu lái lín dūn fū fù xiāng jì dé rè bìng 'ér sǐ， zài tā men sǐ hòu sān nián， kǎ sè lín tóng 'āi dé jiā jié hūn liǎo。
shù nián hòu， xī cì kè lì fū tū rán chū xiàn zài huà méi shān zhuāng， zhè shí tā yǐ jīng zhǎngchéng liǎo yī gè xiāo sǎ yīng jùn 'ér yòu hěn yòu qián de qīng nián。 kǎi sè lín jiàn dào tā shí xīn xǐ ruò kuáng， tā yì wèi shēn cháng dì shuō：“ wǒ zhǐ shì wèile nǐ cái fèn dǒu de”。 tā jīng cháng chū rù yú huà méi shān zhuāng， zhè shǐ yī suō bèi lā fā bìng shìde 'ài shàng liǎo tā。 tā wéi de bào fù zhěng yè zhěng yè dì hé xīn dé léi dǎ pái、 hē jiǔ， màn màn dì shǐ tā pò liǎo chǎn， zuì hòu bǎ zhěng gè zhuāng yuán dǐ yā gěi xī kè lì。 jìn guǎn kǎ sè lín xiǎng jìn bàn fǎ xiǎng wǎn huí xī kè lì de gǎn qíng， dàn tā hái shì hé yī suō bèi lā jié hūn liǎo， hūn hòu yǐ nüè dài yī suō bèi lā lái fā xiè zì jǐ de chóu hèn。
cǐ shí kǎ sè lín zhèng zhí lín chǎn， xī cì kè lì fū chèn 'āi dé jiā bù zài， jìn rù liǎo huà méi shān zhuāng， tā sǐ mìng dì bào zhù kǎi sè lín， bēi qiē dì jiào dào：“ ā， kǎi dì， ā， wǒ de mìng！ wǒ zěn néng shòu dé liǎo wā！……” kǎi sè lín zhe shuō：“ rú guǒ wǒ zuò cuò liǎo， wǒ huì yīn cǐ 'ér sǐ， nǐ yě lí kāi guò wǒ， dàn wǒ kuān shù liǎo nǐ， nǐ yě kuān shù wǒ bā！” xī cì kè fū lì dá dào：“ zhè shì nán yǐ bàn dào de， dàn wǒ ráo shù nǐ duì wǒ zuò de shì。 wǒ kě yǐ 'ài hài liǎo wǒ de rén， kě shì hài liǎo nǐ de rén， wǒ yòu zěn me néng gòu ráo shù tā ní？” tā men jiù zhè yàng fēng kuáng dì yōng bào zhe， hù xiāng yuàn hèn。
zhí dào 'āi dé jiā huí lái hòu， tā men cái fēn kāi， kǎi sè lín zài yě méi yòu xǐng lái。 dāng tiān yè lǐ， tā hūn mí zhōng shēng xià yī gè nǚ hái biàn sǐ qù liǎo。 xī cì kè lì fū zhěng yè shǒu zài zhuāng yuán lǐ， dāng dé zhī kǎi sè lín sǐ liǎo， tā yòng lì dì bǎ tóu zhuàng zài shùgàn shàng，“ tiān 'ā！ méi yòu wǒ de mìng gēn zǐ， wǒ bù néng huó xià qù yā！” jǐ gè yuè hòu xiǎng dé lāi sǐ liǎo， xī kè lì chéng liǎo hū xiào shān zhuāng de zhù rén。 bǎ xīn dé léi de 'ér zǐ hā lǐ dùn péi yǎng chéng yī gè cū yě wú lǐ， méi yòu jiào yǎng de yě xiǎo zǐ。 yī suō bèi lā rěn shòu bù liǎo zhàng fū de nüè dài， táo dào lún dūn fù jìn， zài nà 'ér shēng liǎo yī gè 'ér zǐ qǔ míng lín dūn。
12 nián hòu lín dūn yǐ zhǎngchéng yī gè shàonián， kǎi sè lín de xiǎo nǚ 'ér yě yǐ zhǎngchéng yī gè měi lì de shàonǚ， tā suī bù xǐ huān lín dūn， tā hái shì chèn xiǎo kǎ kǎi sè lín de fù qīn bìng wēi zhī jì， bǎ xiǎo kǎi sè lín jiē dào hū xiào shān zhuāng， bī pò tā hé lín dūn jié hūn， yīn wéi tā yào“ shèng lì dì kàn jiàn wǒ de hòu dài táng huáng dì zuò wéi tā men chǎn yè de zhù rén， wǒ de hái zǐ yòng gōng qián gù tā men de hái zǐ zhǒng tā men de tǔ dì”。
jǐ gè yuè hòu， āi dé jiā yě sǐ liǎo， xī cì kè lì fū zuò wéi xiǎo kǎi sè lín de fù qīn bān jìn liǎo huà méi shān zhuāng。 bù jiǔ lín dūn yě sǐ liǎo， xiǎo kǎi sè lín chéng liǎo nián qīng de guǎ fù。
xiǎo kǎi sè lín hé hā lǐ dùn jiù xiàng dāng nián de xī kè lì hé kǎ sè lín yī yàng， xī kè lì fēng kuáng dì zǔ zhǐ tā men de lái wǎng， dāng tā zhuā zhù xiǎo kǎi sè lín xiǎng dǎ tā shí， tā cóng tā de yǎn jīng lǐ kàn dào liǎo kǎi sè lín de yǐng zǐ， ér cǐ shí de hā lǐ dùn bù zhèng shì dāng nián de zì jǐ má！ tā biàn dé gèng gū dú liǎo， tā kě wàng zhe hé kǎi sè lín de gū hún zài yī qǐ。 lián xù jǐ tiān tā bù chī bù hē， zài zhǎo dì lǐ yóu dàng， huí lái hòu bǎ zì jǐ guān zài kǎi sè lín zhù guò de fáng jiān lǐ， dì 'èr tiān， rén men fā xiàn tā sǐ liǎo。
tā sǐ hòu bèi mái zài kǎi sè lín de mù bàng， xiǎo kǎi sè lín zhōng yú hé hā lǐ dùn jié hūn liǎo。
《 hū xiào shān zhuāng》 - xiě zuò bèi jǐng
ài mǐ lì bó lǎng tè suǒ shēng huó de sān shí nián jiān zhèng shì yīng guó shè huì dòng dàng de shí dài。 zī běn zhù yì zhèng zài fā zhǎn bìng yuè lái yuè bào lù tā nèi zài de quē xiàn； láo zī zhī
jiān máo dùn jiān ruì huà； shī yè gōng rén de pín kùn； dà liàng de tóng gōng bèi cán kù dì zhé mó zhì sǐ（ zhè cóng tóng shí qī de yīng guó zhù míng nǚ shī rén yī lì suō bái bā léi tè bó lǎng níng ① de cháng shī《 hái zǐ men de kū shēng》， kě yǐ kàn dào yī xiē gài mào）。 zài jiā shàng yīng guó zhèng fǔ duì mín zhù gǎi gé dǒu zhēng hé gōng rén yùn dòng cǎi qǔ gāo yā shǒu duàn： rú yī bā yī jiǔ nián de bǐ dé lù dà tú shā jiù shì yī gè lì zǐ。 yīn cǐ zhè yī shí qī de wén xué zuò pǐn yě yòu suǒ fǎn yìng。 wǒ men de nǚ zuò jiā 'ài mǐ lì bó lǎng tè jiù shì dàn shēng zài zhè yàng dǒu zhēng de nián dài！ tā shēng zài yī gè mù shī jiā tíng lǐ， fù qīn míng jiào pèi tè lǐ kè bó lǎng tè（ 1777 héng 1861）， yuán shì gè 'ài 'ěr lán jiào shì， yī bā yī 'èr nián qǔ yīng guó xī nán bù kāng wǎ 'ěr jùn（ Cornwall） rén mǎ lì yà bó lán wēi 'ěr wéi qī， xī xià liù gè 'ér nǚ。 dà nǚ 'ér mǎ lì yà（ 1814）， èr nǚ 'ér yī lì suō bái（ 1815）， sān nǚ 'ér xià luò dì（ 1816）， dú zǐ bó lán wēi 'ěr（ 1817）， xià biān jiù shì 'ài mǐ lì（ 1818） hé 'ān 'ēn（ 1820）。 hòu miàn sì gèdōu shēng zài wèi yú yuē kè jùn kuàng yě de sāng dùn cūn ②， bó lǎng tè xiān shēng biàn zài zhè yī jiào qū rèn mù shī zhí。 yī bā 'èr nián quán jiā bān dào háo wò sī dì qū， zài kuàng yě de yī chù piān pì de jiǎo luò 'ān liǎo jiā。 tā men sān zǐ mèi jiù zài zhè gè dì fāng dù guò liǎo yī shēng。
yī bā 'èr qī nián tā men de mǔ qīn shì shì， yí mǔ cóng kāng wǎ 'ěr qún lái zhào gù jiā tíng。 sān nián hòu， yǐ mǎ lì yà wéi shǒu de sì zǐ mèi jìn jì sù xué xiào dú shū。 yóu yú shēng huó tiáo jiàn tàichà， mǎ lì yà yǔ yī lì suō bái huàn fèi jié hé yāo zhé， xià luò dì yǔ 'ài mǐ lì xìng cún， zì cǐ zài jiā yǔ xiōng dì bó lán wēi 'ěr yī qǐ zì xué。 zhè gè jiā tíng yī xiàng lí qún suǒ jū， sì gè xiōng dì zǐ mèi biàn cháng yǐ dú shū、 xiě zuò shī gē， jí dù zhuàn chuán qí gù shì lái dǎ fā jì mò de shí guāng。 xià luò dì hé bó lán wēi 'ěr yǐ xiǎng xiàng de 'ān gé lǐ 'ā wáng cháo wéi zhōng xīn lái xiě xiǎo shuō， ér 'ài mǐ lì hé xiǎo mèi 'ān zé chuàng zào liǎo yī gè tā men chēng wéi gāng duō 'ěr de tài píng yáng dǎo yǔ lái dù zhuàn gù shì。
tā men de jiā suī rán lín jìn háo wò sī gōng yè qū， rán 'ér zhè suǒ zhù zhái qià hǎo wèi yú chéng zhèn yǔ huāng yě zhī jiān。 ài mǐ lì jīng cháng hé tā de zǐ mèi men dào xī biān de kuàng yě dì lǐ sàn bù。 yīn cǐ yī fāng miàn bó lǎng tè zǐ mèi kàn dào liǎo chéng zhèn zhōng zhèng zài fā zhǎn de zī běn zhù yì shè huì， lìng yī fāng miàn yě shòu dào liǎo kuàng yě qì fēn de gǎn rǎn。 tè bié shì 'ài mǐ lì， tā biǎo miàn chén mò guǎ yán， nèi xīn què rè qíng bēn fàng， suī bù dǒng zhèng zhì， què shí fēn guān xīn zhèng zhì。 sān zǐ mèi cháng cháng kàn zì yóu dǎng huò bǎo shǒu dǎng de qī kān， xǐ huān yì lùn zhèng zhì， zhè dāng rán shì shòu liǎo tā men fù qīn de yǐng xiǎng。 pèi tè lǐ kè bó lǎng tè shì gè bǐ jiào jī jìn de bǎo shǒu dǎng rén， zǎo nián fǎn duì guò lù dé yùn dòng ③， hòu lái yě bāng zhù háo wò sī gōng rén， zhī chí tā men de bà gōng。 ài mǐ lì hé tā de zǐ mèi jì chéng liǎo tā de zhèng yì gǎn， tóng qíng shǒu gōng yè gōng rén de fǎn kàng hé dǒu zhēng。 zhè jiù wéi《 hū xiào shān zhuāng》 de dàn shēng chuàng zào liǎo tiáo jiàn。
zhè gè jiā tíng shōu rù hěn shǎo， jīng jì xiāng dāng jié jù。 sān zǐ mèi bù dé bù jīng cháng chū wài móu shēng， yǐ jiāoshū huò zuò jiā tíng jiào shī lái tiē bǔ jiā yòng， jǐ nián lái lì shòu jiān xīn cuò zhé。 xià luò dì céng dǎ suàn tā men zì jǐ kāi shè yī suǒ xué xiào， tā hé 'ài mǐ lì yīn cǐ dào bù lǔ sài 'ěr xué xí liǎo yī nián， suí hòu yīn xià luò dì shī liàn 'ér lí kāi。 yī bā sì liù nián tā men zì jǐ chóu kuǎn yǐ jiǎ míng chū bǎn liǎo yī běn shī jí ④， què zhǐ mài diào liǎng běn。 yī bā sì qī nián， tā men sān zǐ mèi de sān běn xiǎo shuō ⑤ zhōng yú chū bǎn， rán 'ér zhǐ yòu《 jiǎn 'ài》 huò dé chéng gōng， dé dào liǎo zhòng shì。《 hū xiào shān zhuāng》 de chū bǎn bìng bùwèi dāng shí dú zhě suǒ lǐ jiě， shèn zhì tā zì jǐ de jiě jiě xià luò dì yě wú fǎ lǐ jiě 'ài mǐ lì de sī xiǎng。
yī bā sì bā nián， tā men wéi yī de xiōng dì bó lán wēi 'ěr yóu yú cháng qī xù jiǔ、 xī dú， yě chuán rǎn liǎo fèi bìng， yú jiǔ yuè sǐ qù， suī rán zhè wèi jiā tíng zhōng de bào jūn zhī sǐ duì yú zhè sān zǐ mèi yě shì yī zhǒng jiě tuō， rán 'ér， zhèng rú zài xià luò dì zǐ mèi de shū jiǎn jí zhōng suǒ shuō de：“ guò shī yǔ zuì 'è dōuyǐ yí wàng， shèng xià lái de shì lián mǐn hé bēi shāng pán jù liǎo xīn tóu yǔ jì yì……” duì bó lán wēi 'ěr de dào niàn suō duǎn liǎo 'ài mǐ lì zǒu xiàng fén mù de lù tú， tóng nián shí 'èr yuè 'ài mǐ lì zhōng yú qì shì。 tā men de xiǎo mèi mèi 'ān yě yú dì 'èr nián wǔ yuè xiāng jì sǐ qù， zhè shí zhè gè jiā tíng zuì hòu de chéng yuán zhǐ yòu xià luò dì hé tā de lǎo fù liǎo。
zhè yī wèi hòu lái cái chí míng shì jiè wén tán de jí yòu cái huá de nián qīng nǚ zuò jiā， dāng shí jiù zhè yàng bào hàn dì lí kāi liǎo zhǐ néng shǐ tā cháng dào lěng mò wú qíng de rén shì jiān， mò mò dì hé tā jiā zhōng jǐn yú de sān wèi qīn rén gào bié liǎo！ tā céng zài shàonǚ shí qī de yī shǒu shī zhōng zhè yàng xiě dào：
“ wǒ shì wéi yī de rén， mìng zhōng zhù dìng wú rén guò wèn， yě wú rén liú lèi 'āi dào； zì cóng wǒ shēng xià lái， cóng wèi yǐn qǐ guò yī xiàn yōu lǜ， yī gè kuài lè de wēi xiào。 zài mì mì de huān lè， mì mì de yǎn lèi zhōng， zhè gè biàn huà duō duān de shēng huó jiù zhè yàng huá guò， shí bā nián hòu réng rán wú yǐ wú kào， yī rú zài wǒ dàn shēng nà tiān tóng yàng de jì mò。……”
tā zài tóng yī shǒu shī zhōng zuì hòu kǎi tàn dào：
“ qǐ chū qīng chūn de xī wàng bèi róng huà， rán hòu huàn xiǎng de hóng cǎi xùn sù tuì kāi； yú shì jīng yàn gào sù wǒ， shuō zhēn lǐ jué bù huì zài rén lèi de xīn xiōng zhōng chéngzhǎng qǐ lái。……”
dàn shì tā hěn xiǎng zhèn zuò qǐ lái， yòu suǒ zuò wéi， què yǐ zhēngzhá bù qǐ， zhè zhǒng tòng kǔ de sī xiǎng dǒu zhēng hé bīn yú jué wàng de qíng xù， zài tā tóng yī shí qī de shī jù zhōng yě kě yǐ zhǎo dào：“ rán 'ér rú jīn dāng wǒ xī wàng guò gē chàng， wǒ de shǒu zhǐ què bō dòng liǎo yī gēn wú yīn de xián； ér gē cí de dié jù réng jiù shì ‘ bù yào zài fèn dǒu liǎo， ’ yī qiē quán shì wǎng rán。”
《 hū xiào shān zhuāng》 - zuò pǐn shǎng xī
《 hū xiào shān zhuāng》 tōng guò yī gè 'ài qíng bēi jù， xiàng rén men zhǎn shì liǎo yī fù jī xíng shè huì de shēng huó huà miàn， gòu lè liǎo bèi zhè gè jī xíng shè huì niǔ qū de rén xìng jí qí zào chéng de zhǒng zhǒng kě bù de shì jiàn， zhěng gè gù shì qíng jié shì tōng guò sì gè jiē duàn zhú bù pū kāi de：
dì yī jiē duàn xù shù liǎo xī sī kè lì fū yǔ kǎi sè lín zhāoxī xiāng chù de tóng nián shēng huó； yī gè qì 'ér hé yī gè xiǎo jiě zài zhè zhǒng tè shū huán jìng zhōng suǒ xíng chéng de tè shū gǎn qíng， yǐ jí tā men duì xīn dé léi zhuān héng bào nüè de fǎn kàng。
dì 'èr jiē duàn zhuózhòng miáo xiě kǎi sè lín yīn wéi xū róng、 wú zhī hé yú mèi， bèi qì liǎo xī sī kè lì fū， chéng liǎo huà méi tián zhuāng de nǚ zhù rén。
dì sān jiē duàn yǐ dà liàng bǐ mò miáo huì xī sī kè lì fū rú hé zài jué wàng zhōng bǎ mǎn qiāng chóu hèn huà wéi bào chóu xuě chǐ de jì móu hé xíng dòng。
zuì hòu jiē duàn jìn guǎn zhǐ jiāo dài liǎo xī sī kè lì fū de sǐ wáng， què tū chū dì jiē shì liǎo dāng tā liǎo jiě hā lǐ dùn hé kǎi dì xiāng 'ài hòu， sī xiǎng shàng jīng lì de yī zhǒng zhǎn xīn de biàn huà héng héng rén xìng de fù sū， cóng 'ér shǐ zhè chū jù yòu kǒng bù sè cǎi de 'ài qíng bēi jù tòu lù chū yī shù lìng rén kuài wèi de xī wàng zhī guāng。
yīn cǐ， xī sī kè lì fū de 'ài yī hèn yī fù chóu yī rén xìng de fù sū， jì shì xiǎo shuō de jīng suǐ， yòu shì guàn chuān shǐ zhōng de yī tiáo hóng xiàn。 zuò zhě yǐ cǐ mài luò， móu piān bù jú， bǎ chǎng jǐng 'ān pái dé biàn huàn mò cè， yòu shí zài yīn yún mì bù、 guǐ kū láng háo de kuàng yě， yòu shí yòu shì fēng kuáng yǔ zhòu、 yīn sēn cǎn 'àn de tíng yuàn， gù shì shǐ zhōng lǒngzhào zài yī zhǒng shén mì hé kǒng bù de qì fēn zhī zhōng。
zài xiǎo shuō zhōng， zuò zhě de quán bù xīn xuè níng jù zài xī sī kè lì fū xíng xiàng de kè huà shàng， tā zài zhè lǐ jì tuō liǎo zì jǐ de quán bù fèn kǎi、 tóng qíng hé lǐ xiǎng。 zhè gè bèi bō duó liǎo rén jiān wēn nuǎn de qì 'ér zài shí jì shēng huó zhōng péi yǎng liǎo qiáng liè de 'ài yǔ zēng， xīn dé léi de pí biān shǐ tā cháng dào liǎo rén shēng de cán kù， yě jiào huì tā dǒng dé rěn qì tūn shēng de qū fú wú fǎ gǎi biàn zì jǐ shòu rǔ de mìng yùn。 tā xuǎn zé liǎo fǎn kàng。 kǎi sè lín céng jīng shì tā zhōng shí de huǒ bàn， tā liǎ zài gòng tóng de fǎn kàng zhōng méng fā liǎo zhēn zhì de 'ài qíng。 rán 'ér， kǎi sè lín zuì hòu què bèi pàn liǎo xī sī kè lì fū， jià gěi liǎo tā bù liǎo jiě、 yě gēn běn bù 'ài de 'āi dé jiā · lín dùn。 zào chéng zhè gè 'ài qíng bēi jù de zhí jiē yuán yīn shì tā de xū róng、 wú zhī hé yú chǔn， jiēguǒ què zàng sòng liǎo zì jǐ de qīng chūn、 ài qíng hé shēng mìng， yě huǐ liǎo duì tā shǐ zhōng yī wǎng qíng shēn de xī sī kè lì fū， hái chā yī diǎn kēng hài liǎo xià yī dài。 ài mǐ lì · bó lǎng tè kè huà zhè gè rén wù shí， yòu tóng qíng， yě yòu fèn kǎi； yòu wǎn xī， yě yòu biān chī； jì 'āi qí bù xìng， yòu nù qí bù zhēng， xīn qíng shì jí qí fù zá de。
kǎi sè lín de bèi pàn jí qí hūn hòu bēi kǔ de mìng yùn， shì quán shū zuì zhòng dà de zhuǎn zhé diǎn。 tā shǐ xī sī kè lì fū mǎn qiāng de 'ài huà wéi wú bǐ de hèn； kǎi sè lín yī sǐ， zhè qiāng chóu hèn huǒ shān bān bèng fā chū lái， chéng liǎo fēng kuáng de fù chóu dòng lì。 xī sī kè lì fū de mùdì dá dào liǎo， tā bù jǐn ràng xīn dé léi hé 'āi dé jiā qī kǔ sǐ qù， dú bà liǎo liǎng jiā zhuāng yuán de chǎn yè， hái ràng tā men píng bái wú gū de xià yī dài yě bǎo cháng liǎo kǔ guǒ。 zhè zhǒng fēng kuáng de bào chóu xiè hèn， mào sì bèi yú cháng lǐ， dàn què lín lí jìn zhì dì biǎo dá liǎo tā fēi tóng yī bān de pàn nì jīng shén， zhè shì yī zhǒng tè shū huán jìng、 tè shū xìng gé suǒ jué dìng de tè shū fǎn kàng。 xī sī kè lì fū de 'ài qíng bēi jù shì shè huì de bēi jù， yě shì shí dài de bēi jù。
《 hū xiào shān zhuāng》 de gù shì shì yǐ xī sī kè lì fū dá dào fù chóu mùdì 'ér zì shā gào zhōng de。 tā de sǐ shì yī zhǒng xùn qíng， biǎo dá liǎo tā duì kǎi sè lín shēng sǐ bù yú de 'ài， yī zhǒng shēng bù néng tóng qīn、 sǐ yě qiú tóng xué de 'ài de zhuī qiú。 ér tā lín sǐ qián fàng qì liǎo zài xià yī dài shēn shàng bào fù de niàn tóu， biǎo míng tā de tiān xìng běn lái shì shàn liáng de， zhǐ shì yóu yú cán kù de xiàn shí niǔ qū liǎo tā de tiān xìng， pò shǐ tā biàn dé bào nüè wú qíng。 zhè zhǒng rén xìng de fù sū shì yī zhǒng jīng shén shàng de shēng huá， shǎn yào zhe zuò zhě rén dào zhù yì de lǐ xiǎng。
《 hū xiào shān zhuāng》 chū bǎn hòu yī zhí bèi rén rèn wéi shì yīng guó wén xué shǐ shàng yī bù“ zuì qí tè de xiǎo shuō”， shì yī bù“ ào mì mò cè” de“ guài shū”。 yuán yīn zài yú tā yī fǎn tóng shí dài zuò pǐn pǔ biàn cún zài de shāng gǎn zhù yì qíng diào， ér yǐ qiáng liè de 'ài、 kuáng bào de hèn jí yóu zhī 'ér qǐ de wú qíng de bào fù， qǔ dài liǎo dī chén de shāng gǎn hé yōu yù。 tā wǎn rú yī shǒu qí tè de shū qíng shī， zì lǐ xíng jiān chōng mǎn zhe fēng fù de xiǎng xiàng hé kuáng biāo bān měng liè de qíng gǎn， jù yòu zhèn hàn rén xīn de yì shù lì liàng。
rén wù biǎo
ēn xiāo xiān shēng héng héng héng héng hū xiào shān zhuāng zhù rén
xīn dé léi · ēn xiāo héng héng qí zǐ
kǎi sè lín · ēn xiāo héng héng qí nǚ， xiǎo míng kǎi dì
xī sī kè lì fū héng héng héng ēn xiāo fǔ yǎng de gū 'ér
fú lán xī sī héng héng héng héng xīn dé léi zhī qī
hā lǐ dùn · ēn xiāo héng héng xīn dé léi zhī zǐ
dīng nài lì héng héng héng héng héng nǚ guǎn jiā， yòu míng 'ài lún
yuē sè fū héng héng héng héng héng hū xiào shān zhuāng de lǎo pú rén
lín dūn xiān shēng héng héng héng héng huà méi tián zhuāng zhù rén
āi dé jiā · lín dūn héng héng qí zǐ， hòu qǔ kǎi sè lín · ēn xiāo
yī suō bèi lā · lín dūn héng qí nǚ， hòu jià xī cì kè lì fū
kǎi sè lín · lín dūn héng héng āi dé jiā yǔ kǎi sè lín zhī nǚ， yì míng kǎi dì lín dūn · xī cì kè lì fū
yī suō bèi lā yǔ xī cì kè lì fū zhī zǐ
luò kè wū dé xiān shēng héng héng fáng kè
kěn ní cí yī shēng héng héng héng dāng dì yī shēng
qí lā héng héng héng héng héng hū xiào shān zhuāng de nǚ pú
《 hū xiào shān zhuāng》 - gù shì qíng jié nián biǎo
１ ７ ５７ xīn dé léi · ēn xiāo dàn shēng。 dīng nài lì zhī mǔ xié qí yīng 'ér nài lì wǎng hū xiào shān zhuāng dāng bǎo mǔ。
１７ ６ ２ āi dé jiā · lín dūn dàn shēng。
１７６５ kǎi sè lín · ēn xiāo dàn shēng。
１７６６ yī suō bèi lā · lín dūn dàn shēng。
１７７１ xià tiān， ēn xiāo xiān shēng cóng lì wù pǔ dài huí xī cì kè lì fū。
１７７ ３ chūn tiān， ēn xiāo fū rén shì shì。
１７７ ４ xīn dé léi shàng dà xué。
１７７７ shí yuè， ēn xiāo xiān shēng shì shì。 xīn dé léi xié qí qī fú lán xī sī fǎn jiā。
shí yī yuè dǐ， kǎi sè lín zài huà méi tián zhuāng chuǎng huò。
shèng dàn jié， kǎi sè lín fǎn jiā。
１７７ ８ liù yuè， hā lǐ dùn · ēn xiāo dàn shēng。 fú lán xī sī shì shì。 dīng nài lì zhào gù hā lǐ dùn。
１７８ ０ xià tiān， kǎi sè lín jiē shòu liǎo 'āi dé jiā · lín dūn de qiú hūn。 xī cì kè lì fū shī zōng。 kǎi sè lín huàn zhòng bìng。 lǎo lín dūn xiān shēng yǔ fū rén shì shì。
１７８３ sān yuè， āi dé jiā qǔ kǎi sè lín。 dīng nài lì péi tóng wǎng huà méi tián zhuāng。
jiǔ yuè， xī cì kè lì fū guī。
１７８４ yī yuè， āi dé jiā · kǎi sè lín hé xī cì kè lì fū zhī jiān fā shēng zhēng chǎo。 xī cì kè lì fū dài yī suō bèi lā sī bēn。 kǎi sè lín dì 'èr cì zhòng bìng。
sān yuè， xī cì kè lì fū yǔ yī suō bèi lā huí hū xiào shān zhuāng。 xī cì kè lì fū qù kàn kǎi sè lín。
sān yuè niàn rì， kǎi sè lín shì shì， liú xià cái dàn shēng de nǚ 'ér kǎi sè lín。
sān yuè niàn wǔ rì， kǎi sè lín xià zàng。 xī cì kè lì fū dāng wǎn dào mù yuán qù。
sān yuè niàn liù rì， yī suō bèi lā táo páo。
jiǔ yuè， xīn dé léi shì shì。 xī cì kè lì fū zhàn yòu hū xiào shān zhuāng。
shí yuè， lín dūn · xī cì kè lì fū dàn shēng yú wài dì。
１７ ９７ yī suō bèi lā shì shì。
xiǎo kǎi dì shǒu cì dào hū xiào shān zhuāng。
āi dé jiā jiē wài shēng lín dūn huí huà méi tián zhuāng。 xī cì kè lì fū yào zǒu tā de 'ér zǐ。
１８００ sān yuè niàn rì， xiǎo kǎi dì dì 'èr cì dào hū xiào shān zhuāng。
qiū tiān， āi dé jiā gǎn mào bìng dǎo。
shí yuè， kǎi dì dì sān cì dào hū xiào shān zhuāng。
zhè yǐ hòu sān gè xīng qī， kǎi dì mì mì wǎng hū xiào shān zhuāng。
１８０１ bā yuè， kǎi dì yǔ biǎo dì lín dūn zài yě wài jiàn miàn， bèi xī cì kè lì fū suǒ pò yòu jìn hū xiào shān zhuāng yǔ lín dūn jié hūn。
jiǔ yuè， āi dé jiā · lín dūn shì shì。 hòu xī cì kè lì fū wǎng kǎi sè lín mù dì jué mù。
lín dūn · xī cì kè lì fū jì chéng liǎo huà méi tián zhuāng。
shí yuè， lín dūn sǐ qù。 xī cì kè lì fū zhàn yòu liǎo qí zǐ chǎn yè。
shí yī yuè， xī cì kè lì fū jiāng huà méi tián zhuāng chū zū gěi luò kè wū dé xiān shēng。
luò kè wū dé xiān shēng bài fǎng hū xiào shān zhuāng。
１８０２ yī yuè， luò kè wū dé xiān shēng lí kāi huà méi tián zhuāng wǎng lún dūn。
èr yuè， dīng nài lì huí hū xiào shān zhuāng。
sì yuè， xī cì kè lì fū shì shì。
jiǔ yuè， luò kè wū dé xiān shēng lù jīng huà méi tián zhuāng yǔ hū xiào shān zhuāng， zài cì bài fǎng。
１８０３ yuán dàn， hā lǐ dùn · ēn xiāo yǔ kǎi dì jié hūn。
The name of the novel comes from the Yorkshire manor on the moors on which the story centres (as an adjective; wuthering is a Yorkshire word referring to turbulent weather). The narrative tells the tale of the all-encompassing and passionate, yet thwarted, love between Heathcliff and Catherine Earnshaw, and how this unresolved passion eventually destroys them and many around them.
Now considered a classic of English literature, Wuthering Heights met with mixed reviews by critics when it first appeared, mainly because of the narrative's stark depiction of mental and physical cruelty. Though Charlotte Brontë's Jane Eyre was initially considered the best of the Brontë sisters' works, many subsequent critics of Wuthering Heights argued that its originality and achievement made it superior. Wuthering Heights has also given rise to many adaptations and inspired works, including films, radio, television dramatisations, a musical by Bernard J. Taylor, ballet, opera, and song.
Plot
Writing in his diary, Mr. Lockwood describes arriving in the winter of 1801, at the manor house of Thrushcross Grange, on the Yorkshire moors in northern England. He soon meets his landlord, Heathcliff, a wealthy man and the master of nearby Wuthering Heights. Despite not being welcome at Wuthering Heights, Lockwood returns for a second visit and is forced to stay overnight, due to a snow storm. Unable to sleep, he finds the diary of a girl named Catherine Earnshaw and reads an entry. Lockwood learns that she was a close childhood friend of Heathcliff. Later, he has a nightmare in which the ghost of a young girl appears at his window and begs to be let in. While Lockwood struggles to keep the ghost out of his room, Heathcliff is awakened by his cries of terror and rushes into the room. Upon hearing of Catherine's ghost, he asks Lockwood to leave the room. Standing outside the door, Lockwood hears Heathcliff sobbing, opening the window, and calling for Catherine to enter.
Upon returning to Thrushcross Grange, Lockwood asks his housekeeper, Nelly Dean, to tell him the story of Heathcliff and the others at Wuthering Heights. Nelly begins her story thirty years earlier, when Mr. Earnshaw brings Heathcliff, an orphan boy, home to raise with his own children, Hindley and Catherine. Eventually, Mr. Earnshaw comes to favour Heathcliff over his own children. Both Earnshaw children initially resent Heathcliff, but soon he and Catherine become inseparable. Hindley continues to hate and physically abuse him
Mr. Earnshaw dies three years later and Hindley, now married to Frances after returning from boarding school, inherits Wuthering Heights. He brutalises Heathcliff, forcing him to work as a hired hand. Catherine becomes friends with the neighboring Linton family who live at Thrushcross Grange, and Mrs. Linton starts teaching her to be a proper lady. She is attracted to young Edgar Linton, whom Heathcliff immediately dislikes.
A year later, Frances dies from consumption shortly after giving birth to a son, Hareton. Hindley takes to drinking and becomes even more abusive to Heathcliff. Some two years later, Catherine informs Nelly that she wishes to marry Edgar Linton, as it will give her status and riches; despite her love for Heathcliff. Heathcliff, upon hearing this, leaves Wuthering Heights, only to return three years later, soon after Catherine and Edgar are wed.
Heathcliff has apparently become a wealthy, respectable gentleman and now seeks revenge against all those he believes have wronged him. Heathcliff makes loans to Hindley that he knows cannot be repaid. Intent on ruining Edgar, Heathcliff elopes with Edgar's sister, Isabella Linton, setting himself up to inherit Thrushcross Grange. After their marriage, Heathcliff becomes very cruel and abusive towards Isabella.
Catherine becomes very ill and dies shortly after giving birth to a daughter, Cathy. A few hours before her death, however, she and Heathcliff reaffirm their feelings for one another. After Catherine’s death, Heathcliff becomes more bitter and vengeful towards those around him. Isabella flees to London a month later and gives birth to a boy, Linton Heathcliff.
About this time, Hindley dies. Heathcliff takes ownership of Wuthering Heights and raises Hindley's son, Hareton, with as much neglect as he had suffered at Hindley's hands.
Thirteen years later, Isabella dies and Linton comes to live at Wuthering Heights with his father, Heathcliff. He treats his son even more cruelly than he treated his wife. Three years pass and Heathcliff invites Cathy to Wuthering Heights. He then introduces her to his son, Linton, wishing them to marry which would strengthen his claim on Thrushcross Grange.
Cathy receives news that Linton has fallen ill. She hurries to Wuthering Heights to see if she can be of help. Linton's health declines swiftly and Heathcliff puts Cathy under house arrest, forcing her to marry his son. Soon after the marriage, Edgar dies, followed shortly by Linton. Heathcliff has now gained complete control of both Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange. He forces Cathy to stay at Wuthering Heights and treats her as a common servant. It is at this point in the narrative that Lockwood rents Thrushcross Grange from Heathcliff, and Nelly’s story reaches the present day. Lockwood is appalled and leaves for London.
Lockwood returns six months later to visit Nelly. She tells him that in his absence, Cathy gradually softened toward her rough, uneducated cousin Hareton, just as Catherine was tender towards Heathcliff. Having originally mocked Hareton for his illiteracy, she now teaches him to read. He allows her to open up again after becoming so bitter from Heathcliff's brutal treatment.
When Heathcliff is confronted by Cathy and Hareton's love, he seems to suffer a mental breakdown and begins to see Catherine's ghost. He seemingly abandons his life-long vendetta and dies, having "swallowed nothing for four days". Nelly describes finding Heathcliff lying on the bed, stiff with rigor mortis. Only Hareton mourns Heathcliff's death. He is buried next to Catherine in the graveyard. Cathy and Hareton inherit Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange and plan their wedding for New Year’s Day. Upon hearing the end of the story, Lockwood leaves Nelly and on his walk home he visits the graves of Catherine and Heathcliff.
Characters
* Heathcliff: Found, and presumably orphaned, on the streets of Liverpool, he is taken to Wuthering Heights by Mr. Earnshaw and reluctantly cared for by the rest of the family. He and Catherine later grow close, and their love becomes the central theme of the first volume; his revenge and its consequences are the main theme of the second volume. Heathcliff is typically considered a Byronic hero, but critics have found his character, with a capacity for self-invention, to be profoundly difficult to assess. His position in society, without status (Heathcliff serves as both his given name and surname), is often the subject of Marxist criticism.
* Catherine Earnshaw: First introduced in Lockwood's discovery of her diary and etchings, Catherine's life is almost entirely detailed in the first volume. She seemingly suffers from a crisis of identity, unable to choose between nature and culture (and, by extension, Heathcliff and Edgar). Her decision to marry Edgar Linton over Heathcliff has been seen as a surrender to culture, and has implications for all the characters of Wuthering Heights. The character of Catherine has been analysed by many forms of literary criticism, including: psychoanalytic and feminist.
* Edgar Linton: Introduced as a child of the Linton family, who reside at Thrushcross Grange, Edgar's life and mannerisms are immediately contrasted with those of Heathcliff and Catherine, and indeed the former dislikes him. Yet, owing much to his status, Catherine marries him and not Heathcliff. This decision, and the differences between Edgar and Heathcliff, have been read into by feminist criticisms.
* Nelly Dean: The second and primary narrator of the novel, Nelly has been a servant of each generation of both the Earnshaw and Linton families. She is presented as a character who straddles the idea of a 'culture versus nature' divide in the novel: she is a local of the area and a servant, and has experienced life at Wuthering Heights. However, she is also an educated woman and has lived at Thrushcross Grange. This idea is represented in her having two names, Ellen—her given name and used to show respect, and Nelly—used by her familiars. Whether Nelly is an unbiased narrator and how far her actions, as an apparent bystander, affect the other characters are two points of her character discussed by critics.
* Isabella Linton: Introduced as part of the Linton family, Isabella is only ever shown in relation to other characters. She views Heathcliff as a romantic hero, despite Catherine warning her against such an opinion, and becomes an unwitting participant in his plot for revenge. After being married to Heathcliff and abused at Wuthering Heights, she escapes to London and gives birth to Linton. Such abusive treatment has led many, especially feminist critics, to consider Isabella the true/conventional 'tragic romantic' figure of Wuthering Heights.
* Hindley Earnshaw
* Hareton Earnshaw
* Catherine Linton
* Linton Heathcliff
* Joseph
* Lockwood
Timeline
1500: The stone above the front door of Wuthering Heights, bearing the name of Mr Earnshaw, is inscribed, possibly to mark the completion of the house.
1757: Hindley Earnshaw born (summer); Nelly Dean born
1762: Edgar Linton born
1765: Catherine Earnshaw born (summer); Isabella Linton born (late 1765)
1771: Heathcliff brought to Wuthering Heights by Mr Earnshaw (late summer)
1773: Mrs Earnshaw dies (spring)
1774: Hindley sent off to college
1777: Hindley marries Frances; Mr Earnshaw dies and Hindley comes back (October); Heathcliff and Cathy visit Thrushcross Grange for the first time; Cathy remains behind (November), and then returns to Wuthering Heights (Christmas Eve)
1778: Hareton born (June); Frances dies
1780: Heathcliff runs away from Wuthering Heights; Mr and Mrs Linton both die
1783: Catherine has married Edgar (March); Heathcliff comes back (September)
1784: Heathcliff marries Isabella (February); Catherine dies and Cathy born (20 March); Hindley dies; Linton born (September)
1797: Isabella dies; Cathy visits Wuthering Heights and meets Hareton; Linton brought to Thrushcross Grange and then taken to Wuthering Heights
1800: Cathy meets Heathcliff and sees Linton again (20 March)
1801: Cathy and Linton are married (August); Edgar dies (August); Linton dies (September); Mr Lockwood goes to Thrushcross Grange and visits Wuthering Heights, beginning his narrative
1802: Mr Lockwood goes back to London (January); Heathcliff dies (April); Mr Lockwood comes back to Thrushcross Grange (September)
1803: Cathy plans to marry Hareton (1 January)
Development history
There are several theories as to which building was the inspiration for Wuthering Heights. One is Top Withens, a ruined farmhouse, that is located in a isolated area near the Haworth Parsonage. Yet, its structure does not match that of the farmhouse described in the novel, and is therefore considered less likely to be the model. Top Withens was first suggested as the model for the fictitious farmhouse by Ellen Nussey, a friend of Charlotte Brontë's, to Edward Morison Wimperis, a commissioned artist for the Brontë sisters' novels in 1872.
The second option is the now demolished High Sunderland Hall, near Halifax, West Yorkshire. This Gothic edifice is located near Law Hill, and was where Emily worked briefly as a governess in 1838. While very grand for the farmhouse of Wuthering Heights, the hall had grotesque embellishments of griffins and misshapen nude men similar to those described by Lockwood of Wuthering Heights in chapter one of the novel:
"Before passing the threshold, I paused to admire a quantity of grotesque carving lavished over the front, and especially about the principal door, above which, among a wilderness of crumbling griffins and shameless little boys, I detected the date '1500'".
The inspiration for Thrushcross Grange has been traditionally connected to Ponden Hall, near Haworth, although very small. More likely is Shibden Hall, near Halifax.
Critical response
Early reviews
Early reviews of Wuthering Heights were mixed in their assessment. Whilst most critics recognised the power and imagination of the novel, many found the story unlikeable and ambiguous.[note 1] Released in 1847, at a time when the background of the author was deemed to have an important impact on the story itself, many critics were also intrigued by the authorship of the novels.[note 2] H. F. Chorley of the Athenaeum said that it was a "disagreeable story" and that the 'Bells' (Brontës) "seem to affect painful and exceptional subjects". The Atlas review called it a "strange, inartistic story", but commented that every chapter seems to contain a "sort of rugged power". It supported the second point made in the Athenaeum, suggesting that the general effect of the novel was "inexpressibly painful", but adding that all of its subjects were either "utterly hateful or thoroughly contemptible".
The Douglas Jerrold's Weekly Newspaper critique was more positive, emphasizing the "great power" of the novel and its provocative qualities; it said that it was a "strange sort of book—baffling all regular criticism" and that "[it is] impossible to lay it aside afterwards and say nothing about it". Although the Examiner agreed on the strangeness, it saw the book as "wild, confused; disjointed and improbable". The Britannia review mirrored those comments made on the unpleasant characters, arguing that it would have been a "far better romance" if the characters were not "nearly as violent and destructive as [Heathcliff]". The unidentified review was less critical, considering it a "work of great ability" and that "it is not every day that so good a novel makes its appearance".
Adaptations
The earliest known film adaptation of Wuthering Heights was filmed in England and directed by A. V. Bramble. It is unknown if any prints still exist. The most famous was 1939's Wuthering Heights, starring Laurence Olivier and Merle Oberon and directed by William Wyler. This adaptation, like many others, eliminated the second generation's story (young Cathy, Linton and Hareton). It won the 1939 New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Film and was nominated for the 1939 Academy Award for Best Picture.
The 1970 film with Timothy Dalton as Heathcliff is notable for emphasizing that Heathcliff may be Cathy's illegitimate half-brother. This is the first colour version of the novel, and gained acceptance over the years though it was initially poorly received. The character of Hindley is portrayed much more sympathetically, and his story-arc is altered.
The 1992 film Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights starring Ralph Fiennes and Juliette Binoche is notable for including the oft-omitted second generation story of the children of Cathy, Hindley , and Heathcliff.
Adaptations which reset the story in a new setting include the 1954 adaptation by Spanish filmmaker Luis Buñuel set in Catholic Mexico, with Heathcliff and Cathy renamed Alejandro and Catalina, and Yoshishige Yoshida's 1988 adaptation which set the story in Tokugawa period Japan. In 2003, MTV produced a poorly reviewed version set in a modern California with the characters as high school students.
The novel has been popular in opera and theatre, including operas written by Bernard Herrmann and Carlisle Floyd (both of which like many films cover only the first half of the book) and a musical by Bernard J. Taylor, as well as a song by Kate Bush.
In autumn of 2008, Mark Ryan launched a dramatic musical adaptation of the novel, narrated by Beowulf and Sexy Beast star Ray Winstone. He composed, sang and produced the tracks with Robb Vallier who also worked on Spamalot. He also directed the video for the song "Women" filmed especially for the website and featuring Jennifer Korbee, Jessica Keenan Wynn and Katie Boeck.
In August 2009 ITV aired a two part drama series starring Tom Hardy, Charlotte Riley, Sarah Lancashire, and Andrew Lincoln.
Announced in April 2008, Natalie Portman was originally set to star as Cathy in a new film adaptation of the novel, but she left the project in May. In May 2008, director John Maybury cast Michael Fassbender as Heathcliff and Abbie Cornish as Cathy. They later left the project and in May 2009, Peter Webber was announced as the director, with Ed Westwick and Gemma Arterton attached to play Heathcliff and Cathy respectively. However, the project did not get off the ground and Andrea Arnold signed on to direct in January 2010. Kaya Scodelario was then cast as Cathy, with the filmmakers searching for an unknown young Yorkshire actor to play Heathcliff.
dì 'èr tiān， luò kè wū xiān shēng lái dào huà méi shān zhuāng， xiàng nǚ guǎn jiā 'ài lún dí 'ēn wèn qǐ cǐ shì， nǚ guǎn jiā biàn jiǎng liǎo fā shēng zài hū xiào shān zhuāng de shì qíng。
hū xiào shān zhuāng yǐ yòu 300 nián de lì shǐ， yǐ qián de zhù rén 'ēn xiāo fū fù cóng jiē tóu jiǎn lái yī gè jí pǔ sài rén de qì 'ér， shōu tā zuò yǎng zǐ， zhè jiù shì xī cì kè lì fū。 xī cì kè lì fū yī dào zhè jiā jiù shòu dào cái xiān shēng de 'ér zǐ xīn dé léi de qī fù hé nüè dài， kě xiǎng dé lāi de mèi mèi kǎi sè lín què fēng kuáng dì 'ài shàng liǎo xī cì kè lì fū。
《 hū xiào shān zhuāng》 lǎo zhù rén sǐ liǎo zhī hòu， yǐ hūn de xīn dé léi chéng liǎo hū xiào shān zhuāng de zhù rén。 tā kāi shǐ zǔ zhǐ xī cì kè lì fū hé kǎi sè lín de jiāo wǎng， bìng bǎ xī cì kè lì fū gǎn dào tián lǐ qù gànhuó， bù duàn dì chā rǔ tā， zhé mó tā， tā biàn dé bù jìn rén qíng， jìn hū chī dāi， kǎi sè lín yě biàn dé yě xìng shí zú。
yī cì， tā men dào huà méi shān zhuāng qù wán， kǎi sè lín bèi gǒu yǎo shāng， zhù rén lín dūn fū fù zhī dào tā shì 'ēn xiāo jiā de hái zǐ， jiù rè qíng dì liú tā yǎng shāng， ér bǎ xī cì kè lì fū dàngchéng huài xiǎo zǐ gǎn páo liǎo。 kǎ kǎi sè lín hé lín dūn de 'ér zǐ 'āi dé jiā、 nǚ 'ér yī suō bèi lā chéng liǎo hǎo péng yǒu。 kǎi sè lín zhù liǎo wǔ gè cháng xīng qī huí lái hòu， biàn chéng wēn wén 'ěr yǎ， yí tài wàn fāng de fù jiā xiǎo jiě。 dāng tā zài cì jiàn dào xī cì kè lì fū shí， shēng pà tā nòng zàng liǎo zì jǐ de yī fú。 xī cì kè lì fū de zì zūn xīn shòu dào liǎo shāng hài， tā shuō：“ wǒ yuàn yì zěn me zàng， jiù zěn me zàng。” tā fā shì yào duì xīn dé léi jìn xíng bào fù， tā xīn zhōng de yě xìng hé fèn hèn quán bù duì zhǔn xīn dé léi。
1778 nián 6 yuè， xīn dé léi de qī zǐ shēng xià hā lǐ dùn 'ēn xiāo hòu yīn fèi bìng sǐ qù， xīn dé léi shòu liǎo hěn dà de dǎ jī，
cóng cǐ biàn dé gèng jiā cán rěn， gèng jiā lěng kù wú qíng。 kǎi sè lín pái huái yú xī cì kè lì fū hé 'āi dé jiā de 'ài qíng zhī jiān， tā zhēn xīn 'ài xī kè lì， dàn yòu jué dé yǔ yī gè pú rén jié hūn， yòu shī shēn fèn。 dāng 'āi dé jiā xiàng tā qiú hūn shí， xiǎng dào tā de piào liàng hé fù yòu， biàn dāyìng liǎo。 dàn zài tā líng hún shēn chù， fēi cháng míng bái zì jǐ cuò liǎo， biàn xiàng nǚ pú 'ài lún dí 'ēn tù lù zhēn qíng：“ wǒ duì 'āi dé jiā de 'ài xiàng shù lín zhōng de yè zǐ， dāng dōng jì gǎi biàn shù mù de shí hòu， suí zhī jiù huì gǎi biàn yè zǐ。 wǒ duì xī kè lì de 'ài què xiàng dì xià shuǐ jiǔ bù biàn de yán shí …… wǒ jiù shì xī kè lì！ tā wú shí wú kè bù zài wǒ xīn zhōng， bìng bù shì zuò wéi yī zhǒng lè qù， jī shì zuò wéi wǒ de yī bù fēn。”
xī kè lì tīng dào tā men de duì huà， tòng kǔ wàn fēn， dāng yè lí kāi liǎo hū xiào shān zhuāng， kǎ sè lín yīn xī kè lì de lí qù 'ér dà bìng yīcháng。 hòu lái lín dūn fū fù xiāng jì dé rè bìng 'ér sǐ， zài tā men sǐ hòu sān nián， kǎ sè lín tóng 'āi dé jiā jié hūn liǎo。
shù nián hòu， xī cì kè lì fū tū rán chū xiàn zài huà méi shān zhuāng， zhè shí tā yǐ jīng zhǎngchéng liǎo yī gè xiāo sǎ yīng jùn 'ér yòu hěn yòu qián de qīng nián。 kǎi sè lín jiàn dào tā shí xīn xǐ ruò kuáng， tā yì wèi shēn cháng dì shuō：“ wǒ zhǐ shì wèile nǐ cái fèn dǒu de”。 tā jīng cháng chū rù yú huà méi shān zhuāng， zhè shǐ yī suō bèi lā fā bìng shìde 'ài shàng liǎo tā。 tā wéi de bào fù zhěng yè zhěng yè dì hé xīn dé léi dǎ pái、 hē jiǔ， màn màn dì shǐ tā pò liǎo chǎn， zuì hòu bǎ zhěng gè zhuāng yuán dǐ yā gěi xī kè lì。 jìn guǎn kǎ sè lín xiǎng jìn bàn fǎ xiǎng wǎn huí xī kè lì de gǎn qíng， dàn tā hái shì hé yī suō bèi lā jié hūn liǎo， hūn hòu yǐ nüè dài yī suō bèi lā lái fā xiè zì jǐ de chóu hèn。
cǐ shí kǎ sè lín zhèng zhí lín chǎn， xī cì kè lì fū chèn 'āi dé jiā bù zài， jìn rù liǎo huà méi shān zhuāng， tā sǐ mìng dì bào zhù kǎi sè lín， bēi qiē dì jiào dào：“ ā， kǎi dì， ā， wǒ de mìng！ wǒ zěn néng shòu dé liǎo wā！……” kǎi sè lín zhe shuō：“ rú guǒ wǒ zuò cuò liǎo， wǒ huì yīn cǐ 'ér sǐ， nǐ yě lí kāi guò wǒ， dàn wǒ kuān shù liǎo nǐ， nǐ yě kuān shù wǒ bā！” xī cì kè fū lì dá dào：“ zhè shì nán yǐ bàn dào de， dàn wǒ ráo shù nǐ duì wǒ zuò de shì。 wǒ kě yǐ 'ài hài liǎo wǒ de rén， kě shì hài liǎo nǐ de rén， wǒ yòu zěn me néng gòu ráo shù tā ní？” tā men jiù zhè yàng fēng kuáng dì yōng bào zhe， hù xiāng yuàn hèn。
zhí dào 'āi dé jiā huí lái hòu， tā men cái fēn kāi， kǎi sè lín zài yě méi yòu xǐng lái。 dāng tiān yè lǐ， tā hūn mí zhōng shēng xià yī gè nǚ hái biàn sǐ qù liǎo。 xī cì kè lì fū zhěng yè shǒu zài zhuāng yuán lǐ， dāng dé zhī kǎi sè lín sǐ liǎo， tā yòng lì dì bǎ tóu zhuàng zài shùgàn shàng，“ tiān 'ā！ méi yòu wǒ de mìng gēn zǐ， wǒ bù néng huó xià qù yā！” jǐ gè yuè hòu xiǎng dé lāi sǐ liǎo， xī kè lì chéng liǎo hū xiào shān zhuāng de zhù rén。 bǎ xīn dé léi de 'ér zǐ hā lǐ dùn péi yǎng chéng yī gè cū yě wú lǐ， méi yòu jiào yǎng de yě xiǎo zǐ。 yī suō bèi lā rěn shòu bù liǎo zhàng fū de nüè dài， táo dào lún dūn fù jìn， zài nà 'ér shēng liǎo yī gè 'ér zǐ qǔ míng lín dūn。
12 nián hòu lín dūn yǐ zhǎngchéng yī gè shàonián， kǎi sè lín de xiǎo nǚ 'ér yě yǐ zhǎngchéng yī gè měi lì de shàonǚ， tā suī bù xǐ huān lín dūn， tā hái shì chèn xiǎo kǎ kǎi sè lín de fù qīn bìng wēi zhī jì， bǎ xiǎo kǎi sè lín jiē dào hū xiào shān zhuāng， bī pò tā hé lín dūn jié hūn， yīn wéi tā yào“ shèng lì dì kàn jiàn wǒ de hòu dài táng huáng dì zuò wéi tā men chǎn yè de zhù rén， wǒ de hái zǐ yòng gōng qián gù tā men de hái zǐ zhǒng tā men de tǔ dì”。
jǐ gè yuè hòu， āi dé jiā yě sǐ liǎo， xī cì kè lì fū zuò wéi xiǎo kǎi sè lín de fù qīn bān jìn liǎo huà méi shān zhuāng。 bù jiǔ lín dūn yě sǐ liǎo， xiǎo kǎi sè lín chéng liǎo nián qīng de guǎ fù。
xiǎo kǎi sè lín hé hā lǐ dùn jiù xiàng dāng nián de xī kè lì hé kǎ sè lín yī yàng， xī kè lì fēng kuáng dì zǔ zhǐ tā men de lái wǎng， dāng tā zhuā zhù xiǎo kǎi sè lín xiǎng dǎ tā shí， tā cóng tā de yǎn jīng lǐ kàn dào liǎo kǎi sè lín de yǐng zǐ， ér cǐ shí de hā lǐ dùn bù zhèng shì dāng nián de zì jǐ má！ tā biàn dé gèng gū dú liǎo， tā kě wàng zhe hé kǎi sè lín de gū hún zài yī qǐ。 lián xù jǐ tiān tā bù chī bù hē， zài zhǎo dì lǐ yóu dàng， huí lái hòu bǎ zì jǐ guān zài kǎi sè lín zhù guò de fáng jiān lǐ， dì 'èr tiān， rén men fā xiàn tā sǐ liǎo。
tā sǐ hòu bèi mái zài kǎi sè lín de mù bàng， xiǎo kǎi sè lín zhōng yú hé hā lǐ dùn jié hūn liǎo。
《 hū xiào shān zhuāng》 - xiě zuò bèi jǐng
ài mǐ lì bó lǎng tè suǒ shēng huó de sān shí nián jiān zhèng shì yīng guó shè huì dòng dàng de shí dài。 zī běn zhù yì zhèng zài fā zhǎn bìng yuè lái yuè bào lù tā nèi zài de quē xiàn； láo zī zhī
jiān máo dùn jiān ruì huà； shī yè gōng rén de pín kùn； dà liàng de tóng gōng bèi cán kù dì zhé mó zhì sǐ（ zhè cóng tóng shí qī de yīng guó zhù míng nǚ shī rén yī lì suō bái bā léi tè bó lǎng níng ① de cháng shī《 hái zǐ men de kū shēng》， kě yǐ kàn dào yī xiē gài mào）。 zài jiā shàng yīng guó zhèng fǔ duì mín zhù gǎi gé dǒu zhēng hé gōng rén yùn dòng cǎi qǔ gāo yā shǒu duàn： rú yī bā yī jiǔ nián de bǐ dé lù dà tú shā jiù shì yī gè lì zǐ。 yīn cǐ zhè yī shí qī de wén xué zuò pǐn yě yòu suǒ fǎn yìng。 wǒ men de nǚ zuò jiā 'ài mǐ lì bó lǎng tè jiù shì dàn shēng zài zhè yàng dǒu zhēng de nián dài！ tā shēng zài yī gè mù shī jiā tíng lǐ， fù qīn míng jiào pèi tè lǐ kè bó lǎng tè（ 1777 héng 1861）， yuán shì gè 'ài 'ěr lán jiào shì， yī bā yī 'èr nián qǔ yīng guó xī nán bù kāng wǎ 'ěr jùn（ Cornwall） rén mǎ lì yà bó lán wēi 'ěr wéi qī， xī xià liù gè 'ér nǚ。 dà nǚ 'ér mǎ lì yà（ 1814）， èr nǚ 'ér yī lì suō bái（ 1815）， sān nǚ 'ér xià luò dì（ 1816）， dú zǐ bó lán wēi 'ěr（ 1817）， xià biān jiù shì 'ài mǐ lì（ 1818） hé 'ān 'ēn（ 1820）。 hòu miàn sì gèdōu shēng zài wèi yú yuē kè jùn kuàng yě de sāng dùn cūn ②， bó lǎng tè xiān shēng biàn zài zhè yī jiào qū rèn mù shī zhí。 yī bā 'èr nián quán jiā bān dào háo wò sī dì qū， zài kuàng yě de yī chù piān pì de jiǎo luò 'ān liǎo jiā。 tā men sān zǐ mèi jiù zài zhè gè dì fāng dù guò liǎo yī shēng。
yī bā 'èr qī nián tā men de mǔ qīn shì shì， yí mǔ cóng kāng wǎ 'ěr qún lái zhào gù jiā tíng。 sān nián hòu， yǐ mǎ lì yà wéi shǒu de sì zǐ mèi jìn jì sù xué xiào dú shū。 yóu yú shēng huó tiáo jiàn tàichà， mǎ lì yà yǔ yī lì suō bái huàn fèi jié hé yāo zhé， xià luò dì yǔ 'ài mǐ lì xìng cún， zì cǐ zài jiā yǔ xiōng dì bó lán wēi 'ěr yī qǐ zì xué。 zhè gè jiā tíng yī xiàng lí qún suǒ jū， sì gè xiōng dì zǐ mèi biàn cháng yǐ dú shū、 xiě zuò shī gē， jí dù zhuàn chuán qí gù shì lái dǎ fā jì mò de shí guāng。 xià luò dì hé bó lán wēi 'ěr yǐ xiǎng xiàng de 'ān gé lǐ 'ā wáng cháo wéi zhōng xīn lái xiě xiǎo shuō， ér 'ài mǐ lì hé xiǎo mèi 'ān zé chuàng zào liǎo yī gè tā men chēng wéi gāng duō 'ěr de tài píng yáng dǎo yǔ lái dù zhuàn gù shì。
tā men de jiā suī rán lín jìn háo wò sī gōng yè qū， rán 'ér zhè suǒ zhù zhái qià hǎo wèi yú chéng zhèn yǔ huāng yě zhī jiān。 ài mǐ lì jīng cháng hé tā de zǐ mèi men dào xī biān de kuàng yě dì lǐ sàn bù。 yīn cǐ yī fāng miàn bó lǎng tè zǐ mèi kàn dào liǎo chéng zhèn zhōng zhèng zài fā zhǎn de zī běn zhù yì shè huì， lìng yī fāng miàn yě shòu dào liǎo kuàng yě qì fēn de gǎn rǎn。 tè bié shì 'ài mǐ lì， tā biǎo miàn chén mò guǎ yán， nèi xīn què rè qíng bēn fàng， suī bù dǒng zhèng zhì， què shí fēn guān xīn zhèng zhì。 sān zǐ mèi cháng cháng kàn zì yóu dǎng huò bǎo shǒu dǎng de qī kān， xǐ huān yì lùn zhèng zhì， zhè dāng rán shì shòu liǎo tā men fù qīn de yǐng xiǎng。 pèi tè lǐ kè bó lǎng tè shì gè bǐ jiào jī jìn de bǎo shǒu dǎng rén， zǎo nián fǎn duì guò lù dé yùn dòng ③， hòu lái yě bāng zhù háo wò sī gōng rén， zhī chí tā men de bà gōng。 ài mǐ lì hé tā de zǐ mèi jì chéng liǎo tā de zhèng yì gǎn， tóng qíng shǒu gōng yè gōng rén de fǎn kàng hé dǒu zhēng。 zhè jiù wéi《 hū xiào shān zhuāng》 de dàn shēng chuàng zào liǎo tiáo jiàn。
zhè gè jiā tíng shōu rù hěn shǎo， jīng jì xiāng dāng jié jù。 sān zǐ mèi bù dé bù jīng cháng chū wài móu shēng， yǐ jiāoshū huò zuò jiā tíng jiào shī lái tiē bǔ jiā yòng， jǐ nián lái lì shòu jiān xīn cuò zhé。 xià luò dì céng dǎ suàn tā men zì jǐ kāi shè yī suǒ xué xiào， tā hé 'ài mǐ lì yīn cǐ dào bù lǔ sài 'ěr xué xí liǎo yī nián， suí hòu yīn xià luò dì shī liàn 'ér lí kāi。 yī bā sì liù nián tā men zì jǐ chóu kuǎn yǐ jiǎ míng chū bǎn liǎo yī běn shī jí ④， què zhǐ mài diào liǎng běn。 yī bā sì qī nián， tā men sān zǐ mèi de sān běn xiǎo shuō ⑤ zhōng yú chū bǎn， rán 'ér zhǐ yòu《 jiǎn 'ài》 huò dé chéng gōng， dé dào liǎo zhòng shì。《 hū xiào shān zhuāng》 de chū bǎn bìng bùwèi dāng shí dú zhě suǒ lǐ jiě， shèn zhì tā zì jǐ de jiě jiě xià luò dì yě wú fǎ lǐ jiě 'ài mǐ lì de sī xiǎng。
yī bā sì bā nián， tā men wéi yī de xiōng dì bó lán wēi 'ěr yóu yú cháng qī xù jiǔ、 xī dú， yě chuán rǎn liǎo fèi bìng， yú jiǔ yuè sǐ qù， suī rán zhè wèi jiā tíng zhōng de bào jūn zhī sǐ duì yú zhè sān zǐ mèi yě shì yī zhǒng jiě tuō， rán 'ér， zhèng rú zài xià luò dì zǐ mèi de shū jiǎn jí zhōng suǒ shuō de：“ guò shī yǔ zuì 'è dōuyǐ yí wàng， shèng xià lái de shì lián mǐn hé bēi shāng pán jù liǎo xīn tóu yǔ jì yì……” duì bó lán wēi 'ěr de dào niàn suō duǎn liǎo 'ài mǐ lì zǒu xiàng fén mù de lù tú， tóng nián shí 'èr yuè 'ài mǐ lì zhōng yú qì shì。 tā men de xiǎo mèi mèi 'ān yě yú dì 'èr nián wǔ yuè xiāng jì sǐ qù， zhè shí zhè gè jiā tíng zuì hòu de chéng yuán zhǐ yòu xià luò dì hé tā de lǎo fù liǎo。
zhè yī wèi hòu lái cái chí míng shì jiè wén tán de jí yòu cái huá de nián qīng nǚ zuò jiā， dāng shí jiù zhè yàng bào hàn dì lí kāi liǎo zhǐ néng shǐ tā cháng dào lěng mò wú qíng de rén shì jiān， mò mò dì hé tā jiā zhōng jǐn yú de sān wèi qīn rén gào bié liǎo！ tā céng zài shàonǚ shí qī de yī shǒu shī zhōng zhè yàng xiě dào：
“ wǒ shì wéi yī de rén， mìng zhōng zhù dìng wú rén guò wèn， yě wú rén liú lèi 'āi dào； zì cóng wǒ shēng xià lái， cóng wèi yǐn qǐ guò yī xiàn yōu lǜ， yī gè kuài lè de wēi xiào。 zài mì mì de huān lè， mì mì de yǎn lèi zhōng， zhè gè biàn huà duō duān de shēng huó jiù zhè yàng huá guò， shí bā nián hòu réng rán wú yǐ wú kào， yī rú zài wǒ dàn shēng nà tiān tóng yàng de jì mò。……”
tā zài tóng yī shǒu shī zhōng zuì hòu kǎi tàn dào：
“ qǐ chū qīng chūn de xī wàng bèi róng huà， rán hòu huàn xiǎng de hóng cǎi xùn sù tuì kāi； yú shì jīng yàn gào sù wǒ， shuō zhēn lǐ jué bù huì zài rén lèi de xīn xiōng zhōng chéngzhǎng qǐ lái。……”
dàn shì tā hěn xiǎng zhèn zuò qǐ lái， yòu suǒ zuò wéi， què yǐ zhēngzhá bù qǐ， zhè zhǒng tòng kǔ de sī xiǎng dǒu zhēng hé bīn yú jué wàng de qíng xù， zài tā tóng yī shí qī de shī jù zhōng yě kě yǐ zhǎo dào：“ rán 'ér rú jīn dāng wǒ xī wàng guò gē chàng， wǒ de shǒu zhǐ què bō dòng liǎo yī gēn wú yīn de xián； ér gē cí de dié jù réng jiù shì ‘ bù yào zài fèn dǒu liǎo， ’ yī qiē quán shì wǎng rán。”
《 hū xiào shān zhuāng》 - zuò pǐn shǎng xī
《 hū xiào shān zhuāng》 tōng guò yī gè 'ài qíng bēi jù， xiàng rén men zhǎn shì liǎo yī fù jī xíng shè huì de shēng huó huà miàn， gòu lè liǎo bèi zhè gè jī xíng shè huì niǔ qū de rén xìng jí qí zào chéng de zhǒng zhǒng kě bù de shì jiàn， zhěng gè gù shì qíng jié shì tōng guò sì gè jiē duàn zhú bù pū kāi de：
dì yī jiē duàn xù shù liǎo xī sī kè lì fū yǔ kǎi sè lín zhāoxī xiāng chù de tóng nián shēng huó； yī gè qì 'ér hé yī gè xiǎo jiě zài zhè zhǒng tè shū huán jìng zhōng suǒ xíng chéng de tè shū gǎn qíng， yǐ jí tā men duì xīn dé léi zhuān héng bào nüè de fǎn kàng。
dì 'èr jiē duàn zhuózhòng miáo xiě kǎi sè lín yīn wéi xū róng、 wú zhī hé yú mèi， bèi qì liǎo xī sī kè lì fū， chéng liǎo huà méi tián zhuāng de nǚ zhù rén。
dì sān jiē duàn yǐ dà liàng bǐ mò miáo huì xī sī kè lì fū rú hé zài jué wàng zhōng bǎ mǎn qiāng chóu hèn huà wéi bào chóu xuě chǐ de jì móu hé xíng dòng。
zuì hòu jiē duàn jìn guǎn zhǐ jiāo dài liǎo xī sī kè lì fū de sǐ wáng， què tū chū dì jiē shì liǎo dāng tā liǎo jiě hā lǐ dùn hé kǎi dì xiāng 'ài hòu， sī xiǎng shàng jīng lì de yī zhǒng zhǎn xīn de biàn huà héng héng rén xìng de fù sū， cóng 'ér shǐ zhè chū jù yòu kǒng bù sè cǎi de 'ài qíng bēi jù tòu lù chū yī shù lìng rén kuài wèi de xī wàng zhī guāng。
yīn cǐ， xī sī kè lì fū de 'ài yī hèn yī fù chóu yī rén xìng de fù sū， jì shì xiǎo shuō de jīng suǐ， yòu shì guàn chuān shǐ zhōng de yī tiáo hóng xiàn。 zuò zhě yǐ cǐ mài luò， móu piān bù jú， bǎ chǎng jǐng 'ān pái dé biàn huàn mò cè， yòu shí zài yīn yún mì bù、 guǐ kū láng háo de kuàng yě， yòu shí yòu shì fēng kuáng yǔ zhòu、 yīn sēn cǎn 'àn de tíng yuàn， gù shì shǐ zhōng lǒngzhào zài yī zhǒng shén mì hé kǒng bù de qì fēn zhī zhōng。
zài xiǎo shuō zhōng， zuò zhě de quán bù xīn xuè níng jù zài xī sī kè lì fū xíng xiàng de kè huà shàng， tā zài zhè lǐ jì tuō liǎo zì jǐ de quán bù fèn kǎi、 tóng qíng hé lǐ xiǎng。 zhè gè bèi bō duó liǎo rén jiān wēn nuǎn de qì 'ér zài shí jì shēng huó zhōng péi yǎng liǎo qiáng liè de 'ài yǔ zēng， xīn dé léi de pí biān shǐ tā cháng dào liǎo rén shēng de cán kù， yě jiào huì tā dǒng dé rěn qì tūn shēng de qū fú wú fǎ gǎi biàn zì jǐ shòu rǔ de mìng yùn。 tā xuǎn zé liǎo fǎn kàng。 kǎi sè lín céng jīng shì tā zhōng shí de huǒ bàn， tā liǎ zài gòng tóng de fǎn kàng zhōng méng fā liǎo zhēn zhì de 'ài qíng。 rán 'ér， kǎi sè lín zuì hòu què bèi pàn liǎo xī sī kè lì fū， jià gěi liǎo tā bù liǎo jiě、 yě gēn běn bù 'ài de 'āi dé jiā · lín dùn。 zào chéng zhè gè 'ài qíng bēi jù de zhí jiē yuán yīn shì tā de xū róng、 wú zhī hé yú chǔn， jiēguǒ què zàng sòng liǎo zì jǐ de qīng chūn、 ài qíng hé shēng mìng， yě huǐ liǎo duì tā shǐ zhōng yī wǎng qíng shēn de xī sī kè lì fū， hái chā yī diǎn kēng hài liǎo xià yī dài。 ài mǐ lì · bó lǎng tè kè huà zhè gè rén wù shí， yòu tóng qíng， yě yòu fèn kǎi； yòu wǎn xī， yě yòu biān chī； jì 'āi qí bù xìng， yòu nù qí bù zhēng， xīn qíng shì jí qí fù zá de。
kǎi sè lín de bèi pàn jí qí hūn hòu bēi kǔ de mìng yùn， shì quán shū zuì zhòng dà de zhuǎn zhé diǎn。 tā shǐ xī sī kè lì fū mǎn qiāng de 'ài huà wéi wú bǐ de hèn； kǎi sè lín yī sǐ， zhè qiāng chóu hèn huǒ shān bān bèng fā chū lái， chéng liǎo fēng kuáng de fù chóu dòng lì。 xī sī kè lì fū de mùdì dá dào liǎo， tā bù jǐn ràng xīn dé léi hé 'āi dé jiā qī kǔ sǐ qù， dú bà liǎo liǎng jiā zhuāng yuán de chǎn yè， hái ràng tā men píng bái wú gū de xià yī dài yě bǎo cháng liǎo kǔ guǒ。 zhè zhǒng fēng kuáng de bào chóu xiè hèn， mào sì bèi yú cháng lǐ， dàn què lín lí jìn zhì dì biǎo dá liǎo tā fēi tóng yī bān de pàn nì jīng shén， zhè shì yī zhǒng tè shū huán jìng、 tè shū xìng gé suǒ jué dìng de tè shū fǎn kàng。 xī sī kè lì fū de 'ài qíng bēi jù shì shè huì de bēi jù， yě shì shí dài de bēi jù。
《 hū xiào shān zhuāng》 de gù shì shì yǐ xī sī kè lì fū dá dào fù chóu mùdì 'ér zì shā gào zhōng de。 tā de sǐ shì yī zhǒng xùn qíng， biǎo dá liǎo tā duì kǎi sè lín shēng sǐ bù yú de 'ài， yī zhǒng shēng bù néng tóng qīn、 sǐ yě qiú tóng xué de 'ài de zhuī qiú。 ér tā lín sǐ qián fàng qì liǎo zài xià yī dài shēn shàng bào fù de niàn tóu， biǎo míng tā de tiān xìng běn lái shì shàn liáng de， zhǐ shì yóu yú cán kù de xiàn shí niǔ qū liǎo tā de tiān xìng， pò shǐ tā biàn dé bào nüè wú qíng。 zhè zhǒng rén xìng de fù sū shì yī zhǒng jīng shén shàng de shēng huá， shǎn yào zhe zuò zhě rén dào zhù yì de lǐ xiǎng。
《 hū xiào shān zhuāng》 chū bǎn hòu yī zhí bèi rén rèn wéi shì yīng guó wén xué shǐ shàng yī bù“ zuì qí tè de xiǎo shuō”， shì yī bù“ ào mì mò cè” de“ guài shū”。 yuán yīn zài yú tā yī fǎn tóng shí dài zuò pǐn pǔ biàn cún zài de shāng gǎn zhù yì qíng diào， ér yǐ qiáng liè de 'ài、 kuáng bào de hèn jí yóu zhī 'ér qǐ de wú qíng de bào fù， qǔ dài liǎo dī chén de shāng gǎn hé yōu yù。 tā wǎn rú yī shǒu qí tè de shū qíng shī， zì lǐ xíng jiān chōng mǎn zhe fēng fù de xiǎng xiàng hé kuáng biāo bān měng liè de qíng gǎn， jù yòu zhèn hàn rén xīn de yì shù lì liàng。
rén wù biǎo
ēn xiāo xiān shēng héng héng héng héng hū xiào shān zhuāng zhù rén
xīn dé léi · ēn xiāo héng héng qí zǐ
kǎi sè lín · ēn xiāo héng héng qí nǚ， xiǎo míng kǎi dì
xī sī kè lì fū héng héng héng ēn xiāo fǔ yǎng de gū 'ér
fú lán xī sī héng héng héng héng xīn dé léi zhī qī
hā lǐ dùn · ēn xiāo héng héng xīn dé léi zhī zǐ
dīng nài lì héng héng héng héng héng nǚ guǎn jiā， yòu míng 'ài lún
yuē sè fū héng héng héng héng héng hū xiào shān zhuāng de lǎo pú rén
lín dūn xiān shēng héng héng héng héng huà méi tián zhuāng zhù rén
āi dé jiā · lín dūn héng héng qí zǐ， hòu qǔ kǎi sè lín · ēn xiāo
yī suō bèi lā · lín dūn héng qí nǚ， hòu jià xī cì kè lì fū
kǎi sè lín · lín dūn héng héng āi dé jiā yǔ kǎi sè lín zhī nǚ， yì míng kǎi dì lín dūn · xī cì kè lì fū
yī suō bèi lā yǔ xī cì kè lì fū zhī zǐ
luò kè wū dé xiān shēng héng héng fáng kè
kěn ní cí yī shēng héng héng héng dāng dì yī shēng
qí lā héng héng héng héng héng hū xiào shān zhuāng de nǚ pú
《 hū xiào shān zhuāng》 - gù shì qíng jié nián biǎo
１ ７ ５７ xīn dé léi · ēn xiāo dàn shēng。 dīng nài lì zhī mǔ xié qí yīng 'ér nài lì wǎng hū xiào shān zhuāng dāng bǎo mǔ。
１７ ６ ２ āi dé jiā · lín dūn dàn shēng。
１７６５ kǎi sè lín · ēn xiāo dàn shēng。
１７６６ yī suō bèi lā · lín dūn dàn shēng。
１７７１ xià tiān， ēn xiāo xiān shēng cóng lì wù pǔ dài huí xī cì kè lì fū。
１７７ ３ chūn tiān， ēn xiāo fū rén shì shì。
１７７ ４ xīn dé léi shàng dà xué。
１７７７ shí yuè， ēn xiāo xiān shēng shì shì。 xīn dé léi xié qí qī fú lán xī sī fǎn jiā。
shí yī yuè dǐ， kǎi sè lín zài huà méi tián zhuāng chuǎng huò。
shèng dàn jié， kǎi sè lín fǎn jiā。
１７７ ８ liù yuè， hā lǐ dùn · ēn xiāo dàn shēng。 fú lán xī sī shì shì。 dīng nài lì zhào gù hā lǐ dùn。
１７８ ０ xià tiān， kǎi sè lín jiē shòu liǎo 'āi dé jiā · lín dūn de qiú hūn。 xī cì kè lì fū shī zōng。 kǎi sè lín huàn zhòng bìng。 lǎo lín dūn xiān shēng yǔ fū rén shì shì。
１７８３ sān yuè， āi dé jiā qǔ kǎi sè lín。 dīng nài lì péi tóng wǎng huà méi tián zhuāng。
jiǔ yuè， xī cì kè lì fū guī。
１７８４ yī yuè， āi dé jiā · kǎi sè lín hé xī cì kè lì fū zhī jiān fā shēng zhēng chǎo。 xī cì kè lì fū dài yī suō bèi lā sī bēn。 kǎi sè lín dì 'èr cì zhòng bìng。
sān yuè， xī cì kè lì fū yǔ yī suō bèi lā huí hū xiào shān zhuāng。 xī cì kè lì fū qù kàn kǎi sè lín。
sān yuè niàn rì， kǎi sè lín shì shì， liú xià cái dàn shēng de nǚ 'ér kǎi sè lín。
sān yuè niàn wǔ rì， kǎi sè lín xià zàng。 xī cì kè lì fū dāng wǎn dào mù yuán qù。
sān yuè niàn liù rì， yī suō bèi lā táo páo。
jiǔ yuè， xīn dé léi shì shì。 xī cì kè lì fū zhàn yòu hū xiào shān zhuāng。
shí yuè， lín dūn · xī cì kè lì fū dàn shēng yú wài dì。
１７ ９７ yī suō bèi lā shì shì。
xiǎo kǎi dì shǒu cì dào hū xiào shān zhuāng。
āi dé jiā jiē wài shēng lín dūn huí huà méi tián zhuāng。 xī cì kè lì fū yào zǒu tā de 'ér zǐ。
１８００ sān yuè niàn rì， xiǎo kǎi dì dì 'èr cì dào hū xiào shān zhuāng。
qiū tiān， āi dé jiā gǎn mào bìng dǎo。
shí yuè， kǎi dì dì sān cì dào hū xiào shān zhuāng。
zhè yǐ hòu sān gè xīng qī， kǎi dì mì mì wǎng hū xiào shān zhuāng。
１８０１ bā yuè， kǎi dì yǔ biǎo dì lín dūn zài yě wài jiàn miàn， bèi xī cì kè lì fū suǒ pò yòu jìn hū xiào shān zhuāng yǔ lín dūn jié hūn。
jiǔ yuè， āi dé jiā · lín dūn shì shì。 hòu xī cì kè lì fū wǎng kǎi sè lín mù dì jué mù。
lín dūn · xī cì kè lì fū jì chéng liǎo huà méi tián zhuāng。
shí yuè， lín dūn sǐ qù。 xī cì kè lì fū zhàn yòu liǎo qí zǐ chǎn yè。
shí yī yuè， xī cì kè lì fū jiāng huà méi tián zhuāng chū zū gěi luò kè wū dé xiān shēng。
luò kè wū dé xiān shēng bài fǎng hū xiào shān zhuāng。
１８０２ yī yuè， luò kè wū dé xiān shēng lí kāi huà méi tián zhuāng wǎng lún dūn。
èr yuè， dīng nài lì huí hū xiào shān zhuāng。
sì yuè， xī cì kè lì fū shì shì。
jiǔ yuè， luò kè wū dé xiān shēng lù jīng huà méi tián zhuāng yǔ hū xiào shān zhuāng， zài cì bài fǎng。
１８０３ yuán dàn， hā lǐ dùn · ēn xiāo yǔ kǎi dì jié hūn。
The name of the novel comes from the Yorkshire manor on the moors on which the story centres (as an adjective; wuthering is a Yorkshire word referring to turbulent weather). The narrative tells the tale of the all-encompassing and passionate, yet thwarted, love between Heathcliff and Catherine Earnshaw, and how this unresolved passion eventually destroys them and many around them.
Now considered a classic of English literature, Wuthering Heights met with mixed reviews by critics when it first appeared, mainly because of the narrative's stark depiction of mental and physical cruelty. Though Charlotte Brontë's Jane Eyre was initially considered the best of the Brontë sisters' works, many subsequent critics of Wuthering Heights argued that its originality and achievement made it superior. Wuthering Heights has also given rise to many adaptations and inspired works, including films, radio, television dramatisations, a musical by Bernard J. Taylor, ballet, opera, and song.
Plot
Writing in his diary, Mr. Lockwood describes arriving in the winter of 1801, at the manor house of Thrushcross Grange, on the Yorkshire moors in northern England. He soon meets his landlord, Heathcliff, a wealthy man and the master of nearby Wuthering Heights. Despite not being welcome at Wuthering Heights, Lockwood returns for a second visit and is forced to stay overnight, due to a snow storm. Unable to sleep, he finds the diary of a girl named Catherine Earnshaw and reads an entry. Lockwood learns that she was a close childhood friend of Heathcliff. Later, he has a nightmare in which the ghost of a young girl appears at his window and begs to be let in. While Lockwood struggles to keep the ghost out of his room, Heathcliff is awakened by his cries of terror and rushes into the room. Upon hearing of Catherine's ghost, he asks Lockwood to leave the room. Standing outside the door, Lockwood hears Heathcliff sobbing, opening the window, and calling for Catherine to enter.
Upon returning to Thrushcross Grange, Lockwood asks his housekeeper, Nelly Dean, to tell him the story of Heathcliff and the others at Wuthering Heights. Nelly begins her story thirty years earlier, when Mr. Earnshaw brings Heathcliff, an orphan boy, home to raise with his own children, Hindley and Catherine. Eventually, Mr. Earnshaw comes to favour Heathcliff over his own children. Both Earnshaw children initially resent Heathcliff, but soon he and Catherine become inseparable. Hindley continues to hate and physically abuse him
Mr. Earnshaw dies three years later and Hindley, now married to Frances after returning from boarding school, inherits Wuthering Heights. He brutalises Heathcliff, forcing him to work as a hired hand. Catherine becomes friends with the neighboring Linton family who live at Thrushcross Grange, and Mrs. Linton starts teaching her to be a proper lady. She is attracted to young Edgar Linton, whom Heathcliff immediately dislikes.
A year later, Frances dies from consumption shortly after giving birth to a son, Hareton. Hindley takes to drinking and becomes even more abusive to Heathcliff. Some two years later, Catherine informs Nelly that she wishes to marry Edgar Linton, as it will give her status and riches; despite her love for Heathcliff. Heathcliff, upon hearing this, leaves Wuthering Heights, only to return three years later, soon after Catherine and Edgar are wed.
Heathcliff has apparently become a wealthy, respectable gentleman and now seeks revenge against all those he believes have wronged him. Heathcliff makes loans to Hindley that he knows cannot be repaid. Intent on ruining Edgar, Heathcliff elopes with Edgar's sister, Isabella Linton, setting himself up to inherit Thrushcross Grange. After their marriage, Heathcliff becomes very cruel and abusive towards Isabella.
Catherine becomes very ill and dies shortly after giving birth to a daughter, Cathy. A few hours before her death, however, she and Heathcliff reaffirm their feelings for one another. After Catherine’s death, Heathcliff becomes more bitter and vengeful towards those around him. Isabella flees to London a month later and gives birth to a boy, Linton Heathcliff.
About this time, Hindley dies. Heathcliff takes ownership of Wuthering Heights and raises Hindley's son, Hareton, with as much neglect as he had suffered at Hindley's hands.
Thirteen years later, Isabella dies and Linton comes to live at Wuthering Heights with his father, Heathcliff. He treats his son even more cruelly than he treated his wife. Three years pass and Heathcliff invites Cathy to Wuthering Heights. He then introduces her to his son, Linton, wishing them to marry which would strengthen his claim on Thrushcross Grange.
Cathy receives news that Linton has fallen ill. She hurries to Wuthering Heights to see if she can be of help. Linton's health declines swiftly and Heathcliff puts Cathy under house arrest, forcing her to marry his son. Soon after the marriage, Edgar dies, followed shortly by Linton. Heathcliff has now gained complete control of both Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange. He forces Cathy to stay at Wuthering Heights and treats her as a common servant. It is at this point in the narrative that Lockwood rents Thrushcross Grange from Heathcliff, and Nelly’s story reaches the present day. Lockwood is appalled and leaves for London.
Lockwood returns six months later to visit Nelly. She tells him that in his absence, Cathy gradually softened toward her rough, uneducated cousin Hareton, just as Catherine was tender towards Heathcliff. Having originally mocked Hareton for his illiteracy, she now teaches him to read. He allows her to open up again after becoming so bitter from Heathcliff's brutal treatment.
When Heathcliff is confronted by Cathy and Hareton's love, he seems to suffer a mental breakdown and begins to see Catherine's ghost. He seemingly abandons his life-long vendetta and dies, having "swallowed nothing for four days". Nelly describes finding Heathcliff lying on the bed, stiff with rigor mortis. Only Hareton mourns Heathcliff's death. He is buried next to Catherine in the graveyard. Cathy and Hareton inherit Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange and plan their wedding for New Year’s Day. Upon hearing the end of the story, Lockwood leaves Nelly and on his walk home he visits the graves of Catherine and Heathcliff.
Characters
* Heathcliff: Found, and presumably orphaned, on the streets of Liverpool, he is taken to Wuthering Heights by Mr. Earnshaw and reluctantly cared for by the rest of the family. He and Catherine later grow close, and their love becomes the central theme of the first volume; his revenge and its consequences are the main theme of the second volume. Heathcliff is typically considered a Byronic hero, but critics have found his character, with a capacity for self-invention, to be profoundly difficult to assess. His position in society, without status (Heathcliff serves as both his given name and surname), is often the subject of Marxist criticism.
* Catherine Earnshaw: First introduced in Lockwood's discovery of her diary and etchings, Catherine's life is almost entirely detailed in the first volume. She seemingly suffers from a crisis of identity, unable to choose between nature and culture (and, by extension, Heathcliff and Edgar). Her decision to marry Edgar Linton over Heathcliff has been seen as a surrender to culture, and has implications for all the characters of Wuthering Heights. The character of Catherine has been analysed by many forms of literary criticism, including: psychoanalytic and feminist.
* Edgar Linton: Introduced as a child of the Linton family, who reside at Thrushcross Grange, Edgar's life and mannerisms are immediately contrasted with those of Heathcliff and Catherine, and indeed the former dislikes him. Yet, owing much to his status, Catherine marries him and not Heathcliff. This decision, and the differences between Edgar and Heathcliff, have been read into by feminist criticisms.
* Nelly Dean: The second and primary narrator of the novel, Nelly has been a servant of each generation of both the Earnshaw and Linton families. She is presented as a character who straddles the idea of a 'culture versus nature' divide in the novel: she is a local of the area and a servant, and has experienced life at Wuthering Heights. However, she is also an educated woman and has lived at Thrushcross Grange. This idea is represented in her having two names, Ellen—her given name and used to show respect, and Nelly—used by her familiars. Whether Nelly is an unbiased narrator and how far her actions, as an apparent bystander, affect the other characters are two points of her character discussed by critics.
* Isabella Linton: Introduced as part of the Linton family, Isabella is only ever shown in relation to other characters. She views Heathcliff as a romantic hero, despite Catherine warning her against such an opinion, and becomes an unwitting participant in his plot for revenge. After being married to Heathcliff and abused at Wuthering Heights, she escapes to London and gives birth to Linton. Such abusive treatment has led many, especially feminist critics, to consider Isabella the true/conventional 'tragic romantic' figure of Wuthering Heights.
* Hindley Earnshaw
* Hareton Earnshaw
* Catherine Linton
* Linton Heathcliff
* Joseph
* Lockwood
Timeline
1500: The stone above the front door of Wuthering Heights, bearing the name of Mr Earnshaw, is inscribed, possibly to mark the completion of the house.
1757: Hindley Earnshaw born (summer); Nelly Dean born
1762: Edgar Linton born
1765: Catherine Earnshaw born (summer); Isabella Linton born (late 1765)
1771: Heathcliff brought to Wuthering Heights by Mr Earnshaw (late summer)
1773: Mrs Earnshaw dies (spring)
1774: Hindley sent off to college
1777: Hindley marries Frances; Mr Earnshaw dies and Hindley comes back (October); Heathcliff and Cathy visit Thrushcross Grange for the first time; Cathy remains behind (November), and then returns to Wuthering Heights (Christmas Eve)
1778: Hareton born (June); Frances dies
1780: Heathcliff runs away from Wuthering Heights; Mr and Mrs Linton both die
1783: Catherine has married Edgar (March); Heathcliff comes back (September)
1784: Heathcliff marries Isabella (February); Catherine dies and Cathy born (20 March); Hindley dies; Linton born (September)
1797: Isabella dies; Cathy visits Wuthering Heights and meets Hareton; Linton brought to Thrushcross Grange and then taken to Wuthering Heights
1800: Cathy meets Heathcliff and sees Linton again (20 March)
1801: Cathy and Linton are married (August); Edgar dies (August); Linton dies (September); Mr Lockwood goes to Thrushcross Grange and visits Wuthering Heights, beginning his narrative
1802: Mr Lockwood goes back to London (January); Heathcliff dies (April); Mr Lockwood comes back to Thrushcross Grange (September)
1803: Cathy plans to marry Hareton (1 January)
Development history
There are several theories as to which building was the inspiration for Wuthering Heights. One is Top Withens, a ruined farmhouse, that is located in a isolated area near the Haworth Parsonage. Yet, its structure does not match that of the farmhouse described in the novel, and is therefore considered less likely to be the model. Top Withens was first suggested as the model for the fictitious farmhouse by Ellen Nussey, a friend of Charlotte Brontë's, to Edward Morison Wimperis, a commissioned artist for the Brontë sisters' novels in 1872.
The second option is the now demolished High Sunderland Hall, near Halifax, West Yorkshire. This Gothic edifice is located near Law Hill, and was where Emily worked briefly as a governess in 1838. While very grand for the farmhouse of Wuthering Heights, the hall had grotesque embellishments of griffins and misshapen nude men similar to those described by Lockwood of Wuthering Heights in chapter one of the novel:
"Before passing the threshold, I paused to admire a quantity of grotesque carving lavished over the front, and especially about the principal door, above which, among a wilderness of crumbling griffins and shameless little boys, I detected the date '1500'".
The inspiration for Thrushcross Grange has been traditionally connected to Ponden Hall, near Haworth, although very small. More likely is Shibden Hall, near Halifax.
Critical response
Early reviews
Early reviews of Wuthering Heights were mixed in their assessment. Whilst most critics recognised the power and imagination of the novel, many found the story unlikeable and ambiguous.[note 1] Released in 1847, at a time when the background of the author was deemed to have an important impact on the story itself, many critics were also intrigued by the authorship of the novels.[note 2] H. F. Chorley of the Athenaeum said that it was a "disagreeable story" and that the 'Bells' (Brontës) "seem to affect painful and exceptional subjects". The Atlas review called it a "strange, inartistic story", but commented that every chapter seems to contain a "sort of rugged power". It supported the second point made in the Athenaeum, suggesting that the general effect of the novel was "inexpressibly painful", but adding that all of its subjects were either "utterly hateful or thoroughly contemptible".
The Douglas Jerrold's Weekly Newspaper critique was more positive, emphasizing the "great power" of the novel and its provocative qualities; it said that it was a "strange sort of book—baffling all regular criticism" and that "[it is] impossible to lay it aside afterwards and say nothing about it". Although the Examiner agreed on the strangeness, it saw the book as "wild, confused; disjointed and improbable". The Britannia review mirrored those comments made on the unpleasant characters, arguing that it would have been a "far better romance" if the characters were not "nearly as violent and destructive as [Heathcliff]". The unidentified review was less critical, considering it a "work of great ability" and that "it is not every day that so good a novel makes its appearance".
Adaptations
The earliest known film adaptation of Wuthering Heights was filmed in England and directed by A. V. Bramble. It is unknown if any prints still exist. The most famous was 1939's Wuthering Heights, starring Laurence Olivier and Merle Oberon and directed by William Wyler. This adaptation, like many others, eliminated the second generation's story (young Cathy, Linton and Hareton). It won the 1939 New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Film and was nominated for the 1939 Academy Award for Best Picture.
The 1970 film with Timothy Dalton as Heathcliff is notable for emphasizing that Heathcliff may be Cathy's illegitimate half-brother. This is the first colour version of the novel, and gained acceptance over the years though it was initially poorly received. The character of Hindley is portrayed much more sympathetically, and his story-arc is altered.
The 1992 film Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights starring Ralph Fiennes and Juliette Binoche is notable for including the oft-omitted second generation story of the children of Cathy, Hindley , and Heathcliff.
Adaptations which reset the story in a new setting include the 1954 adaptation by Spanish filmmaker Luis Buñuel set in Catholic Mexico, with Heathcliff and Cathy renamed Alejandro and Catalina, and Yoshishige Yoshida's 1988 adaptation which set the story in Tokugawa period Japan. In 2003, MTV produced a poorly reviewed version set in a modern California with the characters as high school students.
The novel has been popular in opera and theatre, including operas written by Bernard Herrmann and Carlisle Floyd (both of which like many films cover only the first half of the book) and a musical by Bernard J. Taylor, as well as a song by Kate Bush.
In autumn of 2008, Mark Ryan launched a dramatic musical adaptation of the novel, narrated by Beowulf and Sexy Beast star Ray Winstone. He composed, sang and produced the tracks with Robb Vallier who also worked on Spamalot. He also directed the video for the song "Women" filmed especially for the website and featuring Jennifer Korbee, Jessica Keenan Wynn and Katie Boeck.
In August 2009 ITV aired a two part drama series starring Tom Hardy, Charlotte Riley, Sarah Lancashire, and Andrew Lincoln.
Announced in April 2008, Natalie Portman was originally set to star as Cathy in a new film adaptation of the novel, but she left the project in May. In May 2008, director John Maybury cast Michael Fassbender as Heathcliff and Abbie Cornish as Cathy. They later left the project and in May 2009, Peter Webber was announced as the director, with Ed Westwick and Gemma Arterton attached to play Heathcliff and Cathy respectively. However, the project did not get off the ground and Andrea Arnold signed on to direct in January 2010. Kaya Scodelario was then cast as Cathy, with the filmmakers searching for an unknown young Yorkshire actor to play Heathcliff.