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  October: Guan Yu lost Jingzhou, Sun Quan killed.
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  "Dream of Red Mansions" is written in the Qing Dynasty Qianlong's a Chapters classical novels, Former "The Story" "Love Monk recorded" "Treasure," "Twelve Beauties of Jinling," the four famous Chinese classical novels , called the "Comments On The Story." According to research, scholars generally think of are: Cao Xueqin. Reviewer: Dream. Approximately 80 existing back.
  As the original end of the loss, many continue to have released, according to statistics, "Dream of Red Mansions," continued the book up to 50 kinds of species. Renewal of the more famous Qing dynasty and Tongxing Ben Talented illustratedby who continued on the high E, etc., or order. Through this book of poems can be seen after the 40 back to substantially promote the renewal of superstitious karma, fate of the feudal nothingness toxin, a serious distortion of the novel to expose and criticize the reality of political and social mindset of the dark. High-E continued after 40 back, most of this with the first 80 chapters constitute a complete version of "Dream of Red Mansions"
  【Author Description】
  In the early 20th century, "Dream of Red Mansions original author who is" the issue has caused controversy over China's academic circles, the controversy still exists. Can be broadly divided into two, said:
  First, the Dream of Red Mansions, written by Cao Xueqin
  Cao Xueqin, a great writer in the Qing Dynasty in China, were stained (zhān), the word dream Nguyen, No. Xueqin, then No. Pu Qin, Qin Kai, native of Liaoyang, Liaoning Province, born 1724, died in 1764. The bloods and was originally a Han Chinese, Manchu is a white flag after coating (slaves). Cao Xi Cao Xueqin's great-grandfather, grandfather, Cao Yin, father of Cao Yong and Cao overlooking Jiangningzhizao 60 years have served as long as, well received by Emperor Kangxi specially trusted. Cao Xueqin grew up in wealth and splendor. Yongzheng dynasty, as the feudal ruling class implicated in the internal struggle, suffered a number of anti Cao Cao was dismissed overlooking the prison and family, not copied, his family moved back to Beijing, consist in from the wane. This turn to Cao Xueqin great inconstancy of human relationships, more conscious of the essence of the feudal social system. From then on he lived poor and he can draw poetry, good writing, perseverance and sense of purpose to engage in novel "Dream of Red Mansions" of the writing and revision, Piyue a decade, additions and deletions of five, wrote this to the Chinese classic novels Writing into the peak of literary masterpiece. "Dream of Red Mansions," with its rich content, the plot twists and turns, deep thinking and understanding, and superb artistic as the great classical Chinese novel work of realism. Qianlong 20 years (1762), son premature death, sorrow and grief over Cao Xueqin caught, to this year's New Year's Eve (February 1, 1764), died without a physician for the sick (the year of death on the CAO, the other Twenty eight years have Qianlong (1763) and 29 (1764) in two versions) (Cao died in 1763, is the Dream said: those who can Xie, Fang bitter tears, Ku Cheng book . Horse New Year's Eve, the book not yet finished, celery for the tears to make dies. I try to cry celery, tears will be doing), demeaning the expense of the Friends funding.
  In addition, contemporary or later with the Yuan Mei Cao, Yu Rui and others, and later in other people's notes, also have Cao Xueqin is "Red," the author's records. 1921, Hu published in "Dream of Red Mansions research," notes and Cao Xueqin in the Qing Dynasty on the basis of family research to determine the Cao Xueqin as "Dream of Red Mansions," the author said from a set. The discovery of the Dream of fat later more strongly support this conclusion, but the problem is very much different from Dream of the contradiction between, A Dream is probably false.
  Second, the author of Dream someone else
  Although in recent years been a claim of "Dream of Red Mansions" by someone else, but all lack of evidence relied upon.
  【Introduction】 story
  Jia Yucun in the highest imperial examination of any magistrate, be dismissed as greedy, to Salt's daughter Lin Lin Lin Ruhai school tutoring. Leather workers from participation in the capital complex. Asked Lin Ruhai seek Yuejia Rong Jia Yucun State Government to help: Lin Tai-yu mother died because of Jia's mother to take her is to go around. Lin Tai-yu to send it Togya Amemura Beijing. United States House and Rong Jia Yucun cases. And brother-in-Jia Zheng Lin Ruhai may help, too Renjin Ling Ying Tian.
  Daiyu jin young national government, in addition to his grandmother, but also met with great aunt, that is, the wife of Jia She Xing wife, two aunt, that is, Jia Zheng's wife Ms. Wang, a young niece of household management of Ms. Wang, Jia She, Jia's wife, the son of Wang Xifeng , and Chun, Tan Chun, Xichun and with Jade was born in yu. Bao Dai Er people first saw a familiar feeling, but the gem Meirutianxian cousin see her is because they hit their Magic Stone, gave rise to a slow.
  Ying Tian Jia Yucun sitting in the British Lotus abducted. Business for the Huang home buyers, Ms. Wang's sister, Aunt Xue Xue Pan's son. Although the fight Ying Lian Xue Pan killed the original buyer, but to decide cases Jia Yucun casually, put Xue Pan. Xue Pan and his mother, sister, also with chai wing national government to stay here.
  Ningguo plum blossom, the wife You Shi Jia Zhen Jia Mu, etc. Please Entertaining. Yu nap, living in the bedroom Qin Ke Jia Zhen daughter, sleepwalking fantasyland, see "Twelve Beauties of Jinling" map book, listen to play "Dream of Red Mansions" song, and the fairy Keqing cloud, wake up for nocturnal emission was found that the maid was very hot, two-place relations.
  Beijing officials have reduced dog king generations farming the countryside, because of ancestors Ms. Zeng Huowang, Xifeng her parents were together, they make my mother Grandma Liu Rong national government to look for Ms. Wang to play autumn. Wang Xifeng reception, to a 22 silver.
  Chai monk who was the first gift Jinsuo leprosy treatment, has been worn since. The Dream is said Daiyu taboo, often secretly ridiculed Bao Chai, warning gem.
  Jia Zhen Jia Jing father to give up the world level, Immortality School Road home. The date of his birthday, celebrated by Jia Zhen dinner at home. By Lin Ruhai sick, Jia Lian with her is to Suzhou, molested his cousin Jia Rui Feng's been all sorts of fun of Feng's death.
  Qin Ke died, Jia Zhen wanton luxury, not everything finest selection, also spent thousands of taels of silver for his son to donate Lung Wei ban for funeral scene. Funeral on the way, Xifeng covet 3200 silver, breaking lover, so that a pair of young men and women have swallowed their anger and suicide.
  Lin Ruhai death, Daiyu only resident Rong Fu. A kind of depend on others enveloped her bleak, often secretly tears, the body and more sick.
  Jia Zheng Yuan Chun eldest daughter was canonized Wei Fei, Emperor graciously grant such meetings. Wing national government in order to meet this ceremony, the construction of extravagant Grand View Garden, another acquisition actresses, nuns, Nvdao Shi, birth family, and the illness into the Buddhism of Miaoyu also into the Rong Fu. Lantern Festival night, Yuan Chun back to her parents stayed for a while, to gem and Zhongjie Mei Xian Shi. Daiyu wanted Exhibition Wizards, but ordered only for 1. Aroma Jiao Chen said that to leave the gem, deeply regret the gem requirements do not go very hot, very hot take the opportunity to advise yu reading "dry down to business." Bao-yu and Tai-yu Liangxiaowucai, feelingly. Because of a chai or other small things. Two often argue, constantly bickering in the deeper emotions.
  Baochai birthday singing, Sitting as Daiyu, Jia Mu granddaughter The Figure I quickly tell her mother, afraid of her is angry jade block, the results have angered two students gem gas. Yuan Chun Grand View Garden idle fear. Let the gem and Zhong Jiemei move there. Jin Park, the gem is more all day and these girls Sihun; Shu Tong to "The West Chamber" and other books to steal into the garden, gem, and with her is appreciated. This is a classic one back.
  Aunt Zhao Jia Zheng concubine by a son, brother Shu Jia Huan jealous jade jewelry and copy book fashion by missed prostrate candle burns gem, Ms. Wang cursed Aunt Zhao. Aunt Zhao has Shenhen Xifeng, then please Shi Ma Road, PO Nightmare magic, so Xifeng, gem of evil almost died. Leprosy monk, lame Taoist wipe psychic jade, save a good two. Daiyu melancholy, sad fallen flowers in late spring season, to bury them, known as the flower mound, and write "Enjoyed by." Yu maid Qingwen missed or bad fan, jade said she. She would contradict, Aroma advised, she satire, anger gem to be rid of her. To the cool night Qing Wen. Gem did she tear her fan to Bo laugh. Jade will be advised once Shi Xiangyun officials to talk about career, was jade dress down, and that darn Daiyu never say such words; happened to pass by her is to hear, deep hi intimate. Ms. Wang Jinchuan Er and Jade make fun of the maid was Mrs. Wang Tou Jing died out and was told Jia Zheng Jia Huan. Gem they make obedient princes like actor Jiang Yuhan, making Royal Highness came for. Jia Zheng furious, will yu play Pikairouzhan. Ms. Wang look very hot, asked her to report the situation at any time. And decided the future was very hot to the gem Zuoqie.
  Grand View Garden in idle, Tan Chun advocated the establishment of these societies. Yong Bai Haitang first Po Chai won the first prize; the second time for chrysanthemum poetry, Lin overwhelming crowd.
  Binary Granny Liu Rong national government, was Grandmother Jia know, they left her stay here. In the Grand View Garden Bai Yan, clean off her make fun of women; the pool of sophisticated woman also want to act this role. Granny Liu Jia Mu brings tour around Grand View Garden. Tsui Temple in the rope, Miaoyu hospitality Daiyu Bao Chai tea, yu have to benefit from them.
  Feng's birthday to celebrate, from Grandmother Jia, the molecules do everyone a seat. Feng's drinking too much, want to go home and rest, hit is seduced Pu Fu Jia Lian. Feng's crying. Forced Pufu hanging, Grandmother Jia Jia Lian forced to apologize to the Xifeng.
  Year to, the Founding Ningguo rent, give the number of amazing things, Jia Zhen also too few. As the New Year rapidly, and Xifeng miscarriage, not homemaker, will be by the Tan Chun Bao Chai, Li Wan, who coordinated members. Tan Chun as Aunt Zhao born, Aunt Zhao brother died, Tan Chun routinely more than giving money, a mother and daughter row. Tan Chun has implemented some reforms in the garden, the entire school staff management, both public and a number of property exchanges. Gave some benefit managers.
  Brief Analysis on Zijuan Daiyu maid is really about JiaBaoYu test, the hypothesis Daiyu to return to Suzhou, gem believe the incidence of mental disorders back and forth, thus, better known gem Daiyu psychological, everyone also thought that they will become happy marriage. Aunt Xue Daiyu also recognized as the godmother, Chai Dai Er people achieve the most harmonious relations between periods.
  Wing national government of contradictions. Jia Huan ringworm rub the gem Office to see the rose nitrate, like some, gem maid Fang Guan Jia Huan gave a number of jasmine powder. Aunt Zhao Department to row a gem. Fang Guan Lu gave her some roses Ganniang, raises her nephew to steal Poria Ganniang cream. A few things so much noise chaos, almost breaking the balance between the servant. While gem birthday feast, the Jia Jing swallow Dan died. You Shi state funeral busy. Please his mother and sister and Similarities, Third Sister to help. Jia Lian see beautiful sister, to be establishing another account, to steal home Fuwai. Jia Zhen old sister and not innocent, Jia Zhen want to muddy the waters, Jia Jia Zhen Lian are trying to play Third Sister. Third Sister is righteousness that will Zhen, Lian cursed, and said she had loved that beat Xue Pan in LIU Xiang-lian. Jia She, Jia send out work, Xue Pan Jia Lian Lu-yu, LIU Xiang-lian. Xue Pan case of robbery, was Liu rescue, two became brothers, Jia Lian Liu mentioned for the media, Liu promised. To the capital after the mother of Third Sister Liu first set gift exchange, chat Youshi a case of gem and suspicious, went to cable break off an engagement ceremony, Third Sister Suicide, Liu monks. Jia Lian Feng's aware of things to steal married, pretend virtuous. The second sister received into the House. Please Jia Mu and other promised. Jia Lian come back, because work is good, Jia She tours a concubine. Feng's swallowed by my hand to force the gold Similarities suicide. Coarse to maidservants carried to silly big sister in the garden embroidered with erotic art of the sachets, Ms. Wang was furious; in some egg on the next Pufu Grand Garden, Yingchun weak, let the maid is off; Tan Chun angry, the anger hits Pufu; Xichun then cut off between brother and sister in law. Mrs. Wang Qing Wen was out, have a gnawing regret death; yu do nothing, write "Lotus Dirge" sacrifice her. Xue Pan wife Xia Jingui, the greedy dowry maid Baochan beauty, Kim for the addition Xiangling, agreed. In the summer of instigation. Xue beat Xiangling, Aunt Xue allowed. Xia Jingui and grandmother noisy. Xue Pan can not be at home. Had to go out.
  (After the loss as the original, content-agnostic. Of the last century some scholars began to hint that under the existing 80 back to writing features, etc., began to explore the 80 back to the system after the plot, such as Yu Pingbo, Mr. Zhou Ruchang and the beam return intellect, Linguan Fu, Wang Meng, etc. .)
  Daquan】 【figure
  "Dream of Red Mansions" in what was the number of characters, Qi Jiang Qing Jiaqing statistics of 448 people.
  Early Years Blue on White Star made up a "Dream People spectrum," received a total of 721 people, who have their own biography, words of different lengths, this book has received, "Dream of Red Mansions" and described Twenty-three of ancient emperors, ancient 115 people, concubines 18 people, out women 20 persons, Fairy 20 persons, deities 47 people, stories, people figure 13, a total of 200 60 persons, each a little test of his life and legend. Connect the two together, and a total 980 persons.
  In recent years, when new statistics Xu Christine. Basic areas: reading process in the calendar year, the first to Gengchen Ben for a libretto, by returning to the names of material Zuocheng paragraph by paragraph notes, wide view of various family forms spectrum, cross-checking, the final classification of the figures. The statistics:
  (1) Ning Rong, two governments in this branch: male 16, female 11 people, Ning Rong, two governments, 31 were female dependents.
  (B) Jia The Family: Thirty-four men, eight women.
  (C) Jia Yin Ya: Fifty-two male, three female 40.
  (D) of the two government servants: maid 70 persons, Pufu 125 people, butler 67 people the servant 27 people.
  (5) royal figures: nine men, six women. Eunuch 27 people, seven maidens.
  (6) knighthoods People: Male 37 people, dependents 14 people.
  (7) official: the names and ranks were men and 26 crown last name of the person who is only 38 titles, three Clerks men.
  (8) Social People: The class hundred and two male, female 71 people. Fourteen male doctor, ten men and hangers. Actors male and six female 17 people. Monk Male 17 people, Nepalese woman 49 people. Even cases of four men, four women.
  (9) Aliens: Female duo.
  (10) Jing Huan Heaven: Female 19 people, men and six. Total: Male 495, female 480 people, total: 975 people. Including the names of 730 persons title, no title in the 240 names of three persons.
  When the most important is the "Legend" - Jia, Shi, Wang and Xue, a poem: "Merchants do not leave white gold for Malaysia for the Church; Metrical, 300, the house over a history of Nanking; the East China Sea the lack of white bed, the Dragon King to please Jinling Wang; harvest good snow, pearl gold, such as soil, such as iron. "feet were four of the rich.
  "Poetry and painting": hold Qin, Louise, paternity books and art.
  "Four Treasures": pearl, amber, glass, jade.
  Legend: Jia (Ning, Rong Ergong after), history (Book of Order after bowling designate), Wang (after all Qiu Bo rule counties), Xue (Lagerstroemia Toneri business after Wong)
  Jin Yuliang marriage: chai and other V The Figure and yu yu (gold unicorn)
  Engagement: yu and Lin Tai-yu
  1, Jia Baoyu
  Yu is an odd hero has another popular figure. Constitute the main features of his character is rebellious. He acts "remote and perverse," the feudal society traitor. Cyril, his contempt for fame, do not want to take the "excellent learning official" career. He hated the "eight-legged essay" insulting an official who read the "traitor Lu Bookworms", called lazy to contact them.
  He does not like the so-called "serious book", but prefer to "miscellaneous books," love in "Peony Pavilion", "The Western Chamber." He also made a bold Neo doubts, that "In addition to the" Four Books ", the coined too much." This fully shows his feudal monarchy "inverse sub-Er Chen."
  He believes that "the fine mountains and sun and the moon shows, only minutes to the daughter of men, but some eyebrows Cloud foam waste it." Shocked the world in this Hai vulgar thought, the gem all day long, "including the curtain Si Hun," and the girls love and mercy, love their beauty, purity, filled with the angry, extraordinary intelligence, compassion, their misfortune, pity it will be cloudy and smelly married men lost their holy beauty. Yu Road: Women married before Pearl, married and died after loss of light into beads, and then it and the dirty old man with the flow, as Siyu Yan was. He even gave birth to a man for his body of which was irreversible regret.
  In the course of his life, the most important thing is, no doubt and Lin's love blossomed. This love, begins his rebellious spirit on the one hand, on the other hand led to his rebellious character of the final forming. This is the largest and most important of his life in the history of treason. Bao, Dai requires not only marriage, autonomy, and in love in a departure from the way of life in feudal society. They are farther and farther down the road of rebellion, and finally led to the tragedy two.
  Second, Lin
  Lin is a talented and character of the arrogant woman, "Alas stop Germany, Yong Xu misery only. Jade forest hanging, Jinzan snow buried in the" in "Ode to Xu was pitiful. Jade forest hanging", it is Her portrayal. Small loss of her parents, housed in Wing Nationalist government, while Jia Mu has added to her love, but because of lofty self-esteem personality, she often students "depend on others," the wound.
  She sentimental, often pay no attention to the little things for others rather sad tears. As depicted in the novel "Daiyu" scene, to highlight this point. Huakaihuaxie originally natural scene, but she thought this and vicissitudes of life, everything is uncertain. Flower and her sigh, her gem cited as the confidant, with the see "The West Chamber", and hopes for life in the gem body. She loves the gem, but found it difficult to 如愿. So, she was trying to fight for his place but many failed and the Advantages and Disadvantages, An Qi was no between.
  Her inner world seems elusive, but often their exposure on the outside. If Stone "offend" her, she would get angry, tearful, even for him ill. The surface, so, in fact, still thinking of his heart, an excuse to see him. Gem of a disease, for which she was sad for it and weep. However, the feudal ethical code of moral constraint, she can not tell the truth, not their own, the final day in the Po Chai Chu Ge depressed died, did not the have their own wish.
  Third, Wang Xifeng
  Rong Fu, the there is a distinctive character, she is Wang Xifeng. Wang Xifeng's insidious indeed known as the Rong Fu, "Explorer", as if she was ever before, duplicity. She killed with deadly trap Jia Rui, another conspiracy Forcing Third Sister. She does not harsh in the end harm the family. Her personality is bold and vigorous, and the text is highlighted everywhere forget that day as her birthday, and Na Yinfu hard to help the old lady, enough to appear. But after all she is capable smart, Rong Fu had to her upper and lower size of the transaction the final say, and at meet Grandmother Jia, won the old lady's favor. It was so jealous.
  4, Tan Chun
  Jia Tan, Jia Zheng's daughter - she did not fine her is pity, and no clever clever Baochai not Xiangyun lively, cheerful, and there Zhuo super talent, extraordinary wisdom, deep secluded views, great vision, those back in the 56th, "In addition to residential and disadvantages Hennessy Tan Chun Min, Yin Bao Chai Hsiao all general" in the wonderfully shown.
  Wang Xifeng bedridden due to illness, then by the Tan Chun Bao Chai, Li Zhi, who presided over the household during this period, Tan Chun see the size of the family accounts and found that the monthly payment of money to each room and issued to the overlap of the comprador and tried way out of the endowment, and Po Chai and others discuss. "years to rely on you to go where the girls chat with them, I discovered that they eat bamboo fish dishes, also packages a year, and year-end enough for two 100 taels of silver, from that day I learned that a broken leaf, a broken child is valuable grass-roots. "payment of money on things overlap and disadvantages in the Jia has long can a girl garden girl child not a man pointed out that a January 23 years, but never rely on us Tanchun be inspired, and contrast their own situation, and finally made good way, is it enough to see her competence and lean, and with the words now, is to analyze an integrated solution quality problems. Who blame Baochai said, "Barbara Gaoliang talk! You though is the daughter of the former do not know these things," then Baochai another joke like that, "You just do a couple of days and it was consumed by greed, to read all virtual Zhu. You go out, met with the pros and cons so big, even the more virtual the Confucius also see it. "Tan Chun Wen's remark, but in all seriousness replied," You such a learned person, Jing Mei Ji son saw the book, the day Jizi goes: "A Field of Paul Denley , shipments of the industry such as those poor words of Yao and Shun, Confucius and Mencius ... back ... "so some brilliant words, How can it be an ordinary daughter has said, non-political vision to carry on!
  56th Chapters of Tan Chun, able to handle things a firm shows her super abilities Zhuo, and the Po Chai in the play made it raises her political views, really Jiaoren memorable, lovely!
  5 Mansions
  Twelve Beauties of Jinling, one of Aunt Xue's daughter. She looks beautiful, musculoskeletal shiny, behavior creating tranquility amongst, on the surface seems to be the orthodox ladies of the model, but in fact she was quite cynical bones personality factor, she was critical of society have a strong spirit. For example, the "Dream of Red Mansions" at 38 back, she would be "crab Wing", and then those who ride roughshod over the official figures such as Jia Yucun and his ilk, for the sharp satire. And her own favorite lyrics, is actually a Indignation richest man in the rebel colors of the "gate • parasitic grass!" Due to the high of the misleading way, the red circle in understanding the character chai thinking long-term deviation from the actual situation. For example, the traditional view that the Servant "deep Ayutthaya, can win over the people, by Jia praise from top to bottom." But the fact is that in Cao Xueqin's pen, Po Chai precisely because his personality and offending parents! Such as the novel 22 back, Po Chai once a "more Hong mystery", attracted Jia Zheng greatly disappointing to think that the "little person for this expression, I find ominous thing that the longevity of the generation forever." 40 back, bring in Grandmother Jia Liu grandmother visited Grand Park, Bao Chai Heng-wu Court that "the main chamber" generally modest interior decoration, but also caused Jia Mu is much dissatisfaction, that is a very sweeping in front of relatives and her face. Grandmother Jia Bao-chai on one Zeyue "useless," the second Zeyue "not like", three Zeyue "taboo", 4 Zeyue "not very much children from the grid," Five Zeyue "our old woman, the more the dongmajuan went live. " - All uniformly negative evaluation. Later, "Wing State House Lantern Open Banquet," moments, his own beloved life of Jia Bao Qin, Xiangyun, Daiyu, gem four, and his master with sitting table, except how to Baochai squeezed to the main table of outside, with Wen-Li Qi generation sit together. There is no doubt these are from the front of Jia Bao Chai in the "favored" to "favor" an important symbol. If Baochai really "deep Ayutthaya, can win over people's hearts," Why would she fall into such a result? Can be seen in Cao Xueqin's original, the Po Chai is precisely what most bothered playing "shrewdness" in order to please the parents of the people! Precisely, Zhi for Chai, Dai wrote Poem of the reviews is the issue: "Bao Qing give birth in contempt of this, Dai Qing was actually less than one." Real sympathy for the weak, but then those in power, "disdain" This is the act of Baochai tone!
  Another view is also wrong unbearable. Namely that Baochai "keen on career economy", only "talk talk talk talk about career economy." On the contrary, just the gem Po Chai as officialdom was the most hate, hate to, represented by Jia Yucun this official figure! School official Baochai advised gem, but gem is to be able to master the power to destroy those "Lu Bookworms" only. As her "crab Wing" in call "wine is not the enemy fishy also use flowers, the cold set of anti-plot to be ginger." As Baochai on Gem plain speaking, her words also caused a gem once the misunderstanding that it is the so-called "bastard talk." But the mistake, after all misunderstanding, then read Bao Chai Baoyu's "crab Wing" and also could not help but be cynical to the idea of Baochai applauded and shouted "write happy!" Interestingly, by Jade as a "bastard words never said," and "friend" of the forest sister, then it really took time and again, "bastard words" to advise gem, warned him: "You may have changed from the strike, "" I advise you to change the temper strike. " Moreover, in dealing with the problem Jia Yucun, the gem, the attitude of her is almost contracting if the differences are! Bao, Dai similar between the near and the fact that much of the situation, something to do with gem, Bao Chai fact that seems distant and close to the situation, forming a reverse "contrast."
  For this book, Cao's confidant before his death - if the concept of Ming Dao Shi-dong fire. He (she) has long been noted that, in these life and values of choice, "Chai, Yu-shaped landscape than two nearly everyone, ... ... two away, really close to matter to too. To knit the brows children in gem like near the Zhiyi, far matter to have "," Yu Yuan Chai and nearly, nearly COSCO frown and jade, are critical two shares, not careless read! " Therefore, the gem and Daiyu seem to have common ideals and sense of fun, actually two ideas are diametrically opposed positions; gem and Po Chai seemingly no common vision and sense of fun, actually two choices are achieving the same! - Are based on the extreme indignation of society at that time!
  After the 40 back on high this is clearly distorted the original concept of Cao Xueqin, denied the original guide in Baochai Stone "enlightenment" of the major themes. Led later commentators on the outcome of Baochai says, are a series of misjudgments. This obviously is a great distortion of the original CAO, and blasphemy!
  】 【Qing Bang
  Zhi comment is related to intelligence chart are:
  1, Dragon double batch folder: Miao Qing appear. To this breakdown of 12 hairpin, together with the Jia Yan Xue Liner Guan four, six, seven Qin Ke Tian, Xi Feng, eight, nine Li Wan, now and again is only a ten Miaoyu carry on. The Figure and Xifeng after the daughter of Qiaojie were twelve children, Xueqin title called "The Twelve Beauties of Jinling" is the number of "Dream" 12 was intended. After Bao Qin, Xiu Yan, Wen-Li Qi are Peiqia also, "Dream of Red Mansions" in the so-called second hairpin is also deputy. Also there are broken words, deputy register 3 Qing Wen, very hot, Xiangling three, I did not much and, to the Jinchuan, Yu Chuan, mandarin ducks, Miao Yun (Note: the book is not met with the person thinks it is the clouds? ), flat children, who no doubt carry on. Goes without saying that the viewer can see, it need not cost more than ink.
  2, Dragon Meipi: Miaoyu the world outside can not, so writing with a pen, wonderful very proper! Abnormal Wat.
  3, Dragon Meipi: Department cited 12 hairpin is not always true, may all be too diffuse. To the back end of Jing Huan Qing Bang realized that the Deputy, then deputy and 34 aromatic taboo. Horse spring season. Abnormal Wat.
  (Note: The first comment is approved should the Dream, the latter two as abnormal Wat old man.)
  】 【Artistic achievement
  "Dream of Red Mansions" is the history of Chinese fiction is not beyond the peak. "Encyclopedia of China," commented, Dream estimated value of how not too. "Encyclopedia" commented, "Dream of Red Mansions" is equal to the value of a whole of Europe.
  1, Mao Zedong, "Dream of Red Mansions" Evaluation and opinion:
  2, China has three were novel, "Three Kingdoms", "Water Margin" and "Dream of Red Mansions," who do not read these three novels, not Chinese!
  3, do not read five times, "Dream of Red Mansions", no need for comment.
  4, Grand Garden yu's lifeblood is tied around the collar of a stone, the KMT's lifeblood is its army, how good you say "protection", or despite "protection" and not "really" mean?
  Second, Lu Xun, "Dream of Red Mansions" Evaluation and opinion:
  1, "Dream of Red Mansions" is many people know, at least, is aware of the names of the book. Who is the author and continued by Let us not dwell on, just the life meaning, on account of the reader's eye and there are various: the scribes saw the "easy" moralists see prostitution, Wets see lingering, revolutionaries saw booked, gossip home to see Gong Wei Confidential ... ... in my immediate gem, but saw he saw many of the deaths; justify more great anguish when a loved one, because the world, unfortunately, many people. However, monks and others, taking a look at life, too little joy little anxious about obstruction. But monks who have nothing but love vs escape road, and Po Wang has finally become a monk, the same stingy.
  2, "written the book, although not outside the sorrows and joys of love, and everything of the tracks, but the accident figures, then get rid of old sets, and very different from the earlier of the human novel. ... ... Lid are described in the True, learned by experience the smell , because of realism, turn into a new. ... ... "(" History of Chinese Fiction ")
  3, Qi order of the sequence:
  I have heard two songs Jiangshouju tree, I heard in the throat, I heard in the nose; Huang 2 slips, left wrist to Kai, right wrist to grass. God has also almost Technology, Wu Wei opinion also. This is almost two songs without distinction, nose and throat, two slips almost no area left, I heard the two songs are also single-handedly have the two slips, this must not have things, can not get the odd, but actually was the "Stone "a book. Hee! Different carry on. Fu Hua Yan deposited algae and shows off the previous words and no one set pattern, the inherent purpose Dramas, regardless of non-theory; the first concept in mind and express their Implication on the hands, while he wrote this note, watched and waved, like Tactful which is, like you and prostitution, such as the Spring and Autumn Annals are critical of, as many historians writing technique. 11 Reading and Interpretation of the test: writing boudoir is also extremely Yong Su, and Yan Ye have nothing but a piece carry on; shaped valve also read the whole great abundance, while the decline has surplus eyelashes carry on; written gem of obscene and crazy too, and passionate Shan Wu, Lixia not reduced Langya; write Daiyu of jealousy and pointed also, and deep affection for deep pity, as good as Sang-e stone female. He painted such as copy jade hairpin Kanaya, Characterization of Ru Xiang ozero, extravagant extravagant Yan few to give a heart rendering Shenyi men, and the desire of its single word of indecent obscene, can not have too. Cover soon as sound only, hands only one hand, and Yinyizhenjing, sorrow joy, as good as two-pronged tube also. Eh! Different carry on. The Scots book of anecdotes of the blindness in the left and moved almost rot? However I have two opinions on that, as readers with a bent. Analogy of painting, stone has three sides, good office, but a peak; Road to see the two Xi, quiet office not more than one tree. Must be intended to read a book, is to be on purpose micro. Such as catching Moon Water, just pour Kiyoteru; rain smallpox, but the smell aroma, Shu was outside the strings sound almost the book? Is, or to not see the whole as the hate, I do not know is the success or failure of the loop, nothing but magic bubble million Yuan, of eye well-intentioned, is no longer necessary for transfer language, but millions of understanding, then with numerous Ci Hangyi. Mulberry leaf carved Yan He complacent view of those who with a few open-book and Wu Xi!
  Homophonic】 【character name
  Many people in the name of the book and its harmonics has a special meaning, or irony, or sigh, one for the art of Lou. Zhi's approval indicate some hidden meaning.
  Chen Shi Yin - true, hidden
  Zhenying Lian - really should pity
  Fok Kai - from disaster
  Jia Yucun - fake language survival
  Jiao Xing - lucky
  Feng Yuan - every injustice
  Qin Ke - Love can be light, amiable situation (two kinds of statement)
  Qin Zhong - Love species
  Jane Light - dipping
  Bu solid repair - regardless of shame
  Bo Shiren - not people
  Wu Tang - No Star arbitrage
  Stone fool - real fool
  Yuan Chun, Chun, Tan Chun, Xichun - should have a sigh
  JIA Hua - lie
  One recruit Jen - good at deceiving
  Pendant - crime children
  Indigo children - children mat
  Wearing the right - power
  Zhang Youshi - Zhang emergency
  Qin Industry - Qing Nie
  Xiao Xiangguan - scent Museum
  Lei Hong Yuan - Leaving resentment
  Heng-wu Hospital - missed the hate
  Yan Qing Lane - Lane human
  Ten Mile Street - forces Street
  Yihong - Heritage Red resentment
  Green Peduncle peak - peak conditions root
  Jia Zheng, Jia Jing - cannot
  Jiang Yuhan - the jade with
  Flower Aroma - who spent Xi
  Jia Wang Xue History - Family History Wangxue
  Jia - leave the government
  【Theme】
  As this monumental work by several stories of large spindle made of many small interspersed, so on the "Dream" theme, has never been a unified statement, but the most important of which are yu and Lin Tai-yu and Servant of between Love and Marriage, some people think that this masterpiece is a nobility in the description of traditional Chinese life, corruption and decadence. There are many book on Buddhism, Taoism, Confucian thought, the myth of color-rich, and the book reflects the prevailing political propriety, social life, economic and cultural development, and even clothes to wear, food diets, building pavilions, journey line sedan and so level.
  Sequels】 【Main
  "Dream of Red Mansions" written more for the continued renewal of the for mink, we can study it as a phenomenon. Sequels are mainly:
  1, "Red Dream"
  Synonyms: drawing Jinling; 12 hairpin after the transfer
  Back: 30, from 120 back to continue from
  Analysis: Pro Heshan
  Editions: Jiaqing 19 edition written in red Qiang Court; Dalian City Library Collection
  2, "Red Shadow"
  Back: 24, from 120 back to continue from
  Analysis: Gu Chun
  Editions: Guangxu type printed poly Jane Hall, Liaoning Province, library
  3, "Red dream"
  Synonyms: dream Romance
  Back: 24, from 97 back to continue from
  Study: Flowers on idiot
  Editions: Sparse, fast Editions Daoguang 20 years, Liaoning Province, library
  4, "Yee House re-dream"
  Synonyms: Red continued dream; mirage love dream; new Dream of Red Mansions
  Back number: 48, from 120 back to continue from
  Analysis: Wang Lan isle
  Editions: Editions for the first four years of the Park Man disabilities Jiaqing Syria this, not seen the original book, the only remaining titles. Earlier Editions existing Jiaqing years for the Swedish Church of the condensate. Peking University library.
  5, "added Dream of Red Mansions"
  Synonyms: fill Stone
  Back number: 48, from 120 back to continue from
  Of: Lang Wan Shan Qiao
  Editions: Editions Jiaqing twenty-five years, Beijing Normal University Library
  6, "Dream up"
  Synonyms: Red companion
  Back number: 48, from 97 back to continue from
  Study: children go hoe
  Editions: Goto Jiaqing spent twenty-four years of precious Editions, Hong Kong, Fung Ping Shan University library
  7, "added Dream of Red Mansions"
  Synonyms: Qin continued Dream
  Back: 30, from 97 back to continue from
  Author: Qin Zichen
  Editions: Jiaqing hold four urns Landmark Editions, Liaoning Province, library
  8, "Red True Dream"
  Synonyms: Stone fill
  Back number: 64, from 120 back to continue from
  Study: while Yun Guo
  Editions: Republic of India and type of the twenty-nine families, Liaoning Province, library
  9, "Dream of the Red House compound"
  Back: 100, from 120 back to continue from
  Author: Chen Shaohai
  Editions: Jiaqing four Editions, possession of the Royal Asiatic Society
  10, "added New Dream of Red Mansions"
  Synonyms: continued Dream; by Dream; added to Dream; Red re-dream; sea continued Dream
  Back: 40, from 120 back to continue from
  Study: Sea nursery owner
  Editions: Jiaqing years Wenxiu MING, Tianjin Normal University Library
  11, "continued Hundred"
  Synonyms: continued Dream
  Back: 20, from 120 back to continue from
  Of: Zhang Yao Sun
  Editions: This book is not the final volume of the script nine, Zhou Shaoliang possession
  】 【Xiehouyu
  1, the Grand Garden cry Jia Mu - each have their own grief
  2, yu maid - hi (attacks) were
  3, Wang Xifeng killed Similarities - harden hand poison
  4 Granny Liu out of Grand View Garden - a rewarding experience
  5, Liu strange, feminine Park - dazzling
  6, Lin Daiyu - sighed Ming Bao
  7, yu live in a small Westinghouse - where to say where
  8, is the white flag of Cao Xueqin - real individual
  Back to the original pre-80:
  9, arm sleeves folded to Tibet - from the cover hardship (7 back Jiao Da)
  10, show from the sidelines - get all of its profits (section 16 back to Wang Xifeng)
  11, by the sword to kill - without a trace (16 back to Wang Xifeng)
  12, cited in the wind the fire - not much effort (16 back to Wang Xifeng)
  13, Station dry shore - do not stick things (wet) (16 back to Wang Xifeng)
  14, pushed oil bottles are not helping - home of the lazy (16 back to Wang Xifeng)
  15, dog bites Dongbin - Bushihaodai (No. 25 back to Choi Ha)
  16 miles take a long shelf - not a ghost of the feast (No. 26 back to ruby)
  17, Zhangba Menorah - photo see other people, according to not see their own (19 back Limo Mo)
  18, Ying Huang grasped the kite's foot - the buckle of the ring (No. 30 back to Wang Xifeng)
  19, gold hairpin in the well - have you only have your (first 30 back Jinchuan)
  Of 20, camel traders Nine - everywhere touting (46 back to mandarin)
  21, Huizong eagle, Zhao Ziang horse - all good things (painting) children (46 back to mandarin)
  22, Imperial Irrigation pox children's syrup children - it is full of pleasant event (46 back to mandarin)
  23, Cork wood pan hammers - outside, inside decent bitter (back to Jia Zhen 53)
  24, deaf placed firecrackers - scattered (54 back to Wang Xifeng)
  25, Meixiang sworn brothers - all I (No. 60 back to Fang Guan)
  26 mice and Laogua go for grain storage - with no guarding, fly are (Chapter 61 of Liu's)
  27, water under the Zamian - you eat what I see (No. 65 back to Third Sister)
  28, see the Son of man carrying a video game play - good and evil do not puncture the skin's paper (No. 65 back to Third Sister)
  29, rat tail single sitting - how much pus and blood children (Article 68 back to Wang Xifeng)
  30, top left true spirit of trabecular bone - scared to death (Article 68 back to Wang Xifeng)
  31, saw the mouth sub-gourd - not articulate (No. 68 back to Wang Xifeng)
  32, green onion mixed with tofu - clear the innocent white (No. 74 back to Ms. Wang)
  33, could be his head made into a hat - can not be a bit redundant (No. 75 back to mandarin)
  Continuation of the last forty chapters:
  34, ran out of the camel herd in coming - just you on the big (88 back to Grandmother Jia)
  35, with her bare bones, meat - are equivocal (section 88 of the return of Wang Xifeng)
  36, scorched the tail a little child - and non-repeatable (No. 117 back to everyone)
  【Information】 Television
  First the "Dream of Red Mansions" is the story of Mei Lanfang the big screen. Autumn 1924, China Film Company will perform the five Peking opera Mei Lanfang fragment, shooting film into a two-long drama short, among them "Daiyu."
  1927 film "Dream of Red Mansions": Lin - Lu Jianfang yu - Lu Jianfen. This is truly the first "Dream" film and television works, its structure is very clever to Granny Liu is the main line of the play structure, rather point the "postmodern" means. Shanghai Fudan Pictures.
  1929, Xia Peizhen, Yin Pearl, Yan Yuexian edition film "Dream of Red Mansions." Shanghai Peacock Pictures
  1936 audio feature film, Li Xuefang, Feng Xia soul version of "Daiyu." Shanghai Dahua Pictures
  1939, Gulan Jun, Mei Hay, White Rainbow Edition "row Ning Wang Xifeng State government." Shanghai Xinhua Pictures
  1942, "Dream of Red Mansions." False "in the UN" Pictures
  1944 film "Dream of Red Mansions": Lin - Zhou Xuan yu - Yuan Meiyun chai - the ocean mountain at this time is in a golden age of Chinese cinema, actors are extremely popular at that time a big star. Shanghai Kunlun company
  1951 words Huizhu, Lin Mo I, Lu Shan version of "Red House 2 in particular." Shanghai Cathay Pacific Pictures
  In 1952, Li Lihua, Yan Jun, Juan-juan edition "new Dream of Red Mansions." Director: Yue Feng, Hong Kong Great Wall Pictures
  1962, Tongzhi Ling, Wang Xichun Edition "Third Sister" (Peking Opera). Shanghai Film Studio
  1962 Hong Kong film "Dream of Red Mansions": Lin - Music Tidjane gem - Ren Jie.
  1962, Shaoxing opera film "Dream of Red Mansions": Lin - Jane Wang yu - Xu Yulan. Unfortunately, due to political reasons, this film out on a film banned, and until the 80's when the ban.
  1975 Hong Kong Wireless Edition TV "Dream": Lin - Liza yu - Wu Weiguo. It is worth mentioning that the film has a utility man in the yard became superstars, he is playing Jiang Yuhan's Chow Yun-Fat.
  Good as the version of the 1977 Hong Kong TV "Dream": Lin - Teresa Mo yu - WU Wei-guo chai - Michelle.
  1977 Hong Kong film "Dream of Red Mansions": Lin - Sylvia Chang yu - Lin Ching-chai - Michelle. Shaw Brothers studios in Hong Kong
  1977 Hong Kong film "dream of red chamber": Lin - Cecilia yu - Leslie Cheung. This is Leslie's first film, is also a three piece. Siyuan film companies in Hong Kong
  In 1978, Dreams of eroticism, thinking, "Dream of Red Mansions." Director: Mudun Pei, Hong Kong's Shaw Brothers film company (nature of the above)
  1978 Hong Kong film "Dream of Red Mansions": Lin - Zhou Zhiming yu - Ling Po.
  1989 North Shadow Edition film "Dream": yu - yu Tao Huimin - Xiaqin chai - Fu Yiwei Wang Xifeng - Liu Xiaoqing. This is our familiar version, which used to be a number of Golden Rooster Award, and now occasionally found it in the radiator movie channels.
  In 1996, the bell of the decorative gem Wei, Chang Yu-yen decorated Daiyu, 73 episode of "Dream of Red Mansions." Director unknown, Taiwan and China, as the film company
  2002, 30 sets Shaoxing TV series "Dream of Red Mansions." Zhejiang Sheng Wenlian Zhejiang Great Wall Pictures
  Taken in 2007 to plan new TV series "Dream of Red Mansions", and in Beijing and Taiwan, the "Red Man" large-scale draft, yu, yu, Servant of three roles played by those who will eventually be elected, the public have a many disputes, widely considered unlikely to exceed old rookie.
  New Dream shot, the main cast is as follows:
  * Yu (adult): Yang Yang - People's Liberation Army Institute of the Arts dance majors.
  * Chai (adult): Bai Bing - Bai Bing Bao Chai group from the third draft, became the candidates are printed Baochai.
  * Jia Yuanchun: Lin He - He Lin Zeng Yin Yang Yang starred in the director's "Holding Hands" won the China TV Golden Eagle Award.
  * Jia Yingchun: Zhang Di - in the film "Falling Leaves" with Uncle Zhao on the show, starred in shrewish sister salon.
  * Jia Tan: Ding Li - Representatives: "True Life."
  * Jia Xichun: Xu row - no data.
  * The Figure: Maxiao Can - No data.
  * Miaoyu: Gao Yang - represents the work: "Valentines Day gift," "pure Love," "brothers."
  * Li Wan: Chi Wah King - Representatives: "Liu Hulan", "16 year-old young", "cricket prime minister", "Red Alert."
  * Qiaojie: Liman Jia - No information.
  * Qin Ke: A Philippine Tang - representative: "Chasing Love Story", "darkness bride"; mv: "wolf dressed in sheep's clothing."
  * Yu (Junior): in Xiaotong - from the Beijing Dance Academy, he was in the Movie "Mei Lanfang" Mei Lanfang, who played small.
  * Lin (Junior): Jiangmeng Jie - Jiang Mengjie professional ballet from the Beijing Dance Academy.
  * Chai (Junior): Li Qin - Li Qin is the Shanghai Opera School students, is a rare 20-year Kunqu Inner door once seedling.
  * Jia Mu: Zhou Caiqin - Zhoucai Qin Zhou Xinfang Peking opera master's daughter, has been seven years old and graduated from the Royal Academy of Drama.
  * Ms. Wang: Gua Ah-lei - Ms. Wang was second only to the play the role of middle-aged Jia Mu. Li Shao said: Gua Ah-lei is the chosen one.
  * Mrs. Xing: Wang Fuli - Mrs. Xing called "embarrassing", she really is kind of embarrassing to others to make their own people.
  Liu, Granny: Ye beautiful jade - Granny Liu did not read the book but the extraordinary courage. Mix farmers can enter the Jia Liu grandmother can probably only when this task.
  * Aunt Xue: Gong Lijun - chai sent to Beijing to be elected, throughout the book, is a foil for the more important figure.
  * You Shi: Janie - You Shi, Jia Zhen's wife. Although the state government headed Ning grandmother, but no real power, he had no talent.
  * Jia Lian: Wang Longhua - Wang Longhua Central Theatre Academy, has appeared in more than drama.
  * Qin Zhong: Shi Jinyu - No data.
  * LIU Xiang-lian: Xu Yao -1984 was born, height 180 cm, Shanghai Theatre Academy.
  * Xue Pan: Wang Peng - Representative: "Find Romance on Lushan Mountain."
  Production Team General Producer: Han Sanping - chairman and general manager of China Film Group.
  Executive producer: The spring festival - producer, founder of Wing Cinda film.
  General Director: Li Shao - the fifth generation of Chinese film directors on behalf of women.
  Photography: Ping has been studying - the 26th Golden Rooster Award for Best Cinematography Award winner.
  Art Direction: Tim Yip - Best Costume Design Oscar winner.
  The verdict】 【Dream
  正册 verdict
  1, Lin and Xue Bao-chai
  Painting: 2 dead wood, wood on the hanging of a Circuit jade; another pile of snow, snow an Jinzan.
  Verdict: Alas stop Germany, Yong Xu misery only. Jade forest hanging, Jinzan buried in snow.
  2, Jia Yuanchun
  Painting: a bow, bow hanging from the citron.
  Verdict: two decades distinguish right from wrong, Liuhua prescribed according to Gong Wei. 3 spring competition and early spring landscape, Tiger Meet SI dream go.
  3, Jia Tan
  Painting: Two fly a kite, a sea, a ship, boat, there is a woman, face veiled Qiti the like.
  Verdict: it from the Qing Ming Chi haughty, born end of the world transport partial cancellation. Wang Ching Ming Chui send river, a thousand miles east of a dream away.
  4, The Figure
  Painting: wisp Fei, a Bay PASSING.
  Judgments: how rich is? Between the parents against the infant; show oblique eye hanging Hui Xiang River water died Chu Yunfei.
  5, Miaoyu
  Painting: a jade, fell into Nigou.
  Verdict: For cleaning ever clean, empty cloud may not be empty. Kim Ok poor quality, the final settlement mud mud.
  6, Jia Yingchun
  Painting: a wolf chasing a beautiful flapping - For the meaning of taste.
  Verdict: Son Department of Liaocheng, Dezhi be rampant. Jin Gui venereal quality, set to go to a yellow beam.
  7, Jia Xichun
  Painting: a temple, which has a beauty, including the look by sitting alone.
  Judgments: the great passage 3 Harukage not long Ziyi Dayton makeup changed in those years. Poor households Hou door embroidered women, single bedroom lamp in Buddha next.
  8, Wang Xifeng
  Painting: a tip of the mountain there is a female phoenix.
  Ruling: side from the end of the world where birds come, they know love this life only. A three wood from the second order, to cry even more grief to the Nanking incident.
  9, Jia Qiaojie
  Painting: 1 Deserted Amazing stories, there is a beauty in there spinning.
  Verdict: Potential lost off the Yunnan-Guizhou, home of pro-death MO. Even for economic Liu, Qiao was met benefactor.
  10, Li Wan
  Painting: Maolan pot, next to a phoenix coronet Xiapei beauty.
  Verdict: Tao Li finished spring knot rewards with who like a pot of orchids? Empty ice water jealous as well, really regrettable to joke with others.
  11, Qin Ke
  Picture: high-rise buildings, there is a beauty cantilever hanging.
  Verdict: Love day Qinghai magic feeling body, the situation will not only meet, the main prostitution; Man Yan Rong unscrupulous are out, making Wuhan as it is rather the beginning.
  Vice-book ruling
  12, Xiangling
  Painting: 1 Osmanthus, following a pond, where water, dried mud dry, dry lotus lotus failure.
  Judgments: a lotus root and stem Hong, portraying his life is indeed a wound. Since the two students Gu Mu, causing Lake of Scented Soul return home.
  Also, Deputy Book verdict
  13, Qingwen
  Painting: Another non-person, nor landscape, but ink-dyed Full of dark cloud Weng fog only.
  Verdict: Come on Ji, Choi fugitive. Heart sky high, as pariahs. Merry smart complained of. Shouyao more students for defamation, passionate son of empty Qian Nian.
  14, Hua Xiren
  Picture: a bunch of flowers, a broken seat.
  Verdict: Wang Zi soft rolls, empty cloud like Guiru Lan. Worthy of envy Actors blessed, behold son missed.
  【Music】 Dream 14
  1, "Dream of Red Mansions primer"
  Open Hong Meng, Who Love species? Only for the Romantic Everlasting. Taking advantage of this is regrettable that day, sad day, solitude, the trial removal Yu Zhong. Therefore, the performance that Huai Yu Jin Mourning the "Dream of Red Mansions."
  2, "wrong life"
  All Road is Jinyu Liang marriage, I just read Engagement. Space in front, Crystal Hermit snow; finally forgotten, lonely world outside Xian Shu Lin. Sigh human, fly in the ointment this side letter. Even if the case is Qimei held, in the end means it hard.
  3, "Drawn Brows"
  One is Langzhong Court cents Pa, one is flawless jade. If that did not Romance, this life he was sympathetic Crackdown; if that there Romance, how empty his mind of the end? 1 Wang Zi sigh Yeah, an empty labor care. One is in the water, one is Jing Zhonghua. Tears to the eyes, the number of children, how to flow through autumn and winter was spring and summer flow!
  4, "Hate Uncertainty"
  Hi splendor just hate it to impermanence. Stand and to throw everything wide. Rendering of time, the consumption of the concluding episode. Hope home, road mountains high. Therefore, compared to the father and mother to find a dream warning: child life has been into the deaths, Tianlun Oh, have to withdraw early setbacks!
  5, "sub-flesh"
  Yifan storm Road 3000, Let's throw home to flesh flash. Fear loss of their old age tears, told father and mother, the children break suspense. Since ancient times, Qiong Tong has a certain predetermination, clutch Qi miss? From now on, in two places, their security and peace. Slave to have, MO implicated.
  6, "Music of Sadness"
  Infancy, parental sigh sometimes both. Longitudinal home that Qi Luo Cong, behold pampered? Fortunately born, IH generous in scope in the amount of children, never mind an affair a little rayon. Good Yi Si, Ji-Yao Yu-tang wind moonlight. Account, easier in the allocation of beauty and talent cents Lang, won a Forever and Ever, quasi-fold as rough shape when young. Will end in the clouds scattered Gaotang, water, dry the Xiang River. It is this world in the number fluctuation should be, why is really regrettable that sad!
  7, "the world tolerate this,"
  Temperament Mei Lan, Fu talent than cents. Tian Gu Pi everyone rare. You Drive is the topic to popular taste of meat, as Qi Luo customs tired, but I do not know too much more jealous person, over the world with clean too. Alas this, the old lamp in the ancient temple will; unworthy, pink Zhu Louchun color Lanna. In the end, is still against the wish of eolian dirty. Good Yisi, flawless white jade was mud depression; then why Wang Sun Gongzi sigh missed.
  8, "hi enemies"
  Liaocheng, merciless beast, it does not read the root causes of the day. Monotonous Jiaoshe sensuality huan marry. Longingly that, the quality with the Pu-liu Yan Hou door; spoil, and public government daughter seems obscene. Sigh 芳魂 Yan soul, a swing a lengthy set.
  9, "Flowers of Understanding"
  The three will see through the spring, pink Liulv be how? Fighting off this Shaohua, seek that light days. What to say, the sky yao Tao Sheng, Xing Rui cloud over; the end, who endure the fall? The Look, Poplar villagers whine, Seifu forest ghost warble. Even take forward, groaning Cuicao cover the grave. It is this rich, poor and hard work yesterday, Chun-Rong Qiu Shabana torture. Like so, students who could hide stolen off dead? Wen said, the West Fangbao Shu call dancing, the knot with Changsheng Guo.
  10, "smart tired"
  Tricks too much, forget his tail. Heart has been broken before his death, after death of ethereal. Rather rich family, who scattered the dead end of a home, Pentium. No purpose, meaning Xuan Xuan Half a Heart; good Yisi, finishes a lengthy three-shift dream. La La like building suddenly dumping, faint Cancan like light will do. Yeah! A joy suddenly Sadness. Sigh into the world, and eventually set!
  11, "left Yuqing"
  Stay Yuqing, stay Yuqing, Hu Yu benefactor; Fortunately Niangqin Fortunately Niangqin, plot was really unfair. Advised life, the poor and needy of helping the poor. Love of money off it like I forgot to flesh and blood of the ruthless uncle evil brother! Is the multiplication and division addition and subtraction, there is the sky.
  12, "Late Shaohua"
  Kindness of the glass, and more nakan dream fame! Then go to the U.S. Shaohua He Xun! Hugh again mention Xiuzhangyuanqin. Only the crown with beads, Phi phoenix jacket, it arrived not impermanent life. Although, the life Mo by old and poor, children and grandchildren also have Yin Zhi product. In high spirits wearing Zanying; Guangcan Can chest hanging golden seal; Weihe He Peerage and Gordon; faint Cancan Death's Road near. Asked since ancient times to phase can also exist? Only in name children and future generations respect and admiration.
  13, "good end"
  Liang Chun-Xiang Chen to do off the draw. Good at style, Ping-month outlook, that is, the fundamental lag behind the others. Carried on decadent fall are from the King, the crime family rather die first. Su Nie General Affections.
  14, "ending the cast forest birds"
  Official, the family business withered; rich, and gold and silver cleared; have grace, and survived; relentless, clearly retribution; less life, and life has also; less tears, tears have done. Retribution is hardly light, separating polymer are pre-set. For the short life asked past lives, old rich are really lucky. See through, and fled to the Buddhism; obsessed, Wang Song of life. Fresh investment to make a bird good Yisi forest, down a piece vast expanse of land really clean!
  Dream of Red Mansions was much 【】
  "Dream of Red Mansions" Results from the dream in a dream, a dream the surface of the actual writing is not a dream, then write it in the end how many dreams? According to statistics, the book is written big and small dreams of 32, first 80 of the 20 dreams, 12, after 40 write-back dream. In addition to the "Dream of Red Mansions" and "laugh" and "cry" also has statistics, the description laughing 173 times, of which Wang Xifeng banter 21. Description cry 260 times, 40 of which Lin cry.
  Dream of Dreams (first 80)
  【Song "Stone"】
  Music: Liu Yida
  Words: Mike / Chan Siu Kei / Zuni Icosahedron
  Sing: Tat Ming Pair
  Look all over the cold wind and snow and gradually clearing thick
  Soaked shoes you wear Road
  Look over the far Aoyama blowing Feixuruoliu
  Wasting disease has been drunk alone
  Heard all over the world that transitory man ethereal melodies to send
  Solo chaos clothing coming from the people
  As one might discard the thoughts as true virtual
  Re drifting deep nosocomial dreams
  Wholeheartedly to students with drinking and alcohol related knot
  How can we know that laughter Yancangleiyin
  The slightest bit of calculation
  Chosen to be significantly different from
  Beating around the bush
  Bonds of this world turned into paragraphs
  Chaos of a wedding
  Spring Night Unforgettable change linked
  True or otherwise
  Noted the joys and sorrows of resentment was originally fraud
  (See all colors of the Hong)
  【"Dream of Red Mansions" version】
  1, Awake 2, The Spring of the 3, Gengchen Ben 4 out possession of the 5, 6 Qi of the Mongolian government of the seven, Jiachen the
  8, Ji You the nine, Cheng possession of the 10, Jing of the 11 and 36 of the Hashimoto chu 12-way high in this
Translated by Google
水浒传
Shi NaianRead
  "Water Margin" a book, drawing on the story of the Northern Song Dynasty Song Jiang uprising. According to the "Eastern Capital birthplace Hou Meng Biography": "Jiang rampant Heshuo three to six persons, Jingdong tens of thousands of government troops against those who dare not." Also, according to "History of the Song Huizong of the Millennium": "Pirates of Song Jiang and other offenders in Huainan Huaiyang Army, Qianjiang discuss fishing, but also committed Jingdong, Hebei, into the clear, the sea state sector, Zhang Shu Ye summon somebody to surrender command of the state to know. "" Night Song Shi Zhangshu Biography ":" Song Jiang from Heshuo, turn slightly Ten counties, government troops Mogan baby its front. claim is approaching, the spy who Shuye to make room, near the sea thieves increasingly diameter, robbery huge boat more than a decade, _set_ captured. So have raised thousands of slain, had laid an ambush near City, out of light induced forces from the sea battle, the first death waterfront hide strong, wait soldiers together, give burnt their boats, the thieves were heard no fighting spirit, by the ambush, capture the vice thief river is down. "In addition Li □'s "Outline of ten dynasties", Song Chen are "prepared to chronological nine dynasties" and Xu Meng Xin's "Three North League Code", also have similar records. Song Jiang also said that after the surrender of the records have participated in the Battle of Fang La levy. From these records, the rebels know this, few in number (but by no means only 36 people), fighting a very strong, very influential among the masses, has caused a threat to the Song Dynasty. Song Jiang and other publicity about the era of the uprising and the first year (1119) to declare and three years (1121), after more than three years.
  Song artistic skills flourished storyteller, folk wisdom of Song Jiang and other 36 stories, it was soon adopted as a creative storyteller, then the material, Luo Ye Song, "On the record Drunkard," a novel in mind table of contents "green face and beast," " Monk "and" Wu Departed ", it is of said Yang, Lu Zhishen, the story of Wu Song, In addition, the" stone SUN "Water Margin may also be a story. This is the "Water Margin", then the earliest record of this. Open end of a Gong Song "Song Jiang thirty-six people like and order", order, said: "Street Song Jiang thing about Gossip found." And said before the academy opened in Official Titles Gong Li Song, Song Jiang and other portrait was painted . However, said Gong has not opened like the story. Water Margin is now among the first to see the works of the story is "Vision and the Romance of Song" (see the "sun and Romance"), or out of it per person, or Old Song and Yuan have the gain. Some researchers think it is a story-telling master copy artists. Water Margin Synopsis remember it, from selling knives to kill from Yang, the outsmart birthday Gang, Song Jiang Xi killed, nine Xuannv granted divine book, by Dr. Ping Fang La until only the order and now "Heroes," basically the same. At this time of the Water Margin story has many scattered independent single chapter, the development of a coherent whole for the system. Prevalence of Yuan Dynasty, a large number of Water Margin show the emergence of the Yuan Dynasty and the "Declaration of Song and the Heritage of the" Water Margin characters name is written about the same, but Juyi different locations, that is Liangshanpo drama, "Romance," said the Taihang Mountains ; Opera already has a "one hundred and eighty chieftains" of the language, "Heritage of the" only 36 will be referred to the nickname of the name; "Romance," writes Li Kui ranked 14, ranked No. 28 Yan Qing, Li Kui was the first Drama 13 chiefs, Yanqing is 15 chieftains. All these can be seen in the "Water Margin" a book before the Water Margin story is quite popular on the similarities and differences in the details. This may also spread in different regions with a relationship. Shinai is spread in different regions of these stories, brought together, through the _select_ion, processing, re-creation, was written in this great classic, "The Water Margin." "Water Margin" story first originated in the Northern Vision and years, beginning from the Southern Song Dynasty folk oral literature has become a major theme. Handed down from the current compiled according to the words of the storyteller in there "green face and beast," "Monk," "Wu Departed" and so on. Yuan Dynasty, there have been words of the "Vision and the Heritage of the Great Song", described the Chao Gai and Wu highlighted (Wu Yong) and other 36 stories, initially with the "Water Margin" synopsis. Yuan, Yuan Dynasty in the Water Margin story also appeared in several plays.
  Version】 【novel
  Simplified version
  This includes amnesty by Jane, Zheng Liao, Zheng Tian Hu, Wang, Fang La, and Song Jiang was poisoned to fight all the circumstances. This is called simple, mainly text is relatively simple, less detailed description. Simplified version has been found: one hundred and fifteen back to this, one hundred and ten back to the book, one hundred twenty-four back to the
  Fan the
  Fan of the written more polished, but also the most widely circulated. But the main part is rewritten to add the plot after the amnesty.
  Back to the hundred
  In the Song Jiang by the amnesty, there was the "sign Liao," Zheng Fang La and other circumstances.
  Back to the hundred and twenty
  Yang Ming Dynasty at the end of this _set_ back in a hundred has been _insert_ed on the basis of levy Tian Hu, Wang and other circumstances, synthetic hundred and twenty recover.
  Back to the seventies
  Tan to the Qing Dynasty deletion, cut back the amnesty, and after a hundred things back to the original books of the Seventy Lu Junyi's dream as the end of the first round and then as a wedge, this is back to the seventies.
  Generally believed that this may be only a hundred back, "Water Margin" story formed the first book _set_ books, but also closest to the legend version of the story. Is known and the existing "Water Margin" they are all out earlier edition printed edition. Masanori, Jiajing Lee among people first "ridiculed the word" Remember there are 20 of the of the "Water Margin", and some researchers believe that "twenty" means "twenty volumes." Generally believed that when Jiajing Guo Xun Wu Ding Inscription plate "Water Margin" relatively close to the original, but the original printed edition Guo Xun no longer exist, and some researchers believe that this remaining 5 back Jiajing printed edition "loyalty Water Margin" means Guo , and thus that the volume is 20 Guo. Jiajingnianjian high-Confucianism "Sea Book Notes," recorded by the "loyalty Water Margin" 100 volumes, earlier today who can compare to see a complete 100 back to the foreign minister of the sequence is the day all of this, the preface was written Wanli OX (1589). Order of the day are from outside the Chen Guo a, but different sub-volume, volume 100 20 Guo Hui, Chen order of the day are outside the volume 100, 100 back. After row of seating in this book bear to accept amnesty, Zheng Liao, Ping Fang La, and no flat Tian Hu, Wang story. Yang Wanli appeared back to the stereotypes of the 120, mainly based on the 100 back, and _insert_ed by Ping Tian Hu, Ping Wang of the story (text and prosperity of the different, or simply absorb and embellished this.) Ming tan (see Jin Renrui) after deleting a row of seating part, Tim had a nightmare as the end of Lu Junyi, one hundred and eight people dream all killed. The first back again to the original wedge, made of 70 back to this. This book, into the most popular since the Qing Dynasty. Simplified version earlier this deposit has the Ming Dynasty, "Emerging in Beijing as the _insert_ion of the full meaning of Masuda Tiger Wang Qingzhong Tales" and the Ming Dynasty, "Biography of Water Margin Ping Lin Chung-yi," but are the residue of this. 10 volume printed edition of 115 back to the Qing "loyalty Outlaws of the Marsh" is a relatively complete this simple existence of this. After the founding of the People's Republic, published and edited the 70 back and 120 back to the 100 back to the other fan of this, and copy back to the more than 100, and had several fan of the typography. Jane also copy over the "Outlaws of the Marsh Biography Ping Lin."
  Translation
  English is usually the "Water Margin" Water Margin, or translated into Outlaws of the Marsh. In many translations, Ms. Pearl S. Buck was undoubtedly the earliest in the late 1920s Translation All Men Are Brothers (All men are brothers.) Title from "The Analects of Confucius", "within the four seas are brothers." Published in 1933, is the "Water Margin" the first complete translation in English was quite popular in the United States. So far, "Water Margin" is considered good English, should be the Chinese American Jewish scholar, Mr. Sidney Shapiro (Sidney Shapiro) translation during the Cultural Revolution was ordered back version of a hundred "Outlaws of the Marsh" (water Park Heroes). The translation is considered to be more faithful to the original, and very appropriate to reflect the charm of the original, in line with the translation, "the letter, and Elegance" principle. French will be the literal translation for the Au bord de l'eau. In addition, there are many funny translation is actually "one hundred and five men and three women in the mountains of the story," Gang birthday outsmart the section translated as "bandits _set_ the trap." Japanese version of "Water Margin" version very much, and even adapted and interpreted into many comics, movies, TV works.
  】 【Ideological content
  "Water Margin" with its outstanding art describes means of revealing the peasant uprising in China's feudal society, development and failure of some essential aspects of the process. "Outlaws of the Marsh" is a profound social significance of the first exposed the dark and decadent feudal society, and the ruling class of sin, that caused the root causes of the peasant uprising is "forcing people to rebel." The beginning of a work written Pola Hu has been rejected for the children of Gao Qiu, by playing by Duan fancy, and later made the emperor the Duan (Huizong), Gao Qiu has been promoted to house Shuai Fu Qiu, and this emperor is merely a special string W will take care of the floating wave Dandyism children. There are his trusted minister Cai Jing, Tong Guan and Yang Jian and so on, they constitute a top ruling group, Tsai, who advanced to their relatives hangers for the gang confidants, such as Liang Shijie, Caijiu prefect, prefect Murong, high-Lian, HE Prefecture and his ilk in their below is the number of corrupt officials, local tyrants and bullies, from top to bottom, working hand in glove, harm good people, bullying is good and cruel exploitation of people and the oppression, the formation of a rule network. "Water Margin" to expose these corrupt officials, local tyrants and bullies to bully the people of the offense, first described the persecution of Gao Qiu Wang Jin's story, the father of the king into the contest early years when a wand tipped Gao Qiu, Gao Qiu Hall Shuai Fu Qiu Ren, the arrival of the first day Gongbaosichou, unwarranted punishment Wang Jin, and depriving the mother of the king fled into the night Bong. The author also wrote to his son to occupy high-Qiu Lin's wife, doing everything possible to murder Lin. Gao Qiu, as the representative figure of the ruling group, he embodies the savage, sinister features Quan Chen, also reflected the feudal ruling class, the nature of evil and corrupt. In addition, the "Water Margin" and wrote all the evil landlord bully behavior, such as butcher occupation Jin Cuilian, Ximen kill Wu Dalang, Maotai Gong Zhen collusion official framed Orion solution, the solution Po.
  】 【Artistic achievement
  "Water Margin" in art has made outstanding achievements. Characters shaped by the complex character to write the content, the characters based on the formation of the environment, while changing with the development of living environment. Characters with idealistic, while deeply rooted in the soil of life. "Water Margin" is not only a vivid plot tension to win, there are more rich description of the real details. Novel based on the oral folk to create a popular, concise, vivid, expressive literary language. Compatible with the content, the first of 70 back to the chain structure of _set_s of unique artistic style.
  "Water Margin" Shinai of these heroes, to be fully affirmed and warm Acura, praised the spirit of resistance of these characters, just action, but also praises their superior martial arts and noble character. Some came from the hero of the lower, such as Li Kui, San Ruan, Wu, Shi Xiu, etc., the ruling class exploitation and oppression of the deepest feelings, so once they rebelled, their resistance is also the strongest, and what the ruling class testimonies Ordinance There is no restriction on them, not even the emperor looked down on as Li Kui. They just cause for the uprising, through fire and water in any hesitation, of the praise of those heroes is completely from the heart of love. This work praised the ruling class as a group are the so-called "murder and arson," the robber, the court of treason, some so-called "no amnesty" sinners, write them so brilliant and moving, adorable, indicating the author's courage and just feelings. In contrast, for the ruling class of people, will they write ugly bear, and the Liangshan heroes in sharp contrast. Which suggests that people who love and hate nobody. Tan Comment "Water Margin", "no United States does not go green forest, no evil does not return the court." Tan regardless of the subjective motives, his words have really thought that the Shinai tendencies and the "Water Margin" profound social significance.
  "Water Margin" in the description of the rebel army's political views, though have not made myself very clear, but you can see they have a "total field Octagon, a surname," no matter what background "children are generally younger brother called, without distinction of "ideal. Linked to their "Shafujipin" actions, the performance of people against the feudal economy, the disparity of wealth and political distinction or distinction level, against the feudal society, class exploitation and political oppression, which is the rule of the feudal landlord class war ideology , reflecting the aspirations of the oppressed majority.
  "Water Margin" to organize the masses and unite the thinking is based on "loyalty." Sense mentioned here, which to some extent into the thoughts and feelings of the oppressed classes and moral values, and this, some landlord class, intellectuals have perceived. Lang Ying Ming to say: "foresee was the gift of indecent assault, non-sense meaning, there must be the river." This is actually said, "Water Margin" said Yi is not entirely the same as mentioned by the ruling class has always been defined . In Chinese feudal society, people often lower notes, in order to safeguard their own interests, from bullying to violence, natural exteriors to produce a unity of desire, this desire for life forced to flee their homes in different places some of the homeless who was particularly strong reflecting their most about loyalty between friends. Road see injustice, his help, and then As for the "Jikun distress," "Shafujipin" are "righteousness" of the performance. Therefore, the "Water Margin" his righteousness, and in a specific environment, anti-feudal nature of anti-oppression, which is different from the Confucian Gangchanglunli of "righteousness." But "thinking of the ruling class are in every era of the dominant ideology." Therefore, the "Water Margin" in the "justice" ethics can not replace the old concept of the status and role. "Water Margin" in the "loyalty", the contents are loyal to the Liangshan cause, but it is thought there are loyalty, in many occasions, "One," a large section of the feudal ethics to be the first place, and the "meaning" place secondary position, this is no breakthrough in the feudal Brotherhood of ethics, Liangshanpo some of the struggle of the strongest, most determined revolutionary people, and ultimately can not help but follow the case in the sense of obligation to accept amnesty Song Jiang, loyalty to obey a loyalty to the emperor, is the "Water Margin Biography "written by" justice "itself is proof of serious defects.
  In the "Water Margin" in the description can be seen as a Liangshanpo leader Song Jiang, his thoughts and actions, the relationship between the cause of the rise and fall and fall of Liangshan. Song Jiang was born in the family of small landowners, "the history of childhood has been attacked by" develop "One" concept, and later in the county were Yasi, "knife pen proficient skilled Officials in" Yamen in the official and official for the entertainment, very familiar. Although his official myself, but like to make rivers and lakes on the hero, is also sympathetic to the lower classes, "the Franciscans were poor, □ anxious person, supporting one of the storm" in the rivers and lakes to enjoy, "timely" reputation. Such a special experience, the formation of his thought and character of the two sides, on the one hand he wants to make a loyal and dutiful son; the other hand, people in contact with the arena, made him more understanding of the suffering and aspirations of the lower classes, but also a generous attempts distress, sympathy of the working people against the conduct of the official figure. In short, Song Jiang in the Liangshan, he rebels against the people, just hold sympathetic attitudes, or in some cases limited in action for a little support. From his thinking that he is not willing to go to join the rebel ranks, he went on to Liangshan is a combination of reasons. He has a broad strategy of the characters, placing him under a long bureaucratic decision can not be reconciled, and he had hoped to rely on his talent will be able to "meritorious service for the country" to make a career. "Donald's wife won a sealed sub" in order to later "go down in history." At that time the political affairs of the dark, □ minister in power, some people in order to not display their own ambitions. Just at that moment Song Jiang has committed a murder, the Fluid Assignment to Jiangzhou, because of the anti-drunk title poem, is prefect Jiangzhou hold, and asked into the death, by the Liangshan heroes of the rescue, before it for his life, only At this time, Song Jiang was on the Liangshan.
  Song Jiang organized to be good at uniting people, coupled with his reputation on the lakes, before and after a large number of heroes with him up the mountain, expanding the cottage forces to bring a lot to the cottage cause of the prosperity of weather. In the Liangshan rebels under his leadership and command, hit a lot of victory after another, give some serious blow to corrupt officials and punish, and shook the court, these victories are inseparable from the credit and Song Jiang. But because of his deep-rooted concept Chunghsiao, although the contrary, this concept has not made the change, which he later received amnesty Fuseshita opportunity. He kept saying that the emperor after the Liangshan is "holy to that", but "□ minister in power, authoritarian slanderer." He repeated prophecy: "Sung Chiang small can dare to bear the court," "abuse of government officials to force only so. " So he is the "right to shelter by Shuibo", "such as North Korea Tingzhao An professionals." He and the government troops against, always think of how to reserve the point for the future amnesty. Thus, the power of Liangshan rebels more powerful, more prosperous career Liangshan, the more amnesty for the accumulation of capital by Song Jiang. He finally won the Tong Guan in two, three defeated Gao Qiu, playing court after the army defeated the deficit lost, honor and dignity under the amnesty, but the cause of the uprising in Liangshan ruin. Song Jiang after the surrender, and instructions from the order of the court to suppress the Fang La Rebellion, as Lu Xun said: "Robbers hit for the country - do not 'punish you', the robber went." This is the "Water Margin" the most acute criticism, but also reveals the thinking of the serious limitations.
  Fire fodder field - From the Ming Yuan infinite Chongzhen Edition of "Tales," illustrated
  "Water Margin" book can be divided into two parts before and after the first half to write on the Liangshan heroes have great Ju Yi, playing government troops, by the amnesty. Half of five components, namely, Zheng Liao, Ping Tian Hu, Ping Wang, Ping Fang La, and outcome. One Tian Hu, Wang was later added in two parts, this percentage back to the earlier findings, immediately after the intrinsic Liao Ping Fang La. However, some researchers believe that symptoms may be _insert_ed by Liao, because the first sign something is different from the Liao Fang La by the amnesty of peace, the history without trace. Secondly, peace Tian Hu, Wang, like Zheng Liao Zhongliangshan eight hundred and one no one died. This view is still controversial. From the ideological content, the "Water Margin" is written the first half of the people against rulers, is a reflection of class conflict, the latter half is writing anti □ loyal minister, is a reflection of loyalty within the ruling class □ contradiction. Written by Song Jiang on amnesty, of course, the idea is to show serious limitations, but also reflects the national patriotism, Lu said: "The amnesty is said of them, but thinking of Song to the Yuan Dynasty, because it was social disruption, officers and men repression of civilians, the people of the peace who suffer, not peace for the Pirates who have separated but one Waikou ... ... come in, when men can not resist, because the hatred of alien people, with more than he wanted to resist the officers and men of stealing his . "His statement is justified, the Water Margin is the stories of the time era of sharp ethnic conflicts," Water Margin "Song Jiang, who wrote the second half by the amnesty, and this background are not unrelated. The intrinsic part of the emergence of Liaoning, is the continuation and development of this idea. As for the anti □ loyal minister, and this idea is related. End of the novel written "historian has two sad Tang Wan" Song Jiang and other Liangshan figures, which said: "do not have to seek authentic source, but good people as Buddist hi." "Water Margin" is the author of Song Jiang described as loyal to . 85 assistant minister summon somebody to surrender back to the Liao Ouyang Song Jiang, Wu Song Jiang with the advice: to wealth, the surrender Liao; be loyal and serve the Song Dynasty. Song Jiang said: "As for us the faithful to their country, dying." Where "loyal patriotic" is actually the specific historical conditions of the national position. Song Jiang surrender, the "Water Margin" Heroes always excluded by Zeichen, combat and framed, the last such Zeichen Song Jiang was killed. Such a tragic outcome, for exposing the evil rulers, and the author's warning against it by the amnesty, but also has its positive meaning.
  In short, the "Water Margin" artistic image through the performance of "forcing people to rebel" phenomenon, deeply reflect the true nature of history, it represents Liangshanpo finding that great hero of the uprising, a strong impact on the rule of the feudal landlord class, the literature is rare. It describes the Liangshan Yi military post by the amnesty despite the talk about loyalty, playing a foreign enemy, civil strife level, or no place in power those in power, or the tragic in the end, but also to convey a profound lessons of history.
  "Water Margin" art features
  "Water Margin" with its high degree of artistic expression, vivid rich literary language, described the many fascinating stories, create a large number of cute, heroic image of the personality.
  "Water Margin" inheritance and development of the History of ancient Chinese novels and talk about the traditional characteristics. The story of legends, one after another, the ups and downs and unpredictable. The climax of each story, readers are closely chord. Such as "punch the town of Kansai," "outsmart birthday Gang", "Song Jiang Xi kill", "Wu Song Da Hu," "Assault on Yuanyang Building," "Jiangzhou robbery execution ground," "three strikes Zhu Chuang" etc., have been popular for centuries. But "Heroes" is not simply the pursuit of the bizarre story which cater to the masses, but revolves around "a slaughter," the idea, the story and character together. Wu, Lin, Lu Junyi all three martial arts, is the first such Liangshan hero, three are trained official of the trap, be filled through the military, and Wu and Lin, Lu Junyi's performance is different. Lin, Lu Junyi sent in exile by the mercy of the way, swallow, and sometimes sent to beg implore. Both of them are being cheated death tied to a tree down. Wu, in contrast, for the first time Mengzhou exile, but the way the two sent to serve him. En second exile state, sent two of his escort had been bought, together with the two disciples Chiang keeper, conspired to kill him in half way, the murderer of four knife against him a prisoner with a flail, anti- by him to pack up easily. He did not Jiehen, ran back to Mengzhou breath, kill Commissioner Zhang, Zhang and Jiang keeper and other militia, be considered out of a foul smells. Lin, Lu Junyi not the martial arts is not fine, because they one of Beijing's richest man, a coach of Tokyo eight hundred thousand imperial guards are standing there as people who have married, a victim of injustice, just want to serve their sentences expired, re- Zhen Jia-sheng. Both of them who is knowledgeable about the law degree, and illusions, his anger at the Gongren is not made before, and forbearance breath. And Wu, no hostage to fortune, long mountebank, to develop a powerful character, cynical, also fear, coupled with his wronged had been framed, and constantly being plotted against, so revengefulness, means are ruthless. Lin, Lu Junyi, and Wu, the performance of different, but the two of them are somewhat different, the resistance of Lin Lu Junyi was also relatively strong.
  Another example is Lu Zhishen, Wu Song, Li Kui and three, they are upright disposition, good fight injustice, defying brute force, not to avoid danger; but they have their own characteristics, Lu Zhishen the officer background, experience deep, rich sense of justice, Tonge social injustice, although he is impetuous, reckless action, but sometimes in struggle wit and very carefully. Punch off the town of West, did not expect him killed three punches, he immediately thought of this legal action in prison, no one single person their meal, so pretend indignant, "pointing to butcher the corpse and said: 'You fraud death, and you slowly Sajia ignored. 'a curse, a march went. "This will get out gone. Great Temple of the farm-in phase, a few calculations Popi to him, deliberately knelt up in the manure pit side does not rise to his suspicion, he came not so Popi upper body, one foot a kick to the pit for the first two years go. All this shows that he is a crude and refined people. Wu strong temperament, good reason to play those unknown people who are not afraid of death. Sometimes behave in action rude arrogant, deliberately stirred up trouble like, such as the tavern keeper to Chiang; sometimes put on a false confusion and paralysis rivals, such as the cross slope on the Sun Erniang. In order to take revenge for his brother, was considered very carefully, starting from the investigation, to kill Sister to extract confessions, to kill Ximen, surrendered to county government, a step by step according to the arrangements he had done. This in turn shows his shenanigans. And Li Kui and the two are very different, honest and straightforward, strong, careless, bold, very loyal to the Liangshan cause, against the strongest Once a war breaks, shirtless extremely brave. He is a real yokel, blindly rash, reckless, there are a bit naive, inquisitive, and often stir up trouble for wins in Jiangzhou fish and Shun-tearing, lured by Shun-water, submerged His eyes get white; to take Gongsun Sheng Jizhou move, the way wine and meat eating by Daizong punishment; ax Lo real, is real punishment to the big prison Jizhou suffering; killed Yantian Xi, implicated Chaijin jail, almost sent lives. On the personality traits of the grasp of the very accurate and detailed. "Water Margin" personality characteristics of these descriptions of heroes, really done without losing the slightest, which has strengthened the image of the moving force.
  "Outlaws of the Marsh" is a spoken language based on refined and processed to create a literary language. Their language is characterized by crisp, Xi Lian, accurate and vivid. Whether the description of the language or the language of works of figures, many places are vivid, there is a strong flavor of life. Scenery, tilting, narrative, expression, very clever and vivid. "Water Margin" narrative, good line drawing, simple and bright, without delay clumsy narrative and lengthy description of the complicated landscape. Sometimes paint a portrait of the text, but also very exciting. Wu did not listen to advice, such as restaurants, riding Jiuxing single up the hill, saw a notice on the temple, I discovered that there really is Tiger, and he hesitated a bit, or bite the bullet on the ridge. Here only two sentences of this time off the atmosphere and the mood: "When back at the Rise, gradually falling to the" Wu "stumbling over chaos straight to the woods," wrote the Tiger activities in both the time and wrote the tiger-infested environment. Two words put a desolate atmosphere and mood of terror come clean, people are here and I do not know when it will suddenly jump out of a live tiger. "Water Margin" narrative, terse, just right, but vivid, vivid. "Wu Song Fights the Tiger" is traditionally passed down a good article, written in a very vivid, tiger Competing write, write Tiger a flutter, yixian, a three-cut as the ability Helenians, harmony hills roar of the earthquake, a real tiger to leap off the paper alive. After a fight, the tiger decreasing power and prestige, and finally how the Wu press, how to struggle, how Wu Song killed, written in vivid, very realistic. Through these descriptions will better highlight the hero Wu Song.
  "Heroes" character of language characters, to a very high level, not only through the language of the characters personality traits, and its origin, status, and suffered cultural education and the formation of habits of thought sometimes can accurately shown, the so-called "people have their temperament. ... ... people have the sound of mouth." such as Li Kui first met Song Jiang, Dai Zong asked: "brother, who is this black guy?" Daizong blame rude to him, he refused to accept such Daizong presented to him, he said: "Black Song Jiang could there Shandong timely!" how to think his heart his mouth to how to say, he is a yokel, see what polite people do not know how to entertain the matter and not subject to the constraints etiquette He just has big hair on the Liangshan ravings: "rebellion will be afraid of Zende, Chao Gai would be big brother, the Emperor of Song, Song Jiang Xiao Song emperor, his brother would be killed ... ... to Tokyo, and took away the birds bit." Emperor of Song as large and small Song emperors, etc., there is only said Li Kui was obtained, is highly personalized language. Others such as the heart straight impatient Ruan Xiaoqi Wu with resourcefulness, Song Jiang's humble servant, through their dialogue, as heard and all people, as reflected in its people. Lu Xun once said: "" Water Margin "and" Dream of Red Mansions "in some places, is to make the reader see the people come by the talk."
  Evaluation】 【industry
  Tan the "Water Margin" and "Lament", "Zhuang Zi", "Historical Records", "Du," "The West Chamber" collectively, the "Six Talented Scholars." Feng Meng-long of "Water Margin" and "Three Kingdoms", "Journey to the West", "Golden Lotus" as the "Four Great Masterpieces." And the "Three Kingdoms", "Journey to the West", "Dream of Red Mansions" were out "four famous classical Chinese."
  19th century 50's, when the view is held that the "Water Margin" is the description of glorified peasant uprising. This view was all kinds of textbooks, literature, history and the history of fiction held by a mainstream view.
  【Number】 characters
  According to statistics, the Water Margin characters in the book description, there are 577 identified by name (including the main character 108), no surname is known, 8 bit, name unknown, 99, in the book are referred to but did not play 102, a total of 787.
  Synopsis】 【
  Song Zhe, the Tokyo called the children of a dissolute Gao Qiu, who played one foot strike, was King Cheoljong brother Duan fancy, become a confidant of Duan. Later, when the Emperor Duan, and this is Huizong, less than half a year, put the house Shuaifu Gao Qiu Qiu upgrade. Gao Qiu took office the first day not yet reached the coach on the remediation of illness Wang Jin, Wang Jin with his mother forced to flee to Tokyo. Wang came to the village of Huayin historian, was the history into the shelter, thanks to the master. Chase after a tight grip because of the high Qiu, Wang Jin Shi Jin went to Yenan had to bid farewell to the government. King inside, Shi Jin and Shan leaders and make a small friend, Huayin magistrate that matter, framed into the history of fornication bandits, Shi Jin Shi Jia Zhuang burned.
  After Lu Zhishen away from Mount Wutai, a large phase Temple in Tokyo managed gardens. One day, Lu Zhishen martial arts in the garden, hanging in public uprooted poplar, was accompanied by his wife to see Yue Miao Lin pilgrimage, the two hit it off, sworn brothers. Are happy occasion, the maid to report that his wife was molested. Lin went to Yue Miao, see the son of a dry Gao Gao, Ren Qi had to put him, and bid farewell to Lu Zhishen home.
  See the beautiful wife of Gao Lin, Lin's wife bent on seeking accounted for. Chevalier minions offered advice to Gao Qiu, lie with the sword into the Baihu Tang Lin, Lin caught, the crime of assassination made with Cangzhou. Buy Gongren Gao Qiu and sent to kill them Yezhu Lin Lin. Lu Zhishen fortunate to have secret protection, Lin was able to escape. To Cangzhou, Gao Qiu also sent minions fire fodder field, Yu Zhi Lin to death. Intolerable Lin, killing henchmen, Liangshanpo defected to the night.
  Wong Yang went to a pedestrian Nigang, Chao Gai posing as traders and other businessmen date, while the Yang men to buy drinks when the mouth, cast a drugged, drug them faint, stole a birthday Gang. Yang woke up and found that birth classes were robbed, that catastrophe, he went to Green Island Erlongshan done robber. Liang Zhongshu told Caijing Sheng Chen Gang robbery, CAI ordered to arrest the culprits economic state capital. He Tao Yin send economic state capital charge of the case, the investigation is known as the Chao Gai et al, He Tao, Chao Gai bring people to the Yuncheng arrest. Song Jiang is the Chao Gai County Yasi friends to Chao Gai immediately after hearing the news to report. Chao Gai burned his own manor. He Tao defeated, led all defected Liangshanpo.
  Wu recovered, to find his brother Wu Dalang Farewell Song Jiang. Wu Song killed a tiger when passing Jingyang Gang, was appointed to the infantry Yanggu head magistrate. One day, Wu met his brother in Yanggu county. Wu Dalang very happy, Wu cited the home. See Wu Pan wife looks burly, sudden and devastating evil, deliberately luring by Wu Songshen exclusion.
  Come to vote Liangshanpo of Yang Xiong, Shi Xiu, when the hotel moved to be ordained Chuang bullying, the two sides are at war, when the move caught. Move to save time, Chao Gai and Song Jiang Fabing 3 times against Happy Lodge, and wipe out the wish Chuang, Chuang Zhu near alliance lijiazhuang, Hu Chuang Liangshanpo have surrendered. Liangshanpo Wal-Mart gone, four heroes have defected.
  Soon, Li Kui went to Chai Jin Chuang on down, are met Chai Jin received a letter from his uncle, uncles, brothers, said Gao Qiu Yan Tianxi high cheaper Qijiu garden to seize Chai. So Chaijin rushed Gao Tangzhou with Li Kui, see the garden has been taken away, Li Kui row Gaotang Zhou, killing Yantian Xi. Prefect of soldiers on the capture of high-Lian, Chai Jin captured, Chai Jinshu parent had their homes searched. Li Kui fled cottage messenger, Song Jiang Chao Gai led the 22 chieftains that attack Gaotang Zhou, killing the high-Lian, saved Chaijin.
  Gao Qiu Qiu Zhao Tingpai to Jiaobu, Gao Qiu Hu Yanzhuo attack that Liangshanpo. Hu Yanzhuo played by Song Jiang army defeated and fled to Green Island, went for the attack on Peach Mountain Murong prefect, Erlongshan, White Tiger Hill, the rebels force. Lu Zhishen aggregate three mountain troops, to Liangshanpo help. Three Mountain Rebel Song Jiang led his army to attack the common Qingzhou, Hu Yanzhuo surrender, Murong prefect was killed along with three mountain chieftains defected to the Liangshanpo.
  Soon, CAI also sent a single-Ting Gui, Wei Dingguo Liangshanpo attack, are being defeated. Song Jiang and Lu Junyi was the first city to join to lead the troops to attack, kill family had five in the back to pay homage to Chao Gai Spirit Mountain. Break followed up a victory for the East level, Fairmont II Prefecture, army triumphant. At this point, Liangshanpo size of the chieftains just 108, the time when Hong Taiwei together let go of the devil by the number. Loyalty Hall crowd gathered, Song Jiang sat first chair, erected the "behalf of Heaven," the Xing Huangqi.
  Liangshanpo the growth, shocked the government and top to bottom. Qiu Shanbao Huizong sent to the amnesty before the house, took the amnesty edict Li Kui, a tear to pieces. Liangshanpo court also sent Tong Guan attack. Cottage House of Flying Daggers, the two attacks thwarted Tong Guan. Tong Guan fled back to Tokyo, Gao Qiu and dispatch troops to attack Liangshanpo ten Jie Du. Third defeat Gao Qiu Song Jiang and his capture of the mountain, courtesy, to desire toward Tingzhao An Gao Qiu was intended to convey. Gao Qiu to go after Yan Qing Song Jiang also sent to Tokyo, Yan Qing Li Shishi obtained by Huizong even ordered, a few days, before the house up the hill to King Yuan Su Qiu read the edict, Song Jiang led the mountains hero accepted the amnesty, name "Heaven", "protect the country" banner, to Tokyo to accept Huizong review.
  After receiving amnesty Rebel Liangshanpo are case Liaobing violations, Song Jiang Liao Shou Zhao broken. So army north, capture Tanzhou, back Jizhou, outsmart Bazhou, occupation Youzhou, Bing Wei Yanjing, Liao Lord, confessing his sin to surrender. Song Jiang return after victory to return, in accordance with Huizong will, will still be returned to the counties won the Liao state.
  【Information】 Television
  【Name】 Chinese Drama: Outlaws of the Marsh (Shandong Edition)
  】 【Episode: 40
  】 【Year: 1980
  【Format】: RMVB
  【Language】: Mandarin
  【Subtitles】: Chinese
  Directed by: Chen Min Liu Liu Liu Ziyun
  【Cast】:
  Shou-Jin - Lu Zhishen
  Zhu Yanping - Wu
  Dongzi Wu - Li Kui
  Bao Guoan - Song Jiang
  Peng Yam Thai - Chao Gai
  TV series "Water Margin" CCTV Edition forty-three episode
  TV series "Water Margin" According to the Shinai creation, named Luo Guanzhong adaptation of the same name, Classical Literature.
  【Top】 characters
  Liangshan Tiangang Xing thirty-six:
  Paul Yi Song Jiang Hu Kuixing days, Tiangang Xing Yu Lu Junyi unicorn,
  Mastermind Wu used the secret stars, stars into the busy days Gongsun Sheng Yunlong,
  Guan Sheng Yong Star sword day, Tianxiong Star leopard head Lin,
  Tin Star Thunderbolt Meng Qin, Tianwei Star Shuangbian Hu Yanzhuo,
  Days of the British Star Guang Hua-Rong, the day of your whirlwind Chaijin Star,
  Star-bashing days of carving Tin Fu Li Ying, Tin Man Star Meiran Gong Zhu Tong,
  Lone Star Monk Lu Zhishen day, day injured stars monk Wu,
  Tianli Star Shuangqiang Jiang Ping Dong, Yu Jian, Chang Ching-day Jetstar did not,
  Yang Xing Qing Tian An animal side, God Save the Gold Star gunmen Xu Ning,
  Super Star Sky cable pioneer, the day Star News Attack Daizong speed,
  Day ghost FUJIAN AGRICULTURE alien red hair, damn Star Black Tornado Li Kui,
  MSI patterns in nine days into the history, study days, no masking Star Mu Hong,
  Star winged tiger Leiheng days back, the day mixed Martial birthday Li Jun,
  Sword Tai Sui Ruan Xiaoer Star site, the day the fire went so far as child stars Chuan Zhang Heng,
  Days of short-lived stars Jiro Ruanxiao Wu crime, day loss in the white waves jump Shun-Star,
  Days lost star Huoyan Luo Ruan Xiaoqi, Tianlao spot Guansuo Yang Xiong,
  Shi Xiu comet workaholic days, two days of violent star Jennifer snake solution,
  Tin Star tailed scorpion solution cry Po, Tin Yan Qing Qiao Xing prodigal son.
  Liangshan to Fiends seventy-two:
  Wu Zhu Kuixing military advisor to God Machine, in Iron Phoenix Hill Town, yellow letters,
  SUN Yong scab to Watson, to Jie Xing ugly Junmaxuanzan,
  Well male star to jail Haosi Wen wood, to Super Star Yum will Hulme,
  Eye to the British star will Peng Qi, Qi Xing holy water to a single-Ting Gui,
  To Meng Wei Dingguo Star Lightning will, to let Xiao Wen Star Shengshoushusheng,
  To face head Peixuan iron is Star, in broad wings of gold star Mo Yun Peng Ou,
  Spark eyes to whole family Suan Ni Cheng Fei, Xing Jin Mao Huyan to strong cis
  Jin Yang Lin leopard to Dark Star, Star Lethal Lei Lingzhen axis,
  To be sub-Chiang Fortune Star King, to Junior Star Swinhoe Lui Fong,
  REN GUI to Yu Guo Sheng-Star Game, Star of Hope On Road geniuses who all,
  To purple bearded beast star Peter Huangfu side, to MSI Dwarf Tiger Wang Ying,
  Yi Zhang Qing Hu San Niang to the comet, to storm Star Sangmen God Bao Xu,
  To natural star Hunshimowang Fanrui, to wild feather star star Ming,
  Kong Liang mad star alone to Mars, flying stars, eight arms to charge items that readers,
  Flying Monkey King to take the Star Li Gun, to Qiao Xing Jin Dajian Yubi Carpenter,
  Star Iron Flute cents to Ma Lin, ground into the star hole Jiao Tong Wei,
  To return child star turned mirage Jiang Meng, streamers all over the pole star Jade Meng Kang,
  Ape arms to then sung Hou Jian, Zhou Xing jump to Tiger Chen Jian Da,
  To hidden star nosed pit viper YANG, to alien flour Musical Zheng Tianshou,
  Geographic Star Turtle Taozong Wang, Chun-sing to iron fan Song Qing,
  Called the sub-iron to music stars and music, to take items Jetstar Gong Wang Fu,
  Tigers star in the Arrow ground speed Ding Hudson, the town of Star masking Mu Chun,
  Cao Zheng Ji Xing surgeon to ghosts, real magic nebula King Kong Song million
  Yao Xing Du moved to touch the sky, to secluded spot Beast Xue Yongxin,
  To V Star Shi En, to secluded Star Tiger to Li Zhong,
  To empty Star bully weeks pass, to Lone Star leopard sub-Tang Long,
  Land faces child Duchenne All-Star, to sing a short-Yuan Lin Long Zou,
  Long horn to horn star Chow Yun, to ignore laws Zhu Gui dry prisoners sing,
  To possession of the rich Star Xiaomian Hu Zhu, Star Iron Bibo Caifu horizon,
  To loss of Star flower CAI, slaves sing persistently urge judge to Li Li,
  Blue tiger eye to detect star Li Yun, to the evil face of coke did not quite sing,
  Ugly rock stars to General Shi Yong, a small number of stars in the new Watson Sun,
  Yin Gu Star Mother to Aunt Beast, vegetable garden to criminal star Zhang Qing,
  To strong star dominatrix Sun Erniang, to bad flash po stars live the king _set_ VI
  Star Health Insurance Road to God Yu Paul IV, to consumption of rat Baisheng Star day,
  When the flea to move the drum falling star, golden dog to the dog section of Star King live.
  A total of 108.
Translated by Google
  《西游记》是古代长篇小说浪漫主义的高峰,在世界文学史上,它也是浪漫主义的杰作。《美国大百科全书》认为它是“一部具有丰富内容和光辉思想的神话小说”,《法国大百科全书》说:“全书故事的描写充满幽默和风趣,给读者以浓厚的兴味。”从19世纪开始,它被翻译为日、英、法、德、俄、等十多种文字流行于世。
  吴承恩的诗文多散佚,有后人辑集的《射阳先生存稿》4卷存世。
  
  
  【写作背景】
  
  唐僧取经是历史上一件真实的事。大约距今一千三百多年前,即唐太宗贞观元年(627年),年仅25岁的青年和尚玄奘带领一个弟子离开京城长安,只身到天竺(印度)游学。他从长安出发后,途经中亚、阿富汗、巴基斯坦。过高昌国时,那里的居民非常推崇佛教,国王见他们是从大唐来的和尚,非常高兴,愿封他们为护国法师,加上黄金百两、骏马千匹。弟子动摇了,最后留在了高昌国,而玄奘偷偷溜了出来向西逃去。不料被高昌国士兵截住。没想到他们是前来护送玄奘西去取经的。士兵送给玄奘一匹白马和一些文书,玄奘感激不已。他向王宫方向拜了几拜,就骑马西去了。玄奘历尽艰难险阻,最后到达了印度。他在那里学习了两年多,并在一次大型佛教经学辩论会任主讲,受到了赞誉。贞观十九年(645年)玄奘回到了长安,带回佛经657部。他这次西天取经,前后十九年,行程几万里,是一次传奇式的万里长征,轰动一时。后来玄奘口述西行见闻,由弟子辩机辑录成《大唐西域记》十二卷。但这部书主要讲述了路上所见各国的历史、地理及交通,没有什么故事。直到他的弟子慧立、彦琮撰写的《大唐大慈恩寺三藏法师传》,则为玄奘的经历增添了许多神话色彩。从此,唐僧取经的故事便开始在民间广为流传。南宋有《大唐三藏取经诗话》,金代院本有《唐三藏》、《蟠桃会》等,元杂剧有吴昌龄的《唐三藏西天取经》、无名氏的《二郎神锁齐大圣》等,这些都为《西游记》的创作奠定了基础。吴承恩也正是在民间传说和话本、戏曲的基础上,经过艰苦的再创造,完成了这部令中华民族为之骄傲的伟大文学巨著。
  
  
  【文学价值】
  
  在中国古典小说中,《西游记》的内容是最为庞杂的。它融合了佛、道、儒三家的思想和内容,既让佛、道两教的仙人们同时登场表演,又在神佛的世界里注入了现实社会的人情世态,有时还掉书袋似的插进几句儒家的至理名言,使它显得亦庄亦谐,妙趣横生。这种特点,无疑使该书赢得了各种文化层次的读者的爱好。
  《西游记》的出现,开辟了神魔长篇章回小说的新门类。书中将善意的嘲笑、辛辣的讽刺和严肃的批判巧妙地结合的特点直接影响着讽刺小说的发展。《西游记》是古代长篇浪漫主义小说的高峰,在世界文学史上,它也是浪漫主义的杰作。
  
  [附]学者对《西游记》的评价
  《西游记》一书,自始至终,皆言诚意正心之要,明新至善之学,并无半字涉于仙佛邪淫之事。或问《西游记》果为何书?曰实是一部奇文、一部妙文。——(清代学者)张书绅
  吴承恩撰写的幽默小说《西游记》,里面写到儒、释、道三教,包含着深刻的内容,它是一部寓有反抗封建统治意义的神话作品。吴承恩本善于滑稽,他讲妖怪的喜怒哀乐都近于人情,所以人人都喜欢看。——鲁迅
  《西游记》其想像新奇,上天下地,出神入化,可说达到了登峰造极的地步。主要人物的性格也极为鲜明,而且读者面最宽,老少咸宜。此书的副作用极小,是一部鼓舞人积极斗争、永不灰心、为达到目标而百折不挠的书。——(北大教授)白化文
  没读过《西游记》,就像没读过托尔斯泰或陀思妥耶夫斯基的小说一样,这种人侈谈小说理论,可谓大胆。——(法国当代比较文学家)艾登堡
  《西游记》全书故事的描写充满幽默和风趣,给读者以浓厚的兴味。——《法国大百科全书》
  
  似庄而谐的神魔小说在中国古典小说名著中,《西游记》要算是最驳杂的一部书。它糅合进了佛、道、儒三家之言,对这样一部神魔小说,要想做出比较确切的、与普通读者的阅读感受吻合的理性解析,首先考察一下它的成书过程以及作为小说情节主体的唐僧取经故事的演变过程是非常必要的。因为,从这中间可以比较清楚地看出,这个本来是弘扬佛法的故事怎样会加入道教的内容,又怎样蜕变为富有文学魅力、情趣的小说,以及由其自身矛盾所形成的艺术特点。
  在中国古代小说中,《西游记》是一部思想性和艺术性都臻于第一流的伟大作品。它也是明代长篇小说的重要流派之一——神魔小说的代表作。它在神魔小说中的地位,相当于《三国演义》之于历史演义小说。
  神魔小说通常由两个部分组成。一个部分叫做出身传,另一个部分叫做灵应传或降妖传。《西游记》的结构也是这样。第一至十二回是全书的引子,其中前七回讲孙悟空的出身和大闹天宫等故事,为他的神通广大和后来追随唐僧去西天取经提供背景材料;第八回至第十二回则介绍小说的另一主人公唐僧,交代取经的缘由。第十三回至第一百回,是全书的主要部分,演述唐僧、孙悟空师徒四人降妖伏魔、西天取经的故事。
  孙悟空出身传中的大闹天宫的故事,成功地塑造了机智的、坚强的孙悟空的形象。他具有强烈的反抗性格,藐视腐朽无能的天宫统治者,喊出了“皇帝轮流做,明年到我家”的口号。正像有人所说的,“如果没有历史上发生的许多次规模巨大的、猛烈地冲击了封建王朝的农民起义、农民战争,大闹天宫的情节不可能想像得那样大胆,孙悟空作为一个叛逆者的形象也不可能塑造得那样光彩夺目。”西天取经的故事表现了神魔小说的两大主题:寻找与追求,斩妖与降魔。《西游记》把二者巧妙地联系和结合起来。它告诉人们:为了寻找、追求、实现一个美好的理想和目标,为了完成一项伟大的事业,必然会遇上或多或少的、或大或小的、各种各样的困难和挫折,必须去顽强地战胜这些困难,克服这些挫折。
  
  
  【主要内容】
  
  1、内容摘要:
  写作时代为明朝中期,当时社会经济虽繁荣,但政治日渐败坏,百姓生活困苦。作者对此不合理的现象,透过故事提出批评。共一百回,六十余万字。分回标目,每一回目以整齐对偶展现。故事叙述唐三奘与徒弟孙悟空,猪八戒,沙僧,白龙马,经过八十一次磨难,到西天取经的过程。
  内容分三大部分:第一部分(一到七回)介绍孙悟空的神通广大;第二部分(八到十二回)叙三藏取经的缘由;第三部分(十三到一百回)是全书故事的主体,写悟空等降伏妖魔,最终到达西天取回真经。
  2、人物简介:
  唐僧:小说里的唐僧是虚构的人物,与历史上的真实人物玄奘法师是有区别的。小说里的唐僧,俗姓陈,小名江流,法号玄奘,号三藏,原为佛祖第二弟子金蝉子投胎。他是遗腹子,由于父母凄惨、离奇的经历,自幼在寺庙中出家、长大,在化生寺出家,最终迁移到京城的著名寺院中落户、修行。唐僧勤敏好学,悟性极高,在寺庙僧人中脱颖而出。最终被唐朝皇上选定,前往西天取经。在取经的路上,唐僧先后收服了三个徒弟:孙悟空、猪八戒、沙僧。
  孙悟空:又名美猴王、齐天大圣、孙行者。是东胜神州傲来国花果山灵石孕育迸裂见风而成之明灵石猴。在花果山中,有一群猴子只着花果山水帘洞洞天说了一声,有谁敢进去,为我们寻个按家之地,不伤身体者,我等拜它为王,石猴借此机会将“石”隐去了。后历经八九载,跋山涉水,在西牛贺洲灵台方寸山拜须菩提为师,习得七十二变化之本领。此后,孙悟空大闹天宫,自封为齐天大圣,被如来佛祖压制于五行山下,无法行动。五百年后唐僧西天取经,路过五行山,揭去符咒,才救下孙悟空。孙悟空感激涕零,经观世音菩萨点拨,拜唐僧为师,同往西天取经。取经路上,孙悟空降妖除怪,屡建奇功,然而三番两次被师傅唐僧误解、驱逐。终于师徒四人到达西天雷音寺,取得真经。孙悟空修得正果,加封斗战胜佛。孙悟空生性聪明、活泼,勇敢、忠诚,疾恶如仇,在中国文化中已经成为机智与勇敢的化身。所以孙悟空很容易就会成为中国小男孩崇拜的偶像。孙悟空也是传说的舍利子中最主要一颗名叫无谷舍利的利子后原身。
  猪八戒:又名猪刚鬣、猪悟能、猪烈刚,呆子。原为天宫中的天蓬元帅,因调戏嫦娥,被罚下人间。但错投了猪胎,长成了猪脸人身的形状。在高老庄抢占民女,后被孙悟空降伏。修得正果的封号为净坛使者。猪八戒的兵器是九齿钉钯。猪八戒只会三十六种变化。猪八戒这个形象是吴承恩塑造很成功的形象,它虽好吃懒惰,却是孙悟空的左膀右臂。虽然自私,却讨人喜欢。
  沙和尚:又名沙悟净、沙僧。原为天宫中的卷帘大将,因在蟠桃会上打碎了琉璃盏,惹怒王母娘娘,被贬入人间,在流沙河畔当妖怪(塘虱精),后观音菩萨收服,命沙河尚拜唐僧为师,保他去西天取经。因他最后拜唐僧为师,只好负责挑担。使用的兵器是降妖宝杖。书中又将沙和尚称为“沙僧”。取经后被封为金身罗汉。
  在去西天取经的路上,师徒四人历经十四年寒暑,九九八十一磨难,与各路妖魔鬼怪进行搏斗,最后到达西天取回真经。其中最经典的故事有孙悟空大闹天宫、高老庄收八戒、八戒大战流沙河(借机收沙和尚)、三打白骨精、人参果、盘丝洞、火焰山、真假美猴王等。在与妖魔鬼怪进行斗争中刻画了师徒四人鲜明的个性,故事十分生动。
  
  【文学特色】
  
  《西游记》向人们展示了一个绚丽多彩的神魔世界,人们无不在作者丰富而大胆的艺术想象面前惊叹不已。然而,任何一部文学作品都是一定社会生活的反映,作为神魔小说杰出代表的《西游记》亦不例外。 正如鲁迅先生在《中国小说史略》中指出,《西游记》“讽刺揶揄则取当时世态,加以铺张描写”。又说:“作者禀性,‘复善谐剧’,故虽述变幻恍忽之事,亦每杂解颐之言,使神魔皆有人情,精魅亦通世故。”的确如此。通过《西游记》中虚幻的神魔世界,我们处处可以看到现实社会的投影。如在孙悟空的形象创造上,就寄托了作者的理想。 孙悟空那种不屈不挠的斗争精神,奋起金箍棒,横扫一切妖魔鬼怪的大无畏气概,反映了人民的愿望和要求。他代表了一种正义的力量,表现出人民战胜一切困难的必胜信念。又如取经路上遇到的那些妖魔,或是自然灾难的幻化,或是邪恶势力的象征。他们的贪婪、凶残、阴险和狡诈,也正是封建社会里的黑暗势力的特点。不仅如此,玉皇大帝统治的天宫、如来佛祖管辖的西方极乐世界,也都浓浓地涂上了人间社会的色彩。也而作者对封建社会最高统治者的态度也颇可玩味,在《西游记》中,简直找不出一个称职的皇帝;至于昏聩无能的玉皇大帝、宠信妖怪的车迟国国王、要将小儿心肝当药引子的比丘国国王,则不是昏君就是暴君。玉皇大帝手下十万天兵天将,竟然抵不过孙猴子一条金箍棒,而让真正的贤才去当不入流的马夫,其统治之昏暗,虚弱,不言而喻。如来佛祖所创佛教,僧人自然不能以钱财所迷,可是佛祖竟然默许手下人收取贿赂,而《西游记》一路上妖魔鬼怪,多与神佛有瓜葛,如青牛精是太上老君坐骑,金银角大王是太上老君的童子,狮驼岭三魔王均与文殊,普贤菩萨甚至如来佛祖有关系,这反映封建社会官官相护的黑暗情景。
  对这些形象的刻画,即使是信手拈来,也无不具有很强的现实意义。《西游记》不仅有较深刻的思想内容,艺术上也取得了很高的成就。它以丰富奇特的艺术想象、生动曲折的故事情节,栩栩如生的人物形象,幽默诙谐的语言,构筑了一座独具特色的 《西游记》艺术宫殿。《西游记》在艺术上的最大成就,是成功地创造了孙悟空、猪八戒这两个不朽的艺术形象。 孙悟空是《西游记》中第一主人公,是个非常了不起的英雄。他有无穷的本领,天不怕地不怕,具有不屈的反抗精神。他有着人性,神性和猴性三重特点。大英雄的不凡气度,对师父师弟有情有义,也有爱听恭维话的缺点,机智勇敢又诙谐好闹,是为人性,毛脸雷公嘴,山大王则是猴性,而七十二变,一个跟头十万八千里,则是神性。而他最大的特点就是敢斗。与至高至尊的玉皇大帝敢斗,楞是叫响了“齐天大圣”的美名;与妖魔鬼怪敢斗,火眼金睛决不放过一个妖魔,如意金箍棒下决不对妖魔留情;与一切困难敢斗,决不退却低头。这就是孙悟空,一个光彩夺目的神话英雄。大闹天宫的桀骜不驯,与西天取经相比似乎改变许多,其实悟空的个性仍然没有变,比如在骗取妖怪的二件宝物,让玉帝派人装天,威胁道:“若不从,即上灵霄宝殿动起刀兵。”在得知妖怪是观世音菩萨所派,咒她“活该一世无夫”,对如来佛祖更是以“妖精的外甥称呼”,孙悟空,这么一个不“听话”,不为强势屈服的硬汉子,跃然纸上。
  说到猪八戒,他的本事比孙悟空可差远了,更谈不上什么光辉高大,但这个形象同样刻画得非常好。 猪八戒是一个喜剧形象,他憨厚老实,有力气,也敢与妖魔作斗争,是孙悟空第一得力助手。但他又满身毛病,如好吃,好占小便宜,好女色,怕困难,常常要打退堂鼓,心里老想着高老庄的媳妇;他有时爱撒个谎,可笨嘴拙腮的又说不圆;他还时不时地挑拨唐僧念紧箍咒,让孙悟空吃点苦头;他甚至还藏了点私房钱,塞在耳朵里。他的毛病实在多,这正是小私有者的恶习。作者对猪八戒缺点的批评是很严厉的,但又是善意的,毕竟他在西天一路上披荆斩棘,当开路先锋,不辞辛苦污臭,所以他并不是一个被否定的人物,因此人们并不厌恶猪八戒,相反却感到十分真实可爱。特别是他的很多小聪明比孙行者强,这也是孙行者做梦也不想不到他认为的呆子居然是这么一个“阴险”“狡诈”的家伙,行者化缘的斋饭,八戒吃的最多,行者打败妖怪,八戒捡便宜,没事挑拨唐僧念紧箍咒“制裁”一下行者,可是在唐僧眼中,他还是一个老实人,是个好徒弟,这也是行者的聪明不如猪八戒的地方。
  唐僧的形象写得也不错,但比起孙悟空、猪八戒来,则要逊色得多。沙僧更是缺少鲜明的性格特点,这不能不说是《西游记》的缺憾。尽管如此,《西游记》在艺术上取得的成就仍是十分惊人的,孙悟空、猪八戒这两个形象,以其鲜明的个性特征,在中国文学史上立起了一座不朽的艺术丰碑。 而且,这里的人物也给现代管理学带来很多值得参考的价值。
  《西游记》成书于16世纪明朝中叶,自问世以来在中国及世界各地广为流传,被翻译成多种语言。在中国,乃至亚洲部分地区西游记家喻户晓,其中孙悟空、唐僧、猪八戒、沙僧等人物和“大闹天宫”、“三打白骨精”、“火焰山”等故事尤其为人熟悉。几百年以来,西游记被改编成了各种地方戏曲,及电影、电视剧、动画片、漫画,版本繁多。在日本等亚洲国家也出现了以孙悟空为主角的文艺作品,样式众多,数量惊人。关于西游记的作者,一般认为是明朝的吴承恩。 南宋有《大唐三藏取经诗话》,金代院本有《唐三藏》、《蟠桃会》等,元杂剧有吴昌龄的《唐三藏西天取经》、无名氏的《二郎神锁齐大圣》等,这些都为《西游记》的创作奠定了基础。吴承恩也正是在民间传说和话本、戏曲的基础上,经过艰苦的再创造,完成了这部令中华民族为之骄傲的伟大大文学巨著。
  
  
  【主要版本】
  
  1、《新刻出像官板大字西游记》。简称世德堂本或世本。二十卷一百回。
  封面、扉页未见。目录页首题“新刻出像官板大字西游记”,尾题“出像西游记”。正文每卷多题“新刻出像官板大字西游记”;其中卷十二至十六、十八、二十首题“新刻官板大字出像西游记”;正文每卷尾:卷一、卷七题“出像官板大字西游记”,卷二、四、五、八、十二、十三、十九题“出像西游记”,卷六题“新刻官板大字出像西游记”,卷十四题“西游记”,其它各卷缺。正文每卷首第二行下题:“华阳洞天主人校”;第三行下题“金陵世德堂梓行”,其中卷九、十、十九、二十则题“金陵荣寿堂梓行”,卷十六则题“书林熊云滨重锲”。版心上题“出你西游记”,偶或题“西游记”。金书二十卷一百回,每卷五回。以宋邵雍《清夜吟》诗“月到天心处,风来水面时,一般清意味,料得少人知”二十字为卷目。目录页每五回回目前分别题“月字卷之一”、“到字卷之二”等,余类推;正文每卷首书题下亦题“月字卷之一”、“到字卷之二”等,但三、四、十四缺卷目。
  2、《新镌全像西游记传》,简称杨闽斋本。二十卷一百回。
  封面题“新镌全像西游记传”,大字分两行;中题小字“书林杨闽斋梓行”。目录页首题“新镌京板全像西游记”。正文每卷卷首和卷尾题署不一。卷首:卷一、卷二题“鼎镌京本全像西游记”,卷三、四、五、十一、十三题“鼎镌原本全像唐僧西游记”,卷六、十、十八题“鼎镌京本全像唐僧取经西游记”,卷七题“鼎镌原本全像西游记”,卷八题“新刻京本全像西游记”,卷九题“新刻原本全像西游记”,卷十二题“新镌全像西游记”,卷十四、二十题“鼎镌京本全像唐僧西游记”,卷十五题“新刻全像唐僧西游记”,卷十六题“新锲全像唐僧取经西游记”,卷十七题“鼎锲原本全像唐僧取经西游记”,卷十九题“镌原本全像唐僧取经西游记”;卷尾:大多数题“西游记”,卷二、十一、十六题“全像西游记”,卷五题“京本全像西游记”,卷十四题“新刻京本全像西游记”,卷十题“新镌原本全像西游记”,卷十三、十五题“新刻原本全像西游记”,其它各卷无。
  3、《唐僧西游记》,二十卷一百回。
  4、《李卓吾先生批评西游记》,白文简称李评本,一百回。
  5、《西游证道书》,白文简称证道书本,一百回。
  6、《西游真诠》,白文简称真诠本,一百回。
  7、《西游记评注》,白文简称评注本,一百回。
  8、《西游原旨》,白文简称原旨本,一百回。
  9、《通易西游正旨》,白文简称正旨本,一百回。
  10、《新说西游记》,白文简称新说本,一百回。
  
  
  【外国翻译】
  
  《西游记》还被翻译成了多种语言,译名也有多种:《圣僧的天国之行》,《一个佛教徒的天国历程》,《猴》,《猴王》,《猴与猪神魔历险记》。在其他国家,最早关于唐僧取经故事是明代前期的朝鲜文译本,不过那是取经故事,与《西游记》不完全是一回事。《西游记》最早的正式译本是18世纪中叶的日文译本。
  ⑴《猴》:关于中国古典小说方面的译著,以阿瑟·戴维·韦利(Arthur David Waley,英国,1889—1966)的《猴》(《西游记》)最为著名。由于《猴》之译笔生动活泼,使《西游记》这部古典名著在西方尽人皆知。韦利译为《猴》(Monkey)的《西游记》节译本,1942年由伦敦乔治艾伦与昂温出版有限公司出版,后多次再版,并被转译成西班牙文、德文、瑞典文、比利时文、法文、意大利文、斯里兰卡文等,在欧美产生广泛的影响。书前附有胡适《西游记考证》一文。虽是节译本,但译文能传达原著的风格,在西方被认为是高水平的。欧美一些重要的百科全书,在评介《西游记》时都是以韦利的译本为依据的。如《英国大百科全书》写道:“十六世纪中国作家吴承恩的作品《西游记》,即众所周知的被译为《猴》的这部书,是中国一部最珍贵的神奇小说。”美国大百科全书写道:“在十六世纪中国出现的描写僧人取经故事的《西游记》,被译为《猴》,是一部具有丰富内容和光辉思想的神话小说。”
  ⑵美国1944年出版的韦利译本之儿童版,书名《猴子历险记》(The Adventures of Monkey),共130页,为译文的节略本。书中附有库尔特·威斯(Kurtwiese)所作插图。
  ⑶新的日文译本:岩波文库版《西游记》以明代《李卓吾批评本》为蓝本,共分10卷,每卷10回。该版本最初的译者是曾经翻译《金瓶梅》的日本著名翻译家小野忍。1983年小野忍去世 之后,中野美代子承接了从第4卷开始的翻译工作,并于1998年译出了4至10卷的初稿。此后,中野美代子对全书的风格、文字进行了统一、润色。还重新翻译了1至3卷,以更好地体现《西游记》原著的全貌。
  
  
  【作品研究】
  
  1、作者之谜
  现在出版的各种版本的《西游记》都署名吴承恩,但是自《西游记》问世以来,就一直对其作者存有争议。
  明朝流传的《西游记》,各种版本都没有署名。清朝汪象旭在所撰《西游证道书》中提出《西游记》为南宋时的邱处机所著。这一看法提出后,清朝的文人大多赞同。清朝中叶纪昀等人开始怀疑此说,认为《西游记》中多处描写明朝的风土人情,而邱处机是南宋末代人(是明朝以前的朝代的人);此外《西游记》中多处使用江苏淮安方言,而邱处机一生在华北地区活动,并未在淮安居住过。也有明朝清朝道士、文人以为《西游记》是道士炼丹之书。
  清代山阳人吴玉晋提出《西游记》是吴承恩所作。但在很长一段时间未得到回应。后其同乡作家,名气很大的阮夔生在《茶舍客话》中也承认是吴承恩所著。
  民国期间,鲁迅、胡适等人根据明朝天启年间《淮安府志》上所载,又据前人所论,推定淮安吴承恩是小说《西游记》的作者。民国后期,中华人民共和国成立以来,尤其是1980年以后,有关《西游记》作者的研究渐成热点。仍不断有学者对吴承恩的作者身份表示质疑。理由是今存吴承恩诗文及其友人文字中从未提及撰写《西游记》一事;二是《淮安府志》所载吴承恩著《西游记》一事并未说明是演义、稗官,而通常情况下演义、稗官是不录入地方志的;三是在清朝藏书家黄虞稷所著《千顷堂书目》中吴承恩所著《西游记》被列入舆地类(即地理类)。因此,有人重新提出《西游记》是邱处机所著,或是其弟子、传人所著。
  也有少数数学者立论:《西游记》是明朝的“青词宰相”李春芳所著。但是由于论据稀少、牵强,绝大多数学者都不赞同此说。另外一方面,证明吴承恩就是《西游记》作者的论据似乎更多起来,而且更有说服力。主要有:一,吴承恩的个人情况与《西游记》创作者的特征完全吻合。二,对各种质疑给出了较为合理的符合实际情况的解释。三,也是最有说服力的,是关于《西游记》各文本中方言的研究。1980年以后这方面的研究有突破性进展,几乎无可辩驳地证明了吴承恩就是《西游记》的作者。(相关的研究请参阅刘脩业的著作及颜景常著《〈西游记〉诗歌韵类和作者问题》)所以现在一般认为,明朝社会宗教盛行,有关唐朝玄奘法师西行取经的传记、传说及其它宗教传说、民间故事在社会上广泛流传,吴承恩是在这样的社会及文化背景下,以上述的传记、传说、故事为素材,创作了现今我们看到的小说《西游记》。
  经由吴承恩的重新构思、组织和编写,较之此前流传的传记、传说、故事、评话,小说《西游记》不仅内容大大丰富,故事情节更加完整严谨,而且人物塑造更加鲜活、丰满,想象更加多姿多彩,语言也朴实、通达。更为重要的是,小说《西游记》在思想境界、艺术境界上达到了前所未有的高度。可谓集大成者。
  《西游记》全书一百回,从大的结构上看,可分成三个部分。第一回至第七回是第一部分,主要写了孙悟空出世、拜师、大闹天宫,这是全书最精彩的章节,热闹非凡,孙悟空上天入地好一顿折腾,将他的反抗性格表现得淋漓尽致。第八回至第十二回是第二部分,主要写了唐僧的出身及取经的缘由。第十三回至最后一回是第三部分,主要写唐僧西天取经,路上先后收了孙悟空、猪八戒、沙和尚三个徒弟,并历经九九八十一难,终于取到了真经,修成了正果。
  唐太宗贞观三年(629年),(注:《广弘明集》卷二十五载玄奘《请御制三藏圣序表》称贞观元年开始西行,今从《大唐大慈恩寺三藏法师传》,定在贞观三年。)玄奘不顾禁令,偷越国境,费时十七载,经历百馀国,前往天竺取回佛经六百五十七部,震动中外。归国后,玄奘奉诏口述所见,由门徒辩机辑录成《大唐西域记》,介绍西域诸国的历史人情、宗教信仰、地理资源,打开了人们的眼界。以后门徒慧立、彦琮撰《大唐大慈恩寺三藏法师传》,为了神化玄奘,在描绘他突破艰险,一意西行的同时,还穿插了一些神话传说,如狮子王劫女产子,西女国生男不举,迦湿罗国“灭坏佛法”等。它们虽还游离于取经故事之外,却启发后来作者创作出更多的有关取经的神话。
  南宋的《大唐三藏取经诗话》开始把各种神话与取经故事串联起来,形式近乎寺院的“俗讲”。书中出现了猴行者的形象。他原是“花果山紫云洞八万四千铜头铁额猕猴王”,化身为白衣秀士,自动来护三藏西行。他神通广大、足智多谋,一路杀白虎精、伏九馗龙、降深沙神,使取经事业得以“功德圆满”。这是取经故事的中心人物由玄奘逐渐变为猴王的开端。我国古代的稗史、志怪小说如《吴越春秋》、《搜神记》、《补江总白猿传》等,都写过白猿成精作怪的故事。而《古岳渎经》中的淮涡水怪无支祁,他的“神变奋迅”和叛逆特色同取经传说中的猴王尤为相近。《取经诗话》虽然粗糙简单,某些细节如蟠桃变幻、虎精破腹等都不近情理;但已比较清楚地显示了取经故事的轮廓。从深沙神、鬼子母国、女人国的描写上,也多少可以看到《西游记》某些章回的雏形。
  取经故事在元代已经定型。元时磁州窑的唐僧取经枕上已有唐僧、孙悟空、猪八戒等沙僧师徒四人的取经形象。《永乐大典》一三一三九卷“送”韵“梦”条,引有一千二百馀字的“梦斩泾河龙”,标题作《西游记》,内容和世德堂本《西游记》第九回“袁守诚妙算无私曲,老龙王拙计犯天条”基本相同。可以想见,至迟在元末明初曾有过一部类似平话的《西游记》。此外,古代朝鲜的汉、朝语对照读本《朴通事谚解》也载有取经故事的梗概。注云:“详见《西游记》。”我们虽还不能断定《永乐大典》及《朴通事谚解》所引出自一书,但从它们时代的相近与规模的相当来看,却完全可以肯定在吴承恩著《西游记》之前,取经故事的主要内容已基本具备。《朴通事谚解》复述了“车迟国斗圣”的梗概,和《西游记》第四十六回“外道弄强欺正法,心猿显圣灭诸邪”十分相似。从书中有关的八条注里,还可以窥见元末明初取经故事的轮廓。一条注说:“法师往西天时,初到师陀国界,遇猛虎毒蛇之害,次遇黑熊精、黄风怪、地涌夫人、蜘蛛精、狮子怪、多目怪、红孩子儿怪,几死仅免。又过棘钓洞、火炎山、薄屎洞、女人国及诸恶山险水,怪害患苦不知其几。”可见取经故事本身已十分丰富复杂。注中还提到了住在花果山水帘洞铁板桥下“号齐天大圣”的老猴精,它偷得仙园蟠桃、老君丹花,又窃王母仙衣“来设庆仙衣会”。李天王奉命“引领天兵十万及诸神将”,“与大圣相战失利”。终赖二郎神捕获,被观音押入石缝,“饥食铁丸,渴饮铜汁”。唐僧取经,路过此山,将他放出,“收为徒弟,赐法名悟空,改号孙行者”。写孙悟空的来历和斗争历史已和吴氏《西游记》大体相同。注中还提到另两名护法弟子:一个是从《取经诗话》中的深沙神演变而成的沙和尚;一个是《取经诗话》中不曾提到的黑猪精朱八戒。但是他们的神通都不及孙悟空。可见这时百回本《西游记》的重要情节早已定型,为吴承恩后来的创作提供了主要的素材,打下了相当的基础。
  和取经故事在话本中逐步定型的同时,类似的戏曲创作也产生了。金院本《唐三藏》和元代吴昌龄的《唐三藏西天取经》均已失传。现存元末明初人杨讷所著《西游记》杂剧,(注:按《录鬼簿》载:吴昌龄有《西天取经》,题目正名为“老回回东楼叫佛,唐三藏西天取经”;又有《鬼子母揭钵记》,相当于杨本《西游记》杂剧第三卷“鬼母皈依”。天一阁钞本《录鬼簿续集》载:“杨景贤,名暹,后改名讷,号汝斋。”名下有《西游记》剧目,当即今存《杨东莱批评西游记》。)以敷演唐僧出世的“江流儿”故事开场,这同样是后来《西游记》小说的一个重要内容。
  取经故事的最后完成者是吴承恩(1510?—1582?)。(注:刘修业《吴承恩年谱》将生年定为弘治十三年(1500年)左右。今按吴承恩《石鼎联句图题词》云:“因忆少小时,侍客谈此,仆率尔对曰……回思此对,二十馀年矣!”自署“丙午秋日”。丙午即嘉靖二十五年(1546年),距此“二十馀年”尚云“少小”,则吴承恩生年最早当在正德初年(1510年)。他字汝忠,号射阳山人,淮安山阳(江苏淮安)人,出身于一个从“两世相继为学官”,终于没落为商人的家庭,“髫龄即以文鸣于淮”,却“屡困场屋”,直到嘉靖二十三年(1544年),三十多岁时,始补岁贡生;后因母老家贫,作过短期的长兴县丞。但他长期度过的,却是一种卖文自给的清苦生活。这固然销磨了他“少年人谩比终军”的锐气和壮志,却也激发他“迂疏漫浪,不比数于时人”的愤慨和狂傲,使他比较容易接受当时广大人民迫切要求变革的思想感情。而他的“善谐剧”的风趣,酷爱野史奇闻的癖好,一旦和那种深沉的愤满情绪结合,便很自然地引起他继承“志怪”传统,讽刺社会黑暗的创作动机。他的《禹鼎志》就是寓有鉴戒意味的短篇志怪小说。他的诗如《瑞龙歌》、《二郎搜山图歌》等,也都表现了借神话传说,寄托扫荡邪魔、安民保国的愿望。所谓“坐观宋室用五鬼,不见虞廷诛四凶;野夫有怀多感激,抚事临风三叹息:胸中磨损斩邪刀,欲起平之恨无力;救月有矢救日弓,世间岂谓无英雄”,正是通过歌颂二郎神的搜山除妖来寄寓自己的理想的。它的浪漫主义风格,不仅可以和小说《西游记》互相印证,而且也流露了他创作《西游记》的旨趣。吴承恩虽处在前后七子“驰鹜天下”的时代,而他的诗文创作却能独出胸臆,不入藩篱。这种追求艺术独创的精神,在小说《西游记》中,则得到了最充分的发挥。
  《西游记》的作者是不是吴承恩?
  数百年来一直是一个历史悬案。二十年代,胡适与鲁迅从清代学者中论证出《西游记》作者是淮安嘉靖中岁贡生吴承恩。但是,从目前所能见到的各种《西游记》版本,都没有一部是署名吴承恩所作的。最近,北京图书馆出版社推出《话说吴承恩———〈西游记〉作者问题揭秘》一书,提出《西游记》的作者不是吴承恩,而是明嘉靖的“青词宰相”李春芳。其考证思路是从世德堂本《新刻出像大字官板西游记》卷首的“华阳洞天主人校”的“校”字入手,对比杨致和《西游记》和朱鼎臣《释厄传》两个版本之间增、删、改的故事情节变化及发展,论证小说的成书过程,理顺这三个版本的出版顺序,结合其中所体现的佛、道、儒三家思想脉络,追根溯源论证《西游记》作者的阅历及身份,考证出《西游记》一书与吴承恩毫无关系,真正作者应为明嘉靖时代的“青词宰相”李春芳。
  吴承恩有诗《赠李石麓太史》,石麓为李春芳的号。李籍隶江苏兴化县,嘉靖年间状元及第,因善撰“青词”而累升宰辅。少时曾在江苏华阳洞读书,故又有号“华阳洞主人”。曾受命总校《永乐大典》。在《西游记》第九十五回有一首诗:“缤纷瑞霭满天香,一座荒山倏被祥;虹流千载清河海,电绕长春赛禹汤。草木沾恩添秀色,野花得润有余芳。古来长者留遗迹,今喜明君降宝堂。”沈先生发现,这首诗的第四、五、六、七四句,暗含“李春芳老人留迹”,与卷首“华阳洞天主人校”指的是“编撰《西游记》”之意。
  胡适与鲁迅主张吴承恩为《西游记》作者的根据是明天启间《淮安府志》,该志记有吴承恩作《西游记》,但未说明此为何类图书。清代咸丰重刻《淮安府志》删去这一条。
  1983年末,章培恒先生在《百回本〈西游记〉是否吴承恩所作》中指出,从《西游记》问世直到二十世纪二十年代的三百余年里,各种刊本或署朱鼎臣编辑,或只署华阳洞天主人校而不署作者姓名,或署丘处机撰,没有一本承认吴承恩的著作权。胡适1921年的《西游记序》也说此作“是明朝中叶以后一位无名的小说家做的”。后来鲁迅先生力主吴承恩说,胡适得到鲁迅抄给他的材料,便在《〈西游记〉考证》中也持此主张。然而细观他们的考证,所依据的间接材料有二条,直接材料仅一条。
  间接材料1:吴玉搢(1698-1773)《山阳志遗》卷四:天启旧《志》(指天启《淮安府志》)列先生(指吴承恩)为近代文苑之首,云“性敏而多慧,博极群书,为诗文下笔立成,复善谐谑,所著杂记几种,名震一时。”初不知杂记为何等书,及阅《淮贤文目》,载《西游记》为先生著。考《西游记》旧称为证道书,谓其合于金丹大旨,元虞道园有序,称此书系其国初邱长春真人所撰;而郡志谓出先生手。天启时去先生未远,其言必有所本。意长春初有此记,至先生乃为之通俗演义,如《三国志》本陈寿,而《演义》则称罗贯中也。书中多吾乡方言,其出淮人手无疑。或云:有《后西游记》,为射阳先生撰。
  吴玉搢距《西游记》问世已近二百年,判断的依据又唯有明天启《淮安府志》,他的发言权其实和我们差不多。
  间接材料2:阮葵生(1727-1789)《茶余客话》卷二十一:按旧《志》,称射阳性敏多慧,为诗文下笔立成,复善谐谑,著杂记数种。惜未注杂记书名,惟《淮贤文目》载射阳撰《西游记》通俗演义。是书明季始大行,里巷细人乐道之,而前此未之有闻也。……按明郡志谓出自射阳手,射阳去修志未远,岂能以世俗通行之元人小说攘列己名?或长春初有此记,射阳因而演义,极诞幻诡变之观耳;亦如《左氏》之有《列国志》,《三国》之有《演义》。观其中方言俚语,皆淮上之乡音街谈,巷弄市井妇孺皆解,而他方人读之不尽然,是则出淮人之手无疑。
  这里判断的唯一依据仍是天启《淮安府志》,据鲁迅先生分析,阮葵生实际上是据吴玉《山阳志遗》卷四写成,因为它沿袭了该书将《淮安府志》中“复善谐剧”作“复善谐谑”的误书。吴、阮两人都提到书中淮上方言,但都是在先肯定吴承恩之作就是小说《西游记》之后的旁证,但学术界对小说中的方言问题一直有较大争论,清初黄太鸿《西游记证道书跋》就已称:“篇中多金陵方言”。清代称吴承恩为作者的还有丁宴《石亭记事续编》、焦循《剧说》等,但他们或据《淮安府志》,或依《茶余客话》,这意味着将著作权判给吴承恩的依据其实只有一条。
  直接材料:天启《淮安府志》卷十九《艺文志》一《淮贤文目》:吴承恩:《射阳集》四册口卷;《春秋列传序》;《西游记》。章培恒先生根据这条材料,从正反两方面进行了论证。正面:《淮安府志》没有说明吴承恩《西游记》的卷数或回数,也没说明该篇的性质。历史上常有两种著作同名的现象,如清初沈谦与唐孙华就各有一部《东江集钞》,明代与清代都有一部小说名为《如意君传》。约比吴承恩大二十岁的安国也写过《西游记》,不过那是游记之作。因此,并不能据此断定吴承恩的《西游记》就是百回本《西游记》。反面:清初著名藏书家黄虞稷的《千顷堂书目》卷八史部地理类有如下著录:唐鹤征《南游记》三卷吴承恩《西游记》沈明臣《四明山游籍》一卷其时距万历二十年(1592)《西游记》首刻刊行已有半个多世纪,它已是大家熟知之书,可是黄虞稷却将吴承恩的《西游记》明确归入地理类,足见该书只是一般意义上的游记,就像与吴承恩同时代的人写过《东游记》、《南游记》之类的游记一样。
  专家们认为,关于《西游记》作者历来有种种不同说法,大都否认为吴承恩所作。也有人认为,关于《西游记》作者,以往也有人提出是李春芳。只根据《西游记》中的一首诗是暗含李春芳,还不够有说服力,这只能是一家之言。要真正解开《西游记》作者的历史之谜,还需要进一步发掘更多的第一手资料。
  2、古本《西游记》
  在吴本之前,是否有一本与之相近的《西游记》?《永乐大典》载有残文,但内容太少,难以考证。
  3、吴本、朱本、杨本的先后顺序
  自郑振铎以来,各家自有其理,难以说服对方。
  4、孙悟空由来
  哈努曼?无支祁?或者是混血儿,尚无定论。
  5、《西游记》在韩国
  《西游记》是从高丽(918—1392)末期开始传入韩国的。在明代通俗长篇小说《西游记》以前,宋元时期已有关于《西游记平话》的介绍。译官们的汉语教科书《朴通事》里已经有关于《西游记平话》的部分内容——《车迟国斗圣》。现在在韩国对《西游记》的研究虽不能算活跃,但也始终没有间断过。经调查,现有博士学位论文4篇,硕士学位论文8篇,小论文数十篇。在韩国,不但有关于《西游记》的学术研究成果。而且,人们对于《西游记》的翻译出版也怀有极大的兴趣。现在不但有几种全译本,而且精读本及童话书籍也有几十种之多。(沈阳师范大学学报:社会科学版>2006年05期)。
  
  
  【西游诗词】
  
  《西游记》诗词甚多,意境深远,但也有重复雷同的缺点。今选数篇,希求管中窥豹:(原著没有题目,题目为编者所加)
  西游开篇(选自第一回)
  混沌未分天地乱,茫茫渺渺无人见。自从盘古破鸿蒙,开辟从兹清浊辨。
  覆载群生仰至仁,发明万物皆成善。欲知造化会元功,须看西游释厄传。
  水帘洞(选自第一回)
  翠藓堆蓝,白云浮玉,光摇片片烟霞。虚窗静室,滑凳板生花。乳窟龙珠倚挂,萦回满地奇葩。锅灶傍崖存火迹,樽罍靠案见肴渣。石座石床真可爱,石盆石碗更堪夸。又见那一竿两竿修竹,三点五点梅花。几树青松常带雨,浑然象个人家。
  花果山(选自第一回)
  势镇汪洋,威宁瑶海。势镇汪洋,潮涌银山鱼入穴;威宁瑶海,波翻雪浪蜃离渊。水火方隅高积土,东海之处耸崇巅。丹崖怪石,削壁奇峰。丹崖上,彩凤双鸣;削壁前,麒麟独卧。峰头时听锦鸡鸣,石窟每观龙出入。林中有寿鹿仙狐,树上有灵禽玄鹤。瑶草奇花不谢,青松翠柏长春。仙桃常结果,修竹每留云。一条涧壑藤萝密,四面原堤草色新。正是百川会处擎天柱,万劫无移大地根。
  通天河(选自第四十七回)
  洋洋光浸月,浩浩影浮天。
  灵派吞华岳,长流贯百川。
  千层汹浪滚,万迭峻波颠。
  岸口无渔火,沙头有鹭眠。
  茫然浑似海,一望更无边。
  晚风古意(选自第六十四回)
  岩前古庙枕寒流,落目荒烟锁废丘。白鹤丛中深岁月,绿芜台下自春秋。
  竹摇青佩疑闻语,鸟弄余音似诉愁。鸡犬不通人迹少,闲花野蔓绕墙头。
  五客诗咏(选自第六十四回)
  禅心似月迥无尘,诗兴如天青更新
  好句漫裁抟锦绣,佳文不点唾奇珍
  六朝一洗繁华尽,四始重删雅颂分
  半枕松风茶未熟,吟怀潇洒满腔春
  古风·月夜怀故(选自第三十六回)
  皓魄当空宝镜悬,山河摇影十分全。琼楼玉宇清光满,冰鉴银盘爽气旋。
  万里此时同皎洁,一年今夜最明鲜。浑如霜饼离沧海,却似冰轮挂碧天。
  别馆寒窗孤客闷,山村野店老翁眠。乍临汉苑惊秋鬓,才到秦楼促晚奁。
  庾亮有诗传晋史,袁宏不寐泛江船。光浮杯面寒无力,清映庭中健有仙。
  处处窗轩吟白雪,家家院宇弄冰弦。今宵静玩来山寺,何日相同返故园?
  宝塔听夜(选自第六十二回)
  四壁寒风起,万家灯火明。六街关户牖,三市闭门庭。
  钓艇归深树,耕犁罢短绳。樵夫柯斧歇,学子诵书声。
  雷音古刹
  顶摩霄汉中,根接须弥脉。巧峰排列,怪石参差。悬崖下瑶草琪花,曲径旁紫芝香蕙。仙猿摘果入桃林,却似火烧金;白鹤牺松立枝头,浑如烟捧玉。彩凤双双,青鸾对对。彩凤双双,向日一鸣天下瑞;青鸾对对,迎风耀舞世间稀。又见那黄森森金瓦迭鸳鸯,明幌幌花砖铺玛瑙。东一行,西一行,尽都是蕊宫珠阙;南一带,北一带,看不了宝阁珍楼。天王殿上放霞光,护法堂前喷紫焰。浮屠塔显,优钵花香、正是地胜疑天别,云闲觉昼长。红尘不到诸缘尽,万劫无亏大法堂。
  
  
  【西游另说】
  
  (本评为对西游记的恶评,使得大家对西游记一书的了解更为全面,如不愿接受者请不要读此段。)
  在人们一片叫好西游记的一书的过程中也有很多人对西游记的文化内涵人文背景产生了怀疑,树大必然有瑕疵,在西游记的正面背后也有一段佛教文学和道教文化争端。
  1、观音何以可以抓红孩儿为奴仆?
  庸俗的话说观音这个变性人为什么好抓了道教的红孩儿为奴仆?根据了解牛魔王为天界的一职员红孩儿为牛魔王的儿子,而牛魔王和佛教根本没有一点关系,和三十三天外的原始天尊倒有关联。那么观音为什么可以拿红孩儿为奴,做自己的金童,以差遣其恶毒之心昭然若揭?用现代的话就是观音这个非政府组织的高级成员为什么可以抓另一个非政府组织的高级成员?如红孩儿的确有错杀之即可为什么要侮辱他?一旦为奴观音如何对待其童子,在其对黑熊精等的过程中手段便能得知。一旦犯了错误后果非常严重。此为西游记为了佛教利益漠视人性的第一条。
  2、孙悟空能力的问题
  孙悟空大闹天宫这是大家都知道的。为什么这个官员下到地方连天宫里的太上老君的牛都斗不过?从这里看来孙悟空定有一靠山!使得他大闹天宫之时恣意妄为,不然一修炼几年的猴子再有灵根难道天宫里其他的人没有?哪个天宫成员不是来自洪荒宇宙?而他被如来所抓证明他的靠山的等级是天宫级别以上如来级别以下或者同级,那么孙悟空的师傅便是这靠山的首要嫌疑人。因为他师傅恰恰是如来的师弟。
  
  
  【影视作品】
  
  1、《西游记》
  拍摄时间:1982年至1988年
  地区:中国大陆
  类型:古装神话
  集数:25集
  导演:杨洁
  主演:孙悟空—六小龄童
  唐僧—汪粤、徐少华、迟重瑞
  猪八戒—马德华
  沙僧—闫怀礼
  2、《西游记续集》
  拍摄时间:1998年至1999年
  地区:中国大陆
  类型:古装神话
  导演:杨洁
  主演:孙悟空—六小龄童
  唐僧—徐少华、迟重瑞
  猪八戒—崔景富
  沙僧—刘大刚
  3、《西游记后传》
  导演:曹荣
  主演:孙悟空—曹荣
  猪八戒—闾汉彪
  唐僧—黄海冰
  沙僧—李京
  乔灵儿—吴键
  无天—黑子
  4、《西游记》(内地引进译名《齐天大圣》)
  地区:香港(TVB)
  香港首播时间:1996年
  主演:
  孙悟空—张卫健、唐僧—江华、猪八戒—黎耀祥、沙僧—麦长青、如来—楚原、观音—恭慈恩、二郎神—马德钟、吴刚—郭政鸿、嫦娥—李颖、泾河龙王—李国麟、牛魔王—刘家辉、铁扇公主—陈秀珠、红孩儿—许秋怡、白骨精—陈妙瑛、老蜘蛛精—罗兰、蜘蛛精(恩恩)—刘玉翠、蜘蛛精(诗诗)—张慧仪、鸡精—邓兆尊、蜈蚣精—钱嘉乐、飞虎大将军—惠英红
  5、《齐天大圣孙悟空》
  地区:香港
  主演:孙悟空—张卫健
  唐僧—梁汉民
  猪八戒—葛民辉
  沙僧—李灿森
聊斋志异
Pu SonglingRead
  《聊斋志异》,清代短篇小说集,是蒲松龄的代表作,在他40岁左右时基本完成,此后不断有所增补和修改。“聊斋”是他的书屋名称,“志”是记述的意思,“异”指奇异的故事。全书有短篇小说491篇。题材非常广泛,内容极其丰富。多数作品通过谈狐说鬼的手法,对当时社会的腐败、黑暗进行了有力批判,在一定程度上揭露了社会矛盾,表达了人民的愿望。但其中也夹杂着一些封建伦理观念和因果报应的宿命论思想。《聊斋志异》的艺术成就很高。它成功的塑造了众多的艺术典型,人物形象鲜明生动,故事情节曲折离奇,结构布局严谨巧妙,文笔简练,描写细腻,堪称中国古典短篇小说之巅峰。
  据说作者蒲松龄在写这部《聊斋志异》时,专门在家门口开了一家茶馆,请喝茶的人给他讲故事,讲过后可不付茶钱.听完之后再作修改写到书里面去。
  《聊斋志异》,是一部文言文短篇小说集。有传奇、志怪、轶事等,诸体兼备,为中国文言小说集大成之作。内容十分广泛,多谈狐、魔、花、妖,以此来概括当时的社会关系,反映了17世纪中国的社会面貌。书中写的是一个花妖鬼狐的世界,既有对如漆墨黑的社会现实的不满,又有对怀才不遇、仕途难攀的不平;既有对贪宫污吏狼狈为奸的鞭笞,又有对勇于反抗,敢于复仇的平民的称赞;而数量最多、质量上乘、写得最美最动人的是那些人与狐妖、人与鬼神以及人与人之间的纯真爱情的篇章。
  
  【聊斋志异的叙述形式】
  
  书中的作品情节离奇曲折,但又简洁,幻化形象刻划得独具特色。虽为文言,但凝练之外又极形象传神,富有表现力,而且语言利落直观明了。三百年来,《聊斋》故事在民间广为传播历久不衰,先后被译成十几种文字,成为世界人民共同的精神财富。《聊斋志异》是中国古典小说的珍品,这部短篇小说集在他创作之初便有人传抄,成书之后流传更加广泛。十九世纪中叶传播到国外,已有英、法、德、日等二十多个语种的译本。《聊斋志异》在叙述、描写人和各种灵异之物的交往时,往往按照同类相应、同气相求的模式安排故事情节。同类相应、同气相求是一种古老的观念,指的是同类事物能够彼此趋近,产生感应,实现生命层面的沟通。《聊斋志异》的许多就是以同类相应、同气相求为契机而发生、延展的故事.
  
  【聊斋志异的评价】
  
  《聊斋志异》是一部具有独特思想风貌和艺术风貌的文言短篇小说集。多数小说是通过幻想的形式谈狐说鬼,但内容却深深地扎根于现实生活的土壤之中,曲折地反映了蒲松龄所生活的时代的社会矛盾和人民的思想愿望,熔铸进了作家对生活的独特的感受和认识。蒲松龄在《聊斋自志》中说:“集腋为裘,妄续幽冥之录;浮白载笔,仅成孤愤之书:寄托如此,亦足悲矣!”在这部小说集中,作者是寄托了他从现实生活中产生的深沉的孤愤的。因此我们不能只是看《聊斋志异》奇异有趣的故事,当作一本消愁解闷的书来读,而应该深入地去体会作者寄寓其中的爱和恨,悲愤和喜悦,以及产生这些思想感情的现实生活和深刻的历史内容。由于《聊斋志异》是一部经历了漫长时期才完成的短篇小说集,故事来源不同,作者的思想认识前后有发展变化,加上作者世界观本身存在矛盾,因而全书的思想内容良莠不齐,比较复杂。但从总体看来,优秀之作占半数以上,主要倾向是进步的,真实地揭示了现实生活的矛盾,反映了人民的理想、愿望和要求。歌颂生活中的真、善、美,抨击假、恶、丑,是蒲松龄创作《聊斋志异》总的艺术追求,也是这部短篇小说集最突出的思想特色。
  
  郭沫若评价说:“写鬼写妖高人一筹,刺贪刺虐入木三分。”
  老舍评价说:“鬼狐有性格,笑骂成文章。”
儒林外史
Wu JingziRead
  《儒林外史》是我国清代一部杰出的现实主义的长篇讽刺小说,主要描写封建社会后期知识分子及官绅的活动和精神面貌。
  鲁迅先生评为“如集诸碎锦,合为帖子,虽非巨幅,而时见珍异。”冯沅君、陆侃如合著的《中国文学史简编》认为“大醇小疵”。
  全书故事情节虽没有一个主干,可是有一个中心贯穿其间,那就是反对科举制度和封建礼教的毒害,讽刺因热衷功名富贵而造成的极端虚伪、恶劣的社会风习。这样的思想内容,在当时无疑是有其重大的现实意义和教育意义。加上它那准确、生动、洗练的白话语言,栩栩如生的人物形象塑造,优美细腻的景物描写,出色的讽刺手法,艺术上也获得了巨大的成功。
  当时,由于时代的局限,作者在书中虽然批判了黑暗的现实,却把理想寄托在“品学兼优”的士大夫身上,宣扬古礼古乐,看不到改变儒林和社会的真正出路,这是应该加以批判的。
  
  内容介绍
  
  元朝末年,诸暨县的一个村子里有一个少年叫王冕,因家境贫寒,他从小替人放牛,聪明颖悟,勤奋好学,他画的荷花惟妙惟肖,呼之欲出,并且他博览群书,才华横溢。他不愿意接交朋友,更不愿意求取功名利禄。县令登门拜访,他躲避不见;朱元璋授他“咨议参军”的职务,他也不接受,心甘情愿的逃往会稽山中,去过隐姓埋名的生活。
  明朝立国,推行八股取士制度,王冕不禁感叹:这种以八股文形式取士的制度不仅不会为国家选到真正的人才而且将来的读书人恐怕也只有这一条荣身之路了,他们因此会把学问、道德、做官、退隐的准则都看得轻了。这是一代文人碰上了厄运!王冕是反对八股取士、自甘清贫的隐士,然而在当时的社会里,像王冕这样的人实在太少了。在王冕死后百年的明朝成化年间,文人们所走的是一条醉心于科举功名的歧路。
  明宪宗成化末年,山东兖州府汶上县有一位教书先生,名叫周进,他为了能够出人头地,荣耀乡里,屡次参加科举考试,可是60多岁了,却连秀才也未考上。
  一天,他与姐夫来到省城,走进了贡院。他触景生情,悲痛不已,一头撞在了号板上,不省人事,被救醒后,满地打滚,哭得口中鲜血直流。几个商人见他很是堪怜,于是凑了二百两银子替他捐了个监生。他马上就向众人磕头,说:“我周进变驴变马也要报效!”
  不久,周进凭着监生的资格竟考中了举人。顷刻之间,不是亲的也来认亲,不是朋友的也来认做朋友,连他教过书的学堂居然也供奉起了“周太老爷”的“长生牌”。过了几年,他又中了进士,升为御史,被指派为广东学道。在广州,周进发现了范进。为了照顾这个54岁的老童生,他把范进的卷子反复看了三遍,终于发现那是一字一珠的天地间最好的文章,于是将范进取为秀才。过后不久,范进又去应考,中了举人。
  当时,范进因为和周进当初相似的境遇,在家里倍受冷眼,妻子对他呼西唤东,老丈人对他更是百般呵斥。当范进一家正在为揭不开锅,等着卖鸡换米而发愁时,传来范进中举的喜报,范进从集上被找了回来,知道喜讯后,他高兴得发了疯。好在他的老丈人胡屠户给了他一耳光,才打醒了他,治好了这场疯病。转眼功夫,范进时来运转,不仅有了钱、米、房子,而且奴仆、丫环也有了。范进母亲见此欢喜得一下子胸口接不上气,竟一命归了西天。胡屠户也一反常态,到处说他早就知道他的女婿是文曲星下凡,不会与常人一样的,对范进更是毕恭毕敬。后来,范进入京拜见周进,由周进荐引而中了进士,被任为山东学道。范进虽然凭着八股文发达了,但他所熟知的不过是四书五经。当别人提起北宋文豪苏轼的时候,他却以为是明朝的秀才,闹出了天大的笑话。
  科举制度不仅培养了一批庸才,同时也豢养了一批含官污吏。进士王惠被任命为南昌知府,他上任的第一件事,不是询问当地的治安,不是询问黎民生计,不是询问案件冤情而是查询地方人情,了解当地有什么特产,各种案件中有什么地方可以通融;接着定做了一把头号的库戥,将衙门中的六房书办统统传齐,问明了各项差事的余利,让大家将钱财归公。从此,衙门内整天是一片戥子声、算盘声、板子声。衙役和百姓一个个被打得魂飞魄散,睡梦中都战战兢兢。而他本人的信条却是 “三年清知府,十万雪花银”。朝廷考察他的政绩时,竟一致认为他是“江西的第一能员”。
  高要县知县汤奉,为了表示自己为政清廉,对朝廷各项法令严加执行。朝廷有禁杀耕牛的禁令,汤奉不问因由,竟然将做牛肉生意的回民老师父活活枷死,闹得群众义愤填膺,鸣锣罢市。事发后。按察司不仅没有处罚汤奉,反而将受害的回民问成“奸发挟制官府,依律枷责”之罪。如此“清廉”的知县,一年下来居然也搜刮了八千两银子。
  官吏们贪赃枉法,而在八股科举之下,土豪劣绅也恣意横行。举人出身的张静斋,是南海一霸。他勾通官府,巧取豪夺。为了霸占寺庙的田产,他唆使七八个流氓,诬陷和尚与妇女通奸,让和尚不明不白地吃了官司。
  高要县的监生严致和是一个把钱财看作是一切的财主,家财万贯。他病得饮食不进,卧床不起,奄奄一息,还念念不忘田里要收早稻,打发管庄的仆人下乡,又不放心,心里只是急躁。他吝啬成性,家中米烂粮仓,牛马成行,可在平时猪肉也舍不得买一斤,临死时还因为灯盏里多点了一根灯草,迟迟不肯断气。
  他的哥哥贡生严致中,更是横行乡里的恶棍。他强圈了邻居王小二的猪,别人来讨,他竟行凶,打断了王小二哥哥的腿。他四处讹诈,没有借给别人银子,却硬要人家偿付利息;他把云片糕说成是贵重药物,恐吓船家,赖掉了几文船钱。严监生死后,他以哥哥身份,逼着弟媳过继他的二儿子为儿子,谋夺兄弟家产,还声称这是“礼义名分,我们乡绅人家,这些大礼,却是差错不得的”。
  科举制度造就了一批社会蛀虫,同时也毒害着整个社会。温州府的乐清县有一农家子弟叫匡超人,他本来朴实敦厚。为了赡养父母,他外出做小买卖,流落杭州。后来遇上了选印八股文的马二先生。马二先生赠给他十两银子,劝他读书上进。匡超人回家后,一面做小买卖,一面用功读八股文,很快他就得到了李知县的赏识,被提拔考上了秀才。为追求更高的功名利禄,他更加刻苦学写八股文。不料知县出了事,为避免被牵累,他逃到到杭州。在这里,他结识了冒充名士的头巾店老板景兰江和衙门里当吏员的潘三爷,学会了代人应考、包揽讼词的本领。又因马二先生的关系,他成了八股文的“选家”,并吹嘘印出了95本八股文选本,人人争着购买,五省读书的人,家家都在书案上供着“先儒匡子之神位”。
  不久,那个曾提拔过他的李知县被平了反,升为京官,匡超人也就跟着去了京城,为了巴结权贵,他抛妻弃子去做了恩师的外甥女婿,他的妻子在贫困潦倒中死在家乡。这时,帮助过他的潘三爷入了狱,匡超人怕影响自己的名声和前程,竟同潘三爷断绝了关系,甚至看也不肯去看一下。对曾经帮助过他的马二先生他不仅不感恩图报,还妄加诽谤嘲笑,完全堕落成了出卖灵魂的衣冠禽兽。
  科举制度不仅使人堕落,同时也是封建礼教帮凶。年过六十的徽州府穷秀才王玉辉,年年科举,屡试不中,但他却刻守礼教纲常。他的三女婿死了,女儿要殉夫,公婆不肯。他反而劝亲家让女儿殉节。又对女儿说:“我儿,你既如此,这是青史留名的事,我难道反而阻拦你?你就这样做罢。”八天以后,女儿穿着守孝的白色的衣服,绝食而死,他仰天大笑说:“死得好!死得好!”但事过之后,当他女儿的灵牌被送入烈女祠公祭的时候,他突然感到了伤心。回家看见老妻悲痛,他也心上不忍,离家外出散心。一路上,他悲悼女儿,凄凄惶惶,到了苏州虎丘,见船上一个少年穿白的妇人,竟一下想起了穿着孝服殉夫的女儿,心里哽咽,那热泪直滚下来。
  凡此种种从明朝成化年间以来形成的风气,到了万历年间则愈演愈烈。科场得意,被认为才能出众;科场失意的任你有李白、杜甫的文才、颜渊、曾参的品行,都被看成愚笨无能。大户人家讲的是升官发财,贫贱儒生研究的是逢迎拍马。儒林堕落了,社会更加腐败。看来,要寻找不受科举八股影响的“奇人”,只能抛开儒林,放眼于市井小民之中了。
  那知市井中间,真的出了几个奇人。
  一个是会写字的。这人姓季,名遐年,自小无家无业,总在这些寺院里安身。他的字写的最好,却又不肯学古人的法帖,只是自己创出来的格调,由着笔性写了去,他性格乖张,但凡人要请他写字他要斋戒一日,亲自磨一天的墨,要等他情愿,他才高兴。他若不情愿时,任你王侯将相,大捧的银子送他,他正眼儿也不看。他又不修边幅,穿着一件稀烂的直裰,靶着一双破不过的蒲鞋。每日写了字,得了人家的笔资,自家吃了饭,剩下的钱就不要了,随便不相识的穷人,就送了他。一日大雪天,他的烂鞋踩了朋友家一地的泥,朋友让他换鞋,他居然说我这双鞋就不可以坐在你家?我坐在你家,还要算抬举你。一次,他看见和尚房里摆着一匣子上好的香墨,不管人家是否要写字,拿来就写,当一位有权有势的乡绅要他去写字时,他竟破口大骂“我又不贪你的钱,又不慕你的势,又不借你的光,你敢叫我写起字来!”
  又一个是卖火纸筒子的。这人姓王,名太,他自小儿最喜下围棋。他无以为生,每日到虎踞夫一带卖火纸筒过活。
  那一日,妙意庵做会。王太走将进来,碰到三四个大老官簇拥着两个人在那里下棋。大家开始很是瞧不起他,但是他们同王太刚下了半盘,就不得不投子认负,众人大惊,就要拉着王太吃酒。王太大笑道:“天下那里还有个快活似杀矢棋的事!我杀过矢棋,心里快活极了,那里还吃的下酒!”说毕,哈哈大笑,头也不回就去了。
  像他们这样淡泊功名利禄的隐士在市井中还有,只不过在那些达官贵人看来,追求功名利禄才是正道。
  
  作者简介
  
  吴敬梓(1701—1754),清小说家。字敏轩,因其书斋署“文木山房’,晚年自号文木老人;又因自故居安徽全椒移居南京,故又自称秦淮寓客。吴敬梓的家庭可说是科甲鼎盛的缙绅世家。父亲吴霖起死后,近房中不少人觊觎遗产,吴敬梓是嗣子,便给了他们以可乘之隙,于是发生了吴敬梓《移家赋》中所说的“兄弟参商,宗族诟谇”的争产纠纷,乃至发生了亲族冲入家中攫夺财产的事件。这件事不仅刺激了吴敬梓,使他看清了封建社会家族伦理道德的丑恶本质,认识了那些衣冠楚楚的缙绅人物的虚伪面目,使他和那些倚仗祖业和门第做寄生虫的庸俗人物分道扬镳。作为缙绅阶级的叛逆,他首先挥霍遗产。
  29岁应试举人落第,从此再也不应乡试。30岁以前,就将田产房产都消耗光了。33岁时移家南京,开始了他的卖文生涯。36岁那年,曾被荐应博学鸿词之试,但只参加了省里的预试,就托病辞去了征辟,甘愿过素约贫困的生活,54岁客死在扬州。
  
  
  章回目录
  
  《儒林外史》原本仅55回。根据程晋芳《怀人诗》,可以证明在吴敬梓49岁的时候已经脱稿,但是直到作者死后十多年才由金兆燕给他刻了出来。这个刻本,今已失传。现在通行的刻本是56回,其中最末一回乃后人伪作。
  
  吴敬梓与《儒林外史》
  
  吴敬梓一生以移居南京为界可分前后两段。前期,他与小山一样,以声色犬马的生活方式游离于“正常”的生活轨道之外。“少年时,青溪九曲画船,曾记游冶……朝复夜,费蜀锦吴绫,那惜缠头价。”(《买肢塘》)“王家昙首,伎识歌声春载酒,白板桥西,赢得才名曲部知。”(《减字木兰花》)吴敬梓不像小山一样真正沉醉到情爱之中,而更多地标榜一种不见容于俗世的生活姿态。不是为游冶而游冶,而是在游冶中体验自由。胡适说,吴氏的家产是在秦淮嫖掉的,我倒觉得,“泥沙一掷金一担”是他有意为之。只有丧失了财产,挣脱了宗族的约束后,他才能以纯粹的心境进入到文学创作之中。
  “枭鸟东徒,浑未解于更鸣”!(《移家赋》)33岁、不名一文的吴敬棒移家南京时,他在族人眼中已是“传为子弟戒”的“败家子”。到了“白门三日雨,灶冷囊无钱”的地步,他仍拒不参加傅学鸿词科考试。当“长老苦口讥喃喃”干涉他的自由时,他“叉手谢长老,两眉如戟声如虎”。[45]他的“痴憨”、“颠憨”、“隐括”终一生而不变,与小晏何其相似!
  《儒林外史》以王冕作为“隐括全文”的“名流”。他之所以有这么大的能耐,就因为他是一个“嵌崎磊落”的人,一个“有意思”的人。王冕既是葆有童心的放牛娃,又是才华横溢的畸人。他画荷花,“那荷花精神、颜色无一不像”,因为他自己就是一朵出淤泥而不染的荷花。“遇着花明柳媚的时节,把一乘牛车载了母亲,他便戴了高帽,穿了阔衣,执着鞭子,口里唱着歌曲,在乡村镇上以及湖边到处玩耍,惹得乡下陔子们,三五成群跟着他笑,他也不放在眼里。”这是何等任情自遂、天真自然!面对“灭门知县”的威逼,王冕宁可风餐露宿逃亡在外,也不肯低头。他处茅屋之远而怀天下苍生,一语道出入股取仕的实质:“这法子却定得不好!将来读书人即有一条荣身之路,把那文行出处,都看得轻了。”
  凤四老爹在小说中看似可有可元,实则为一大关键。据考证,凤四老爹的原型为侠客甘凤池。[46]当时浙江总督李卫在奏折中这样描述甘凤池:“查此辈棍徒,造作讹信,往来煽感,着实痛恨,断难容其漏网。臣细思江浙好事悻谬之人,莫过于现在拿获之甘凤池等各犯。”(《雍正朱批谕旨》)对于这样一个叛逆者,吴敬棒却由衷地赞美道:“官府严刑密网,多少士大夫见了就屈膝就范,你一个小百姓,视如上芥,这就可敬了!”
  《儒林外史》以四大奇人的故事作结。当“那南京的名士都已渐渐销磨尽了”的时候,奇人却出现在市井中间。会写字的季遇年,“却又不肯学古人的法帖,只是自己创出来的格调,由着笔性写去”。“他若不情愿时,任你王侯将相大捧的银子送他,他正眼儿也不看”。他这样迎着施御史的脸痛骂:“你是何等之人?敢来叫我写字!我又不贪你的钱,又不慕你的势,又不借你的光,你敢叫我写起字来卜独立人格,意气风发。吴敬梓把“四大奇人”当作“述往思来”的一流人物。儒林中一片狼藉,而井市中则有闪光的人格,吴敬梓已悄悄换了一套崭新的价值标准。为什么在市井中反倒能保持人格的独立与心灵的自由呢?
  做裁缝的荆元,会弹琴、会写字,也喜欢做诗。朋友问他:“你既要做雅人,为甚么还要做你这贵行?何不同些学校里的人相与相与?”他道:“我也不是要做雅人,也只为性情相近,故此时常学学。至于我们这个贱行,是祖父遗留下来的。难道读书写字,做了裁缝,就玷污了不成?况且那些学校中的朋友,他们另有一番见识,怎肯与我们相与!而今每日寻得六七分银子,吃饱了饭要弹琴,要写字,诸事都由我。又不贪图人的富贵,又不伺候人的脸色;天不收,地不管,倒也快活厂这席话真石破天惊。吴敬梓认识到,人格独立的背后是经济独立。被权力网络所覆盖的儒林中,只有爬墙藤一样的附庸,而元岩上松一样的独立者。市井人物操持着被士大夫所蔑视的职业,他们却在这职业中获得了真正的经济独立。好一个“诸事都由我”!儒林人士即使爬到宰辅这样的最高位置,怕也不敢说这样的大话。吴敬梓突破传统的道德评判,揭示出产生“奇人”的经济基础。这一点,此前无人认识到。
  开头出现王冕,中间出现风四老爹,结尾出现四大奇人,这是作者的精心安排。他们全是没有任何社会地位、游离于统治秩序之外的平头百姓。他们的冰清玉洁、古道热肠、淡泊明志,都与丑态百出的儒林和官场形成鲜明对照,正如胡适在《吴敬梓评传》中所说:“不给你官做,便是专制君主困死人才的唯一的妙法。要想抵制这种恶毒的牢笼,只有一个法子:就是提倡一种新的社会心理,叫人知道举业的丑态,知道官的丑态;叫人觉得‘人’比‘官’格外可贵,人格比富贵格外可贵。社会上养成这种心理,就不怕皇帝‘不给你官做’的毒手段了。而一部《儒林外史》的用意只是要想养成这种社会心理罢了。”
  然而,这种社会心理终究很难养成。吴敬梓这个嵌崎磊落的败家子是寂寞的,他笔下的奇人们也是寂寞的。荆元为知音于老者弹琴,“弹了一会,忽作变徽之音,凄清宛转,于老者听到深微之处不觉凄然泪下”。读者读到这里,掩卷深思,怕也要“凄然泪下”了!
  胡适《吴敬梓评传》
  
  在浩若星海的中国古典小说中,被鲁迅许以“伟大”二字的,只有两部书,其中之一便是吴敬梓的《儒林外史》。《儒林外史》是写士林阶层的。在中国的古代,所谓的士林,既是知识分子的世界,也即是官场。这是部批判知识分子的书,也可以说是一部揭露官场昏晦的书。这样说来,在当代的中国,确实很有重读《儒林外史》的需要了。
  作者吴敬梓(公元1701年—1754年),生长在长江北岸安徽省全椒县一个“名门望族”的大家庭。曾祖和祖父两辈官运亨通,在明清之际,有50年“ 家门鼎盛”的时期。但他自己的祖父在同辈中功名很小,而且早逝;他从小被出嗣给长房吴霖起,即是他的养父,吴霖起只做了几年县教谕,后来因为得罪上司而丢官,郁郁而终。吴敬梓13岁丧母,23岁丧父,本身既不热心功名,又轻视钱财,随意挥霍,慷慨仗义,上代留下的家产在几年之内被他挥霍得所剩无几,以致“ 田庐尽卖”、“奴逃仆散”,一时“乡里传为子弟戒”(《减字木兰花·庚戌除夕客中》)。加上考场失利,刺激甚重,“那得双眉时暂开?”回乡之后,由于不堪冷遇,于雍正十一年移家南京。从此时直到54岁在扬州逝世,主要靠卖文和朋友周济过活,也是在此期间完成了《儒林外史》这部鸿篇巨著。
  吴敬梓自幼处在名门望族的社会环境中,而成长的家庭却是一直在走下坡路,中年后又骤然陷入贫困不堪的境地。在他一生所经的这种由“渐”而“骤”的家庭破落过程中,他在家乡全椒县、在苏北赣榆县(其父任职之地)、在南京都曾久住,到过扬州、安庆、芜湖等城市;从宗族几代关系以及自己的人际关系看,他接触的士大夫阶层很广泛,认识与熟知的人物也非常多。他看的嘴脸,受的冷暖,经历的人事,体验的世情,都极其丰富深刻。这就培养了他富有正义的敏锐感觉和体察现实的清醒头脑,使他能够看透清朝黑暗统治下士大夫阶层的堕落与无耻,看透政治的罪恶与社会的腐败。正是这种身世经历,成为吴敬梓严肃的现实主义精神的直接渊源。
  《儒林外史》对于士林阶级进行了无情的鞭挞,含泪的批判。鲁迅先生曾经说过《儒林外史》“秉持公心,指摘时弊。机锋所向,尤在士林;其文又戚而能谐,婉而多讽”。通过对种种不和谐、悖于人情、逆于常理的荒谬现象的揭露,注入描写人物的自吹自擂、大言不惭、自作聪明、弄巧成拙、欺世盗名、自命清高、自相矛盾等等。正像果戈里所说:“我们的骗子们,我们的怪物们!……让大家笑个痛快!笑真伟大,它不夺去生命、田产,可是在它面前,你会低头服罪,像个被绑住的兔子。”
  《儒林外史》的讽刺艺术有鲜明的目的,那便是“作者之意为醒世计,非为骂世也”。作者虽然极尽讽刺之能事,却是要挽救被讽刺的这一群,正所谓“善者,感发人之善心;恶者,惩创人之逸志”。作者以悲天悯人的手笔描写了八股制度下众多儒林人士的悲剧性命运,进而展开了一幅封建科举时代的社会风情画,抨击了制度的腐朽和社会的黑暗,使《儒林外史》成为中国古典讽刺小说中的圣品。
  《儒林外史》历来被评价为古典现实主义巨著,即为现实主义作品,其中很多故事与人物直接来源于生活。鲁迅先生在《中国小说史略》中就曾说过:“《儒林外史》所传人物,大多实有其人,而以象形谐声和庾词隐语寓其姓名。”《儒林外史》擅长运用“皮里阳秋”的笔法,也就是“口无所臧否,而心有所褒贬”。作者的看法并不是直接拿出来硬塞给读者,而是在具体形象的塑造中微言大义。周进和范进的中举,匡超人的转变,杜少卿的豪举,马二先生的迂腐,这一切都是通过具体的情节来表现深刻丰富的思想。作者并没有直接向我们褒贬什么,但每个形象都饱含着巨大力量的褒贬,传达着作者明确的正义观,我们必须从不同时期、不同场合的各种形象的关联、发展上体会和了解。这是一种富有现实主义色彩的叙事方式。
  该书另一个艺术特色是速写式和剪影式的人物形象。《儒林外史》是一部主角不断变换的长篇小说,或者说是一部由无数短篇交替而成的长篇小说,基本上不可能通过详细描写其一生经历,以及在曲折的故事情节中表现人物的性格特点和精神世界。所以,吴敬梓把重点集中在人的性格中最刺目的特征上,从而深入细致地表现一个相对静止的人生相。这就如同从人物漫长的性格发展史中截取一个片断,再让它在人们面前转上一圈,把此时此地的“这一个”,放大给人看。这是勾画讽刺人物的一个很出色的手法,它使人物形象色彩明净,情节流动迅速,好像人物脸谱勾勒一成,这段故事便告结束,而给读者留下深刻印象的也正是这些精工提炼的精彩情节。
  衍生词目
  
  夸夸而谈词目:夸夸而谈
  发音:kuā kuā ér tán
  释义:形容说话浮夸不切实际。
  出处:清·吴敬梓《儒林外史》第十一回:“进了书房门,听见杨执中在内咶咶而谈,知道是他已来了,进去作揖同,同坐下。”
  示例:吴蒸甫先不发表意见,任听唐云山在那里~。
  慷慨仗义
  词目:慷慨仗义
  发音:kāng kǎi zhàng yì
  释义:仗义:讲义气。为了讲情谊或主持公道而毫不吝啬地帮助别人。
  出处:清·吴敬梓《儒林外史》第二十回:“象你做这样慷慨仗义的事,我心里喜欢,只是也要看来说话的是个什么样的人。”
  示例:黄兄~,弟虽力薄,亦可少助之。(★清·黄小配《洪秀全演义》第九回 )
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  Chinese Ming Dynasty novel. A book about Long Khanh to Wanli. Authorship Lan Ling Xiao Xiao Sheng. Lan Ling this is Zaozhuang, Shandong of people around. "Golden Lotus" 100 back, its version is twofold: first, forty-five years Wanli (1617) A Pearl Alley Soochow preface of the "Golden Lotus"; the other is engraved revealed between the "original Golden Lotus." Basically the same content in two versions, the later edition, is essentially a revelation edition system.
  "Golden Lotus" by the "Water Margin" in Law from a story in the introduction, both by bureaucrats, tyrants, rich three kinds of feudal times as a representative figure of Ximen philistine forces and their families described life of crime, exposure to the Northern Song the middle of the darkness and corruption of society, has a more profound understanding of values. "Golden Lotus" depicts a court within the good at the right of self-Taishi dictatorship, bureaucratic bullies down to the local marketplace as well as between the local ruffians, hooligans, hack posed by the demon world. Ximen rich man was originally a run-down, raw herbal medicine shop owner. He was good at Yinyuan personal gain, curry favor with powerful, taking litigation in the county, transportation officials, the magistrate prefect are with him. He unscrupulously ripping and wealth, licentious lust, evil. He robbed the widow of property, lured sworn brother's wife, occupation of private girls, murder concubines of the husband. To meet the insatiable desire for pleasure, he did do wicked things. However, because of official backing, in particular, have taken the bait towards the prime minister Cai Jing climbing Results and worship it as foster parent, which makes him not only not been duly punished, and the best of both worlds, rise higher and higher. These descriptions reflect after the middle Ming Dynasty, the court on the landlord and the local elite in collusion between officials and businessmen, press people, and amass all sorts of shady money.
  "Jin Ping Mei" in Chinese literary history of the first novel by the author independently created. Since then, scholars writing novels to become mainstream. "Golden Lotus" before the novel, everyone based on historical stories or myths, legends. "Golden Lotus" out of this tradition to the real world the characters and family life as a theme, the Chinese novel Realistic creation maturity, after his "Dream of Red Mansions" appears essential to explore and do preparation.
  Thought Content:
  "Golden Lotus" is a description of family life to the theme of realist masterpiece, it pretensions Song old things, in fact, show that the late Ming politics and society's ugly face, with deep connotation of the times.
  Third, the "Golden Lotus" there are serious flaws, mainly in three aspects: First, Heaven has a strong ideological fatalism cycle, making the color of the second half is full of nothing; Second, there is a lot of low-level description of the vulgar, dilute exposure to the novel's strength; three even more important is the lack of writers should have the conscience and sense of responsibility, in the trial "ugly" and addicted to "ugly" wandering between, making the ideal work completely lost the spirit of the book the characters are sick, deformed, and the whole work did not see the light and hope.
  "Golden Lotus" Artistic Achievement
  As a means of realism with a modern literary masterpiece, "Golden Lotus" is a milestone in the development of ancient Chinese novels. It breaks the traditional pattern of Chinese novels, in art than in previous novels have a wide range of development and innovation, the evolution of ancient Chinese novels have made historic contributions.
  First, subject matter, from the description of heroes, gods demons turned to family life and ordinary people. It is the first state to family life and the world as the theme of the novel human, primarily through the life experience of ordinary people to express social changes, the reality of a strong, clear the times, which marks the gradient of the ancient art of the novel increasingly mature and realistic writing major development methods, this novel after the world situation the world has opened up broad themes, and making it mainstream novel since.
  Second, the creation is, from conception praises vision into focus expose the dark, ugly performance from the performance into the United States. "Golden Lotus" before the novel, the criticism of society's dark at the same time, more of a focus on celebrating the beautiful idea, showing a strong romanticism; and "Golden Lotus" is achieved the concept of the Chinese classic novels of great change, great Write the worldly evil, ugly life, is a thorough exposure to literature. Performance when it is ugly, often with a line drawing techniques, figures reveal the contradictions between words and actions to achieve the effect of the strong irony that after writing this satire have a great impact.
  Third, characterization, from a single tone into a multi-tone shift from the plane of the three-dimensional. "Golden Lotus" the narrative focus from the past to the organization of the story oriented to describe the main characters, and the novel character to overcome the previous single, coagulation tendency, focusing on various aspects, characterization of multi-level character, to reveal detailed figures, such as micro-complex inner world of characters appearing in some of the contradictions of both beauty and ugliness portfolio, writing a character's richness, mobility.
  Fourth, the narrative structure, from linear development to network intertwined. Prior to the novel is essentially linked together by a story, using the structure is linear, and "Golden Lotus" starting from the complexity of life, the development of network structure. Rise and Fall of the book, a history of around Ximen carried out, and to the center of radiation to the entire community, so that views are intricately linked to form a book, the plot interlinked web of life, both the multitude of things, but also seamless.
  Fifth, in the language arts, from Storytelling spoken language development for the marketplace. Prior to the language of the novel by "talking" the artistic skills of "Three Kingdoms" is the mixed white Kingdoms of language, to the "Water Margin", "Journey to the West," the maturing of the vernacular language, but also towards the standardization and Ya-domesticated direction, and "Golden Lotus" it represents the development of novel language on the other hand, that follow the colloquial, vulgar in the direction of development. It is fresh and vivid use of public speaking, the marketplace is full of rich flavor dripping, especially good at the language used to characterize individual character, and looked all look very much like tone.
  "Golden Lotus" version and 80 years since the publication of case
  "Golden Lotus" version can be divided into two systems:
  1. If the word is also called Wanli this (that is, the Ming Dynasty edition "Golden Lotus"), is an early version, there are folk rap color, language, narratives are more primitive, with the original style.
  2. Illustrated (Zhang Comments) This, also known as Chongzhen this (that is, between Chong edition), this book has 200 woodcut illustrations, the full name of the "new criticism of Juan Illustrated Golden Lotus," it said, Illustrated book, is then processed through the literary polish , a fairly standard text, literary stronger, but the early primitive style has been affected, some literati preaching colors. Later Qing Zhang Zhupo a Comment on this version, after the popular commentaries, Chongzhen the assessment will be the replacement for Zhang, now Chongzhen are basically sheets of the Commentary.
  Words of the system (Wanli this)
  First, the "new engraved words ending in" social issue by 1957, according to ancient literature in October 1933, "Beijing will print and publish Lost Ancient Novel," reprinted copy of two letters twenty-one, 200 illustrations combined into one.
  Second, the "Golden Lotus" Daihong Sen School, People's Literature Publishing House in May 1985 edition, abbreviated version, all volumes, 10,000 print run.
  Third, "Jin Ping Mei School Note" Yong Feng their advisers, Bai Weiguo, Jian Pu school note, Yuelu bookstore in August 1995 edition, all four volumes of a letter, printing of 3,000 copies.
  Fourth, "Jin Ping Mei" with (a) of the People's Literature Publishing House, according to copies of the reprinted 1957, April 1988 edition. Two-letter 21, Figure 1, wire-bound.
  Fifth, the "Golden Lotus" with (b) Dai Hongsen School, People's Literature Press, 2000. All volumes for the "Library of World Literature" series.
  Illustrated in this system (Chongzhen this)
  Sixth, the "new criticism carved Illustrated Golden Lotus," Peking University Press. Rare Books of the Peking University Library, according to the Beijing University library copy. August 1988 edition, printed volume is not marked. 4 letter and 36, each time two illustrations, book is 200. Text page 20, line 22 characters punctuate the text there, the line between approved and a head notes folder.
  Seven, the "new criticism carved Illustrated Golden Lotus", "The Complete Works of Li Yu" (the first edition of 20) The book included 12,13,14. Zhang Bing, the more points the school Gu, Huang Lin validation, Zhejiang Ancient Books Publishing House in August 1991 edition, printed volume of 3,500 units. Illustrations 100, attached to the frontispiece. A _truncate_d, but not specify number of words, _delete_ the text to "□" marked. (Second Edition 12 of the "Complete Works of Li Yu" with two included, this is the Chongzhen this)
  Eight, "Jin Ping Mei" Chongzhen the full version will be the school, Wang Rumei will be school, Qi Lu Press June 1989 edition. The book is based on documents approved by the State Press and Publication Administration, as published in academic research needs. This is the "Golden Lotus" Chongzhen the first published since the advent of typography of this, word for word deletion, 200 illustrations according to original copy.
  Photo Review of the system (Zhang Zhupo Commentary)
  Nine, "Study of the Comments First Masterpieces Golden Lotus" Wangru Mei, Li Zhao Xun STUDIES IN tree school points. Qi Lu Press, 1987 edition, all volumes, printed volume of 10,000 units. (This is a Photo Review of the) abbreviated version, indicate the number of words _delete_d from the book were _delete_d 10,385 words.
  Ten, "Gao Tsurudo critical first Masterpieces Golden Lotus" Wang Rumei School Notes, Jilin University Press, October 1994 edition, printed volume of 3,000 units, all two, every time a school record comments. Abbreviated version, not indicated in the words, deletion of "..." marked. (This is the Photo Review B)
  Will be based
  XI, "The Golden Lotus will be based," Zhonghua Book Company, March 1998 edition. All three volumes. The book is the People's Literature Publishing House in May 1985 edition Daihong Sen School, Chongzhen this, Zhang assessment will be a book of the three schools, with deletions at the original book.
  Golden Lotus of the research data and
  1, the bottle Zhiyan (consonance with Yao, Tianjin Books 1940 Edition)
  Research papers and book is divided into two parts, the words to explain, is the first "Golden Lotus" research monographs, reflecting the half of the twentieth century, the level of research.
  2, Golden Lotus research (Zhu star forward, Baihua Literature and Art Publishing House 1980 Edition)
  The book of the "Golden Lotus" version, of issues such as Dynasty, was published after the founding of the first "Golden Lotus" research monographs, and its publication represents a new research era.
  3, Jin Ping Mei compiled young things (Wei Ziyun the Taiwan Sage Books 1981 edition)
  The book will be "Golden Lotus" were arranged in chronological story, looking for clues to solve the author, writing the times and other issues. Wei Ziyun most productive for the twentieth century the "Golden Lotus" expert, Author of nearly twenty "Golden Lotus" Research Monographs.
  4, on the Jin Ping Mei (Wu Han and others, Wen-Bin Hu, Zhang Qingshan _Select_ed, arts and culture Press, 1984 Edition)
  Featured twentieth century, the book 80 years ago a representative of the papers, is a large influence, "Golden Lotus" research papers.
  5, Golden Lotus compilation (Zhu Yixuan series, Nankai University Press, 1985.)
  Book is divided into skill, the author, version, comment, the impact of five parts, featuring information about the research Golden Lotus, Golden Lotus is the first compilation.
  6, The Golden Lotus of the world (Wen-Bin Hu Code, Northern Arts Press, 1987.)
  _Select_ the book collection of overseas scholars, "Jin Ping Mei," the paper 20, reflecting the eighties of the twentieth century than overseas "Golden Lotus" case study.
  7, "Jin Ping Mei Dictionary" (Wang weapon editor, Jilin Literature and History Press, 1988 edition.)
  The book included "Golden Lotus" all kinds of words 4588, to explain, to read the works provide a great convenience.
  8, Golden Lotus study (first series, the Chinese Society of Golden Lotus series, Jiangsu Ancient Book Publishing House, 1990 edition)
  This is the only kind of "Golden Lotus" research journals, published from time to time, has been out to the eighth series. Representative of the twentieth century the level of research since the eighties, reflecting the boom in this period of Jin Ping Mei scene.
  9, Golden Lotus material sources (Zhou Jun Tao a, Academic Press, 1991 Edition Books)
  The book of the "Golden Lotus" creative material for the system, comprehensive analysis and discrimination, contribute to the "Golden Lotus" the author, writing situation, trends of thought and art features such as understanding of the situation.
  10, I and Golden Lotus - Readme scholars across the Taiwan Strait (Zhou Jun Tao, Lu song editor, Chengdu Press, 1991 edition)
  The book contains 23 "Golden Lotus" research written by experts in the readme, we can see that their scholarship experience and decades, "Golden Lotus" of the situation.
  11, Jin Ping Mei Dictionary (edited by Lin Huang, Shu Tract 1991 edition)
  The book is a comprehensive dictionary, covering the "Golden Lotus" in all aspects of reading, appreciation and study the novel has great help.
  12,20 Century History of the Study Programme Jin Ping Mei (Wu'm with, Wenhui Press, 2003)
  The book of the 20th century home and abroad, "Jin Ping Mei" study the situation of systematic, comprehensive introduction, is an informative, data-rich "Golden Lotus" of history.
  13, the art of Jin Ping Mei (Sun Shuyu the Taipei Times Publishing Company 1978 edition)
  The book contains fifteen papers on the "Golden Lotus" Art features a comprehensive, in-depth discussion, somewhat expanded in the research field, is an earlier study from the artistic point of view, "Jin Ping Mei" monograph.
  14 characters of The Golden Lotus (Mengchao the Guangming Daily Press, 1985 edition)
  The book on the works of 27 major figures in the analysis, is a research "Golden Lotus" characters in the books. This was written in 1948 in Hong Kong, "Wen Wei Po" serial.
  15, a book with the version of Jin Ping Mei (Liu Hui was, Liaoning Education Press, 1986 edition)
  The book contains nine papers, and on the "Golden Lotus" book, with versions, commentaries and other issues hackles and Dynasty, and disclosed a number of new data.
  16, Golden Lotus Dynasty (Huang Lin book, Liaoning Education Press, 1989 edition)
  The book contains 28 papers, both on the author, a book version of the Dynasty, but also on the characters, explore the artistic properties, made a number of noteworthy views.
  17 Endless Golden Lotus (Zong Ning a significant, Tianjin Social Sciences Press, 1990 Edition)
  The book from the novel concepts, novel type of ugliness, of sexual description, etc. "Golden Lotus" contribution to the aesthetics of Chinese fiction, there are many new insights.
  18, "Golden Lotus" and Chinese culture (Tian Ping Ngok the Jiangsu Art Press, 1992)
  Book the evolution of cultural development in China under the background of "Golden Lotus" and the canal culture, wine culture, the relationship of culture, focusing on mining work culture, expanded research space.
  19, the Art of Jin Ping Mei (Zhou Zhongming the Guangxi Education Press, 1992)
  The book idea from art, satire, line drawing art, characterization, psychological description, language arts, structure and layout and other aspects of "The Golden Lotus," the artistic achievements of all-round.
  20, Golden Lotus sixty title (Chen Chao was, Shanghai Bookstore, 1993)
  The book to start with small, sub-sixty topics, related to "Jin Ping Mei" in all its aspects. Book length short, lively style, with a strong readability.
  21, and the world around the world situation (with Yin Christine Hong, Chinese Press, 1997)
  The book will work on the late Ming era of cultural background, their culture and Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism culture, cultural, political culture, family culture, ethical culture, urban culture, the relationship between a comprehensive, in-depth analysis.
  22, Lines of Flight of The Golden Lotus (Tian Xiaofei the Tianjin People's Publishing House 2003)
  On the face of the original directly on the work carried out by a very fine back to the interpretation point of view and unique, innovative fold out, reading is a refreshing feeling.
  23, Japan, Proceedings of Jin Ping Mei (Huang Lin Wang Guoan _Select_ed Qi Lu Press 1989 edition)
  24, Proceedings of Western Jin Ping Mei (Xu Shuofang _Select_ed Shanghai Ancient Books Press, 1987)
  25, The Golden Lotus of Fudan University Press
  "Jin Ping Mei" is the first family as the material of the novel daily life. It is the beginning of the "Water Margin" the story of Ximen and Pan, Pan is not written to kill Wu, married Ximen concubine, which transferred to the main part of the novel, occurring in the family described Ximen a series of events, and colorful characters and society Ximen contacts indulgence until he died, his family ruined, all the concubine diaspora situation. Title of the novel in the three main female (Pan, Li Pinger Chunmei) the name of synthesis.
  In Dynasty, has "Golden Lotus" copy circulation. Twenty-four years, according to Yuan Zhonglang in Wanli (1596) a letter addressed to Dong Qichang, he had copied from the Board Office was part of the book; Also, according to "Wanli wild allocated", SHEN Fu thirty-seven years in Wanli (1609) Yuan was from the copy at all the middle, carrying to Wu, after about over several years and only edition circulation. Now can see the first edition, frontispiece there is a forty-five years Dimba Wanli (1617) A Pearl Alley Wu Shin sequence and sub-sequence of the "Golden Lotus", a hundred and back, and some researchers think this may be the beginning of edition. Between print and publish Chongzhen subsequently the "new criticism carved Illustrated Jin Ping Mei", is generally considered the former to the commentary. Change its original purpose is mainly to change back, change some of the plot, modified text, and cut the traces of the original words in the word. Qing Emperor Kangxi, Zhang Zhupo Comment "Golden Lotus" was published (the book title page inscribed "First Masterpieces," the word, it is also known as the "first Masterpieces"). It is based on the master copy of the Chongzhen, slightly modified the wording, together with Zhang's back to the assessment, approved the folder, and frontispiece with a "po gossip", "Jin Ping Mei reading method", "Jin Ping Mei meaning that" other monographs . The most widely circulated book in the Qing Dynasty.
  "Golden Lotus" the author, according to frontispiece, "Showtime child" order, said the "Lan Ling Xiao Xiao Sheng." With the ancient name "Lan Ling" in two places, one in the now Shandong Yicheng county, Jiangsu Wujin county in this to what is is inconclusive. The "Xiao Xiao Sheng," Why study people, and still not be confirmed. SHEN De-Fu in "Wanli wild allocated," said the author is "Jiajing between the big celebrities," Yuan Zhongdao in the "Living Around persimmon recorded," said the author is "Shaoxing old Confucianism," Xie Zhaozhi "Jin Ping Mei Postscript," that the author was "Kingo Qi in the "follower, are vague. Future generations to make this speculation and push test, there have been Shizhen, Lee first, Tu Long, Xu Wei, Tang, Li Yu and so on several different views, but there is no one view can become conclusive. Writing's on, there are two Jiajing and Wanli said researchers generally believed that the latter is. As referenced in the novel "sacrifice headscarf culture", Department of Wanli of the well-known scholars as Tu Long; Ximen feast were written with "Suzhou actors", "sea salt children" acting only after the culture for the Wanli, can be used as evidence .
  Although the "Golden Lotus" the author is unknown, but it can still be inferred to be China's first independently created by the literary novel. Some people think that, under the "Golden Lotus" retain more traces of the art of rap, the book is quite discord around the plot and characters, many citing previous works, etc., when the novel and the "Three Kingdoms", "Water Margin Biography ", etc., is by a scholar at the basis of folklore adapted from, but this argument untenable. And the "Three Kingdoms" and so different, "Jin Ping Mei" before the invention, there is no content similar to the spread of the prototype works, but according to "Wild Wanli be allocated," the record of view, knowledge of the SHEN Guang Fu Wen Bo, without reading this Before the novel, do not know what this is a book, this one; "Golden Lotus" is a large number of trivialities of everyday life depicted in the novel, not the legendary, story is not strong and not easily divided into relatively independent unit, although the novel widely popular gradually after, there are also pieces for the rap material whichever is the case, but the book, it is not appropriate as a folk rap master copy, the second. The art retains traces of rap and can only be said to be interested in modeling and personal preferences of the performance.
  Second, the "Golden Lotus" Content and the characteristics of realism
  "Golden Lotus" First thing to note is that it describes the relationship between officials and businessmen and money to the erosion of feudal politics. In discussing the book Han Yi, Chao Cuo's political papers, had already pointed out: China's feudal society, the long-term adherence to the "Restraining Commerce" policy, there is the power of businessmen have enough money to political power of the core destruction of the feudal hierarchical order form. With economic development, the rise of urban industry and commerce, the damage and after all, is inevitable. It is a late Ming era. From the "Golden Lotus", we see that the early Ming emperor promulgated the "Minglv" on premises, utensils, clothing and other aspects of the provisions of class distinction, when the already useless. Ximen enjoy a matter of luxury, far beyond the bureaucracy in general, as well as their wives and walking in the street, pedestrians will be discussing as "(a) given that the public is out of the house Houfu bit dependents," "is your Qi Huang Sun Jiayan concubine. " The face of this money power of bureaucracy, respect the cops you have to drop. Forty-ninth Cai Yushi write-back romantic literary talent in the Ximen guest, by the generous hospitality, had to accompany the two singing girls night, for his various illegal demands all a promise. The bit most ministers Tsai Taishi, also for accepting the Ximen's gift, gave him a five-title product post of the rationale for punishment Thousand (thirty-back), made a trade power for money; in the past birthday, even more than treatment "Manchao civil and military officials," the courtesy to bring a lot of money the property received to recognize God's House of dry business. As for the bribery of officials, tax evasion, in Ximen is an easy task. Feudal state apparatus in the corrosion of money traders, has lost its original operating capability.
  And it is with its money and buy Ximen political power, do whatever they want within a certain range, even given this kind of "rhetoric":
  We have just heard that Fozu Xi-day, but to the gold shop, the house also some nether Chu offerings ten business requirements. It takes only furniture we do good work widely to the rape of the Chang, and rape of the Weaver, abducted by Xu Feiqiong, Pirates of the Queen Mother's daughter, also diminished wealth I splashed day! (Fifty-seventh back)
  In this regard the novel, although not fully developed, but we can already see: the late Ming Ximen If a representative of the public sectors, then these figures even though it can part with money to buy political power for their own use, but not enough fundamentally affect the strength of this state machine. As a social force, they are neither independent nor active resistance; when they rise, it has been drawn into the corruption of the feudal regime, the process went. Therefore, the vitality of the wantonly abuse the vent, as this type of Ximen object recognition and performance of their own people the way there.
  To reveal the political corruption, the dark aspects of society, "Jin Ping Mei" is not just involved in collusion, money trading, but very wide and very deep. Although in the past novels have made efforts in this regard, but, as Wang Guowei, "Dream of Red Mansions," said the China Opera, one of the characteristics of the novel is "poetic justice is often said, good man must have its end, and wicked will suffer the punishment. " Even if the praise of the struggle of civil resistance, "Water Margin", and let justice be done in different forms (including the death of God into the spirit of this type of comfort to the reader to form), this number to the kind of cast a dark society layer idealistic. In the "Golden Lotus", we have seen many reports of Chen Yuan-free, hard snow injustice: Ximen poisoned Wuhan University, married Pan, impunity, even if the hero Wu Song told him Mokenaihe; seedlings were killed outside members , a principal has therefore become rich young seedlings; Song Huilian victims died, her father wanted to avenge his daughter, the results have been persecuted to death ... ..., that innocent people suffered the torment of the tragic death, no cover story in the novel abound. And that's Ximen all kinds of evil, but enjoy a lifetime of great wealth. He died last indulgence, even if there are teaching people self-examination means that the beam, is not really "evil with evil"; even his reincarnation, it is still doing well-off. Real heavy and dark, so that readers feel the great depression, and thus more likely to recognize the nature of feudal society. This description, one end of the world because of the feudal political chaos did exceptionally, on the other hand also because the author has completely lost confidence in traditional moral, no longer believe that it can effectively restrain the ruling class of society to provide justice ideal.
  Associated with the above, "Jin Ping Mei," not only reflects the social and political darkness, but also a lot of time in describing the kind of general weakness and ugliness of human nature, especially the distortion of human nature is money. In this novel a hundred back, almost none of the usual sense of "positive people", where everyone infighting and mutual oppression. Ximen home queens of flowers, but all the rivalry between the wives and even with taking slaves, doing their utmost to show that the polygamy marriage chill in female psychology. Ximen wrote many novels colored woman in the possession of one hand have fun, lend a hand to discuss the property, gender relations and become a naked money in the transaction. Also, write-back hack like Fifty-six regular season because of the role of money to support their families, Stanford mouth by his wife abuse, until a dozen had two silver Ximen Zhou Ji, return it arrogance, and his wife also immediately become humble. These descriptions are sharply reflected in human nature is driven by money, how sad and pathetic. And, obviously conscious of the description between the sexes in about is money, the large number of references to those words when dealing mining gorgeous and full of loving poetry, words, music, people feel: the kind of society, not only in politics Wang Guowei side does not exist so-called "poetic justice" in the relations between men and women there was very little warmth there is poetry.
  The evolution of history is a complex process. On the one hand, as we said before, and certainly "good goods", "lust" is the significance of the late Ming era of progressive new ideas, but on the other hand, in the new social forces far from strong, with a positive meaning of the new Ethics is difficult to establish the circumstances, this trend of thought in social life (especially in a class of people who Ximen) is often manifested in the form of evil. "Words ending in" with the ideological content of the historical variability and therefore the complexity of the period. Preface for the novel's "Showtime Son" (Many researchers think that this is another of his real name), said the book's purpose is to "Ming-lun, ran prostitution ring, sub-Shu evil thought, of good and evil", but this is only a kinds of conscious and routine advertised, the novel itself is rarely based on traditional moral teachings; on the one hand revealed the expansion of material desires and passions tend to be people of greed ugly, but also faithfully reflects the desire to meet the pursuit of these but the power of human nature can not be suppressed. Money and passion instead of being simply negative, but at the same time be regarded as both a source of evil, but also a source of joy and happiness. Li Pinger to the description of an example, she first married Huazi Xu, love each other no, and later married Jiang Zhushan, still not satisfied, in this period of life, her character more reflected by immorality and even cruel;
  Married Ximen, the desire to be met, but also had a son, she would express more gentle and virtuous women to. This clearly shows that: over-indulgence is certainly not desirable, but the suppression of natural desires, it will only lead to more serious deterioration of human nature. Although the authors in a proper manner is difficult to deal with the contradictions of human nature, and the ultimate emptiness and disillusionment can only come to the end of his story, but at least his view of human nature is no longer a simplistic.
  "Golden Lotus" by the descendants of the most criticized, is the novel there are a lot of description of sexual behavior. This description and very coarse, almost never from the aesthetic to consider before, so he seems unbearable, the novel's artistic value, subject to certain weakened. Generally believed that, when the ruling class in society from the highest to the literati and the general public are not things to be ashamed about the Housing Quarters, this description of the novel, was a product of social conduct. However, should also be noted that this, and certainly the late Ming dynasty, "lust," the thought of great relevance, it is the thought of a crude and vulgar form of expression.
  "Jin Ping Mei" in Chinese history of fiction has many groundbreaking, marking the Chinese classical novel development of a new beginning.
  Popular Novels in the past, the main story is the history, folklore as the material in the folk of "talking" art after a long deliberation, the formation of transformation, focusing on the legendary, story lines, characters good and evil in the sub-sub- simple and clear, constitutes a common feature of these novels. The "Golden Lotus" as an independent literary creation, was broken through the above paradigm. It come out soon to make private copies of the dao, Yuan middle, Dong Qichang, SHEN De-Fu and other famous scholars of contemporary hand, it also shows the History of the novel.
  From the derived, in which the highest achievements of three previous novels -
  "Three Kingdoms", "Water Margin", "Journey to the West", were prominent figures in history, folk heroes, mythological figures as the center, summed up, to say they are writing the remarkable career of extraordinary people and extraordinary stories, is a legendary novel.
  Can say, "Jin Ping Mei", compared with the previous novels, has been the focus shift from story to characters up, this is an important step forward.
  Over the past from people "speak" of popular fiction developed in order to make the audience and cultural level is not high, the reader can easily grasp the character, the character is generally simple and clear-cut, bad everything is bad, good even though some disadvantages (such as "Water Margin Biography "Li Kui, Lu Zhishen do), would not harm their basic quality. However, although this figure likely to be accepted, as opposed to complex real life, it is simplistic. "Golden Lotus" written characters, is no longer such a simple treatment.
  Speaking in front of us, this novel is almost non-existent in the usual sense of the "positive character", but also the novel is almost non-existent in the usual sense of the "villain." Li Pinger as writing novels, both forceful, fierce, for his own purposes desperate side, but in more occasions, she showed kindness, cowardice and compassionate side of her character is extremely rich. Another example is the slave to the wife of Wang Zhangzhupo, is a pretty, frivolous, shallow woman, she was flirting with Ximen, they get carried away, bent out of husband, wife and a small climb in the Ximen seat house. But to Wang is Ximen framed, she was extremely up_set_ and indignant, "said the night the couple hundred thousand night Well, Wan also said that there are a hundred paces wandering hand in hand meaning" and remembered their lives in the poor and lowly in good faith built up feelings. She laid Ximen: "You get people but it was a butcher, used to man buried alive. Kill people, but also look at the funeral!" Ximen sorts of persuasion, she never refused to give in, and finally committed suicide (Article six back). She really is just for the sake of money and vanity, humble character, but in the back, but kept a certain something noble in human nature.
  Such characters, in the past that are not novel. Ximen is, of course, is a villain, but his "evil" is not a simple symbolic forms. His generous, "to save poor difficult," to show how much attention the public sectors of the character. He has always been greedy for women to occupy and play, but Li Ping'er died, he does show a sincere grief. Novel description of this incident very carefully. On the one hand, regardless of Pan Daoshi Ximen's "fear of evil will and body," the warning, insisting Li Pinger keep the side in the dying, when she died, desperate to hold her body crying: " I would rather teach Ximen dead stop, and I live long known to the world, and no reason to do live! "On the other hand, trying to use Ximen confidant of the mouth of turtle safety said:" staggering Andie heart pain? not hurt people, is the pain of money. "But here is not to say the feelings of Ximen is false, but that such feelings Li Pinger marry him and brought a lot of money has a great relationship, love of money is an important basis for his feelings . And this genuine feeling of impulse, but can not change the nature of Ximen shameless lust, to write his novels followed Ling Li Pinger with less than "three nights and two nights," opposite in spirit raped bed breast wishful children (sixty-twelve to sixty-five back). Ximen the image is so rich in the plastic out of character levels, so that gives a real feeling.
  Moreover, the "Golden Lotus" character description, not to use it as a purely personal nature to look, but with the characters living environment, life experiences linked. Such as Pan, the novel can be said that the most evil character rich woman, with Ximen described as a natural fit. But a closer reading of the novel, we find that she was evil in the tragic fate of her grow up. Pan was born in a poor tailor's family, was sold to Wang Zhaoxuan House-year-old high school playing and singing, to learn, "Zhang made the potential to do, like Joe, Joe-mode"; later was sold to large sheets, the annual party was that eighteen received by the old man; then later forced to marry her, "People rustic Chuan," the Wuhan University. Her outstanding beauty, bright, but never had the opportunity in a normal environment in the fight for basic human rights. Ximen came home, she did not like Miss Bright Moon, as a noble housewife, nor Li Pinger Meng Yulou that money can buy other people's favor, but she was not willing to be despised, it is only by virtue of their beauty and ingenuity, the owner exhausted all means to be allowed to crowd Ximen's favor, in order to compete with others. She is due to depression and abnormal psychology, and she means to seize the evil of happiness and enjoyment, but also in the destruction of evil in himself.
  I saw the two sing dressed, stand in order, the former head squid move Zhan nibbling. Cai Yushi see, want to enter can not, not to retreat, he said: "The four springs, how do you love it and so fear of useless." Ximen laughed: "The visit with the old Dongshan, and He Biehu?" Cai Yushi said: "The only fear I might as well Ashmore, and Jun Wang Youjun have high induced carry on." So the next month together with two prostitutes, tantamount to reminding us of scenes into the roof of Mrs Nguyen. Villa in for entering, see relics still, because of cable pen and paper, to leave questions. Ximen main role nunnery, hastened the end of the ink stream Yan Research thick, whisk the next Jinjian. This is the champion of Cai Yushi before the end, twist pen in hand, Wenbujiadian, word to go snakes, lamp one go, for the poem.
  The elegant and vulgar form of psychological knot in together. Of one's intentions, tried to write on both sides. This style of writing, and later in "The Scholars" tremendous growth.
  "Golden Lotus" handed down not only wide, there have been some continued along with the book. According SHEN Fu "Wanli wild allocated," said, there is a called "Jen Lee", and "cross-Earned Bifeng pleases, like is better than" Golden Lotus "," does not exist so far completed. Another Qing Ding essays, "continued Jin Ping Mei", etc., but not all good.
Translated by Google
官场现形记
Li BaojiaRead
  署“南亭亭长著”。即李伯元(1867年-1906年),名宝嘉,号南亭亭长,江苏武进人。三岁时丧父,由做过山东道台的伯父抚养。少年时代即擅长诗文,中第一名秀才,后来几次考举均落榜。1896年到上海办《指南报》,后来又主办《游戏报》、《繁华报》。1903年,应商务印书馆之聘,主编《诱像小说》半月刊。陆续写出了《官场现形记》六十回、《文明小史》六十回、《中国现在记》十二回、《活地狱》四十二回、《海天鸿雪记》二十回、《庚子国变弹词》四十回等。
  
  光绪癸卯(1903年)上海《世界繁华报》排印本。光绪甲辰(1904年)粤东书局石印本,有注,六编七十六四。末回结云:尚有续编。石印本,全名为《增注绘图官场现形记》,书首无作者名氏,亦不署年月,书前有序,序后署“光绪癸卯中秋后五日茂苑惜秋生”。初编卷一至卷十二,续编卷十三至卷二十四,三编卷二十五至卷三十六。故为三十六回本。一函九册,为袖珍本,全书共有插图三十八幅,每页均增有注语,似为惜秋生所加。光绪三十一年(1905年)世界繁华报馆铅印本。宣统元年(1909年)崇本堂石印本。另外,据阿英《晚清小说史》云:“又有日本知新社光绪三十年(1904年)铅排本,惟著者已易名为日本吉田太郎,显系伪作。”
  
  《官场现形记》写的多是实有人物,只是改易姓名而已,这确是不假。胡适曾在为此书做的序言中论说过这种情况:“就大体上说,我们不能不承认这部《官场现形记》里大部分的材料可以代表当日官场的实在情形。那些有名姓可考的,如华中堂之为荣禄,黑大叔之为李莲英,都是历史上的人物,不用说了。那无数无名的小官,从钱典史到黄二麻子,从那做贼的鲁总爷到那把女儿献媚上司的冒得官,也都不能说是完全虚构的人物。”胡适对《官场现形记》做过较深入的研究和考据,他的话无疑是有根据的。当然,实际上小说中的某个有名有姓的人物也未必完全是影射某一个人,而可能是包括这一个在内的几个实有人物的集合。比如小说中的华中堂,可能主要指的是荣禄,但也可能包括了其他某些官僚。小说中华中堂回答贾大少爷请教的问题时说:“多碰头,少说话,是做官的秘诀。”华中堂说的这个秘诀,荣禄可能的确说过,但据清人朱克敬《暝庵二识》载,大学士曹振镛也曾对下属说过,清人汪康年《汪穰卿笔记》又载,曾国藩每见到地方上来人到京,也总是教以“多叩头,少说话”。这种情况表明,“多碰头,少说话”实际上已成为晚清官场上通行的做官诀窍,同时也说明《官场现形记》确是如孙宝所说,“多实有其事”,又如胡适所说,“可以代表当日官场的实在情形”。
  由于《官场现形记》在晚清官场上风行,写的又多是实人实事,所以关于此书的种种消息,很快传到了慈禧太后的耳朵里,于是,“慈禧太后索阅是书,按名调查,官吏有因以获咎者”。看来慈禧太后读到此书后很是生气,并把清末政令倒行、法纪废弛的责任都归罪到了官员们的腐败,胡来,不争气,她还把《官场现形记》当成了惩办官员的黑名单,按图索骥,抓人办人。当那些官员们正摇头晃脑地翻读着这本为他们描形画像的《官场现形记》时,哪里想得到,此时太后老佛爷也正翻看着这部书,盘算着怎么整治他们呢。
  
  内容提要
  
  《官场现形记》是晚清谴责小说中最有代表性的作品,四大谴责小说之一。共60回,结构安排与《儒林外史》相仿,演述一人后即转入下一人,如此蝉联而下。作品以晚清官场为表现对象,集中描写封建社会崩溃时期旧官场的种种腐败、黑暗和丑恶的情形。这里既有军机大臣、总督巡抚、提督道台,也有知县典吏、管带佐杂,他们或龌龊卑鄙或昏聩糊涂或腐败堕落,构成一幅清末官僚的百丑图。
  
  李伯元的《官场现形记》是我国第一部在报刊上连载、直面社会而取得轰动效应的长篇章回小说,也是谴责小说的代表作,首开近代小说批判社会现实的风气。全书从中举捐官的下层士子赵温和佐杂小官钱典史写起,联缀串起清政府的州府长吏、省级藩台、钦差大臣以至军机、中堂等形形色色的官僚,揭露他们为升官而逢迎钻营,蒙混倾轧,可以说为近代中国腐朽丑陋的官场勾勒出了一幅历史画卷。
镜花缘
Li RuzhenRead
  《镜花缘》是一部与《西游记》、《封神榜》、《聊斋志异》同辉璀璨、带有浓厚神话色彩、浪漫幻想迷离的中国古典长篇小说。作者清代著名小说家李汝珍以其神幻诙谐的创作手法数经据典,奇妙地勾画出一幅绚丽斑烂的天轮彩图。
  
  【作者简介】
  
  作者李汝珍(1763-1830年),字松石 ,直隶大兴(今属北京市)人。自小多才多艺,曾写了一本音韵方面的书,叫“音鉴”。可是他一直不得志,最后花了十几年的时间,才写成这本《镜花缘》。
  
  【作品内容】
  
  《镜花缘》是李汝珍晚年的作品,原拟写200回,结果只完成100回。前50回写秀才唐敖和林之洋、多九公三人出海游历各国及唐小山寻父的故事:女皇武则天在严冬乘醉下诏要百花齐放,当时百花仙子不在洞府,众花神不敢违抗诏令,只得按期开放。因此,百花仙子同99位花神被罚,贬到人世间。百花仙子托生为秀才唐敖之女唐小山。唐敖仕途不利,产生隐遁之志,抛妻别子跟随妻兄林之洋到海外经商游览。他们路经几十个国家,见识许多奇风异俗、奇人异事、野草仙花、野岛怪兽,并且结识了由花仙转世的十几名德才兼备、美貌妙龄的女子。唐小山跟着林之洋寻父,直到小蓬莱山。遵父命改名唐闺臣,上船回国应考。
  
  他们路经30多个国家,见识了各种奇人异事、奇风异俗,并结识由花仙转世的女子,后唐敖入小蓬莱山求仙不返。在“君子国” 商人收低价讨好货,国王严令禁止臣民献珠宝,否则烧毁珠宝并治罪;“大人国”的脚下有云彩,好人脚下是彩云,坏人脚下是黑云,大官因脚下的云见不得人而以红绫遮住;“女儿国”里林之洋被选为女王的“王妃”,他被穿耳缠足;在“两面国”里的人前后都长着脸,每个人都有两个面孔,前面一张笑脸,后面浩然巾里藏着一张恶脸,这些人都虚伪狡诈;“无肠国”里的人都没有心肝胆肺,他们都贪婪刻薄;“豕喙国”中的人都撒谎成性,只要一张嘴,就都是假话,没有一句是真的;“跂踵国”的人僵化刻板。
  
  他的女儿唐小山思念父亲心切,逼林之洋带她出海寻父,游历各处仙境,来到小蓬莱,从樵夫那得到父亲的信,让她改名“闺臣”,去赴才女考试,考中后父女再相聚。唐小山改名唐闺臣回国应试,武则天开科考试才女,录取百人,一如泣红亭石碑名序。才女们相聚“红文宴”,各显其才,琴棋书画,医卜音算,灯谜酒令,人人论学说艺,尽欢而散。
  
  唐入小蓬莱山寻父不返。此时徐敬业、骆宾王等人的后代又起兵反周,攻破长安城外武家军的酒、色、财、气四关,拥立中宗复位,武则天仍被尊为“大圣皇帝”,她又下诏,明年仍开女科,并命前科百名才女重赴“红文宴”。唐小山又去参加“红文宴”。
  
  【文章主旨】
  
  作者理想中以女性为中心的"女儿国","男子反穿衣裙,作为妇人,以治内事;女子反穿靴帽,作为男人,以治外事"。女子的智慧、才能都不弱于男子,从皇帝到辅臣都是女子。这里反映出作者对男女平等、女子和男人具有同样社会地位的良好愿望。虽然自明中叶以来,不乏歌颂妇女才能的作品,但是"女儿国"却是李汝珍的独创。
  
  作者借想象中的"君子国",表现他的社会理想。"君子国"是个"好让不争"的"礼乐之邦"。城门上写着"惟善为宝"四个大字。"国主向有严谕,臣民如将珠宝进献,除将本物烧毁,并问典刑"。这里的宰相,"谦恭和蔼",平易近人,"脱尽仕途习气",使人感到可亲可敬。这里的人民互谦互让,"士庶人等,无论富贵贫贱,举止言谈,莫不恭而有礼","耕者让畔,行者让路"。卖主力争少要钱,售出上等货;买主力争付高价,取次等货,彼此相让不下。小说以此来否定专横跋扈、贪赃枉法的封建官场和尔虞我诈、苞苴盛行的现实社会。
  
  【写作手法】
  
  作者以辛辣而幽默的文笔,嘲讽那些金玉其外、败絮其中的冒牌儒生。在"白民国"装腔作势的学究先生,居然将《孟子》上的"幼吾幼,以及人之幼"读作"切吾切,以反人之切"。这样的不学无术之辈,又是视"一钱如命",尽想占便宜的唯利是图者流。"淑士国"到处竖着"贤良方正"、"德行耆儒"、"聪明正直"等金匾,各色人等的衣着都是儒巾素服。他们举止斯文,满口"之乎者也",然而却斤斤计较,十分吝啬,酒足饭饱后连吃剩下的几个盐豆都揣到怀里,即使一根用过的秃牙杖也要放到袖子里。作品以内外对照的手法揭露这些假斯文的酸腐气,淋漓尽致地讽刺了儒林的丑态。
  
  作者还以漫画的手法,嘲讽和批判种种品质恶劣和行为不端的人们。"两面国"的人天生两面脸,对着人一张脸,背着人又是一张脸。即使对着人的那张脸也是变化无常,对"儒巾绸衫"者,便"和颜悦色,满面谦恭光景",对破旧衣衫者,冷冷淡淡,话无半句。一旦人们揭开他的浩然巾,就露出一副狰狞的本相。"无肠国"里富翁刻薄腌□,用粪做饭供应奴仆。"穿胸国"的人心又歪又。"翼民国"的人头长五尺,都因好听奉承而致。"结胸国"的人胸前高出一块,只缘好吃懒做。"犬封国"的人长着狗头。"豕喙国"的人长着一张猪嘴。皆极尽讽刺挖苦之能事。
  
  《镜花缘》继承了《山海经》中的《海外西经》、《大荒西经》的一些材料,经过作者的再创造,凭借他丰富的想象、幽默的笔调,运用夸张、隐喻、反衬等手法,创造出了结构独特、思想新颖的长篇小说。但是小说刻画人物的性格较差,众才女的个性不够鲜明。尤其后半部偏重于知识的炫耀,人物形象性不足。所以鲁迅说"则论学说艺,数典谈经,连篇累牍而不能自已矣"。
  
  【十二花友】
  
  1. 阴若花(牡丹花仙)
  2. 白兰儿(兰花花仙)
  3. 杜 鹃(杜鹃花仙)
  4. 粉玉桂(桂花花仙)
  5. 王芍儿(芍药花仙)
  6. 赵淑英(水仙花仙)
  7. 水 莲(莲花花仙)
  8. 骆红渠(梅花花仙
  9. 宁 娜(桃花花仙)
  10. 艳 妮(山茶花仙)
  11. 司徒惠儿(菊花花仙)
  12. 廉锦枫(海棠花仙)
  
  【才女列表】
  
  司曼陀罗花仙子第一名才女“蠹书虫”史幽探
  司虞美人花仙子第二名才女“万斛愁”哀萃芳
  司洛如花仙子第三名才女“五色笔”纪沉鱼
  司青囊花仙子第四名才女“蝌蚪书”言锦心
  司疗愁花仙子第五名才女“雕虫技”谢文锦
  司灵芝花仙子第六名才女“指南车”师兰言
  司玫瑰花仙子第七名才女“绮罗丛”陈淑媛
  司珍珠花仙子第八名才女“锦绣林”白丽娟
  司瑞圣花仙子第九名才女“升平颂”国瑞徵
  司合欢花仙子第十名才女“普天乐”周庆覃
  司百花仙子第十一名才女“梦中梦”唐闺臣
  司牡丹花仙子第十二名才女“女中魁”阴若花
  司木笔花仙子第十二名才女“风月主”印巧文
  司洛阳花仙子第十三名才女“回文锦”卞宝云
  司兰花仙子第十五名才女“血泪笺”田秀英
  司菊花仙子第十六名才女“玉无瑕”林书香
  司琼花仙子第十七名才会“龙凤质”宋良箴
  司莲花仙子第十八名才女“蓝田玉”章兰英
  司梅花仙子第十九名才女“百炼霜”阳墨香
  司海棠花仙子第二十名才女“花御史”郦锦春
  司桂花仙子第二十一名才女“水中月”田舜英
  司杏花仙子第二十二名才女”小太史”卢紫萱
  司芍药花仙子第二十三名才女“玉交枝”邺芳春
  司茉莉花仙子第二十四名才女“珊瑚囗”邵红英
  司芙蓉花仙子第二十五名才女“玉玲珑”祝题花
  司笑靥花仙子第二十六名才女“个中人”孟紫芝
  司紫薇花仙子第二十七名才女“一剪红”秦小春
  司含笑花仙子第二十八名才女“蕙兰风”董青钿
  司杜鹃花仙子第二十九名才女“小嫦娥”褚月芳
  司玉兰花仙子第三十名才女“锦绣肝”司徒妩儿
  司蜡梅花仙子第三十一名才女“神弹子”余丽蓉
  司水仙花仙子第三十二名才女“凌波仙”廉锦枫
  司木莲花仙子第三十三名才女“小杨香”骆红蕖
  司素馨花仙子第三十四名才女“赛钟徭”林婉如
  司结香花仙子第三十五名才女“碧玉环”廖熙春
  司铁树花仙子第三十六名才女“女学士”黎红薇
  司碧桃花仙子第三十七名才女“鹦鹉舌”燕紫琼
  司绣球花仙子第三十八名才女“天孙锦”蒋春辉
  司木兰花仙子第三十九名才女“三面网”尹红萸
  司秋海棠花仙子第四十名才女“小猎户”魏紫樱
  司刺蘼花仙子第四十一名才女“女英雄”宰玉蟾
  司玉簇花仙子第四十二名才女“梦中人”孟兰芝
  司木棉花仙子第四十三名才女“织机女”薛蘅香
  司凌霄花仙子第四十四名才女“女中侠”颜紫绡
  司迎辇花仙子第四十五名才女“离乡草”枝兰音
  司木香花仙子第四十六名才女”采桑女”姚芷馨
  司凤仙花仙子第四十七名才女“芙蓉剑”易紫菱
  司紫荆花仙子第四十八名才女“清风翼”田凤囗
  司蔷薇花仙子第四十九名才女“广寒月”常红珠
  司秋牡丹花仙子第五十名才女“鸳凤俦”叶琼芳
  司锦带花仙子第五十一名才女“鸿文锦”卞彩云
  司玉蕊花仙子第五十二名才女“夜光壁”吕尧囗
  司八仙花仙子第五十三名才女“清虚府”左融春
  司子午花仙子第五十四名才女“意中人”孟芸芝
  司青鸾花仙子第五十五名才女“睿文锦”卞绿云
  司旌节花仙子第五十六名才女“君子风”董宝钿
  司瑞香花仙子第五十七名才女“五彩虹”施艳春
  司荼蘼花仙子第五十八名才女“鸳鸯带”窦耕烟
  司月季花仙子第五十九名才女“朝霞锦”蒋丽辉
  司夜来香花仙子第六十名才女“水晶珠”蔡兰芳
  司罂粟花仙子第六十一名才女“书中人”孟华芝
  司石竹花讪子第六十二名才女“绮文锦”卞锦云
  司蓝菊花仙子第六十三名才女“连理枝”邹婉春
  司丁香花仙子第六十四名才女“玉壶冰”钱玉英
  司棣棠花仙子第六十五名才女“锦帆风”董花钿
  司迎春花仙子第六十六名才女”双凤钗”柳瑞春
  司千日红花仙子第六十七名才女“雄文锦”卞紫云
  司翦春罗花仙子第六十八名才女“画中人”孟玉芝
  司夹竹桃花仙子第六十九名才女“罗纹锦”蒋月辉
  司荷包牡丹花仙子第七十名才女“连城璧”吕祥囗
  司西番莲花仙子第七十一名才女“比目鱼”陶秀春
  司金丝桃花仙子第七十二名才女“峨眉月”掌骊珠
  司翦秋纱花仙子第七十三名才女“鸳鸯锦”蒋星辉
  司十姊妹花仙子第七十四名才女“花上露”戴琼英
  司丽春花仙子第七十五名才女“如意风”董珠钿
  司山丹花仙子第七十六名才女”尧文锦”卞香云
  司玉簪花仙子第七十七名才女“月中人”孟瑶芝
  司金雀花仙子第七十八名才女“瑶台月”掌乘珠
  司栀子花仙子第七十九名才女“麒麟锦”蒋秋辉
  司真珠兰花仙子第八十名才女“女蓓提”缁瑶钗
  司佛桑花仙子第八十一名才女“龙文锦”卞素云
  司长春花仙子第八十二名才女”比翼鸟”姜丽楼
  司山矾花仙子第八十三名才女“持筹女”米兰芬
  司宝相花仙子第八十四名才女“囗花石”宰银蟾
  司木槿花仙子第八十五名才女“胭脂萼”潘丽春
  司蜀葵花仙子第八十六名才女“镜中人”孟芳芝
  司鸡冠花仙子第八十七名才女“同心结”钟绣田
  司蝴蝶花仙子第八十八名才女“仁风扇”谭蕙芳
  司秋葵花仙子第八十九名才女“眼中人”孟琼芝
  司紫菜莉花仙子第九十名才女“铺地锦”蒋素辉
  司梨花仙子第九十一名才女“荆山璧”吕瑞囗
  司藤花仙子第九十二名才女“太平风”董翠钿
  司芦花仙子第九十三名才女“潇湘月”掌浦珠
  司蓼花仙子第九十四名才女“鹤顶红”井尧春
  司葵花仙子第九十五名才女“海底月”崔小莺
  司杨花仙子第九十六名才女“铁笛仙”苏亚兰
  司桃花仙子第九十七名才女“赛赵娥”张凤雏
  司草花仙子第九十八名才女“小毒蜂”闵兰荪
  司菱花仙子第九十九名才女“笔生花”花再芳
  司百合花仙子第一百名才女“一卷书”毕全贞
  
  【后人评价】
  
  在《镜花缘》文本的表层展示的是虚幻浪漫静谧的万般世相,而其深处却一度奔突、冲撞着由生命的热爱、执着与死亡的敬畏、疑惑的巨大张力支撑起的深沉悲痛的宇宙意识,这种对人类生存根本性问题的追问才是小说最具魅力的部分,但在理性思维下这部分内容不仅不能闪烁出本该有的金属般的光泽,反而成为“封建糟粕 ”,并且由于其他各方面艺术成就的折扣更遭株连,最终沦落得少有人问津的地步。小说为什么会有对死亡的深刻思考?这是首先需要解决的问题,而剖析这个问题必须先明白何谓诗性智慧与中国语境下的诗性智慧,因为正是中国的诗性智慧的根本特征才导致了《镜花缘》造就出上述的深刻命题。
  
  所谓的诗性智慧,简单地说就是一种原始思维,根据维柯在他著名的《新科学》中的解释来看,原始人认识世界的方式是本能的、独特的,并不是如我们理性智慧下人类所想象的那样幼稚无知野蛮愚昧,是“富有诗意的”。它有两个鲜明的特征可以描述,即一个是想象性的“类概念”,一个是拟人化的“隐喻”。诗性智慧的产生显然是那个财产公有制时代的必然产物,在人类自我意识完全独立出来以前,原始人类的思维方式必然是集体表象,同时是一种“身体语言”或“动作思维”。维柯关于诗性智慧的经典论述至少告诉我们生活在理性智慧下的人类两点注意事项:一、先于理性智慧的形态是诗性智慧,并且诗性智慧是人类文化的第一个形态;二、既然人类在早期都共同拥有过诗性智慧,那么,不同民族、国度、地域的人具有共通性,虽然由于地域的差别、民族的特性而导致共通性越来越少,但是至少在某些方面仍然遗留着相同以及相似的地方。由此我们可以进入第二个命题的讨论,就是虽然人类都拥有着几乎完全相同的心理起点,但是,中国的诗性智慧与西方的诗性智慧又有着显著的不同,对于生命本体精神的继承就是其中最为典型的一个。
  
  中国的诗性智慧为什么会与西方的诗性智慧有着如此巨大的差异?本文不准备在此赘述,需要强调的是,中国古代文明由于直接继承了诗性智慧的生命本体精神,因而在本质上呈现出与西方不同的形态,即刘士林先生所说的“中国的诗性智慧在本质上是一种不死的智慧。”他对此曾有过精辟而详细的论述,“与古希腊的哲学方式不同,它不是采用理性思维的反思方式,而是以一种诗性智慧的直觉方式把死亡融为生命的一部分;与古印度的宗教实践不同,它不是采取非理性的宗教迷狂来超越感性之躯的畏死情结,而是以清醒的现实主义精神,以人伦义务为人生意义来贬低个体生死的重要性;与古埃及的死亡伦理学更是截然相反,它以群体的延续为第一义,从而把个人的生死消解在族类生生不息的历史绵延之中,从而使生命获得精神上的不朽。”
  
  鉴于中国诗性智慧非主体化与非对象化的两大根本特征,中国诗性文化在文化底蕴上就显示出了“天地与我并生,万物与我为一”的天人氤氲境界,以及“大乐与天地同和,大礼与天地同节”的生命活动节奏。作者在叙述方式上普遍地表现出重直观性而轻逻辑推理的童话式表达,围绕一种由诗性智慧澄明的、超生死的情感本体是如何可能的,包括《红楼梦》、《镜花缘》、《西游记》等伟大作品,无不表现着顽石、花木等因其灵性和对生命的热爱而从无限宇宙洪荒中突出出来的诗意题旨。
  
  《镜花缘》中鲜明地张扬了这种不死的智慧精神。小说第六回即进入轮回转世的永生世界,“仙姑此去,小仙等无以奉饯,特赠灵芝一枝。此芝产于天皇盛世,至今二百余万年,因得先天正气,日月精华,故先凡服食,莫不寿与天齐。”“我等偶于海岛深山觅得回生仙草一枝,特来面呈,以为临别之赠。此草生于开辟之初,历年既深,故功有九转之妙,洵为希世珍奇。无论仙凡,一经服食,不惟起死回生,且能同天共老。”第九回《服肉芝延年益寿食朱草入圣超凡》中更是赤裸裸地渲染一个长生不老的世界:“此果名叫刀味核,其味全无定准,随刀而变,所以叫作刀味核。有人吃了,可成地仙。我们今日如得此核,即不能成仙,也可延年益寿。”“只见路旁石缝内生出一枝红草,……随即放入口内,只觉芳馨透脑。方才吃完,陡然精神百倍,……只见路旁有一残碑倒在地下,约有五七百斤。随即走近,弯下腰去,毫不费力,轻轻用手捧起,……”在这个世外桃源,不仅处处仙草可以吃了长生,就连吃了鱼儿也可以成仙。如第十五回记载,“当日黄帝时,仙人宁封吃了飞鱼,死了二百年,复又重生。岂但医痔,还能成仙哩!” 在无继国里,人虽不能生育,但死后尸体不朽,过了一百二十年仍旧活转。在玄远国里,“国王业已千岁”。在所有长生不老、轮回转世的描述中,最具有核心位置的是“不死国”、“不死树”的出现:“不死国”中“有座员丘山,山上有棵不死树,食之可以长生,国中又有赤泉,其水甚红,饮之亦可不老。”
脂砚斋重评石头记
Zhi YanzhaiRead
  《红楼梦》作者为曹雪芹,这一点已少有争议。但作为批者脂砚斋,对书中隐事一一点露,为二百多年来广大读者及研究者们旁示迷津的这样一个重要人物,究竟是何人,他与曹雪芹又是什么关系,至今众说纷纭,莫辩孰真。《红楼梦》现存的版本系,可分为两个系统,一个是仅流传前八十回的,保留脂砚斋评语的脂评系统,另一个是经过程伟元、高鄂整理补缀的、删去所有脂砚斋评语的、并续写完成一百二十回的程高本系统。所谓脂评本,是概括所有带脂批的《石头记》传抄本的总和,这些传抄过印本上都保留了大量的朱红色批语,其中有些重要的传抄版本上,题有《脂砚斋重评石头记》的字样,人们一般便称这些早期的《石头记》抄本为脂评本或脂批本。曾经有人专门写过文章对脂砚斋进行过批判,认为脂砚斋是稍晚于曹雪芹的文人,获得了曹的信任,得以获得部分手稿,假借作者之名评书扬名于世,如果照这样的观点来看,脂本简直就是聚满毒瘤的大毒草,留之百害而无一利。持这种观点的多是从程本一百二十回小说的内容出发,来反驳脂砚斋的评语,认为评语中荒诞不经、自相矛盾、充满自我标榜、严重夸大其辞。但从已考证的脂本系统资料来看,脂本在前、程本在后是不可否认的,而且仅从前八十回程本修改后的文字与脂本相对照来看,也可以比较出高下,读者如果手头有两种版本的话,不妨就小说前部分内容对比一下。另外,在明清小说发展到鼎盛时期,书评已经不仅仅作为一种评书人对小说内容的理解和文字的欣赏,而逐渐演变成对小说整体结构的补充和再创作,这一点从一代奇人金圣叹评点《水浒》和《西厢》假托古本之名腰斩小说并融入自己创作开始,又有毛宗岗父子假托圣叹外书之名修篡《三国演义》、张竹坡笔削《金瓶梅》,《红楼梦》的评点也同样具有小说再创作的特点,在脂评中也曾有感叹金圣叹不复生的语句。作为一部小说,尤其是明清时代的很多小说具有野史传闻的特性,涉及朝野、抨击时政的话题是不可少的,为了免遭文字狱的迫害,达到小说传世的目的,在小说中有意借喻说事的现象是极其普遍的,比如《金瓶梅》就明显具有讽刺明代严嵩家事的内容,但有时往往因为把史实埋藏得过深,读者只注意其表面的情节内容,而无法去留心发现隐写在文字后面的内容,这对于作者的创作本意来说,不能不说是一种遗憾。 以下是出现在脂批本中的脂砚斋和畸笏叟的批语系年表:
  
  干支    年           事件 批注者 版本记载
  甲戌之前  乾隆十 九(1754)年以前 初评 脂砚斋 甲戌本
  甲戌    乾隆十 九(1754)年   再评 脂砚斋 甲戌本
  丙子    乾隆二十一(1756)年      脂砚斋 庚辰本
  丁丑    乾隆二十二(1757)年      畸笏叟 靖藏本
  己卯    乾隆二十四(1759)年      脂砚斋 庚辰本,己卯本
  庚辰    乾隆二十五(1760)年   四评 脂砚斋 庚辰本
  壬午    乾隆二十七(1762)年      畸笏叟 庚辰本
  癸未    乾隆二十八(1763)年   曹雪芹卒于癸未除夕(1764年2月1日)
  乙酉    乾隆三 十(1765)年      畸笏叟 庚辰本
  丁亥    乾隆三十二(1767)年      畸笏叟 庚辰本,靖藏本
  戊子    乾隆三十三(1768)年      畸笏叟 靖藏本
  辛卯    乾隆三十六(1771)年      畸笏叟 靖藏本
  甲午    乾隆三十九(1774)年      脂砚斋 甲戌本  
  
   
    脂砚斋并不是唯一给《红楼梦》作评的人,脂批本中除脂砚斋外,还有畸笏叟、杏斋等人,后来在世的流行版本也有梦觉主人等人作评,但其中脂砚斋是最早作评,而且连续数次加评,往往一语中的、入木三分。通过仔细研究脂批的内容可以发现--脂砚斋和作者关系密切,深知作者著书底里,与作者有共通的生活经历和感受,并且熟知作者著书过程中采用的多种奇法妙法,经常不厌其烦地引导读者步步深入地发现线索,甚至还参与了《红楼梦》成书的创作过程,了解红楼后事,可谓是最早的红学家。可这个神秘人物却从来没有被世人知晓,甚至连是男是女也没有争论清楚,不可不谓是红学界一大怪现象。 庚辰本二十一回有回前批语: 有客题《红楼梦》一律,失其姓氏,唯见其诗意骇警,故录于斯: 自执金矛又执戈,自相戕戮自张罗, 茜纱公子情无限,脂砚先生恨几多。是幻是真空历过,闲风闲月枉吟哦, 情机转得情天破,情不情兮奈我何? 凡是书题者不少,此为绝调,诗句警拔,且深知拟书底里,惜乎失名矣。 这段话明显是故作遮掩,试想,假如曹公和脂砚斋遇到了这样一个懂得书中三味的知己,欢喜感叹还来不及呢,岂有把诗记得一清二楚,却忘记对方姓名的道理?所以这个客恐怕只能是作者或批者自己,因为怕太过显露引起祸患,故托名于此。从诗的含义上可以看出(如果脂批说此诗句警拔深知拟书底里不错的话):红楼梦本是自我攻守,自导自演的一出戏,戏里的两个角色一个是做为小说,情义绵绵的贾宝玉,另一个是含满腔仇恨做批的脂砚先生,这两个角色互相打得很热闹,但都是属于整个红楼大梦的有机组成部分。也就是说脂批对于《红楼梦》是不可少的,缺少了他,读者就只能看到茜纱公子的情无限,而不可能体会到此书的另一面--脂砚先生的恨几多。那么到底全书应该是谁的恨呢?标题诗里写得很清楚: 满纸荒唐言,一把辛酸泪,都云作者痴,谁解其中味? 当然应该表达的是作者曹雪芹的恨,那么这里所说的脂砚先生岂不是作者在《红楼梦》里的一个分身--脂砚斋么,作者另一部分情感分身的寄托当然主要是贾宝玉。这样看来,全书的结构是极为复杂有趣的,我们知道全书的主要情节是刻在石头上的故事——《石头记》。
  
    《石头记》包括《金陵十二钗》和《风月宝鉴》两个相辅相成的部分,《石头记》被包括在整个《红楼梦》的故事情节中,而《红楼梦》的故事情节加上脂批才构成完整的作者经历过的凡世一梦,作者在其中,不仅扮演了情节主人公--贾宝玉的角色,而且成为书中石头的角色,幻形入世,更重要的,又通过评语扮演了冷眼旁观者的角色,把自己的爱憎感情,完完整整地展现在读者面前。这种巧妙的结构,是古今任何小说所不曾有过的。第四十八回评香菱梦中说梦话有批云: 一部大书起是梦,宝玉情是梦,贾瑞淫又是梦,秦之家计长策又是梦,今作诗也是梦,一并风月鉴亦从梦中所有,故曰《红楼梦》也。余今批评亦在梦中,特为梦中之人特作此一大梦也。脂批中有不少牵涉到全书结构和寓意的特点,除作者外别人是不可能批出的。例如:开篇讲到青埂峰下顽石时,就有一系列脂批,表明"青埂"实为"情根","落堕情根,故无补天之用","高十二丈应十二钗,方经二十四丈照应副十二钗,三万六千五百块照应周天之数",这种类似的比喻是只有作者才有可能加上去的。但通观全书脂批的口气,除有部分男性化口气的脂砚先生所题以外,还有相当多的部分表现的是女性化的口气,并且经常与小说中人物口气和身份相合。例如书中多处评宝钗袭人和平儿处,评者经常把自己身份与小说人物挂沟,代小说人物说一些本未显露出来的话,例如平儿收起贾琏头发,只装做看不见凤姐的讥讽处,有评语:"余自有三分主意",显然是将自己与平儿挂上了沟。前文谈袭人时没有讲到平儿的问题,实际上袭人和平儿也有联系,是属于同一温贤类型的,而且平儿和宝玉之间的关系是通过那一枝并蒂秋蕙来表达的,用香菱的话来说就是夫妻蕙。文中有不少批语,粗看似乎不通,实际上是两个人在笔战,比如宝玉续庄子南华经后掷笔就寝,醒来翻身看时,只见袭人和衣睡在衾上。有夹批曰: 神极之笔!试思袭人不来同卧,亦不成文字,来同卧更不成文字,却云"和衣衾上",正是来同卧不来同卧之间,何神奇,文妙绝矣。 好袭人。 真好石头,记得真真好,述者述得不错。  真好,批者批得出。(原文此处连为一批,为叙述方便,断句如此) 可以看出这是脂砚女士与作者之间关于"袭人和衣睡在衾上"这句话产生的对话,从中也可约略看出脂砚和袭人的对应关系身份。 从脂砚斋的字面上解释也可以看出些端倪,"脂"对应女子,而"砚" 为石见,我们知道作者一向都是以石头自称的,而这个斋也就自然对应的是夫妻斋了。从袭人辨析中我们可以知道袭人背后的丫鬟原型和曹雪芹有夫妻关系,这在小说中是通过平儿扶正和黛死钗嫁等相关内容进行透露的,而由袭人名字的由来也可以看出她在作者的成书过程中是出力最多的,很有可能负责了誊写校对和很大成分的评改工作,从这个意义上讲,把"脂"字放在前面也就不奇怪了。另一个值得考证的地方是袭人原型——柳蕙兰先于曹雪芹去世了,脂批中也有一部分对小说结构理解错误的地方,被作者回批订正,这些批语似不会出于柳氏之手。据考证,曹雪芹曾于乾隆二十五年三月初再婚,新妇叫许芳卿,安徽《旧雨晨星集》中记载许芳卿之事: 乡邻许芳卿,随父明夷客金陵,美姿容,工诗善画,嫁一士人,家贫不习生事,治俾家言。后二年,不幸士人卒,芳卿伤之,怀悼诗示余云 ......芳卿夫死后,贫无所依,余乃劝其归乡里终老。 己卯本和庚辰本的部分评改工作由曹雪芹和许芳卿共同完成,到癸未除夕雪芹辞世,这部分工作尚没有最后定稿完成,最终留下了红楼千古难弥的缺憾。
  
  脂评本的版本
  
  
  1、甲戌本
  
  甲戌本又称脂残本,脂铨本。题“脂砚斋重评石头记”,见于各册首回首页首行。因第1回第8页楔子正文中“出则既名,且看石上是何故事”句上,比他本多出 “至脂砚斋甲戌抄阅再评,仍用石头记”15字,指明所据底本年代,故名甲戌本。甲戌年,是乾隆19年(1754)。存十六回。即1至8回、13至16回、 25至28回。第4回回末缺下半叶,第13回上半叶缺左下角。四回一册,共四册。每半叶12行,行18字。甲戌本是现存各抄本中最珍贵的一种,最接近曹雪芹原稿的本来面貌。此本祖本可能是脂砚斋的编辑本。理由是每页版心下部都有脂砚斋的署名,有些地方虚以待补,如若干回的回前诗,仅有“诗曰”空悬。林黛玉眉目描写尚未成文,其下半句以朱笔空围。底本无拼凑现象,正文很少修改,有部份批语系从另本移录。此本第1回有畸笏叟丁亥春的行侧朱批,墨抄总评也有作于丁亥者,说明抄录时间在乾隆23年丁亥(1769)之后。第1回第1页第1行顶格题“脂砚斋重评石头记”,第2行“凡例”二字,第3行起凡例五则,末题诗一首。陈毓罴认为这一段是脂批,正文当从“列位看官”起。其中第一至四则及题诗,共414字,为此本独有。第五则“此书开卷第一回也,作者自云……”,后来本子仅存此段作为引言,与正文混同,遂成了正文开始。凡例之末诗前横书“诗曰”二字,脂系钞本题诗多这种格式,下七律一首:“浮生着甚苦奔忙。盛席华筵终散场。悲喜千般同幻渺。古今一梦尽荒唐。谩言红袖啼痕重。更有情痴抱恨长。字字看来皆是血。十年辛苦不寻常。”尾联“字字看来皆是血,十年辛苦不寻常”,脍炙人口,为论红著作所常引用。第1回第4页下第1行“丰神迥异”句下至第5页上末行“大展幻术,将”句之间,较他本多出一段文字,恰好两页,400余字。又第5回,贾宝玉梦游太虚幻境,与警幻之妹兼美成亲的一段情节,与各本也不同。此本有眉批、侧批、双行批、回前回后批多种,无署名及日期。其中朱墨抄录双行批是此本一大特色。有九回无批。此本独出的批语都在第6、第8回。所存各回脂批远多于其他脂本,尤有一些重要批语为他本所无。如第1回“满纸荒唐言”诗眉批“能解者方有辛酸之泪,哭成此书。壬午除夕。书未成,芹为泪尽而逝。余尝哭芹,泪亦待尽。每意觅青埂峰,再问石兄,奈不遇癞头和尚何?怅怅!”这条批语是持曹雪芹卒于壬午年(1763)论者的首要依据。 值得注意的是,此本不避康熙帝的“玄”字讳。书中有刘铨福几条跋,又有其友濮文暹、濮文昶兄弟跋。胡适、俞平伯、周汝昌在其上亦有批跋。纸黄脆,已经一次装裱。第13回首页缺去小半角,衬纸与原书接缝处,钤有“刘铨福子重印”章。甲戌本原为清朝大兴刘位坦得于京中打鼓担中,传其子刘铨福。内有刘铨福在同治2年(1863)、同治7年(1868)所作的跋,极有见地。另有刘铨福的友人绵州孙桐生(署“左绵痴道人”)批语30余条。之后流传不详,1927年夏此本出现于上海,为刚刚归国的胡适先生重价购得,是为首次发现的传抄残本。胡适根据上述第1回中文字称此本为甲戌本,开以干支年份定名红楼梦各钞本之先河,并且认为甲戌本“为世间最古又最可宝贵的红楼梦写本”,所以适之先生视此本为平生秘本,向不轻易示人。1948年12月16日胡适南下,临行匆忙,一生藏书俱皆抛下(由北大图书馆收得),只随身带走了这一十六回的甲戌本和他另藏的一部程乙本。1962年胡适去世后,将此本寄藏于美国康乃尔大学图书馆,现已被上海博物馆购藏。 1961年5月,胡适将此本交台北商务印书馆影印出版,该影印版为朱墨两色套印,附胡适的“影印乾隆甲戌脂砚斋重评石头记缘起”及跋,印数500部。次年 6月中华书局上海编辑所据该版朱墨套印翻印出版,两种:甲。线装一函两册,保留胡适的序和跋;乙。依原大四册,去尽胡适手迹,附有俞平伯先生的后记及红楼梦年表,大陆发行。1973年12月上海人民出版社据62年版重印,删去后记,线装四册;1975年5月出平装一册。1985年9月上海古籍出版社影印,据台湾商务版。
  
  2、己卯本
  
  又称脂怡本,脂馆本。题石头记,见于封面。每回卷端题有“脂砚斋重评石头记卷之”字样。第2册总目书名下注云“脂砚斋凡四阅评过”,第3册总目书名下复注云“己卯冬月定本”,故名己卯本。己卯年,是乾隆24年(1759)。存四十回。即1至20回、31至40回、61至70回(内第60四、67两回原缺,系后人武裕庵据程高系统本抄配)。其中第1册总目缺,第1回开始缺三页半,10回末缺一页半,70回末缺一又四分之一页。十回一册,共四册,每半叶10行,行25或30字不等。另有残卷1册,存三个整回又两个半回。即第55 后半回、586至58回及59回前半回。此本第34回末题“红楼梦第三十四回终”,为脂本石头记第一个出现“红楼梦”标名的本子。如果不是后世藏书家所加,则说明曹雪芹生前一度使用过“红楼梦” 为书名。此本与庚辰本有共同的祖本,两本有大量共同的特点。第17、18回尚未分开,共享一个回目,第19回无回目,第64及67回原缺,此与庚辰本同。此本讹夺字较少,文字有多于庚辰本的地方,语意较庚辰本确切。尤其以前五回文字差异较大。底本可能早于庚辰本,公认与庚辰本渊源极深,为庚辰本同祖之本。此本中 64及67两回系据另一种钞本抄配,文字与程高本系统相同,见第67回末注云“石头记第六十七回终。按乾隆年间钞本武裕庵补抄”。此本无复杂的眉批侧批,面貌干净。批语绝大多数在正文内双行书写,计717条,除多一条单字批外,与庚辰本全同。第11回之前无夹批,只有12处写在正文右侧,见于第6回和第10回。这些侧批为别本所无。所用乾隆竹纸,薄而稍粗,有罗纹,土黄色,颜色深暗。周边褐色,多磨损。夹条比书纸黄暗。朱笔校补文字新旧之分明显,红者时深,紫者时浅。夹条批语朱色颇鲜。此本中夹有6张笺条,补此书批注不足。第一张为第1回正文“昌明隆盛之邦”批注“伏长安大都”;第二张为第4回“护官符小注”;第三张为第5回题诗一首;第四张为第6回题诗一首;第五张为第2回前指示将总批低两格抄;第六张为第19回一条批注,连所属正文,另纸记在回前。此本正文始自“只以观花修竹、酌酒吟诗为乐”,陶洙抄补了前三页半。此本曾由陶洙于丁亥年(1947)、己丑年(1949)据甲戌本和庚辰本分别用朱蓝二笔校过,有校记二则。 己卯本正文避国讳“玄”和“禛”,避两代怡亲王胤祥和弘晓的名讳“祥”和“晓”。据此判定为清代怡亲王弘晓府中的原钞本。怡府是有清一代名闻海内的藏书大家,世代相传百余年。宋元精刻,迭床盈架,且多完帙孤品。弘晓之父怡亲王胤祥为康熙第13子,曹家与之关系非浅,故所据底本可能就出自曹家。此本约于上世纪20年代末三30年代初为名藏书家董康所得,董在抗战中当了汉奸,抗战胜利后瘐死狱中。此本归其友陶洙所有。后来陶洙将书让与北京图书馆。现藏国家图书馆。 己卯本残卷另有残卷一册,1959年冬出现在北京琉璃厂中国书店,由中国历史博物馆购得。现藏于此馆。存三个整回又两个半回。即第55后半回、56至58回以及59回前半回。共余52页,装订为一册。行款格式同己卯本,且和己卯本一样,避“祥”字和 “晓” 字讳。据此判定此当为已卯本的失散部份。然此本一体墨色,并无朱批。该残卷仅有夹批30条,与庚辰本这部份内容的批语类型和条数一致,其中11条小有出入。
  
  
  3、庚辰本
  
  又称脂京本。题石头记,见于封面。各册卷首标明“脂砚斋凡四阅评过”。每回卷端题有“脂砚斋重评石头记卷之”字样。第5至8册封面书名下注云“庚辰秋月定本 ”或“庚辰秋定本”,故名庚辰本。庚辰年,是乾隆25年(1760)。存七十八回。即1至80回,底本原缺第64及67回两回。第68回脱去约600余字,估计失去一页。十回一册,共8册,每半叶10行,行30字。此本第 17与18回尚未分开,共享一个回目,第19回无回目,第64及67回原缺,此同己卯本。另,此本无第80回回目。回目双行并列,唯此本与郑藏本如此,诸本皆是单行直书。此本底本年代相当早,面貌最为完整,文字比较可信。应该是曹雪芹生前最后的一个本子。保存曹雪芹原文及脂砚斋批语最多,脂批中署年月名号的几乎都存在于此本。 此本第22回末惜春谜后缺文,并记曰“此后破失,俟再补。”另页写明“暂记宝钗制谜云:朝罢谁携两袖香。……”“此回未成而芹逝矣。叹叹!丁亥夏,畸笏叟”等文字。后人续补了宝玉及宝钗两首谜诗,就将此谜错改属了黛玉。第75回缺中秋诗,回前单页记曰“乾隆二十一年五月初七日对清。缺中秋诗,俟雪芹。”第十九回“小书房名”下空五字,“想那里自然”下空大半行。这些残缺可用以鉴定他本后人补缀之处。此本有眉批、侧批、双行夹批及回前回后批多种。批语之多为各本之最,总计2000余条,包括了己卯本双行夹批的全部(除一条单字批外)。其中有一批非常重要的批语,如第20回朱笔眉批“茜雪至 ‘狱神庙’方呈正文。袭人正文目曰:“‘花袭人有始有终。’余只见有一次誊清时,与‘狱神庙慰宝玉’等五六稿,被借阅者迷失,叹叹!丁亥夏畸笏叟”。此本第11回之前,除偶将回前总评与正文抄在一处外,都无批语,为白文本。朱笔批语全集中在第12回到第28回。此本抄手不止一人,水平参差不齐。全书讹文脱字,触目皆是。最后一册质量尤差,几难卒读。在后世流传中,曾经读者旁改过,多属于臆改。后人加批的,有署鉴堂、绮园、玉蓝坡。纸色黄,周边褐色。批语朱色与燕大图书馆章色几同。已经“金镶玉”法精心装裱。但装裱时经过裁切,部分眉批顶端文字被裁掉,致使不同出版社修补影印时有不一致的地方。庚辰本原出北城旗人家中,徐星署1933年初于北京东城隆福寺地摊以八银币购得,格外珍视。1949年5月5日,经郑振铎先生介绍,燕京大学图书馆折价黄金二两购自徐氏后人之手,与原藏之明弘治岳氏奇妙全像西厢记(此书最古刻本)及百回钞本绿野仙踪(刻本皆八十回)并称燕大馆藏“三宝”。1952年北大燕大合流之后,始入藏北京大学图书馆。
  
  
  4、列藏本
  
  又称脂亚本。题石头记,见于各回回前所题,无书前题页。因藏于原苏联亚洲人民(东方学)研究所列宁格勒分所,故名列藏本。存七十八回。即1-80回,中缺第5、第6回。第50回未完止于黛玉谜,缺半页。第75回末至“要知端的”下脱半页。共35册。每半叶8行,行16、 20、24字不等。此本另有一些回(第10回的回首,第63、64、72回末)则题作红楼梦,可见当时此名即已通用。第17与18回共享一个回目,但两回文字已经分开,中有“再听下回分解”一句。第22回缺文,止于惜春谜。第79回和80回未分开,浑然为一整回,只称作 “石头记卷七十九回,只有一个回目。此本有64及67两回。其中64回回目之后,正文之前有一首五言题诗,为别本所无,回末有一联对句,是早期钞本的形像;又推究题诗的内容,此回应是曹雪芹手笔。67回文字与程本迥异,近甲辰、戚本一系。此本共计批语300余条。有眉批111条,侧批83条,与其它脂本完全不同。疑多为后人所批。在前四回集中了3/5。另有双行夹批88条,几乎全部与庚辰本相同,其中第19回占了42条。此本另有一种特殊批语是接着正文写的,字体也相同,在起讫处加方括号,并于开头右侧空行小字写有“注”字。出现于第16、63、75回。当是过录时误将批语抄作正文,后校对时发现,加以标明。为竹纸抄写,纸薄而稍粗。浅黄色。有包角。经后人重新修补装订,残留装订线洞眼,且有装错顺序处,反折清高宗御制诗第4、5集作为页间衬纸。列藏本为道光12年(1832)由随第11届旧俄传教使团来华的大学生库尔梁德采夫所得,传入俄京,书首有其墨水签名及两个笔画拙劣的汉字“洪”字,当是他的中文姓氏。原存外交部图书馆。1962年苏联汉学家里弗京(汉名李福清)于苏联亚洲人民研究所列宁格勒分所收藏中重新发现此本,1964年撰文介绍,始为人所知。现藏俄罗斯圣彼得堡亚洲(东方学)图书馆。
  
  
  5、戚本
  
  因乾隆年间德清戚蓼生收藏并序,因而得名,故世称戚本。包含戚沪本、有正大字本、有正小字本、戚宁本。又称有正本,上石本,戚序本,脂戚本。戚沪本又称戚张本。 有正书局据戚沪本照相石印的本子,题《国初抄本原本红楼梦》,见于封面。中缝则题曰“石头记” ,由上海有正书局印行过三次。“大字本”清末宣统3年辛亥(1911)石印前40回,民国元年壬子(1912)石印后40回。民国9年(1920)用“大字本”剪贴缩印了一种“小字本”,于是有大小字本之分。“小字本”又于民国16年(1927)再版。存80回全。“大字本”四回一册,共20册,十回一卷,共8卷。每半叶9行,行20字。缩印“小字本”为12册,每半叶15行,行30字。此本抄写工整,石印精美,清楚有条,是脂本系统中面貌颇为精良的流传本。抄手虽楷书整齐,但语文水平不高,文中时时可见错讹字。 64、67两回,19、80两回回目,22回末等缺文都已补齐,17、18两回已分开。凡此种种,以下诸本大同小异。此本除第78回“芙蓉诔” 后缺回末收尾一小段外,无残短。如正文文字比之程高本所改,大都同于脂本原文;比之其它脂本,又有个别细碎异文。第17与18回分回之处不同于今本。此本有句下夹批、回前回后批的形式。回前回后批俱已补齐。批语较多,几乎都在前40回。不少为独有,有一定的价值,如第4回前的“请君着眼护官符,把笔悲伤说世途。作者泪痕同我泪,燕山仍旧窦公无。”一诗,但已不好判断是否脂批。此本眉批前四十回为狄葆贤(署号为“立松轩”)所加,“小字本”后四十回中也有眉批,为狄葆贤征求他人所加。价值不高。此本底本付印前经整理,有改动失真之处,描改过个别字迹。批语有不少移位,如将原文眉批和侧批俱改成双行夹批或回前回后批,并都删去原署的年月名号。戚本为乾隆年间德清戚蓼生收藏并序。桐城张开模藏有过录本,光绪年间为俞明震所得。上海有正书局老板狄葆贤(平子)据以摄影付诸石印。鲁迅先生1920年创撰中国小说史略时第一个予以重视。在第24篇论述红楼梦专章清之人情小说中,所引红楼梦原文全用戚本。这是当时他能见到的唯一的脂本。戚本是最早传印的 80回脂本,突破了延续120年的程高本垄断的局面,首次将一个真的(或接近于真的)曹雪芹原文的红楼梦行显于世,意义非同寻常。原本黄绫装面,存上海时报社。曾传闻已于1921年毁于火。1975年冬,上海古籍书店整理旧库,意外发现迷失多年的底本前40回半部。白色连史纸抄写,有蛀蚀。版框界格系木版水印,版心书名手写。乌丝栏,版框高18.8厘米,宽11.6厘米。序文和目录是浅色丝栏,微黄略带青,近于隐格。字体为干嘉时期流行的馆阁体,有朱色圈句,色陈暗略紫。无书名页。据鉴定,约在乾隆后期至嘉庆年间抄成。现藏于上海图书馆。称戚沪本。 戚宁本又称南图本、脂宁本、泽存本。题石头记,见每页中缝。今藏于南京图书馆,卷首有戚蓼生之石头记序,故称戚宁本。存80回,全。四回一册,共20册,十回一卷,共8卷。每半叶9行,行20字。行款格式与戚本全同,但无格栏。可能是后者的过录本。此本抄写字迹,有的较工整,有的很幼稚。文字几乎与戚本全同,凡有正付印改过的地方,此本保存原貌。据高一涵分析,此本约在咸同年间抄成。钞本所用毛太纸,黄软。几一色,不暗。蛀痕有无及大小不一。戚宁本有谓在1930年前后曾属昆山于氏,后归伪内务部长陈群“泽存书库”。今存书上有标签“泽存书库藏书 子部 小说家类 平话之属清曹雪芹撰石头记八十回 二十册抄本”。日本投降之后,陈群畏罪服毒自尽,其藏书移交国立中央图书馆,即今南京图书馆前身,收藏至今。
  
  
  6、蒙府本
  
  又称王府本,府本,脂蒙本。题石头记,见于目录页及版心。疑为清蒙古王府旧藏,此本第71回末总评后半版有“柒爷王爷”字样,一般据此推测此本是清蒙古王府旧藏,故名。存120回,全。分装4函,函8册,共32册。十回一卷,共12卷。每半叶9行,行20字。补配部份每半叶9行,行24字。版框高19厘米,宽12.5厘米。原为80回,存73回。此本前80回大体同戚本,版式相近,为同源之本,但无戚序。此本抄写书法端正,书首程伟元序则抄写拙劣,显系抄配。此本中第 57-62回(第18册4回和19册前2回),第67回以及后40回(第25至32册),乃后人据程甲本抄配。此本抄录时间颇晚。在总目中67回与其它各回似为一色笔墨,故当迟于程甲本刊印的时间,即乾隆56年辛亥(1791)。此本共计批语714条。双行夹批和回前回后批大多同戚本,有多出之,无署名。另有623条侧批此本独有,因第41回回前诗署名立松轩,故疑为其所加。其中也可能有部份是脂批。版框界格及版心书名系雕版印就,精美考究。朱丝栏,朱色浅暗,双边。粉色连史纸抄写,纸色黄白不等,周边黄,比己卯本庚辰本新。补配部份系素白纸。有总目。外黄绫装面。蒙府本据赵万里先生所述出自北京蒙古旗人之手,原为清蒙古王府旧藏,1960至1961年间出现于北京琉璃厂中国书店,即由北京图书馆重金购藏。 1987年书目文献出版社按原规格影印出版,全6册。
  
  
  7、甲辰本
  
  又称梦本,梦觉本,梦序本,梦叙本,脂梦本,晋本。题红楼梦,见于书端总目和回前回后及版心。因卷首有序一篇,序末云“甲辰岁菊月中浣梦觉主人识”,故名甲辰本或梦本。甲辰年,是乾隆49年(1784)。 书中凡目录之后,每回前后,每叶中缝,明标“红楼梦”字样。是为最早正式题名红楼梦。存80回,全。分装8函,函5册,共40册。二回一册。第80回缺末页。每半叶9行,正文行21字,序文行18字。版框高20.3厘米,宽12.5厘米。此本工楷精抄,字划美好。仅缺末叶。底本近甲戌本。此本是脂评本向程高本过渡的桥梁。正文经大量删改,出现大批异文,为程高本所沿袭。此本第49回回前总评曰“原本评注过多,未免旁杂,反扰正文。今删去,以俟观者凝思入妙,愈显作者之灵机耳。”故此本中脂批为大量删弃。仅有双行墨笔夹批,计230余条。绝大多数在前40回,第1回尤多,达 88条。后40回仅见第64回1条。 第17与18回已经分开,分法同于今本。第22回已补全,与各本皆不同。第18回回末七绝为独有。书首梦觉主人序中试释红楼梦书名,起首云“辞传闺秀而涉于幻者,故是书以梦名也。夫梦曰红楼,乃巨家大室儿女之情事,事有真有不真耳。红楼富女,诗证香山;悟幻庄周,梦归蝴蝶。作是书者借以命名,为之红楼梦焉。”序末云“说梦者谁?或言此,或言彼。既云梦者,宜乎虚无缥缈中出是书也。书之传述未终,余帙杳不可得。既云梦者,宜乎留其有余不尽,犹人之梦方觉,兀坐追思,置怀抱于永永也。” 米丝阑纸,朱丝栏,暗粉色。纸黄暗,天头染褐色。地脚第二字处,横向断裂破损,断断续续,几贯全书,已经装裱。纸较蒙府本、戚本为旧。甲辰本1953年出现于山西,曾藏于山西文物局,后归北京图书馆。现藏国家图书馆。
  
  
  8、己酉本
  
  又称舒序本,脂舒本。题红楼梦。卷首有落款“乾隆54年岁次屠维作噩且月上浣虎林董园氏舒元炜序并书于金台客舍”,由此得名。己酉年,是乾隆54年 (1789)。 存40回。原本80回。存第1至40回。十回一册。共4册。每半叶8行,行24字。此本系乾隆原抄本,文字经过窜改,属白文本,无批语。正文属脂本系统,有拼凑现象。舒序曰筠圃主人“就现在之53篇,特加雠校。借邻家之27卷,合付抄胥。”所存40回为拼凑本,纸张字迹均有不同。有“元炜”“董园”印二方。首舒元炜序,次舒元炳沁园春词,后总目。总目偶存第80回之目。总目与各回分目不尽相同,是此本特异之处。与各本相比,多处回目及正文有异文。如第1回太虚幻境牌坊对联作“色色空空地,真真假假天”;到第5回仍作“假作真时真亦假,无为有处有还无”。第13回异文特多,第16回结尾、第17回分回皆与各本不同。似都是经过后人整理。纸张黄脆敝旧,序文多处残文。己酉本原为清嘉庆年间姚玉楝号筠圃收藏。今只存半部,中国科学院文学研究所吴晓铃先生藏,吴先生家藏图书中小说戏曲善本颇富,此本是现今所知唯一尚由私家收藏的脂系写本。现归首都图书馆。北京图书馆藏有朱南铣录副本。
  
  
  9、梦稿本
  
  又称科文本,脂稿本,杨藏本,高阅本。题红楼梦稿,见于蓝面封皮。 首页书签题“红楼梦稿本 佛眉尊兄藏次游题”,下有“次游”印,复有“文云密笈”印。次页题“红楼梦稿 己卯秋月口口(草书难以辨认,疑为‘堇堇’)”,下“又云印口(不可辨认)”印。第3页题“兰墅太史手定红楼梦稿百二十卷 内阙四十一至五十卷 据摆字本补足继振记”,下“又云”印。第4页朱丝栏内题“红楼梦稿 咸丰己卯古花朝后十日辛伯于源”,下“于源私印”章。第2第3页又有“猗欤又云”“江南第一风流公子”等印。故名梦稿本。因系杨继振原藏,故又名杨本. 存120回,全。十回一册。共12册。每半叶7行,行38字,皇皇巨册,在各本中开本最大。此本前80回中有15回是据程高本抄配。另各册起首或末尾佚去数页,由杨继振抄配。杨抄据程甲本。余60余回根据早期脂本过录后,又用墨笔删改,文字与程高本同。后40回中有21回据程乙本,另19回文字简练而通畅,非删节而成,当据另一个初稿本,后以程高本校改。故此本来源不一,是个百衲本。至少有四个底本。此本前八十回原钞本所据底本相当早,不少异文可以订正他本之讹误或提供新的研究线索。前7回公认属己卯本系统。最明显之处是王熙凤眉目描写,此本与己卯本为“一双丹凤眼,两弯柳叶眉”,无“三角”“掉稍”数字。故可补己卯本首三页半缺文。此本第78回回末有朱笔写的“兰墅阅过”四字。兰墅,高鹗字。此本是否为高鹗付印前稿本,此四字是否为高鹗手迹,各家观点不一。杨继振入藏此本时残缺太甚,以程甲本补足时在咸丰5年乙卯(1855)秋月。竹纸,色黄暗,质地已脆,易破碎。天头地脚及书口黄褐。第1册周边残损,扉页书口残缺,已改浅黑色。朱章暗,很是破旧。梦稿本原为杨继振(字又云)道光己丑年(1829)收藏。1959年春北京文苑斋收得此书,后归中国科学院文学研究所图书馆。
  
  
  10、郑藏本
  
  又称脂郑本。题红楼梦,见于版心中缝。后世藏者加有封面题“石头记第二十三回第二十四回”。原郑振铎藏,故名。此本原回数不详。残卷仅存第23与24回两回,凡31页。装订为1册。每半叶8行,行24字。版框高21.4厘米,宽12.7厘米。两回抄手不同。第23 回回目首联缺二字,回目双行并列,唯此本与列藏本如此。正文属脂本系统。与列藏本关系密切。经窜改,无批语。人名有特异处,如贾芸做贾义,秋纹作秋雯,茗烟、焙茗两名等。两回结尾与各本异。23回末自“只听墙内”至“细嚼‘如花美眷似水流年’八个字的滋味”200余字脱去,与回目失去关合。24回末无红玉改名小红原因及身世遭遇一段,梦见贾芸的描写也大为简略。列藏本、梦稿本则无遭遇及梦境。乌丝栏,双边。白皮纸,质地细腻,薄似蝉翼。边角残损过甚,全部加衬纸装裱。色灰黄,边缘黄褐色,上下经水浸。皙庵章朱色较西谛章浅淡。在各本中最是陈旧残破。 郑藏本原为郑振铎珍藏。藏北京图书馆,现藏于国家图书馆分馆。
  
  
  11、靖本
  
  又称靖藏本,脂靖本。题石头记。原藏于扬州靖氏,故名。存78回。缺第28与29回,自别本抄配,附于80回后。第30回残失3叶。原本分19小册,合装成10厚册。每半叶行数字数未察。此本每分册皆有“明远堂”及“拙生藏书”篆文图记。此书1959年夏由毛国瑶先生发现,并借去将书中批语与戚本对勘,共计有150条批语为戚本所无,散见于共计41回中,经他过录在横行练习簿上。撰文脂靖本红楼梦批语首次发表于南京师范学院文教资料简报1974年8、9月号(总第21、22合刊)。1959年秋末将钞本归还靖氏。1964年毛国瑶将批语寄交俞平伯,俞平伯发现此本价值,商借原书,而靖家已遍寻不获。此本正文不缺第1回石头求情,僧人大展法术将其变为美玉的400余字及“西帆楼”(即天香楼)一节。此本有眉批、行间批、句下夹注批及回前回后批。朱墨杂出。其间共35回无批,即第11、19至21、25至27、31至36、38至40、44至46、 51与52、55至62、68至77回。疑为抄配。此本中独有一些极重要的批语。如第13回命作者删去“秦可卿淫丧天香楼”“遗簪、更衣诸文”的人是畸笏叟;如第22回畸笏叟所加的批语“前批知者聊聊,不数年,芹溪、脂砚、杏斋诸子皆相继别去。今丁亥,只余朽物一枚,宁不痛杀!”,拓清了曹雪芹,脂砚斋,畸笏叟当是三个人。此外,批语中还提供了许多先前不知道的80回后的佚稿情节。 此本第13回有一署名“常村”的批注。此批于甲戌本中为眉批,无署名。周汝昌认为即“棠村”之误。此本有疑为立松轩所作的“旺族都中吾首门”诗(亦见于戚本)和戊子孟夏长批。 不少批语文字错乱讹误较甚,有的难以寻读。保留有首行书“夕葵书屋本石头记卷之”过录残页一纸,次录批语一条。 第1册封面下黏一长方形纸条,墨笔抄写曹寅七言诗题楝亭夜话图竹纸抄写,书页黄脆。因保存不善,骑缝大多断裂,多处蛀蚀。蓝纸封面。抄手不止一人,字迹尚工整。靖本为扬州靖应鹍所藏。1959年在南京浦口出现,1964年尚在,后迷失。文革中,靖氏后人因失去此本受牵连。迄今尚未寻回。风传80年代曾见人在一往南京的列车上阅读此本,书上胡乱写着“此是大毒草”等字样。或许犹存人世。因靖本只有毛国瑶先生一人亲见过,部份研究者怀疑此本并不存在。此本原藏者为先人八旗辽阳某氏,因军功赐姓,始迁江都,乾嘉之际移居扬州,清末复迁南京。在扬州时与吴鼒(夕葵书屋主人)交游。吴应藏有另本。据考,吴之一生富收藏,精校勘,故其本当非属一般,然不知尚存于天地之间否。
  
  
  12、“端方本”和“三六桥本”
  
  关于“端方本”上海魏绍昌、徐恭时二先生曾有过一条资料:褚德彝跋《幽篁图》(传抄本)“宣统纪元,余客京师,在端陶斋方处,见《红楼梦》手抄本,与近世印本颇不同。叙湘云与宝玉有染,及碧痕同浴处,多媟亵语。八十回以后,黛玉逝世,宝钗完婚情节亦同。此后则甚不相类矣。宝玉完婚后,家计日落,流荡益甚;逾年宝钗以娩难亡,宝玉更放纵,至贫不能自存。欲谋为拜阿堂 (满语,即无品级的当差执事人),以年长格于例,至充拔什库 (满语,即千总,掌管文书的小兵丁 )以糊口。适湘云新寡,穷无所归,遂为宝玉胶续。时蒋玉函已脱乐籍。拥巨资,在外城设质库,宝玉屡往称贷,旋不满。欲使铺兵往哄,为袭人所斥而罢。一日大雪,市苦酒羊胛,与湘云纵饮赋诗,强为欢乐。适九门提督经其地,以失仪为从者所执,视之盖北靖 (静)王也,骇问颠末,慨然念旧,赒赠有加,越日送入鸾 (銮)仪卫充示麾史,迄潦倒以终云。共大略如此。沧桑之后,不知此本尚在人间否?癸亥六月锗德弈。”以上这段记载虽说是 “传抄本”,但言之凿凿,有时间、有地点、有人物,而且内容连贯。不仅如此,还有旁证:这旁证一是纪昀在《阅微草堂笔记》中亦存类似记载;二是一九四二年一位日本哲学教授儿玉达童在北京大学文学系的一次读书报告会上,介绍了“日本三六桥本 ”《红楼梦》,其故事情节就与前面那段记载基本相同。按照中国的说法叫 "无风不起浪",既然在民间流传着这种种传闻,那么这个与一般通行本不同的《红楼梦》抄本是否真的存在过呢?既然这个抄本是在端方处发现的 (所以称为“端方本”),那么是否有可能找到呢?很遗憾!确实如有的红学家所说,凡牵连到《红楼梦》的人和事,都有点怪。这个拥有 “端方本”的端方于一九一一年奉命入川镇压保路运动,刚到达资州,辛亥革命的风暴骤起,他就被起义的士兵所杀。 他从北京带来的几十驮架书籍和珍奇古玩亦就此失散。那个珍贵的“端方本”是否也在其中呢?当然,如果端方入川时确把“端方本”带来了,这个抄本肯定是失落在四川无疑。所以近二十年来,在四川各地不断有关于这个“端方本”的种种传闻。胡邦炜在研究《红楼梦》的过程中,也曾花费极大的力气来追寻流散于四川的“端方本”的线索,并在成、渝两地听不少人谈起过。且其中还有人说他们亲眼目睹过。而且更令人奇怪的是,这些目睹者文化水平并不很高,对红学亦无甚研究,但从他们口中讲出的故事梗概却基本一样,显然不是胡编乱造,故意耸人听闻。但是当笔者顺着这些线索追踪下去时,则总是要断线不是追到某一个人时他已去世,就是追到某一个人时他说告诉他的人下落不明。因此,到底是否有过一个《端方本》,有的话,它到底是否失落在四川?这不得而知。“三六桥本”是日本民间所流传的《红楼梦》,与“端方本”相似。
  
  
  13、程高本
  
  乾隆辛亥(公元1791)年冬,“萃文书屋”首次以木活字排印出版了一百二十回《红楼梦》(程甲本),书前有程伟元、高鹗两篇序言。程甲本,封面题《绣像红楼梦》,扉页题《新镌全部绣像红楼梦》,下署“萃文书屋”。回首及书口均题《红楼梦》。一百二十回,二十四册。有总目,不分卷。双边,乌丝栏。每版二十行,行二十四字。绣像并图赞二十四幅。乾隆五十六年辛亥(1791)冬底印完。此本前八十回删去了所有的标题诗和尾联以及批语。辛亥前三年,舒元炜为《红楼梦》作序时,已知有百二十回本,其成书自非一日之工。杨本前八十回与梦、程并非一系版本,后四十回则系程乙本的删节本。全书又以程乙本改补。至今仍有红学家误认为杨本是程高排印本的稿本之一。仅过七十天,经再次修改,于五十七年壬子(1792)印行第二版,今称程乙本。近年又有程丙本的发现。二十年代,胡适把这两个本子分别定名为“程甲本”“程乙本”。后来,大多数的《红楼梦》版本研究,也就一直沿用“程甲”“程乙”这两个名字。程伟元序说:“《石头记》是此书原名,作者相传不一,究未知出自何人,惟书内记雪芹曹先生删改数过……原本目录一百二十卷,今所藏只八十卷……不佞以是书既有百二十卷之目,岂无全璧?爰为竭力搜罗……数年以来,仅积有二十余卷。一日,偶于鼓担上得十余卷,遂重价购之,欣然繙阅,见其前后起伏,尚属接榫;然漶漫不可收拾,乃同友人细加厘剔,截长补短,钞成全部;复为镌版,以公同好”。高鹗序则记载了“今年春”,程伟元邀请他“分任”整理修补《红楼梦》全书,而他“欣然拜诺”,“遂襄其役”,并写下完工和作序的时间为“乾隆辛亥冬至后五日”。他们的话大体是可信的。程高本在《红楼梦》的传播过程中具有重要的意义,从这两排印本开始,《红楼梦》流传,由手写本进入到刻印本的阶段。这两排印本都是一百二十回本,卷首都有绣像,当时叫“新镌全部绣像红楼梦”。它以定本的面目出现,使之可以迅速流传,至1949年为止,翻印或稍作改动出版的《红楼梦》已达两百余种。它以一百二十回全本出版,改变了抄本时代只有八十回的神龙有头无尾的缺憾。此后的各种刻本,绝大多数是以程本(特别是程甲本)为底本,如今天还能看到的藤花榭本,本衙藏板本,东观阁本,双清仙馆本,妙复轩本,卧云山馆本,金玉缘本,等等,等等,形成了所谓“程本系统”。程甲本为木活字排印,受当时木活字印刷技术条件的限制,估计仅印了一百部左右。程甲本印行七十多天后又活字排印程乙本。程乙本很长时间不被人注意,程甲本却一再被人翻刻,一百三十多年中流行的都是程甲本。直到1927年胡适将程乙本标点,由上海亚东图书馆出版,程乙本才取代程甲本的地位,成为最流行的版本。程甲本现存十部以上,国家图书馆(藏两部)、中国社会科学院文学所、北京大学、人民日报社、台湾大学及一些私人,均藏有此书。另外,国外(如俄罗斯、日本)亦有若该套收藏。由北京图书馆出版社及吉林文史出版社影印本行世。程乙本与程甲本的版式插图等完全一样,但文字上有两万多字的差异,且多出一篇由程伟元和高鹗联合署名的“引言”。此书现存数量多于程甲本,如国家图书馆、中国书店、山东图书馆、杭州图书馆、绍兴图书馆、上海图书馆及一些私人均有收藏。
  
  
  百家讲坛
  87版红楼的编剧有讲,说富察明义有一篇文章里提到“其叔脂砚”,所以他叔叔是脂砚斋的可能性还是蛮大的,因为这种说法至少有实在的证据。而且别的说法是暂时还没找到证据的。
老残游记
Liu ERead
  《老残游记》是刘鹗的代表作,流传甚广。小说以一位走方郎中老残的游历为主线,对社会矛盾开掘很深,尤其是他在书中敢于直斥清官误国,清官害民,指出有时清官的昏庸并不比贪官好多少。这一点对清廷官场的批判是切中时弊、独具只眼的。
  刘鹗(è),原名梦鹏,又名孟鹏,谱名振远,字云抟、公约,又字铁云,别署鸿都百炼生。祖籍江苏丹徒,1857年10月18日生于江苏六合;1909年8 月23日去世于新疆迪化(今乌鲁木齐)。刘鹗出身于封建官僚家庭,从小得名师传授学业。他学识博杂,精于考古,并在算学、医道、治河等方面均有出类拔萃的成就,被海内外学者誉为“小说家、诗人、哲学家、音乐家、医生、企业家、数学家、藏书家、古董收藏家、水利专家、慈善家”。他涉猎众多领域,著述颇丰,为我们留下了丰富的文化遗产。他所著《老残游记》备受世人赞誉,是十大古典白话长篇小说之一,又是中国四大讽刺小说之一。刘鹗本人也是富有学识又得不到抱负的人。
   刘鹗的小说《老残游记》是晚清的四大谴责小说之一。全书共20回,光绪二十九年(1903)发表于《绣像小说》半月刊上,到13回因故中止,后重载于《天津日日新闻》,始全。原署鸿都百炼生著。作者在小说的自叙里说:“棋局已残,吾人将老,欲不哭泣也得乎?”小说是作者对“棋局已残”的封建末世及人民深重的苦难遭遇的哭泣。小说写一个被人称做老残的江湖医生铁英在游历中的见闻和作为。老残是作品中体现作者思想的正面人物。他“摇个串铃”浪迹江湖,以行医糊口,自甘淡泊,不入宦途。但是他关心国家和民族的命运,同情人民群众所遭受的痛苦,是非分明,而且侠胆义肠,尽其所能,解救一些人民疾苦。随着老残的足迹所至,可以清晰地看到清末山东一带社会生活的面貌。在这块风光如画、景色迷人的土地上,正发生着一系列惊心动魄的事件。封建官吏大逞淫威,肆意虐害百姓,造起一座活地狱。小说的突出处是揭露了过去文学作品中很少揭露的“清官”暴政。作者说“赃官可恨,人人知之。清官尤可恨,人多不知。盖赃官自知有病,不敢公然为非,清官则自以为不要钱,何所不可?刚愎自用,小则杀人,大则误国,吾人亲目所见,不知凡几矣”。“历来小说皆揭赃官之恶,有揭清官之恶者,自《老残游记》始”(第16回原评)。刘鹗笔下的“清官”,其实是一些“急于要做大官”而不惜杀民邀功,用人血染红顶子的刽子手。玉贤是以“才能功绩卓著” 而补曹州知府的。在署理曹州府不到一年的时间内,衙门前12个站笼便站死了2000多人,九分半是良民。于朝栋一家,因和强盗结冤被栽赃,玉贤不加调查,一口咬定是强盗,父子三人就断送在站笼里。董家口一个杂货铺的掌柜的年轻儿子,由于酒后随口批评了玉贤几句,就被他抓进站笼站死。东平府书铺里的人,一针见血地说出了玉贤的真相,“无论你有理没理,只要他心里觉得不错,就上了站笼了”。玉贤的逻辑是:“ 这人无论冤枉不冤枉。若放下他,一定不能甘心,将来连我前程都保不住。俗语说的好,‘斩草要除根’。”为了飞黄腾达,他死也不肯放下手中的屠刀。老残题诗说,“冤埋城阙暗,血染顶珠红”,“杀民如杀贼,太守是元戎”,深刻地揭示了他们的本质。刚弼是“清廉得格登登”的清官,他曾拒绝巨额贿赂,但却倚仗不要钱、不受贿,一味臆测断案,枉杀了很多好人。他审讯贾家十三条人命的巨案,主观臆断,定魏氏父女是凶手,严刑逼供,铸成骇人听闻的冤狱。小说还揭露了貌似贤良的昏官。山东巡抚张宫保,“爱才若渴”,搜罗奇才异能之士。表面上是个“礼贤下士”方面的大员,但事实上却很昏庸。他不辨属吏的善恶贤愚,也判断不出谋议的正确与错误。他的爱才美德,却给山东百姓带来了一系列的灾难。“办盗能吏”玉贤是他赏识的,刚弼也是他倚重的,更为严重的是他竟错误地采用史钧甫的治河建议,废济阳以下民埝,退守大堤,致使两岸十几万生灵遭受涂炭。在小说中楔入的桃花山一段插话中,着重写了隐居在荒山中的两个奇人□姑和黄龙子。通过两人的言行宣扬了作者所信奉的太谷学说,同时对当时的革命运动,即所谓“北拳南革”,即北方的义和团和南方的资产阶级革命派,进行了恶毒的诋毁和诅咒,攻击他们都是“乱党”。义和团来势猛,他说“几乎送了国家的性命”;革命党起势缓慢,他认为“莫说是皮肤小病,要知道浑身溃烂起来,也会致命的”;告诫人们不要“搅入他的党里去”,表现了作者落后、反动的一面。小说的第一回,就是作者对于当时政治的象征性图解。他把当时腐败的中国比作一艘漂浮在海上行将被风浪所吞没的破旧帆船。船上有几种人:一种是以船主为首的掌舵管帆的人,影指当时上层的封建统治集团。作者认为他们“并未曾错”,只是因为是走“太平洋” 的,只会过太平日子,不意遇上了风浪,所以毛了手脚,加上未曾预备方针,遇了阴天,日月星辰都被云气遮了,所以就没有依傍。再一种人是乘客中鼓动造反的人,比喻当时的革命派,污蔑他们都是些“只管自己敛钱,叫别人流血”的“英雄”。宣扬如果依了他们,“这船覆得更快了”。还有一些肆意搜刮乘客的“下等水手”,则是指那些不顾封建王朝大局、恣意为非作恶的统治阶级爪牙。作者对他们也很反感,视为罪人。究竟怎样才能挽救这只行将覆灭的大船呢?作者认为:唯一的办法是给它送去一个“最准的”外国方向盘,即采取一些西方文明而修补残破的国家。小说中所写的人物和事件有些是实有其人、实有其事的。如玉贤指毓贤,刚弼指刚毅,张宫保(有时写作庄宫保)为张曜,姚云松为姚松云,王子谨为王子展,申东造为杜秉国,柳小惠为杨少和,史钧甫为施少卿等,或载其事而更其姓名,又或存姓改名、存名更姓。黑妞、白妞为当时实有之伎人,白妞一名王小玉,于明湖居奏伎,倾动一时,有“红妆柳敬亭”之称。废济阳以下民埝,乃光绪十五年(1889)实事,当时作者正在山东测量黄河,亲见其惨状。正如作者所自言:“野史者,补正史之缺也。名可托诸子虚,事须征诸实在。”(第13回原评)《老残游记》的艺术成就在晚清小说里是比较突出的。特别在语言运用方面更有其独特成就。如在写景方面能做到自然逼真,有鲜明的色彩。书中千佛山的景致,桃花山的月夜,都明净、清新。在写王小玉唱大鼓时,作者更运用烘托手法和一连串生动而贴切的比喻,绘声绘色的描摹出来,给人以身临其境的感觉。所以鲁迅称赞它“叙景状物,时有可观”(《中国小说史略》)。
   刘鹗还曾写有《老残游记》续集,作于光绪三十一年(1905)至三十三年之间。据刘大绅说,共有14回,今残存9回。1934年在《人间世》半月刊上发表4回,次年良友图书公司出版6回的单行本。1962年中华书局出版的《老残游记资料》收录了后3回。续集前6回,虽然也有对官僚子弟肆意蹂躏妇女恶行的揭露,但主要的是通过泰山斗姥宫尼姑逸云的恋爱故事及其内心深入细微的思想活动,以及赤龙子的言谈行径,宣传了体真悟道的妙理。后3回则是描写老残游地狱,以寓其惩恶劝善之旨。
   此外还残存《外编》4700余字,写于光绪三十一年以后。除《老残游记》外,刘鹗著有天算著作《勾股天元草》、《孤三角术》,治河著作《历代黄河变迁图考》、《治河七说》、《治河续说》,医学著作《人命安和集》(未完成),金石著作《铁云藏龟》、《铁云藏陶》、《铁云泥封》,诗歌创作《铁云诗存》。 1980年齐鲁书社出版了《铁云诗存》,其诗清新俊逸,功力颇深,反映了他的一些行踪和思想感情。
  
  老残游记 作者刘鹗
  刘鹗简介
  一.时代背景:
  晚清时期,清朝帝国陷入遭逢内忧外患的困境当中,外有列强环伺,内则政治腐败.
  二.生平概述:
  刘鹗,字铁云,笔名洪都百鍊生,清江苏丹徒(今江苏省丹徒县)人,自幼聪颖,五岁便能背诵唐诗三百首.生於文宗咸丰7年(西元1857),卒於宣统元年(西元1909),年53.
  鹗精於算学,医学,水利,并留心西洋科学.个性放旷不拘,所见不同於流俗,观察时事尤其犀利.早年曾於扬州行医,后改行经商(刘鹗28岁曾在江苏淮安开过菸草店,31岁又在上海开过书店,但都因经营不善而倒闭).光绪14年(西元1888)黄河决口於郑州,便投效河督吴大澄,山东巡府张曜,协助治河,后因治河有功,声誉大起,被保荐以知府任用.曾上书建议修筑铁路,利用外资开采山西煤矿,兴办实业(指工商企业),以利民生,时人不解其用心,交相指责,视为汉奸.光绪26年(西元1900)义和团事起,八国联军入侵北京,太仓粟(京师官方谷仓里的粮食)为俄兵所据,他向联军以低价购得太仓粟,赈济饥民,全活甚众,却因被控私购太仓粟,流放新疆,住在乌鲁木齐一座寺庙的戏台底下,靠为人治病度日,最后病死於迪化(今乌鲁木齐).著有老残游记,铁云藏龟,历代黄河变迁图考等书.
  三.刘鹗一生的四件大事:
  1.治理黄河:
  主张束水刷沙法―筑提控制水势,使水不漫溢两岸,再以水攻沙,直刷河底.
  2.甲骨文字的研究:
  光绪25年(西元1899),他在北京,住在朋友王懿荣家中.王懿荣当时任国子监祭酒,对金石文字都有相当深入的研究.那时王懿荣生了病,看完病家人就上街把药买回来,跟药方核对没错才去煎,刘鹗在一旁看,在这些药中有一包药叫龟板,他觉得很奇怪便顺手拿起来看看,这一看使他惊奇万分,那些龟板上有小字, 而且很明显地看的出来字是刻上去的,王懿荣知其古老,乃派人到药店将有字的全部买下,后又到处收购,两年间共收刻辞甲骨一千馀片.
  王懿荣死后,家人为了还债,将王懿荣收藏的甲骨卜辞,大部分转让给了刘鹗.刘氏此时也收购刻辞甲骨,前后藏有近5000片.1903年刘鹗将收藏的刻辞甲骨搨印了1058片,在早期收集甲骨卜辞的藏家罗振玉的鼓励下,出版了我国第一部甲骨文书籍——《铁云藏龟》.
  虽然该书在对於甲骨文上的建树不多,但是他却是首度将私人收集的甲骨公诸於世,以供同好研究,这种分享的心胸与情操,使得甲骨学在很短的时间内就有长足的进展.
  3.开山西的矿
  4.贱买太仓的米来赈济北京难民
  四.作者细说
  刘鹗之死:
  刘鹗与袁世凯曾在山东巡府张曜下共事过,元为自己长久不被重用而郁郁不得志,曾向刘向张请求为任,而张曜却认为元「才可爱而性未定,资可造而识未纯」,没有同意袁的要求,因此袁世凯以为刘鹗不肯为他出力,一直坏恨在心.后来袁进了军机处掌握大权,蓄意报复,终於在光绪34年(西元1908),以私购太仓米和在为外国人买地的的罪名,密电江两总督将刘鹗缉捕,发配新疆,永远坚禁,第二年(宣统元年),因脑充血死于新疆流所.
  汉奸!
  光绪23年,刘鹗应外国人聘请到山西的一间铁矿公司做经理,他和一些新党人物的思想一样,认为只有提倡科学,兴办实业才能救中国,而兴办实业的办法就是他所想的:「国无素蓄,不如任欧人开之,我严定其制,令三十年而全矿铁路归我.如是,则彼之利在一时,而我之利在百世矣.」有人认为他者种主张在本质上是不利於国家的,难怪这时他要背负著汉奸之名了.
  为什么要写老残游记
  刘鹗会撰写《老残游记》一书,原本是为了帮助朋友.在义和团乱后没几年,京曹中有沈虞希与连梦青二人,因素与天津日日新闻的方药雨为友,一日,沈虞希偶将朝中事告知方药雨,方氏将其揭露於报端,清廷获悉后大为震怒,严办泄密之人,且株连甚广,沈氏被逮杖毙,连梦青仓皇遁走上海.连氏到上海后,家财尽失,无以为生,只依赖卖文糊口.刘鹗知其人孤介,不愿受人资助,因此动笔写小说送他,以增加其稿费收入.
  刘鹗的写作动机本为助人,但他生当乱世,目睹国事糜烂,再加上自己一生事业上的失败以及政治理想的幻灭,《老残游记》事实上也是他个人情感的寄托.他曾在书中自叙:「吾人生今之时,有身世之感情,有国家之感情,有社会之感情,有宗教之感情,其感情愈深者,其哭泣愈痛,此洪都百鍊生所以有老残游记之作也.棋局已残,吾人将老,欲不哭泣也得乎 」由此可知,《老残游记》为当时中国社会之缩影,更是作者一部以文字代替哭泣的著作.
  五.老残游记续集-->自序
  人生如梦耳.人生果如梦平 抑或蒙叟之寓言乎,吾不能知.趋而质诸蜉蝣子,蜉蝣子不能决.趋而质诸灵椿子,灵椿子亦不能决.还而叩之昭明.
  昭明曰:"昨日之我如是,今日之我复如是.观我之室,一榻,一几,一席,一灯,一砚,一笔,一纸.昨日之榻,几,席,灯,砚,笔.纸若是,今日之榻,几,席,灯,砚,笔,纸仍若是.固明明有我,并有此一榻,一几,一席,一灯,一砚,一笔,一纸亡.非若梦为乌而厉乎天
  然则人生如梦,固蒙叟之寓言也夫!吾不敢决,又以质诸杳冥.
  杳冥曰:"子昨日何为者 "对曰:"晨起洒扫,午餐而夕寐,弹琴读书,晤对良朋,如是而已."杏冥曰:"前月此日,子何为者 "吾略举以对.又问:"去年此月此日,子何为著 "强忆其略,遗忘过半矣."十年前之此月此日,子何为者 "则茫茫然矣.推之"二十年前,三谓之如梦,蒙更岂欺我哉
  夫梦之情境,虽已为幻为虚,不可复得,而叙述梦中情境之我,固俨然其犹在也.若百年后之我,且不知其归于何所,虽有此如梦之百年之情境,更无叙述饲榫持叶鹗鲋?是以人生百年,比之于梦,犹觉百年更虚于梦也!呜呼!以此更虚于梦之百年,而必欲孜孜然,斤斤然,
  夫此如梦五十年间,可惊,可喜,可歌,可泣之事,既不能忘;而此五十年间之梦,亦未尝不有可惊,可喜,可歌,可泣之事,亦同此而不忘也.同此而不忘,世间于是乎有《老残游记续集》.
  鸿都百炼生自序
老残游记续集
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Wu JianrenRead
  全书以主人公“九死一生”的经历为主要线索,从他为父亲奔丧开始,到经商失败结束。通过“九死一生”二十年间的遭遇和见闻,广泛揭露了半殖民地半封建社会的满清末年的黑暗现实。
  
  《二十年目睹之怪现状》是吴趼人的代表作。它最初连载于1903年~1905年《新小说》杂志上面,1906年起由上海广智书局出版分册的单行本(每本12回,直到1910年才出齐,共108回)。全书以主人公“九死一生”的经历为主要线索,从他为父亲奔丧开始,到经商失败结束。《怪现状》通过“九死一生”二十年间的遭遇和见闻,广泛揭露了半封建半殖民地的满清末年的黑暗现实。书中自我介绍说:“只因我出来应世的二十年中,回头想来,所遇见的只有三种东西:第一种是虫蛇鼠蚁,第二种是豺狼虎豹,第三种是魑魅魍魉。
  
  《怪现状》描写范围包括官场、商场与洋场,因涉及范围广,故影响也大。鲁迅《中国小说史略》对其评价甚为精当:“作者经历较多,故所叙之族类亦较夥,官师士商,皆著于录……惜描写失之张皇,时或伤于溢恶,言违真实,则感人之力顿微,终不过连篇话柄,仅足供闲散者的谈笔之资而已。”鲁迅先生特别重视生活的真实与艺术的真实,吴趼人和李伯元等人夸张失实的毛病的确犯了写实文学的大忌,这可能也正是清末文坛产生不出伟大作家和伟大作品的重要原因之一。
  
  光绪二十九年(1903)八月《新小说》(月刊)第八号至第二年第廿四号连载,共刊出第四十五回。标“会小说”。无插图,回上有批语,回后均有评语,故一般均认为是作者自加。
  
  上海广智书局排印本。八册,一至五册光绪三十二年(1906)刊,六册宣统元年(1909)刊,七至八册宣统二年(1910)刊。
  
  1933年上海石印本。
荡寇志
Yu MochunRead
  又名结水浒传
  
  一部《水浒传》把“强盗”写得可亲可敬,把朝廷、官府写得可憎可鄙,道义不在君临天下的统治者,而在奋起犯上的作乱者。洪水猛兽,屡禁不止,清道光年间产生了这部以小说反小说的《荡寇志》,秉承金圣叹“惊恶梦”的意愿,演化为攻杀剿灭梁山泊众头领的故事情节。其为封建经济效忠的政治宣传,终归徒劳。但在编织故事、虚构情节方面却不乏生动有趣的片断,行文布局、造语设景的写作技巧,也算得上是旧小说中的上选。
  
  此本接续金圣叹评本之七十回水浒传而作,是所有水浒系列作品中唯一立场相对的一本著作(金圣叹评本之立场有正反两说,尚无定论),因作者生当清季太平天国乱前,国内盗贼横生,作者有感于当时中国受盗贼横行之苦,因而深恶盗贼,有「既是忠义,必不做强盗;既是强盗,必不算忠义」、「孰知罗贯中之害至于此极耶」(有一说法称:水浒七十回之前为施耐庵所作,七十回之后为罗贯中所续,故金及俞皆尊施而贬罗)的话,并进而著书立论,要使「天下后世深明盗贼忠义之辨,丝毫不容假借!」故此书中对宋江等人深恶痛绝,凡梁山泊上一干人等,几乎都无好下场。
  
  作者仇视以宋江为首的梁山泊农民起义的思想与金圣叹相一致,所以他紧接金圣叹腰斩过的七十回本《水浒传》,从七十一回写起,杜撰出一大篇宋江等如何“被张叔夜擒拿正法”的故事,自名其书为《荡寇志》。作者死后,此书的初刻本却改署书名为《结水浒传》,这大概是刻书者为了要利用《水浒传》原来的社会影响,以广招徕,诱人购读的缘故。
    《荡寇志》的作者名俞万春(一七九四——一八四九年),字仲华,号忽来道人。清浙江山阴(今绍兴)人。出身于一个地方官吏的家庭,一生并没有正式任官,科举功名也不过是个“诸生”(秀才)。他在青壮年时代,却曾经长期追随其父在广东的任所,亲身参与了对人民武装反抗的镇压行动。《荡寇志》的写作,是作者自觉地站在维护封建统治的反动立场上,蓄意对人民群众进行思想上的镇压,来与暴力镇压相配合的。作者为此苦心孤诣,惨淡经营,不遗余力。据他的家属宣称,此书草创于道光六年(一八二六),写成于道光二十七年(一八四七),中间凡“三易其稿”,首尾历二十二年。
    作者死之次年,爆发了洪秀全领导的太平军农民大起义。与此同时,南京的清政府官员们就开始酝酿刻印《荡寇志》,以维系摇摇欲坠的“世道人心”。咸丰三年(一八五三),太平军攻下南京,清政府官员们逃至苏州,竟把《荡寇志》版片也带去,就在苏州大量印行。接着,广州的“当道诸公”,也“急以袖珍板刻播是书于乡邑间,以资功惩”。稍后,咸丰七年又另有一个重刻本。咸丰十年(一八六○),太平军忠王李秀成攻下苏州,把《荡寇志》当作反革命的宣传品,予以毁版。太平天国起义失败后,同治十年(一八七一),《荡寇志》又有了大字覆刻本。
    封建统治阶级历来鄙视稗官小说,甚至曰为“惑世诬民”的“异端”,千方百计地加以禁遏,而《荡寇志》这部纯属杜撰的稗官小说,却博得许多“当道诸公” 的青睐,交口赞誉,视为维系“世道人心”的宝物,用来进行反动宣传,以抵制革命思想在群众中的传播,却又并不奇怪。《荡寇志》全书围绕着一个中心主题,即所谓“但明国纪写天麻”。书中连篇累赘地肉麻地歌颂封建朝廷,恶毒地污蔑诅咒起义阵营。封建统治者以为既可以欺骗群众,又可以恐吓群众。
    封建社会的现实生活中,到处是“为富不仁”“官逼民反”的阶级压迫的事实,到了《荡寇志》里阶级压迫的事一概没有了,仿佛世界上根本就不存在鱼肉小民的土豪恶霸,他们全都成了施赈放粮救难拯灾的“救世主”和保护群众生命财产不受“强盗”侵犯的“大英雄”了。贪官污吏,作者不能尽讳,却异想天开地编造出蔡京、童贯等“奸贼”与宋江等起义者相互勾结串通的故事情节,其险恶的用意是要把社会舆论对贪官污吏、权奸国贼的痛恨,也转嫁到被“逼上梁山”的起义者身上去。
    《荡寇志》赤裸裸地宣扬了封建专制主义的“国纪”:凡在一个王朝的统治下“食毛践土”的小百姓,就绝对不得反对朝廷、违抗官府、触犯地主豪绅,只准逆来顺受,苟且偷生。它又为统治阵营内部受到排挤侵害的中下级成员,树立了陈希真、刘广、苟桓那样一些“榜样”:无论受到当道“权奸”的何等欺凌迫害,蒙冤受屈,都不该改变“初衷”,投靠起义阵营;相反,而是要去积极屠杀起义者,用他们的头颅来换取皇上的信用,用他们的鲜血来洗刷不得君命而冒犯了“奸臣”“ 贪官”的“犯上”污垢。这样,就终究会得到朝廷的谅解和皇上的天恩,功成名进,富贵荣华,传子传孙,甚至成仙得道,超升天界。
    在我国的小说史上,《荡寇志》可算是反动文学的代表作之一。对后世的读者,它也不失为一种颇为难得的反面材料。通过《荡寇志》里的人物形象、故事情节,人们将具体地了解到顽固地坚持封建专制主义立场的地主豪绅们,在面对人民的武装斗争风暴时的心理状态,他们的幻想和主观愿望。在艺术作品的思想性与真实性的关系上,它对我们也有反面的借鉴作用,无视广大被压迫人民求解放的愿望,怀着与社会前进方向相背离的陈腐的政治观、伦理观,是不可能不歪曲社会的本质真实的。艺术的生命力在于高度概括地反映社会真实,正是在这个意义上,《荡寇志》虽然舞文弄墨,在表现技巧和细节真实上很下了些功夫,总的艺术效果却既不真又不美,乖张暴戾,矫揉造作,与广大群众的审美感格格不入。
   《荡寇志》的政治思想极端反动,但可以客观地有分别地承认它的某些可取之处,某些长处。例如:书中写陈希真父女受高太尉迫害,弃家出亡,路过风云庄等片断,反动的政治说教没有压倒患难相恤的真情实感,便觉文情交至,颇能动人。书中塑造了陈丽卿、刘慧娘这两个女性形象,一武一文,也颇有个性特征。作者知道一点我国古代的科技知识,又在广东耳闻目接过一些西方的工艺成果,小说在传统的斗武艺、斗法术之外,又穿插进斗器械、斗技术,也算得别开生面。从行文布局、造语设景的写作技巧方面看,许多地方可以看出作者的精心匠意,确实有如鲁迅先生说的“在纠缠旧作之同类小说中,盖差为佼佼者矣”。
  
  电影
  
  荡寇志(1975)
  英文名: Dong kai ji
  中文名: 荡寇志
  导 演: ( 午马 Ma Wu ) ( 张彻 Cheh Chang )
  主 演: (陈慧敏 Wai-Man Chan) (Feng Chen Chen) (陈观泰 Kuan Tai Chen) (陈沃夫 Wo-fu Chen) (姜大卫 David Chiang) (金峰 Feng Chin) 荡寇志全部演员表
  上 映: 1975年03月31日 芬兰 详细上映地区
  地 区: 香港
  对 白: 普通话
  颜 色: 彩色
  声 音: 单声道(Mono)
  时 长:
  类 型: 动作 冒险
  分 级: 澳大利亚:M
  外文别名:
  108 Heroes
  7 Soldiers of Kung Fu (USA)
  All Men Are Brothers (Australia)
  All Men Are Brothers II
  Dang kou zhi (China: Mandarin titl e79 e)
  Seven Blows of the Dragon II
  Seven Kung Fu Assassins
  The Story of Punishment (Hong Kong: English title) (working title)
  Turbulent Invade Record (literal English title)
  ·荡寇志剧情介绍
  名妓李师师, 与梁山好汉浪子燕青惺惺相惜, 在皇帝跟前假扮姊弟, 且获免罪, 连其他梁山泊人物亦得以招安.
  时方腊正窃据江南为乱, 皇帝乃嘉勉燕青, 嘱传圣旨, 许梁山群雄并力征讨. 于是轰轰烈烈之荡寇大决战, 由此而展开......
  武松, 石秀, 李逵, 张顺及孙二娘等相偕下山, 梁山大军水陆并进死伤无数, 杀入城关, 尽歼贼匪, 生擒方腊, 完成荡寇之大业焉!
歧路灯
Li LuyuanRead
  《歧路灯》长篇小说,警世稀品。清代李海观作。一百零八回。叙述书香门第子弟谭绍闻堕落败家,又浪子回头重振家业的故事。对封建社会的吏治、教育和当时市井社会的世态人情、风习流俗有广泛生动的描写,但多封建说教。
  (清.李绿园著 现藏于南京图书馆)人生在世,立于成败两端,而成败之由,全在少年时候分路,资历或敦厚或浅薄,气质或安详或轻飘,往来或正经孤党等等,由此引出歧路一盏,照世间迷路人。
  与《儒林外史》、《红楼梦》大致同时问世于清乾隆年间,由豫人李绿园创作的长篇小说《歧路灯》,洋洋70余万言,108回,在当时说部之林独树一帜。但是,此书脱稿后,直至20世纪20年代,都以钞本形式在河南乡村流传,知者寥寥,并未引起读者及学界的注意。本世纪20年代起,《歧路灯》始有印本出现,才开始了对之真正意义上的学术研究。
  本文拟对本世纪20年代以来80年间《歧路灯》研究作一回顾,供《歧路灯》爱好者与研究者参考,并希望对《歧路灯》研究的进一步深入有所帮助。
  1
  1918年,商务印书馆出版蒋瑞藻的《小说考证》,其卷八著录《歧路灯》一则,引《阙名笔记》云:吾乡前辈李绿园先生所撰《歧路灯》120回,虽纯从《红楼梦》脱胎,然描写人情,千态毕露,亦绝世奇文也。惜其后代零落,同时亲旧,又无轻财好义之人为之刊行,遂使有益世道之大文章,仅留三五部抄本于穷乡僻壤间,此亦一大憾事也。
  这是本世纪见知的最早的有关《歧路灯》的记载。其所谓“纯从《红楼梦》脱胎”,当然是没有根据的,至于《歧路灯》之所以流传不广,其原因也不在于无人为之刊行。但是,这段著录文字至少说明,学者已对这部小说发生了兴趣。30年代,孙楷第的《中国通俗小说书目》著录《歧路灯》,孔另境《中国小说史料》亦转录了《小
  说考证》的材料。
  1924年,洛阳清义堂将《歧路灯》石印行世,共105回,前有杨懋生《序》及张青莲《跋》,对李绿园及其《歧路灯》作了介绍,并给予很高的评价。这是《歧路灯》成书以来的第一个印本,在《歧路灯》流传史上有很重要的意义。然而正如张青莲《跋》中所言:“冗务匆匆,未及校勘,仅依原本,未免以讹传讹。”因此书中亥豕鲁鱼,随处可见,加之印数不多,流传仍是不广。1927年,北京朴社(景山书社)开始排印出版冯友兰、冯沅君兄妹的校点本,可惜只印行了第一册26回,未见下文。朴社排印本前冠有冯友兰写的一篇长序,对《歧路灯》的思想内容及艺术上的得失作了全面的评价。冯友兰《序》中说:“《歧路灯》的道学气太重,的确是一个大毛病。
  幸而李绿园在书中所写的,大部分是在上述‘此义’之反面……他那一管道学先生的笔,颇有描写事物的能力,其中并且含有许多刺。”冯友兰对《歧路灯》所描写的当
  时社会生活的种种情况均作了比较公允客观的评论,非常欣赏小说的语言(尤其是河南方言)运用、人物塑造方面取得的成就。同年,冯友兰还辑成《李绿园公诗钞》;朴社排印本前还有董作宾写的《李绿园传略》,对李绿园的生卒年及年谱作了初步考证与整理。冯、董所作的两篇文章,可以说是近八十年来最早的具有学术价值的李绿园与《歧路灯》研究成果,具有开创性的贡献。
  由于印本的问世,给研究者提供了文本上的便利,于是,学界开始有研究论文发表,但是,有价值的专论不多。其中,值得注意的有郭绍虞与朱自清的文章。郭绍虞于1928年初在《文学周报》5卷25号上发表了一篇题为《介绍歧路灯》的论文,将《歧路灯》与《红楼梦》、《儒林外史》作比较,得出的结论是:“《歧路灯》亦正有足以胜过《红楼梦》与《儒林外史》者在。”郭绍虞称赞“李绿园竟能于常谈中述至理,竟能于述至理中使人不觉得是常谈。意清而语不陈,语不陈则意亦不觉得是清庸了。这实是他的难能处,也即是他的成功处。这种成功,全由于他精锐的思路与隽爽的笔性,足以驾驭这沉闷的题材”。朱自清于同年年底在《一般》第6卷第4号上发表了一篇题为《歧路灯》的文章,认为《歧路灯》与《红楼梦》是“中国旧来仅有的两部可以称为真正‘长篇’的小说”。朱自清的观点与郭绍虞大致相同,尤其对《歧路灯》在情节结构上取得的成就极为赞赏,指出:“全书滴水不漏,圆如转环,无臃肿和断续的毛病”,“在结构上它是中国旧来唯一的真正长篇小说。”朱自清在文末说:“若让我估量本书的总价值,我以为只逊于《红楼梦》一筹,与《儒林外史》是可以并驾齐驱的。”此外,1928年4月23日《大公报·文学副刊》上发表了一篇佚名的文章《评〈歧路灯〉》,对《歧路灯》的人物塑造、社会生活描写及语言等,大加赞扬,认为是“写真实主义的上乘”作品。又有徐玉诺,不仅帮助冯友兰搜集有关李绿园与《歧路灯》的资料,还在1928年11月11日半月刊《明天》1卷4期发表《〈歧路灯〉及李绿园先生遗事》,在1929年8月14日《明天》3卷8期发表《墙角消夏琐记(其一)》,在1929年10月16日《明天》2卷10期发表《墙角消夏琐记(其二)》,对《歧路灯》与李绿园作了考论,肯定《歧路灯》在无意中深刻攻击八股文先生及孔孟之道的同时,也指出因作者现实生活经验不足而导致小说描写时见空洞的弊端。
  郭绍虞与朱自清等人均只读了朴社排印本第一册26回,未及读到全书。他们的观点,自然有可以商榷的地方,但却是代表了当时学界对《歧路灯》的一般看法,是本世纪《歧路灯》研究早期的有影响的成果。然而,令人遗憾的是,洛阳清义堂本印数过少,朴社排印本未能完成;在此后的四五十年间,尽管有人对《歧路灯》持有很高的评价,如李敏修于《中州文献汇编·总序》中盛赞《歧路灯》“开近世平民文学之先声”,但学界很少有人对之作深入、全面的研究,《歧路灯》似乎再次面临被“埋没”的尴尬境地。
  2
  直至本世纪60年代,河南学者栾星致力于《歧路灯》钞本的寻访工作,并搜集有关李绿园与《歧路灯》的研究资料。栾星花十年的精力,于70年代完成了《歧路灯》的校注工作,并辑成《歧路灯研究资料》一书。由于当时出版不易,一直到1980年,才由中州书画社(现中州古籍出版社)出版了《歧路灯》栾星校注本,1982年出版了《歧路灯研究资料》。栾星以清乾隆末年钞本《歧路灯》为原本,参稽他本(见知《歧路灯》清代钞本、民国过录本及清义堂石印本、朴社排印本共11种),校定全书为108回,并作注千余条,于俚语、方言、称谓、名物制度及古人、古籍、历史事件、三教九流行藏等,加以注释,详加考订,颇为精审,予读者以很大的便利。《歧路灯研究资料》一书分《李绿园传》、《李绿园诗文辑佚》、《歧路灯旧闻钞》三部分,后有《附录:李绿园〈家训谆言〉81条》。这部书提供了李绿园的家世生平、交游、著述以及有关《歧路灯》的研究等多方面的宝贵资料,搜罗较为完备,编排亦颇合理,且详注出处,为研究者所欢迎。
  栾星校注本《歧路灯》出版后,立即在中国大陆及台湾、香港地区引起热烈反响,中国大陆的《光明日报》、《文汇报》,台湾的《联合报》,香港的《文汇报》、《大公报》、《新晚报》等报章,纷纷以《埋没二百多年的古典白话小说〈歧路灯〉出版》、《一部被埋没二百多年的小说》、《再放光芒的〈歧路灯〉》、《被誉为〈红楼梦〉以外又一巨著》等标题加以报道,随之,一些学者在各类报纸或学术刊物上发表研究论文,对《歧路灯》展开热烈讨论。
  3
  1981年、1982年与1984年,在河南省郑州、洛阳与开封先后召开了三次《歧路灯》学术讨论会,中州古籍出版社于1982年与1984年分别编辑出版了两部《歧路灯》论丛,收录了提交前两次学术讨论会的部分论文和一些知名学者的文章。此外,散见于各类刊物的论文亦为数不少。据不完全统计,自1928年至1983年底,在各类报刊上发表的有关《歧路灯》的研究论文(含少量报道文章)有110篇左右。这些论文对李绿园的生平思想、《歧路灯》的思想倾向和艺术成就如结构、人物、语言等方面,进行了全面而又深入的探讨。亦有学者对小说中所表达的教育思想作专门研究,或对小说所反映的清康熙、乾隆时期的开封城市经济、有关戏曲的描写及民俗等作详细的考证。由于李绿园及《歧路灯》本身思想及内容的复杂性和丰富性,学者们的研究涉及的范围亦较广,并形成了不同的观点。
  这些不同的观点主要有以下三种:一是认为《歧路灯》无论在思想还是艺术上都是一部平庸的作品,根本不能与《儒林外史》相提并论;二是认为《歧路灯》是优秀的中国古代长篇小说,与《儒林外史》在伯仲之间;第三种观点较为平和,认为《歧路灯》不及《红楼梦》、《儒林外史》这些一流佳作,应属于二流作品,但还是较为成功的,有其独特的风貌。
  持否定观点的,可以蓝翎的文章《“埋没”说质疑》(见《歧路灯论丛(一)》)为代表。蓝文认为:李绿园的“创作思想的确是中国古代小说现实主义传统精神的大倒退,大大发展了开创人情小说的《金瓶梅》本来就有的说教因素的落后面,使‘人情小说’的发展岔向了歧路”,“《歧路灯》的确要宣传儒家的正统思想,把这种腐朽的思想看成人生指路的明灯”,“作为文学欣赏的对象,《歧路灯》就相当缺乏艺术吸引力,能让人愉快的读下去”,“是一部思想平庸艺术平平的古代小说”,与《醒世姻缘传》一样,“就二者思想的落后和艺术的平庸来看,‘则伯仲之间,各有短长,难分高下’。它们是同一创作思潮的产物,是‘人情小说’发展过程中一股混杂着更多的泥沙和腐物的浊流”。其评价之低,在当时的学者中,可能没有第二人。
  持肯定观点的,则可以张国光的长篇论文《我国古代的〈教育诗〉与社会风俗画》(见《歧路灯论丛(一)》)为代表。此文在很大程度上是为批驳蓝翎的《“埋没”说质疑》而作,副标题即为《〈歧路灯〉新论兼评〈“埋没”说质疑〉》。张文对蓝文作了严厉的批驳,并提出了对《歧路灯》的肯定性评价。张文认为“《歧路灯》是一部值得借鉴的教育小说”,“李绿园不仅是一位小说家,他首先是一位思想家、教育家”,称赞“《歧路灯》是我国古代社会的一幅风俗画”,并且指出,《歧路灯》在艺术结构、人物塑造、语言运用、人物描写诸方面均取得出色的成就,认为“作者虽然主要是运用现实主义手法刻划人物,但有时也不排斥浪漫主义”。张文的结论是,“《歧路灯》是一部有较高的思想水平与艺术成就的古代长篇白话小说”,“在反映封建社会生活的广度和暴露当时的魑魅魍魉的丑恶本质的深度方面超过了前者(《红楼梦》)”。张文建议,对这部“被埋没了二百多年的优秀古典小说”,“做父母的似可以一读”,“青年人可以一读”,“治文学史的人,更必需读它”,“因为它确可看作是新发掘出来的一部有价值的古代小说,即使不能与稍后的《红楼梦》并驾齐驱,但也足以使《儒林外史》相形见绌”。如此高的评价,在当时的学术界也是罕见的。至于持中间态度的观点,可以任访秋、范宁等人的文章为代表。任访秋在《漫谈〈歧路灯〉》(见《歧路灯论丛(一)》)一文中认为,“假若把《儒林外史》、《红楼梦》列为第一流,那么《歧路灯》就不能不属于第二流。因为不论是思想同艺术,较之前两书都是大有逊色的”,但对《歧路灯》的成就也作了肯定的评价,指出,“《歧路灯》毕竟是一部长篇巨著,作者社会阅历较深,而各方面的知识也比较丰富……所以作者对清代中叶的朝章国政,科场惯例,社会风俗……书中凡涉及到的,无不一丝不苟认真地给以详细的论述与描绘,从而扩大了读者的视野,丰富了人们的知识,对于了解十八世纪中国社会的精神面貌,是有着深刻的意义的。所以,在中国文学史上是应该给它以一定的地位的”。范宁的《〈歧路灯〉读后感》(见《歧路灯论丛(二)》)也认为,“《歧路灯》整个思想主题是不高明的,人物塑造也不很成功,但记录了十八世纪中国封建社会中下层人物的思想状况,涉及的生活面相当广阔……读者可以从其中看到封建社会是一个地地道道的人间地狱”。实际上,任文与范文肯定的主要还是在《歧路灯》这部小说的认识价值上,并不同意将之看成为一流佳作。
  无论是肯定也好,还是否定也好,毕竟反映了学术界对《歧路灯》的关注与热情,对于李绿园与《歧路灯》研究来说,无疑是一个好的现象。但是,令人遗憾的是,到了80年代后期,这种富于学术气氛的热闹局面渐渐趋于平静,直至今日,虽然中国大陆学术界还不时有关于李绿园及其《歧路灯》的论文发表,杜贵晨在1992年出版了著作《李绿园与歧路灯》(辽宁教育出版社),但终究没有形成为一个有影响的学术研究热点。
  4
  与此同时,中国台湾与香港地区的学术界,对《歧路灯》也给予了一定程度的关注。当栾星校注本出版后,似乎台湾与香港地区的热情比大陆为高,所给予的评价也几乎是一致的赞扬与肯定。台湾出版界在80年代至少有四家出版社出版了《歧路灯》,较之大陆为多。但学者发表的研究论文,则比较的冷静与平和。如发表于1983年1月13日台湾《中国时报》王孝廉的《歧路灯的再发现与再评价》一文认为:“这部被埋没了两百多年的小说是一本相当可读的小说,但充其量只能和另一本类似的小说《蜃楼志》相等;将它与《红楼梦》、《儒林外史》并列而为清代三大小说,是有些言过其实的。”此外,台湾的中国古代文学专业的研究生,已有人将《歧路灯》作为研究对象,撰写学位论文。如台湾大学中国文学研究所硕士生陈翠芬、辅仁大学中文研究所硕士生郑在亮(韩国),在1986年与1988年先后以《歧路灯研究》作为学位论文,获取硕士学位。郑在亮回韩国后,将学位论文陆续发表于本国的《中国小说研究会报》等刊物,引起了韩国学者的兴趣。值得一提的是,1986年,台湾师大书苑有限公司出版了吴秀玉的《李绿园与其〈歧路灯〉研究》一书。吴秀玉热心于此项工作,曾五次抵豫,二度入黔,搜集资料,访问学者,历五年寒暑,写成了这部30余万言的著作。全书共分七章,对李绿园的家世、生平事迹、著述及《歧路灯》的流传、写作背景、思想内容、创作艺术等各方面,作了全面而详尽的考察和探讨,资料之翔实,可以说超过了以往任何《歧路灯》研究著作。这是在中国出版的第一部研究《歧路灯》的专著,但在中国大陆似乎尚未引起人们的注意。
  纵观80年来《歧路灯》的研究,可以发现,中国学术界,在总体上对《歧路灯》的评价不高,主要是认为其思想陈腐,道学气浓厚,专于说教,不具备反封建主义的光辉,但对其在反映生活面之广以及描写方面如人物塑造、语言运用、情节结构等方面的成就,仍给予一定程度的肯定;在此期间,除了在20年代与80年代曾有过两次《歧路灯》研究的小高潮外,学者似乎很少有人愿意对之下工夫作一番深入研究,对于《歧路灯》这样一部有着独特个性的长篇巨著来说,似乎也令人感到有点遗憾;但是,据说南京师范大学中文系博士生李延年,在1998年以《歧路灯研究》作为学位论文,获得博士学位。这无疑是一个好消息。笔者希望有更多的学者来研究李绿园与《歧路灯》,以推动中国古代小说研究的全面深入与发展。
剪灯新话
Qu YouRead
  明代文言短篇小说。共载传奇小说四卷二十篇,附录一篇。作者瞿佑。
  瞿佑(1347——1433年)字宗吉,号存斋,钱塘人,少有诗名,曾被当时诗坛领袖杨维桢,称赏为瞿家的“千里驹”。明太祖洪武年间出仕,历任仁和、临安、宜阳等县训导,后升任国王府右长史。明成祖永乐六年(1408),因诗获罪下狱。永乐十三年(1415)被遣送谪戍保安(今河北怀柔一带)。仁宗洪熙元年(1425),经英国公张辅奏请赦还,在英国公家主理家塾,三年后放归。宣德八年(1433)卒,享年八十七岁。瞿佑一生著述很多,只有《剪灯新话》、《田园诗话》、《咏物诗》等几种保留下来。
  《剪灯新话》在洪武十一年就已编订成帙,以抄本流行。永乐十五年,瞿佑以七十五岁高龄在流放地保安重新校订《剪灯新话》。据明高儒《百川书志》卷六记载,《剪灯新话》共四卷二十一段(即21篇),与今天我们所见的《剪灯新话》卷数篇数相同。本书有成化丁亥(1467)刻本,明末刻本,清乾隆辛亥(1791)刻本,同治辛未(1871)本,均二卷。1917年董康据日本藏本翻刻,《剪灯新话》足本始重归我国。
  瞿佑生活在元末明初,一生坎坷。元统治者的残酷,社会的动乱他都亲身经历,而对明太祖朱元璋企图杜绝文人批评时政而兴起的文禁他更有直接的感受。如他在《剪灯新话》写成之后“藏之书笥”,迟迟不敢发表,刊刻时还用“诲淫”“语怪”之类的话加以掩饰,这些都为他的创作奠定了生活和思想的基础。而在明初严峻刑法而前,文人为避免与统治者直接牾而招来杀身之祸,便追慕唐人,借写闺情艳遇、鬼怪神仙的传奇小说来曲折表达自己的思想。《剪灯新话》就是在此历史条件下产生的。
  《剪灯新话》中有相当一部分作品是描写婚姻爱情的。或是人与人的婚姻,或写人与鬼的爱情,都突出强调一个“情”字。对爱情和美好婚姻的渴望,是广大妇女的共同要求,但她们的要求被扼杀了。《绿衣人传》中书生吴源和女鬼绿衣人前世为南宋权臣贾似道家的奴仆,同样的地位、同样的命运促成了他们的爱情。但是,这种纯真的爱情在封建官僚家庭被认为是大逆不道的,于是他们双双被贾似道“赐死于西湖断桥之下 ”。绿衣人活着没有爱的权力,死后化鬼也要与所爱之人相会。此时已经托生的赵源不了解她的来历,以为是“巨室妾媵,夜出私奔”不予深究,一日酒醉戏称她“ 绿衣黄裳”是地地道道的婢女,伤了绿衣人的心,几日不与他相会。再来之时,她把前世姻缘合盘道出,赵源方了解她就是自己前世所爱并和自己同遭不幸之人,激动地说:“吾与汝乃再世姻缘也,当更加亲爱,以偿畴昔之愿。”
  三年之后,绿衣人魂飞魄散,“源大伤恸,为治棺梓敛之”。自投灵隐寺为僧,以表示对爱情的忠贞。《金凤钗记》描写了吴兴娘的鬼魂对爱情的热烈追求。吴兴娘和崔兴哥自小订婚,由于兴哥随父宦游远方,十五年不通音信,兴娘绝望了,因为像她这样的大家闺秀、官宦之女再嫁被认为是不贞的,于是她郁郁成疾,半载而终。但死后的兴娘并不甘心,她的鬼魂与兴哥相会,并与兴哥私奔他乡,相亲相爱的过了一年夫妻生活。最后当她身份揭穿,不得不离去的时候,还用鬼魂附体的办法,要求父母将妹妹庆娘嫁给兴哥,续了前缘。
  《滕穆醉游聚景园记》里的女鬼卫芳华也是生前得不到爱情,死后鬼魂与人相爱。不管是绿衣人、吴兴娘还是卫芳华,她们都是美好的女子,但都生前不幸,死后方能享受爱情和婚姻生活的幸福,可见封建礼教制度下,人不如鬼。除了描写这些被压迫的女性、被扼杀的爱情,作品还以赞扬的笔调描写敢于藐视封建礼教的人物。《爱卿传》里的赵六,出身巨富,不受贞节观念的约束,娶妓女为妻,并对她有深厚感情。当妻子被迫害致死后,他“抚尸大恸,绝而复苏。”《渭塘奇遇记》里的王生出身诗礼人家,却对酒家女儿产生爱情,并与之结为夫妻。这些都表达了作者对自由恋爱和自主婚姻的理想。
  更大胆地,作品对男女之间肉欲的欢乐也予以表现。根据吴中传说写的《联芳楼记》描写薛姓富室之女兰英、兰蕙“皆聪明秀丽,能为诗赋”,偶遇“兴贩于郡”的郑生,邀其欢会,赋诗以赠,自此无夕不会,终赘郑生以为婿。对这样严重违背封建礼教的行为,作者并未着眼于贬抑她们的偷情,反而对二女的才华多寓赞赏之意。周秦以来的封建礼教,特别是程朱理学,要求人们“去人欲,存天理”,把封建伦理道德说成是天经地义的。而《剪灯新话》表现婚恋的小说突出的“情”则主张摆脱束缚,顺应自然,肯定人的欲望,显然与封建礼教相对抗,必然为卫道者所不喜。
  《剪灯新话》另有一些作品是借鬼神世界反映人们心态,影射社会现实的。《水庆余宫》描写文士因善诗文而在神那里受到尊重。潮州士人余善文为海神广利王的宫殿落成作《上梁文》,广利王为他“一挥而就,文不加点”的才气所折服,邀他参加庆殿之宴。在海广渊王从臣对此不服,“彼白衣而末坐者为何人斯?乃敢于此唐突也!”广渊王“遽言曰:‘文士在座,汝乌得多言?姑退!’”此后,众神捧觥请余善文作诗,又特设一宴以谢,临归又“以玻璃盘盛照夜之珠十,通天之犀二,为润笔之资。”如此厚遇,是明初文网严密监控下的知识分子梦寐难求的,现实与小说描写形成鲜明对比。此外,作者还假托阴司,对元末腐败政治和明初文字狱进行了猛烈抨击。
  《令狐生冥梦录》里的令狐撰,作诗揭露鬼官鬼吏贪赃妄法的罪行,触怒“权贵”,被抓到阴曹地府去受审,不服,又在“自供状”里进一步揭露有权势者“以强凌弱,恃富欺贫”的罪行,指出法律是为有权势的人服务的,它使“贫者入狱而受殃,富者转轻而免罪;惟取伤弓之鸟,每漏吞舟之鱼”。由于令狐撰义正辞严,使鬼王毫无办法,只好承认令狐撰持论颇正,难以加罪,遂放行。《修文舍人传》则描写了一个正直的穷读书人夏颜,生前不得志,死后在冥司里做了大官。他看到的冥司王是公平的。“用人必当其才,必称其职”,“黜陟必明,赏罚必公”,不象人间靠贿赂、门第、面貌等邪门歪道取士,所以人间“治日常少,乱日常多”,这是对最高统治者,封建法律和政治的露骨批评。
  中国传奇小说的创作始于初唐,盛于中唐,宋元低潮。到明初瞿佑以《剪灯新话》打破了僵局,带来了明传奇小说的兴盛。它继承了六朝志怪和唐传奇的传统,描写鬼魂追求爱情以表现青年男女对爱情的执著追求;从宋元话本中汲取营养,选取题材、情节及塑造人物,表现市井生活观念,如《金凤钗记》借鉴宋元话本《碾玉观音》中秀秀的形象,《牡丹灯记》和《清平山堂话本》中《洛阳三怪记》等情节结构类似等等。
  《剪灯新话》的问世在当时沉闷的政治环境中引起了无数读者的喜爱与共鸣,甚至连国子监里的经生儒士也阅读它,而仿拟者纷起,永乐年间有庐陵李祯的《剪灯余话》,宣德年间有赵弼的《效颦集》,万历年间有邵景詹的《觅灯因话》相继问世,这些作品共同构成了沟通唐传奇和清代《聊斋志异》这两个高峰之间的桥梁。除仿拟之作外,白话小说和戏曲也受到《剪灯新话》作品的影响。《金凤钗记》、《翠翠传》被元末明初的凌初改写成白话小说,这两篇作品还和《渭塘奇遇记》、《绿衣人传》等被一些戏曲家改写成杂剧、传奇和地方戏曲。
  《剪灯新话》是明代文人创作小说遭到朝廷禁毁的第一部。据顾炎武《日知录之馀》卷四“禁小说” 记载:“《实录》:正统七年二月辛未,国子监祭酒李时勉言:近有俗儒假托怪异之事,饰以无根之言,如《剪灯新话》之类。不惟市井轻浮之徒争相诵习,至于经生儒士,多舍正学不讲,日夜记忆,以资谈论;若不严禁,恐邪说异端,日新月盛,惑乱人心。乞敕礼部行文内外衙门,及调提为校佥事御史,并按察司官,巡历去处,凡遇此等书籍,即令焚毁,有印卖及藏习者,问罪如律,庶俾人知正道,不为邪妄所惑。从之。”此后《剪灯余话》也因同理被禁。
浮生六记
Shen FuRead
  《浮生六记》是清朝长洲人沈复(字三白,号梅逸)著于嘉庆十三年(1808年)的自传体小说。清朝王韬的妻兄杨引传在苏州的冷摊上发现《浮生六记》的残稿,只有四卷,交给当时在上海主持申报闻尊阁的王韬,以活字板刊行于1877年。“浮生”二字典出李白诗《春夜宴从弟桃李园序》中“夫天地者,万物之逆旅也;光阴者,百代之过客也。而浮生若梦,为欢几何?”。
  
  版本
  闻尊阁板《浮生六记》是最早的铅印板,有杨引传序和“尊闻阁王”王韬跋。杨引传序言中说“六记已缺其二”。王韬曾说少时(公元1847年前)曾读过这本书,可惜没有抄写副本,流亡香港时,常常怀念它。王韬在1877年为尊闻阁版所写的的跋中没有说少时曾见过全本。
  1936年林语堂将《浮生六记》四篇翻译成英文,分期连载于《天下》月刊。后来又出版汉英对照单行本,并作长序言。林语堂在序言中写道“芸,我想,是中国文学上一个最可爱的女人。”还猜想“在苏州家藏或旧书铺一定还有一本全本”。
  过后不久苏州冷摊上便来出现“全抄本”,有卷五卷六,实为后人伪作。
  俞平伯曾根据《浮生六记》的前四篇作《浮生六记年表》。
  《浮生六记》目录
  卷一 《闺房记乐》
  卷二 《闲情记趣》
  卷三 《坎坷记愁》
  卷四 《浪游记快》
  卷五 《中山记历》
  卷六 《养生记道》
  沈复的《浮生六记》被人教版初二语文教材所收录。
  沈复的《浮生六记》的部分篇章被人教版初一语文下册教材所收录。
  沈复的《浮生六记》的部分篇章也同时被人教版初一语文上册教材所收录,名为《幼时记趣》。
  
  世界各国译本
  此书有多种文字的译本。可查有三种英译本,还有德、法、丹麦、瑞典、日本、马来译本各一。
  英译本
  最早的英译本是1936年林语堂的汉英对照本,后来英国牛津大学出版社 在1960年出版《浮生六记》英译本。八十年代又有企鹅出版社的白伦和江素惠的英译本。该译本将由江苏南京译林出版社作为“大中华文库”之一种出版。
  Six Chapters of a Floating Life;林语堂译。
  CHAPTERS FROM A FLOATING LIFE The Autobiography of a Chinese Artist. tr. Black, Shirley M. Oxford University Press, 1960
  Six Records of a Floating Life: Shen Fu; Pratt, Leonard; Su-Hui, Chiang。New York: Viking Pr, 1983;ISBN 0140444297
  德译本
  Shen Fu:Sechs Aufzeichnungen über ein unstetes Leben.Müller & Kiepenheuer, 1989 ISBN 3783380464
  法译本
  Shen Fu: Six secrets au fil inconstant des jours;Bruxelles,Éditions F.Larcier,Traduit du chinois par P. Ryckmans. 1966
  丹麦译本
  Kapitler af et flygtigt liv. SHEN FU. Omstag, 1986
  瑞典译本
  Pilblad i strömmen.En kinesisk konstnärs självbiografi,Shen Fu,1961。
  日译本
  《浮生六记:うき世のさが》沈复作,佐藤春夫·松枝茂夫译,东京:岩波书店,1938年9月
  马来文译本
  Hidup Bagaikan Mimpi. (Fou Sheng Liu Chi). Riwayat Hidup Sa-orang Pelukis Dan Sasterawan Tionghoa. SHEN FU; DRS LI CHUAN SIU.
  
  ★沈复与妻子陈芸
  陈芸为沈复表姐,长沈复十月,二人幼即无猜,芸生而聪慧,刺绣之余渐通吟咏,沈复眷其才思隽秀,缔姻。及长,花烛之夕,比肩调笑,恍同密友重逢。自此耳鬓厮磨,亲如形影,常寓雅谑于谈文论诗间。二人琴瑟和鸣二十三年,年愈久情愈密,家庭之内,同行同坐,初犹避人,久则不以为意。
  沈复曾于七夕镌“愿生生世世为夫妇”图章二方,沈复执朱文,陈芸执白文,以作往来书信之用。二人又曾请人绘月下老人图,常常焚香拜祷,以求来生仍结姻缘。陈芸于珠宝不甚爱惜,于破书残画反极珍视。芸尝着沈复衣冠与夫一同出游,知音相得。后芸失欢于公婆,夫妻几度受逐于家庭,二人痴情一往,略无怨尤,患难之间感情益深,然芸终因血疾频发不止,魂归一旦。因贫困,芸至死不肯就医,弥留时惟心心念念缘结来生。芸虽亡,而沈复对她的深情却无止境。沈复与陈芸的事迹在沈复的自传《浮生六记》中有详细的记述。
  沈复夫妇为家庭所不容,固然还有家族内部财产争夺以及小人拨弄是非、蓄意陷害等因素,但最本质的原因还是他们夫妇二人率真任情的个性作风与封建礼法相冲突。以家长和传统的眼光来看,沈复就是一个“不思习上”的败家子,而陈芸则是助纣为虐的坏媳妇。尽管因此遭遇种种变故,但沈复始终不曾因自己的品行而忏悔,他自信与陈芸相亲相爱是夫妻应有之义,自信个人才性无可指责,所以他敢于敞开胸怀,坦然相陈。他或许算不上伟男子,却绝对是一位奇男子。
古本水浒传
Shi NaianRead
  这部书的前70回和金圣叹评点的贯华堂本《水浒传》基本一致;而后50回,则与目前流行的120回本《水浒全传》完全不同。这里的梁山好汉没有受招安,直到120回,他们还在与官军血战。这后50回曾由上海中西书局在1933年单独排印过,梅寄鹤先生的序言里记载了当时出版的详细情况。
  1933年中西书局仅印刷了这部书的后50回,不完整;再加上当时以“古本”名义出版的《水浒传》很多,珠目混杂,难以销售。当时中西书局仅印了 1500册,未能销售完,在群众中未能造成影响。同时,该书局与学术界没有联系,又没在报上作过宣传,致使这部书再度埋没了。查阅当时著名的《水浒传》研究者,如鲁迅、胡适、郑振铎等的文章,虽然他们对版本都作过极为细致的研究,但从未提到过这部《古本水浒传》。
  1994年,中央民族大学出版社再版了《古本水浒传》,蒋祖钢又写了“新版前言”,是一篇研究《古本水浒传》的专题论文。其论证的主要内容是,其一,《古本水浒传》的作者是施耐庵;其二,上海中西书局只出版了120回的后50回,因为前70回与“贯华堂本”完全相同(“民大”再版本为120回);其三,120回书并未结束,后面应该还有,只是目前尚未发现。其中最重要的是从多方面论证了“古本”的作者应是施耐庵,反驳了“古本”是梅寄鹤先生“伪续”的观点。
汇评忠义水浒传
Shi NaianRead
  汇评忠义水浒传,正文前70回以金圣叹改评本为底本,后50回以全传本为底本。批语包含了70回本金圣叹贯华堂第五才子书、王望如评论出像水浒传,100回本容与堂李贽(叶昼)评本、芥子园李贽评本,120回全传本李贽(袁无涯)评本,104回简本余象斗评本。金圣叹批语以红色标识、李贽各本批语以蓝色标识、王望如、余象斗等批语以紫色标识。批语汇评参考陈曦钟等《水浒传汇评本》等书。
贯华堂第五才子书水浒传
Shi NaianRead
  《水浒传》的版本
  施耐庵编撰的《水浒传》祖本,早已不存。明清以来出现的多种《水浒传》版本,一般可分为繁本和简本两个系统。繁、简之分,不在情节、人物本身而是指叙述、描写的文字有粗略和细腻之不同。
  繁本系统
  (一)百回本:
  1、明正德、嘉靖年间坊刻残页本;
  2、嘉靖年间刊印的《忠义水浒传》残本(8回)
  3、万历十七年乙丑(1589)刊印的《忠义水浒传》一百卷一百回,因卷首有署名“天都外臣”(汪道昆)的一篇序文,故称之为“天都外臣本”;
  4、万历三十八年(1610)容与堂刊印的《李卓吾先生批评忠义水浒传》,分为有序本和无序本两种。这是现存最早最完整的百回繁本;
  5、明芥子园刊本《李卓吾先生批评忠义水浒传》、李玄伯藏明刻本《忠义水浒传》、《钟敬伯先生批评忠义水浒传》等。
  (二)百二十回本:
  1、明袁无涯刊本《新镌李氏藏本忠义水浒传》,增加了百回本所没有的宋江征讨田虎、王庆的情节。
  (三)七十回本:金圣叹腰斩水浒传,砍掉七十二回以后的内容,又把第一回改为“楔子”,形成新的版本,即《贯华堂第五才子书施耐庵水浒传》。
汇评证道西游记
Wu ChengenRead
  汇评证道西游记,正文以明本《李卓吾先生批评西游记》为底本,增加清本《西游证道书》以来的第九回。批语包括(叶昼)《李卓吾先生批评西游记》、憺漪子(汪象旭) 笑苍子(黄周星)《西游证道书》、悟元子(刘一明)《西游原旨》、悟一子(陈士斌)《西游真诠》、张书坤《新说西游记》、张含章《通易西游正旨》、含晶子《西游记评注》的批语。各本批语多收集于网络,参考山东文艺《西游记》会评本、齐鲁书社《西游记》李评本。
汇评三国志演义
Luo GuanzhongRead
  汇评三国志演义,正文以毛伦、毛岗宗改评本为底本。批语包含了毛评本、李贽评本、李渔评本、钟伯敬评本等各评本的批语。毛评本批语以红色标识、李渔本批语以紫色标识、李贽本批语以蓝色标识、钟伯敬本批语以青色标识。批语汇评参考陈曦钟等《三国演义汇评本》等书。
醉畊堂第一才子书三国志
Luo GuanzhongRead
  罗贯中原著 毛伦、毛宗岗批评
三国志通俗演义嘉靖壬午本
Luo GuanzhongRead
三国志通俗演义嘉靖壬午本
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