xú zhèn de《 měi rén pǔ》 shì míng mò qīng chū zhòng duō guī gé jì qù lèi bǐ jì zhōng de yī zhǒng， shōu zài qīng zhāng tíng huá（ chóng tiān zǐ） ji de《 xiāng yàn cóng shū》 zhōng。 xú zhèn， zì qiū tāo， zhè jiāng jiā xīng rén， shēng zú nián bù xiáng， zhù yòu《 guī xiù jiā huà》 shí 'èr juàn děng。 xú zhèn bù shì jǔ zǐ yè， rù qīng zhī hòu liú luò jiāng hú， kào gěi shū shāng xiě yàn qíng xiǎo shuō móu shēng。 yàn qíng yòu bié yú sè qíng， bù dān shì móu shēng zhī jù， zài míng mò gèng shì wén rén qíng qù hé fēng shàng yǎ shì。
duì gǔ dài nǚ zǐ chán zú yī shì cóng zhū duō jiǎo dù hé fāng wèi yú yǐ fēn tí miáo huì， kě yǐ shuō shì guān yú zhōng guó nǚ zǐ xiǎo zú de “ zhuān zhù ”。 tóng shí， tā yě fǎn yìng liǎo fēng jiàn wén rén hé shì dà fū men duì nǚ zǐ“ xiāng lián” chōng mǎn fēng fù lián xiǎng yì huì hé fēng jiàn lì shǐ jī lěi de“ shěn měi xīn shǎng”、“ shěn měi gǎn shòu” jí“ shěn měi yào qiú”。 cóng zhè gè yì yì shàng shuō，《 pǐn zǎo》 yì kě wèi shì yī bù“ xiāng lián měi xué” zhī zuò。 rú cǐ shū zhōng《 xiāng lián wǔ guān》 yī jié shuō：
guān shuǐ yòu shù， bì guān qí lán； guān lián yòu shù， bì guān qí bù。 rán xiǎo rén xián jū gōng yú xiè zhù， cāo cǐ wǔ shù， gōng qí wú bèi， nǎi dé bié dài wěi tǐ， bì lù duān ní。
lín fēng； tà tī； xià jiē； shàng jiào； guò qiáo。
shénme yì sī ní？ fāng dà bó shì shuō： guān chá dà hǎi yòu shù de rén， bì guān chá qí bō tāo； guān chá xiāng lián yòu shù de rén， bì guān chá qí bù zī。 rán 'ér xiǎo rén jiā jū wú shì， zhǐ huì yǎn gài qí huài chù 'ér xiǎn shì qí hǎo chù。 rú guǒ cāo cǐ wǔ shù， gōng qí bù bèi， jiù kě“ qǔ zhēn qù wěi”， shǐ qí duān ní bì lù。“ wǔ shù” fēn bié wéi： lín fēng zhī bù； tà tī zǐ zhī bù； xià tái jiē zhī bù； shàng jiào zhī bù； guò qiáo zhī bù。 zhè kě yǐ shuō shì tǐ xiàn tā zuò wéi“ píng huā yù shǐ” hé“ xiāng lián bó shì” shuǐ píng de yī duàn wén zì， shì jiāogěi zhòng rén zài shénme shí jī kàn nǚ rén de xiǎo jiǎo kě yǐ kàn dào“ bì lù duān ní” de zhēn huò。 xì xiǎng lái， zhè“ wǔ shù” yuán běn shì rén de jiǎo zuì wú chù duǒ cáng de dì fāng， fāng xuàn duì shēng huó guān chá zhī xì zhì， yòng xīn zhī liáng kǔ， fēi cháng rén suǒ néng jí。
tā zài shū zhōng bǎ nǚ rén xiǎo jiǎo 'àn zhào pǐn xiāng gāo xià zuò liǎo bǐ jiào xì zhì de fēn lèi： yuē“ sì zhào lián” ( duān duān zhèng zhèng， shòu shòuxuē xuē， zài sān sì cùn zhī jiān zhě )； yuē“ jǐn biān lián” ( miáo miáo tiáo tiáo， zhěng zhěng qí qí， sì cùn yǐ shàng， wǔ cùn yǐ xià de xiǎo jiǎo yě )； yuē“ chà tóu lián” ( shòuxuē 'ér gèng xiū cháng de xiǎo jiǎo， suǒ wèi zhú sǔn shì zhě )； yuē“ dān yè lián” ( shòu cháng 'ér wān wān de xiǎo jiǎo yě )； yuē“ fó tóu lián” ( jiǎo bèi fēng mǎn lóng qǐ， rú fó tóu wǎn jì， suǒ wèi líng jiǎo shì zhě， jí jiāng nán suǒ chēng zhī 'é tóu jiǎo )； yuē“ chuān xīn lián” ( chuān lǐ gāo dǐ xié zhě )； yuē“ bì tái lián” ( chuān wài gāo dǐ xié zhě )； yuē“ bìng tóu lián” ( zǒu qǐ lù lái bā zì de xiǎo jiǎo )； yuē“ bìng dì lián” ( dà mǔ zhǐ qiáo qǐ lái de xiǎo jiǎo )； yuē“ dǎo chuí lián” ( xié gēn wǎng hòu dǎo de xiǎo jiǎo )； yuē“ zhāorì lián” ( yòng hòu gēn zǒu lù de xiǎo jiǎo )； yuē“ fēn xiāng lián” ( liǎng tiáo tuǐ wǎng wài guǎi de xiǎo jiǎo )； yuē“ tóng xīn lián” ( liǎng tiáo tuǐ wǎng lǐ guǎi de xiǎo jiǎo )； yuē“ hé yǐng lián” ( zǒu qǐ lù lái wāi wāi xié xié de xiǎo jiǎo )； yuē“ chán zhī lián” ( zǒu qǐ lù lái chéng yī tiáo xiàn de xiǎo jiǎo )； yuē“ qiān yè lián” ( liù cùn qī cùn bā cùn de xiǎo jiǎo )； yuē“ yù jǐng lián” ( gēn chuán yī yàng de xiǎo jiǎo )； yuē“ xī fān lián” ( bàn lù chū jiā zhī lián， huò gēn běn méi chán guò de xiǎo jiǎo )。
rú guǒ shuō qián miàn suǒ shuō de“ wǔ shù” shì yī zhǒng liǎo bù qǐ de fā xiàn， nà me， zhè“ xiāng lián shí bā míng” zé chēng dé shàng shì wěi dà de fā míng liǎo， tóng shí yě jiāng xiǎo jiǎo wén xué de chéng jiù tuī xiàng liǎo zuì gāo fēng。
guān shuǐ yòu shù， bì guān qí lán； guān lián yòu shù， bì guān qí bù。 rán xiǎo rén xián jū gōng yú xiè zhù， cāo cǐ wǔ shù， gōng qí wú bèi， nǎi dé bié dài wěi tǐ， bì lù duān ní。
lín fēng； tà tī； xià jiē； shàng jiào； guò qiáo。
shénme yì sī ní？ fāng dà bó shì shuō： guān chá dà hǎi yòu shù de rén， bì guān chá qí bō tāo； guān chá xiāng lián yòu shù de rén， bì guān chá qí bù zī。 rán 'ér xiǎo rén jiā jū wú shì， zhǐ huì yǎn gài qí huài chù 'ér xiǎn shì qí hǎo chù。 rú guǒ cāo cǐ wǔ shù， gōng qí bù bèi， jiù kě“ qǔ zhēn qù wěi”， shǐ qí duān ní bì lù。“ wǔ shù” fēn bié wéi： lín fēng zhī bù； tà tī zǐ zhī bù； xià tái jiē zhī bù； shàng jiào zhī bù； guò qiáo zhī bù。 zhè kě yǐ shuō shì tǐ xiàn tā zuò wéi“ píng huā yù shǐ” hé“ xiāng lián bó shì” shuǐ píng de yī duàn wén zì， shì jiāogěi zhòng rén zài shénme shí jī kàn nǚ rén de xiǎo jiǎo kě yǐ kàn dào“ bì lù duān ní” de zhēn huò。 xì xiǎng lái， zhè“ wǔ shù” yuán běn shì rén de jiǎo zuì wú chù duǒ cáng de dì fāng， fāng xuàn duì shēng huó guān chá zhī xì zhì， yòng xīn zhī liáng kǔ， fēi cháng rén suǒ néng jí。
tā zài shū zhōng bǎ nǚ rén xiǎo jiǎo 'àn zhào pǐn xiāng gāo xià zuò liǎo bǐ jiào xì zhì de fēn lèi： yuē“ sì zhào lián” ( duān duān zhèng zhèng， shòu shòuxuē xuē， zài sān sì cùn zhī jiān zhě )； yuē“ jǐn biān lián” ( miáo miáo tiáo tiáo， zhěng zhěng qí qí， sì cùn yǐ shàng， wǔ cùn yǐ xià de xiǎo jiǎo yě )； yuē“ chà tóu lián” ( shòuxuē 'ér gèng xiū cháng de xiǎo jiǎo， suǒ wèi zhú sǔn shì zhě )； yuē“ dān yè lián” ( shòu cháng 'ér wān wān de xiǎo jiǎo yě )； yuē“ fó tóu lián” ( jiǎo bèi fēng mǎn lóng qǐ， rú fó tóu wǎn jì， suǒ wèi líng jiǎo shì zhě， jí jiāng nán suǒ chēng zhī 'é tóu jiǎo )； yuē“ chuān xīn lián” ( chuān lǐ gāo dǐ xié zhě )； yuē“ bì tái lián” ( chuān wài gāo dǐ xié zhě )； yuē“ bìng tóu lián” ( zǒu qǐ lù lái bā zì de xiǎo jiǎo )； yuē“ bìng dì lián” ( dà mǔ zhǐ qiáo qǐ lái de xiǎo jiǎo )； yuē“ dǎo chuí lián” ( xié gēn wǎng hòu dǎo de xiǎo jiǎo )； yuē“ zhāorì lián” ( yòng hòu gēn zǒu lù de xiǎo jiǎo )； yuē“ fēn xiāng lián” ( liǎng tiáo tuǐ wǎng wài guǎi de xiǎo jiǎo )； yuē“ tóng xīn lián” ( liǎng tiáo tuǐ wǎng lǐ guǎi de xiǎo jiǎo )； yuē“ hé yǐng lián” ( zǒu qǐ lù lái wāi wāi xié xié de xiǎo jiǎo )； yuē“ chán zhī lián” ( zǒu qǐ lù lái chéng yī tiáo xiàn de xiǎo jiǎo )； yuē“ qiān yè lián” ( liù cùn qī cùn bā cùn de xiǎo jiǎo )； yuē“ yù jǐng lián” ( gēn chuán yī yàng de xiǎo jiǎo )； yuē“ xī fān lián” ( bàn lù chū jiā zhī lián， huò gēn běn méi chán guò de xiǎo jiǎo )。
rú guǒ shuō qián miàn suǒ shuō de“ wǔ shù” shì yī zhǒng liǎo bù qǐ de fā xiàn， nà me， zhè“ xiāng lián shí bā míng” zé chēng dé shàng shì wěi dà de fā míng liǎo， tóng shí yě jiāng xiǎo jiǎo wén xué de chéng jiù tuī xiàng liǎo zuì gāo fēng。
jǐn jǐn qí qiú lái shì fú má？ huò xǔ yě qí qiú liǎo lái shì de yīn yuán。 qīng dào guāng nián jiān zhè jiāng qián táng xiù cái jiǎng tǎn céng zuò《 qiū dēng suǒ yì》 lái jì shù tā yǔ qī zǐ qiū fú de rì cháng shēng huó， yòng kàn sì qīng miáo dàn xiě de wén zì dào chū yī duì fū qī de dàn yuǎn qíng cháng， tā zhè yàng chōng jǐng liǎng rén yǐ hòu de shēng huó：“ shù nián 'ér hòu， dāng yǔ qiū fú jié lú huá wù hé zhǔ jiān， xī fàn chén zhōng， chàn chú huì yè。 huā kāi zhī rì， dāng bìng jiàn mí tuó， tīng wú shēng zhī fǎ。 jí huò zài duò rén tiān， yì yuàn shì shì yǒng wéi fū fù。 míng rì wéi rú lái pān niè pán rì， dāng chí cǐ shì， zhèng míng fó qián。” zhēn xī jīn shì， yòu xǔ xià lái shì， rú tóng měi yī duì shēn qíng de fū qī。 jiù zài jiǎng tǎn xiě xià《 qiū dēng suǒ yì》 hòu bù jiǔ， qiū fú jí bìng gù， ér jiǎng tǎn shù nián hòu yě bù xìng sǐ yú zhàn luàn。 zāinàn huì yān miè yī qiē xìng fú， qìng jìn quán lì、 qīng jìn yǎn lèi yě liú bù xià shénme。
jù kǎo , guān yīng yuē yú xián fēng sì wǔ nián jiān (1854 ～ 1855 nián ) bìng sǐ , xīn yǒu nián jiān (1861 nián ) tài píng jūn gōng zhàn jiāng zhè , háng zhōu jiè yán , jiǎng tǎn táonàn dào cí xī tóu kào yǒu rén , hòu yòu huí dào gù xiāng , zài zhàn luàn zhī zhōng 'è sǐ。《 qiū dēng suǒ yì》 shì yī piān biǎo xiàn zuò zhě jiā tíng shēng huó lè qù de huí yì xìng sǎnwén。
jù kǎo , guān yīng yuē yú xián fēng sì wǔ nián jiān (1854 ～ 1855 nián ) bìng sǐ , xīn yǒu nián jiān (1861 nián ) tài píng jūn gōng zhàn jiāng zhè , háng zhōu jiè yán , jiǎng tǎn táonàn dào cí xī tóu kào yǒu rén , hòu yòu huí dào gù xiāng , zài zhàn luàn zhī zhōng 'è sǐ。《 qiū dēng suǒ yì》 shì yī piān biǎo xiàn zuò zhě jiā tíng shēng huó lè qù de huí yì xìng sǎnwén。
shénme jiào shén yùn？ kě néng měi gè réndōu néng gòu hěn qiàdàng dì shǐ yòng zhè gè cí， dāng nǐ kàn dào yī fú shān shuǐ huà， nǐ hěn xǐ huān tā， nǐ huì yóu zhōng dì jiǎng zhè gè huà hěn yòu shén yùn。 nǐ dú dào liǎo hǎo de shān shuǐ shī， nǐ yě huì shǐ yòng zhè gè cí。 ér qiě bù xiàn yú yì shù chuàng zào de lǐng yù， yòu de shí hòu wǒ men zài rì cháng shēng huó de qí tā fāng miàn， wǒ men yě bǎ shén yùn zuò wéi yī gè shěn měi biāo zhǔn de。
nà me shén yùn de tí chū， tā shì zài wèi jìn nán běi cháo， tā gāng tí chū de shí hòu， zhù yào shì zài huì huà lǐng yù。 zài nán běi cháo yòu yī gè xiāng dāng yòu míng de měi shù lǐ lùn jiā xiè hè， tā xiě guò yī běn shū， jiào《 gǔ huà pǐn lù》。 tā bǎ tā suǒ kàn dào de gǔ dài nà xiē zhù míng huà jiā de zuò pǐn， bǎ tā fēn chéng dì yī pǐn、 dì 'èr pǐn、 dì sān pǐn， fēn chéng liǎo zhè me jǐ pǐn。 zài píng jià dì 'èr pǐn zhōng de“ gù jùn zhī” shí， tā shǐ yòng liǎo zhè me sì jù huà，“ shén yùn qì lì、 bù dài qián xián， jīng wēi jǐn xì， yòu guò wǎng zhé。” gù jùn zhī shì dāng shí yī gè hěn yòu míng de rén wù huà jiā， dàn shì xiè hè duì tā píng jià bù tài gāo， méi yòu bǎ tā liè rù dì yī pǐn， ér shì bǎ tā fàng zài liǎo dì 'èr pǐn。 wèishénme？ jiù shì rèn wéi tā“ shén yùn qì lì、 bù dài qián xián”。 nà me xiè hè tí chū de zhè gè shén yùn， zhè shì zuì zǎo de dì yī cì chū xiàn。
yī zhí dào liǎo wǒ men jīn tiān， wǒ men zài shǐ yòng shén yùn zhè gè gài niàn de shí hòu， jī běn shàng jiù shì zài xiè hè suǒ diàn dìng de zhè me yī zhǒng nèi zài de yào qiú zhī shàng de。 yì shù chuàng zào de gāo zhì liàng hé yì shù jiā de nèi zài shēng mìng xiāng jié hé， yì shù zuò pǐn de gǎn rén mèi lì hé yì shù jiā chuán dá chū lái de mǒu zhǒng nèi zài de qíng sī， mǒu zhǒng nèi zài de fēng cǎi， yòu jī dì róng hé zài yī qǐ， zhè cái jiào shén yùn。 shén yùn shì gè hěn gāo de yào qiú。
nà me shén yùn de tí chū， tā de guān jiàn shì shénme？ wèishénme bù zǎo bù wǎn， piān piān shì zài wèi jìn nán běi cháo。 ér hěn zhòng yào de jiù shì zài rén wù de píng jià fāng miàn， dāng shí de dú shū rén jiù shì wèi jìn míng shì， tā men wán chéng liǎo yī gè zhuǎn zhé， duì rén wù de píng jià yóu zhèng zhì jiǎo dù、 shí yòng jiǎo dù zhuǎn dào liǎo yī zhǒng shěn měi de jiǎo dù， zhè yàng cái yòu shén yùn zhè me yī gè gài niàn de tí chū。 tā men yòng shén yùn lái píng jià rén wù， dāng rán zhè lǐ miàn yòu yī gè bèi jǐng， dōng hàn mò nián yǐ lái， zài shì sú shè huì lǐ miàn kāi shǐ liú xíng yī gè zhuān mén de shù yǔ， jiào zuò“ rén lún jiàn shí”。 dōng hàn yǐ lái zhè zhǒng“ rén lún jiàn shí” dà shèng， dà jiā xǐ huān nǐ píng wǒ jǐ jù， wǒ píng nǐ jǐ jù。 zhù yào hái shì yī zhǒng zhèng zhì shàng xuǎn bá rén cái de xū yào。 dào liǎo dōng hàn mò nián zài zhè zhǒng“ rén lún jiàn shí” de huán jìng zhī zhōng， dà jiā jiù kāi shǐ tí chū yào tōng guò rén de wài zài kě jiàn zhī xíng， lái liǎo jiě rén de nèi zài bù kě jiàn zhī xìng， zhè jiù shì dōng hàn mò nián yǐ lái zài zhèng zhì shàng wèile xuǎn bá rén cái liú xíng qǐ lái de yī zhǒng duì rén de wài mào， rén de xíng wéi jǔ zhǐ dài rén jiē wù zài zhè xiē fāng miàn dà jiā zhù yì guān chá， tí chū liǎo yī xiē xuǎn zé de biāo zhǔn。
dāng zhè zhǒng fēng qì liú xíng kāi lái zhī hòu， jiù xíng chéng wǒ men dà jiā suǒ shú xī de wèi jìn míng shì， wèi jìn míng shì kěn dìng shì wǒ men zhōng guó lì shǐ shàng kōng qián jué hòu de yī zhǒng hěn dú tè de wén huà xiàn xiàng， ér qiě shì yī zhǒng shěn měi wén huà xiàn xiàng。 dāng shí dà jiā zhù yào shì qiáng diào jīng shén zì yóu， shēng mìng qíng diào。 xīn shǎng bié rén de shēng mìng cún zài， xīn shǎng bié rén de shēng mìng fēng zī， zhǎn xiàn zì jǐ de shēng mìng fēng zī， zì rán 'ér rán cóng cóng róng róng zhè yàng lái biǎo xiàn。
nà me shén yùn de tí chū， tā shì zài wèi jìn nán běi cháo， tā gāng tí chū de shí hòu， zhù yào shì zài huì huà lǐng yù。 zài nán běi cháo yòu yī gè xiāng dāng yòu míng de měi shù lǐ lùn jiā xiè hè， tā xiě guò yī běn shū， jiào《 gǔ huà pǐn lù》。 tā bǎ tā suǒ kàn dào de gǔ dài nà xiē zhù míng huà jiā de zuò pǐn， bǎ tā fēn chéng dì yī pǐn、 dì 'èr pǐn、 dì sān pǐn， fēn chéng liǎo zhè me jǐ pǐn。 zài píng jià dì 'èr pǐn zhōng de“ gù jùn zhī” shí， tā shǐ yòng liǎo zhè me sì jù huà，“ shén yùn qì lì、 bù dài qián xián， jīng wēi jǐn xì， yòu guò wǎng zhé。” gù jùn zhī shì dāng shí yī gè hěn yòu míng de rén wù huà jiā， dàn shì xiè hè duì tā píng jià bù tài gāo， méi yòu bǎ tā liè rù dì yī pǐn， ér shì bǎ tā fàng zài liǎo dì 'èr pǐn。 wèishénme？ jiù shì rèn wéi tā“ shén yùn qì lì、 bù dài qián xián”。 nà me xiè hè tí chū de zhè gè shén yùn， zhè shì zuì zǎo de dì yī cì chū xiàn。
yī zhí dào liǎo wǒ men jīn tiān， wǒ men zài shǐ yòng shén yùn zhè gè gài niàn de shí hòu， jī běn shàng jiù shì zài xiè hè suǒ diàn dìng de zhè me yī zhǒng nèi zài de yào qiú zhī shàng de。 yì shù chuàng zào de gāo zhì liàng hé yì shù jiā de nèi zài shēng mìng xiāng jié hé， yì shù zuò pǐn de gǎn rén mèi lì hé yì shù jiā chuán dá chū lái de mǒu zhǒng nèi zài de qíng sī， mǒu zhǒng nèi zài de fēng cǎi， yòu jī dì róng hé zài yī qǐ， zhè cái jiào shén yùn。 shén yùn shì gè hěn gāo de yào qiú。
nà me shén yùn de tí chū， tā de guān jiàn shì shénme？ wèishénme bù zǎo bù wǎn， piān piān shì zài wèi jìn nán běi cháo。 ér hěn zhòng yào de jiù shì zài rén wù de píng jià fāng miàn， dāng shí de dú shū rén jiù shì wèi jìn míng shì， tā men wán chéng liǎo yī gè zhuǎn zhé， duì rén wù de píng jià yóu zhèng zhì jiǎo dù、 shí yòng jiǎo dù zhuǎn dào liǎo yī zhǒng shěn měi de jiǎo dù， zhè yàng cái yòu shén yùn zhè me yī gè gài niàn de tí chū。 tā men yòng shén yùn lái píng jià rén wù， dāng rán zhè lǐ miàn yòu yī gè bèi jǐng， dōng hàn mò nián yǐ lái， zài shì sú shè huì lǐ miàn kāi shǐ liú xíng yī gè zhuān mén de shù yǔ， jiào zuò“ rén lún jiàn shí”。 dōng hàn yǐ lái zhè zhǒng“ rén lún jiàn shí” dà shèng， dà jiā xǐ huān nǐ píng wǒ jǐ jù， wǒ píng nǐ jǐ jù。 zhù yào hái shì yī zhǒng zhèng zhì shàng xuǎn bá rén cái de xū yào。 dào liǎo dōng hàn mò nián zài zhè zhǒng“ rén lún jiàn shí” de huán jìng zhī zhōng， dà jiā jiù kāi shǐ tí chū yào tōng guò rén de wài zài kě jiàn zhī xíng， lái liǎo jiě rén de nèi zài bù kě jiàn zhī xìng， zhè jiù shì dōng hàn mò nián yǐ lái zài zhèng zhì shàng wèile xuǎn bá rén cái liú xíng qǐ lái de yī zhǒng duì rén de wài mào， rén de xíng wéi jǔ zhǐ dài rén jiē wù zài zhè xiē fāng miàn dà jiā zhù yì guān chá， tí chū liǎo yī xiē xuǎn zé de biāo zhǔn。
dāng zhè zhǒng fēng qì liú xíng kāi lái zhī hòu， jiù xíng chéng wǒ men dà jiā suǒ shú xī de wèi jìn míng shì， wèi jìn míng shì kěn dìng shì wǒ men zhōng guó lì shǐ shàng kōng qián jué hòu de yī zhǒng hěn dú tè de wén huà xiàn xiàng， ér qiě shì yī zhǒng shěn měi wén huà xiàn xiàng。 dāng shí dà jiā zhù yào shì qiáng diào jīng shén zì yóu， shēng mìng qíng diào。 xīn shǎng bié rén de shēng mìng cún zài， xīn shǎng bié rén de shēng mìng fēng zī， zhǎn xiàn zì jǐ de shēng mìng fēng zī， zì rán 'ér rán cóng cóng róng róng zhè yàng lái biǎo xiàn。
yǐ nǚ xìng wéi zhù tí， chóngwēn zhōng guó diē dàng qǐ fú de lì shǐ； gǎn chù hòu zhòng de wén huà， pò jiě zhōng huá nǚ xìng měi de mì mǎ。 běn tào shū duì zhōng guó shàng xià wǔ qiān nián 300 duō wèi měi nǚ jìn xíng quán jǐng shì de miáo shù， tàn xún tā men de xīn jìng hé líng hún， kě wèi zhōng guó lì dài měi nǚ zhī lièzhuàn。 quán shū zūn zhòng shǐ liào hé mín jiān gù shì， fù yòu chuàng yì dì zhǎn xiàn liǎo zhōng guó nǚ xìng de jué shì fēng cǎi yǔ shén yùn。 nǚ xìng shì lì shǐ de chéng zài zhě， měi nǚ jià zhí píng duàn bì xū jī yú tè dìng de lì shǐ huán jìng， shū zhōng duì měi nǚ de píng jià shì kè guān de。
běn shū jīng xuǎn liǎo běi jīng dà xué zhōng shēng jiào shòu， zhù míng yǔ yán xué jiā、 fān yì xué jiā、 jì xiàn lín xiān shēng bàn gè duō shì jì yǐ lái de sǎnwén jiā zuò， zhù yào fēn jì shì， lùn rén、 xiě jǐng sān gè bù fēn。 jì xiān shēng de sǎnwén wén zì zhì pǔ， sī xiǎng shēn yuǎn dàn biǎo shù píng yì， pō jù dà jiā fēng fàn。
gǔ qīng shēng shì zhí yè zuò jiā， cháng qī zhì lì yú rén wén dì lǐ kǎo chá xiě zuò， chuàng zuò chū qí tè de、 chōng mǎn gè xìng huà de xíng zǒu wén xué。 běn shū zhù yào jiǎng shù de shì gǔ qīng shēng zài lǚ xíng zhōng de měi shí jí suǒ jiàn、 suǒ wén、 suǒ gǎn。 gǔ qīng shēng de sǎnwén、 suí bǐ， wén bǐ qīng xīn， huò zǒu bǐ shān shuǐ， qiè yì kōng líng； huò pǐn míng shí zhì， yáng sè shēng xiāng， huò diǎn guó shì， huò dòng mín xīn， wú bù zhāng xiǎn chū yī liú sǎnwén dà jiā de shī xìng zhēn qíng。
zuò zhě zài shū lǐ xiàng dú zhě dǎ kāi liǎo tā de gù xiāng lì mén zhāng cūn de dà mén zhǎn shì liǎo zhè gè cūn zhuāng de fāng fāng miàn miàn， miáo huì liǎo xíng xíng sè sè de rén wù。 yóu qí yīn wéi tā shì gè yǐ dòng nǎo sī kǎo wéi xí guàn yǔ 'àihào de rén， hái shì gè gǎn jué mǐn ruì gǎn qíng xì nì 'ér fēng fù de rén， gèng má fán de shì tā yòu shì gè yòu zhèng yì gǎn yǔ bēi mǐn qíng huái de rén， zhè jiù zhù dìng liǎo tā duì tā kàn dào bìng yǔ zhī dǎ jiāo dào de rén hé shì bù kě néng jiàn guàn bù guài， shú shì wú dǔ má mù bù rén， yīn wéi zài tā yǎn lǐ zhè dū shì yī gè gè wèn tí hé bìng zhèng， yòu bì yào lā kāi wéi mù ràng gōng zhòng jiā yǐ liǎo jiě hé rèn shí， bìng jìn xíng sī kǎo。 gè tǐ de lì shǐ hé mìng yùn zǔ chéng liǎo yī gè cūn zhuāng de lì shǐ hé mìng yùn。
mō mō zhāng 'ài líng de yī lǐng， liáo liáo yáng yù huán de qún bǎi； dǎn zǐ dà de shí hòu， yě dòng dòng cí xǐ tài hòu de yān zhī …… yòng zhì huì chuān zhēn yǐn xiàn， yòng xué shí zhǐ dōng shuō xī。 zhè shì yī wèi céng yǔ lǐ 'ōu fàn、 liáng wén dào、 wáng shòu zhī tóng bǎn kāi lán de nǚ zhuān lán zuò jiā。 tā chén jìn zài gǔ jīn nǚ zǐ fú shì de shì jiè， xiě qí páo， xiě hóng qún， xiě dǒu péng， xiě qún dài， xiě shuì xié， xiě mào zǐ， xiě yóu zhǐ sǎn， xiě xiè gōng jī， xiě yù zān huā huáng yān zhī jīn chuàn xiàng liàn yá shū bèi， xiě má yī rú xuě wēn rùn rú yù huà méi shēn qiǎn 'àn xiāng yíng xiù…… měi měi jīng yàn。
shǎo cì mò mò de fàng qì , fàng qì yī gè xīn yí què wú yuán fēn de péng yǒu； fàng qì mǒu zhǒng tóu rù què wú shōu huò de gǎn qíng； fàng qì mǒu zhǒng xīn líng de qī wàng； fàng qì mǒu zhǒng sī xiǎng。 zhè shí jiù huì shēng chū yī zhǒng shāng gǎn， zài xīn de shí kōng nèi jiāng yīnyuè zhòng tīng yī biàn， jiāng gù shì zài shuō yī biàn！ yīn wéi zhè shì yī zhǒng zì rán de gào bié yǔ fàng qì， tā fù yòu chāo tuō jīng shén， yīn 'ér shāng gǎn dé měi lì！ shì jiān yòu tài duō de měi hǎo de shì wù， duì méi yòu yōng yòu de měi hǎo， wǒ men yī qǐ zài kǔ kǔ de xiàng wǎng yǔ zhuī qiú。 wèile huò dé， ér máng máng lù lù。 qí shí zì jǐ zhēn zhèng suǒ xū yào de， wǎng wǎng yào zài jīng lì liǎo xǔ duō nián zhī hòu cái huì míng bái， shèn zhì qióng jìn yī shēng yě bù zhī suǒ zhōng！ ér duì yǐ jīng yōng yòu de měi hǎo， wǒ men yòu yīn wéi cháng cháng dé 'ér fù shī de jīng lì， ér cún zài yī fèn tǎn tè yǔ dān xīn。 suǒ yǐ shēng mìng xū yào shēng huá chū 'ān jìng chāo tuō de jīng shén。 míng bái de rén dǒng dé fàng qì， zhēn qíng de rén dǒng dé xī shēng， xìng fú de rén dǒng dé chāo tuō。
yīng huā de kāi luò zhī jì、 zhuózhuāng de cáng lù zhī jiān、 ## de pín xiào zhī xià， běn shū zhuóyǎn yú zhōng rì wén huà de tóng zhōng jiàn yì， wú bù tòu lù chū nài rén xún wèi de wén huà shěn měi xìn xī。
fó shuō， qián shì de wǔ bǎi cì huí móu， cái huàn lái jīn shēng de cā jiān 'ér guò。
nǐ shuō， qián shì de wǔ bǎi cì huí móu， cái huàn lái jīn shēng de qíng huái yǐ jiù。
fó shuō， qián shì de wǔ bǎi cì huí móu， cái huàn lái jīn shēng de yīzhāo yōng yòu。
nǐ shuō， wèile jīn shēng de zhè cì xiāng yù， wǒ zài fó qián qiú liǎo wǔ bǎi nián。
gǎn 'ēn de xīn， shì shì jiè shàng zuì guì zhòng de xīn； gǎn 'ēn de qíng， shì shì jiè shàng zuì bǎo guì de qíng。 zài gāo guì de xīn líng， yě yào dǒng dé gǎn 'ēn shēng mìng； zài bēi wēi de shēng mìng， yě huái zhe gǎn 'ēn de xīn。
nǐ shuō， qián shì de wǔ bǎi cì huí móu， cái huàn lái jīn shēng de qíng huái yǐ jiù。
fó shuō， qián shì de wǔ bǎi cì huí móu， cái huàn lái jīn shēng de yīzhāo yōng yòu。
nǐ shuō， wèile jīn shēng de zhè cì xiāng yù， wǒ zài fó qián qiú liǎo wǔ bǎi nián。
gǎn 'ēn de xīn， shì shì jiè shàng zuì guì zhòng de xīn； gǎn 'ēn de qíng， shì shì jiè shàng zuì bǎo guì de qíng。 zài gāo guì de xīn líng， yě yào dǒng dé gǎn 'ēn shēng mìng； zài bēi wēi de shēng mìng， yě huái zhe gǎn 'ēn de xīn。
“ nà yī kè de xiě zuò chōng dòng yuán yú yī zhǒng qíng gǎn de bù céng gǎi biàn”
tā duì nǚ xìng de shěn měi guān niàn， nǚ xìng de hūn yīn ##， nǚ xìng de dú tè xīn lǐ děng děng yòu zhe zhū duō píng lùn。 tā de cǐ lèi zá wén bìng méi yòu yīn wéi nèi róng shì píng shù ## ér biàn dé wěi wǎn róu shùn， hái shì dú zhě suǒ shú zhī de bǎi yáng shìde fēng lì chàng kuài， jìn shù ## zhè bǐ shàng dì hái nán dǒng de tiān shēng yóu wù。
tā duì nǚ xìng de shěn měi guān niàn， nǚ xìng de hūn yīn ##， nǚ xìng de dú tè xīn lǐ děng děng yòu zhe zhū duō píng lùn。 tā de cǐ lèi zá wén bìng méi yòu yīn wéi nèi róng shì píng shù ## ér biàn dé wěi wǎn róu shùn， hái shì dú zhě suǒ shú zhī de bǎi yáng shìde fēng lì chàng kuài， jìn shù ## zhè bǐ shàng dì hái nán dǒng de tiān shēng yóu wù。
tā duì nǚ xìng de shěn měi guān niàn， nǚ xìng de hūn yīn ##， nǚ xìng de dú tè xīn lǐ děng děng yòu zhe zhū duō píng lùn。 tā de cǐ lèi zá wén bìng méi yòu yīn wéi nèi róng shì píng shù ## ér biàn dé wěi wǎn róu shùn， hái shì dú zhě suǒ shú zhī de bǎi yáng shìde fēng lì chàng kuài。
“…… nǐ zhī dào má， jiāo wài de yī tiáo dà lù rèn dé wǒ ní。 yòu shí hòu， tiān lán dé fā 'àn， tiān shàng de yún cǎi bái dé hǎo xiàng yī gè tū chū lái de quán tóu。 nà shí hòu zhè tiáo lù shàng jiù zǒu lái yī gè hǔ tóu hǔ nǎo、 shǎ hū hū de hái zǐ， tā cháng dé jiù xiàng wǒ gěi nǐ nà zhāng xiàngpiàn shàng yī yàng。 hòu lái yòu zǒu guò lái yī gè yòu hēi yòu shòu de shàonián。 hòu lái yòu zǒu guò lái yī gè yòu gāo yòu shòu yòu chǒu de jiā huǒ， huàn sàn de yào mìng， chū qí de xǐ huān huàn xiǎng。 hòu lái， zài guò jǐ shí nián， tā jiù yǒng yuǎn bù huì zǒu shàng zhè tiáo lù liǎo。 nǐ xǐ huān tā de gù shì má？”
《 nà xiē yōu shāng de nián qīng rén》 shì yī gè míng jiào xǔ zhī yuǎn de qīng nián zài xīng bā kè kā fēi guǎn lǐ、 běi dà xiào yuán de nán shēng sù shè chuáng shàng、 chūn tiān de běi fāng chéng shì jiē dào biān， yī cì cì zāo yù zhì huì huò zhě qīng chūn de wán chéng。
wǎ 'ěr dēng hú zài yī bā wǔ sì nián chū shì shí shì jì mò de， tā bù jǐn méi yòu yǐn qǐ dà zhòng de zhù yì， shèn zhì lián yī xiē běn lái yīnggāi qīn jìn tā de rén yě bù lǐ jiě， duì zhī lěng luò shèn huò jī píng。 tā yǒng yuǎn bù huì yǐn qǐ hōng dòng hé xuān 'áo， zài tā chéng wéi yī bù shì jiè míng zhù zhī hòu tā yě réng rán shì jì mò de， tā de dú zhě suī rán bǐ jiào gù dìng， dàn shǐ zhōng bù huì hěn duō， ér zhè xiē dú zhě dà gài yě shì xīn dǐ shēn chù jì mò de rén， ér jiù lián zhè xiē jì mò de rén dà gài yě zhǐ yòu zài jì mò de shí hòu dú tā cái wù chū shēn wèi， jiù xiàng xú chí xiān shēng suǒ shuō， zài fán máng de bái zhòu tā yòu shí huì jiāng xìn jiāng yí， jué dé tā bìng méi yòu shénme hǎo chù， zhí dào huáng hūn， xīn qíng jiàn jiàn jì mò hé tián jìng xià lái， cái jué dé“ yǔ yǔ jīng rén， zì zì shǎn guāng， qìn rén fèi fǔ， dòng wǒ zhōng cháng”， ér dào yè shēn wàn lái jù jìng zhī shí， jiù gèng wéi zhī shén wǎng liǎo。
wǎ 'ěr dēng hú - zuò zhě jiǎn jiè
hēng lì dài wéi suō luó（ HenryDavidThoreau,1817-1862） zài 19 shì jì měi guó wén huà jù jiàng zhōng， kān chēng yī wèi“ yì rén”。 tā hé 'ài mò shēng
wǎ 'ěr dēng hú wǎ 'ěr dēng hú
（ RalphWaldoEmerson)、 fù lè（ MargaretFuller） dōushì“ jiǎn pǔ shēng huó” de zōng shī， tā men tí chàng huí guī běn xīn、 qīn jìn zì rán。 zhè zhǒng sī xiǎng bù jǐn shēn shēn dì yǐng xiǎng liǎo měi guó wén huà， yě wéi zhěng gè shì jiè dài lái liǎo qīng xīn cháng fēng。 zài shòu quán jiā zī zhù dú wán hā fó dà xué hòu， suō luó méi yòu zuì xīn yú rèn hé chuán tǒng yì yì shàng de shì yè， ér shì kāi shǐ liǎo yī gè dà dì màn yóu zhě de piào bó shēng yá。 1845 nián dào 1847 nián jiān， tā dú zì yī rén yōu jū zài wǎ 'ěr dēng hú pàn de zì zhù mù wū zhōng， yú liè、 gēng yún、 chén sī、 xiě zuò， yóu cǐ chǎn shēng liǎo yì yì shēn yuǎn de《 wǎ 'ěr dēng hú》。
wǎ 'ěr dēng hú - nèi róng tí yào
shuō qǐ《 wǎ 'ěr dēng hú》， yī dìng yào tí xú chí hé hǎi zǐ。 xú chí xiān shēng ràng guó rén zhī dào zài yáo yuǎn de měi zhōu dà lù yòu zhè me yī piàn hú shuǐ， yòu nà me yī gè xiàng zhuāng zǐ de měi guó rén zhù zài hú biān。 hǎi zǐ yòng jué jué dì qì shì lái biǎo míng： wǒ xiǎng yào miàn cháo dà hǎi、 chūn nuǎn huā kāi， wǒ xiǎng yào hú shuǐ màn guò shēng mìng。
xú chí xiān shēng yǐ hòu， àihào suō luó de yì zhě yòu yòng zì jǐ de wén zì hé gǎn wù chóngxīn yǎn yì liǎo zì jǐ xīn lǐ de wǎ 'ěr dēng hú。 ér dài huān xiān shēng yě bù lì wài， lì shí liǎng nián， tā yòng zì jǐ de yǔ yán xù shù liǎo wǎ 'ěr dēng hú。
zhè gè bǎn běn de yǔ yán liú chàng、 miào màn，《 dú zhě》 céng jīng xuǎn dēng guò qí zhōng de piān zhāng。 yì zhě duì yuán zhù guò cháng de duàn luò chóngxīn fēn duàn， jiāng yǔ yì zhuǎn huà de wén zì huàfēn xiǎo jié， ràng wén zì dú qǐ lái gèng yòu jié zòu gǎn， chóngxīn shè jì de jié tí yōu měi liàn dá。 zhuāng zhēn zhōng duō cǎi yìn shuà， lǜ sè hé hēi sè de zhèng wén pái shì yǎ zhì， zōng sè de mǎn bǎn chā tú hōng tuō qì fēn。 wú lùn cóng kāi běn hái shì fēng miàn， suǒ yòu de yuán sù dū zhí zhì rén xīn。
wǎ 'ěr dēng hú wǎ 'ěr dēng hú
★ měi guó zì rán wén xué de diǎn fàn
★ yǔ《 shèng jīng》 zhū shū yī tóng bèi měi guó guó huì tú shū guǎn píng wéi“ sù zào dú zhě de 25 běn shū”
★ dāng dài měi guó dú zhě zuì duō de sǎnwén jīng diǎn
★ hǎi zǐ xīn zhōng de tiān táng shēng huó
★ yī běn rèn hé shí hòu dōunéng ràng nǐ de xīn líng píng jìng de shū
wǎ 'ěr dēng hú - biān ji tuī jiàn
hā dīng（ WalterHarding） céng shuō，《 wǎ 'ěr dēng hú》 nèi róng fēng hòu、 yì yì shēn yuǎn， tā shì jiǎn dān shēng huó de quán wēi zhǐ nán， shì duì dà zì rán de zhēn qíng miáo
wǎ 'ěr dēng hú wǎ 'ěr dēng hú
shù， shì xiàng jīn qián shè huì de tǎo fá xí wén， shì chuán shì jiǔ yuǎn de wén xué míng zhù， shì yī bù shèng shū。 zhèng yīn wèicǐ， tā yě yǐng xiǎng liǎo tuō 'ěr sī tài、 shèng xióng gān dì děng rén， cóng 'ér gǎi xiě liǎo yī xiē mín zú hé guó jiā de mìng yùn。
《 wǎ 'ěr dēng hú》 jié gòu yán jǐn， yǔ yán shēng dòng， zì lǐ xíng jiān bù shí shǎn xiàn chū zhé lǐ de líng guāng， pō yòu gāo shān liú shuǐ de wèi dào。 tā de xǔ duō zhāng jié dū xū yào fǎn fù sòng dú cái néng tǐ wèi， ér qiě gǎn jué cháng dú cháng xīn。 huò xǔ wǒ men wú fǎ xiàng suō luó nà yàng shēn tǐ lì xíng， dàn wǒ men qǐ mǎ kě yǐ tōng guò tā de gān chún、 yōu yáng de wén cí chóngfǎn zì rán， jìn rù chéng míng zhī jìng。
wǎ 'ěr dēng hú - nèi róng jīng yào
wǎ 'ěr dēng de fēng jǐng shì bēi wēi de， suī rán hěn měi， què bìng bù shì hóng wěi de， bù cháng qù yóu wán de rén， bù zhù zài tā 'àn biān de rén wèi bì néng bèi tā xī yǐn zhù。 dàn shì zhè yī gè hú yǐ shēn suì hé qīng chè zhù chēng， zhí dé jǐyǔ tū chū de miáo xiě。
zhè shì yī gè míng liàng de shēn lǜ sè de hú， bàn yīng lǐ cháng， yuán zhōu yuē yī yīng lǐ yòu sì fēn zhī sān， miàn jī yuē 61 yīng mǔ bàn； tā shì sōng shù hé xiàng shù lín zhōng yāng de suì yuè yōu jiǔ de lǎo hú， chú liǎo yǔ hé zhēng fā zhī wài， hái méi yòu bié de lái lóng qù mài kě xún。 sì zhōu de shān fēng tū rán dì cóng shuǐ shàng shēng qǐ， dào 40 zhì 80 yīng chǐ de gāo dù， dàn zài dōng nán miàn gāo dào 100 yīng chǐ， ér dōng biān gèng gāo dào 150 yīng chǐ， qí jù lí hú 'àn， bù guò sì fēn zhī yī yīng lǐ jí sān fēn zhī yī yīng lǐ。 shān shàng quán bù dōushì sēn lín。
suǒ yòu wǒ men kāng kē dé dì fāng de shuǐ bō， zhì shǎo yòu liǎng zhǒng yán sè， yī zhǒng shì zhàn zài yuǎn chù wàng jiàn de， lìng yī zhǒng， gèng jiē jìn běn lái de yán sè， shì zhàn zài jìn chù kàn jiàn de。 dì yī zhǒng gèng duō dì kào de shì guāng， gēn jù tiān sè biàn huà。 zài tiān qì hǎo de xià jì lǐ， cóng shāo yuǎn de dì fāng wàng qù， tā chéng xiàn liǎo wèi lán yán sè， tè bié zài shuǐ bō dàng yàng de shí hòu， dàn cóng hěn yuǎn de dì fāng wàng qù， què shì yī piàn shēn lán。 zài fēng bào de tiān qì xià， yòu shí tā chéng xiàn chū shēn shí bǎn sè。 hǎi shuǐ de yán sè zé bù rán， jù shuō tā zhè tiān shì lán sè de， lìng yī tiān què yòu shì lǜ sè liǎo， jìn guǎn tiān qì lián xiē wēi de kě gǎn zhī de biàn huà yě méi yòu。
wǒ men zhè lǐ de shuǐ xì zhōng， wǒ kàn dào dāng bái xuě fù gài zhè yī piàn fēng jǐng shí， shuǐ hé bīng jīhū dōushì cǎo lǜ sè de。 yòu rén rèn wéi， lán sè“ nǎi shì chún jié de shuǐ de yán sè， wú lùn nà shì liú dòng de shuǐ， huò níng jié de shuǐ”。 kě shì， zhí jiē cóng yī tiáo chuán shàng fǔ kàn jìn chù hú shuǐ， tā yòu yòu zhe fēi cháng zhī bù tóng de sè cǎi。 shèn zhì cóng tóng yī gè guān chá diǎn， kàn wǎ 'ěr dēng shì zhè huì 'ér lán， nà hū 'ér lǜ。 zhì shēn yú tiān dì zhī jiān， tā fēn dān liǎo zhè liǎng zhě de sè sù。 cóng shān dǐng shàng kàn， tā fǎn yìng tiān kōng de yán sè， kě shì zǒu jìn liǎo kàn， zài nǐ néng kàn dào jìn 'àn de xì shā de dì fāng， shuǐ sè xiān shì huáng chéng chéng de， rán hòu shì dàn lǜ sè de liǎo， rán hòu zhú jiàn dì jiā shēn qǐ lái， zhí dào shuǐ bō yī lǜ dì chéng xiàn liǎo quán hú yī zhì de shēn lǜ sè。 zài yòu xiē shí hòu de guāng xiàn xià， cóng yī gè shān dǐng wàng qù， kào jìn hú 'àn de shuǐ sè yě shì bì lǜ dé yì cháng shēng dòng de。 yòu rén shuō， zhè shì lǜ yuán de fǎn yìng； kě shì zài tiě lù guǐ dào zhè 'ér de huáng shā dì dài de chèn tuō xià， yě tóng yàng shì bì lǜ de， ér qiě， zài chūn tiān， shù yè hái méi yòu zhǎngdà， zhè yě xǔ shì tài kōng zhōng de wèi lán， tiáohé liǎo huáng shā yǐ hòu xíng chéng de yī gè dān chún de xiào guǒ。 zhè shì tā de hóng sè cǎi juàn de sè sù。
yě shì zài zhè yī gè dì fāng， chūn tiān yī lái， bīng kuài gěi shuǐ dǐ fǎn shè shàng lái de tài yáng de rè liàng， yě gěi tǔ dì zhōng chuán bō de tài yáng de rè liàng róng jiě liǎo， zhè lǐ shǒu xiān róng jiě chéng yī tiáo xiá zhǎi de yùn hé de yàng zǐ， ér zhōng jiān hái shì dòng bīng。 zài qíng lǎng de qì hòu zhōng， xiàng wǒ men qí yú de shuǐ bō， jī tuān dì liú dòng shí， bō píng miàn shì zài jiǔ shí dù de zhí jiǎo dù lǐ fǎn yìng liǎo tiān kōng de， huò zhě yīn wéi tài guāng liàng liǎo， cóng jiào yuǎn chù wàng qù， tā bǐ tiān kōng gèng lán xiē； ér zài zhè zhǒng shí hòu， fàn zhōu hú shàng， sì chù tiào wàng dàoyǐng， wǒ fā xiàn liǎo yī zhǒng wú kě bǐ nǐ、 bù néng miáo shù de dàn lán sè， xiàng jìn shuǐ de huò biàn sè de sī chóu， hái xiàng qīng fēng bǎo jiàn， bǐ zhī tiān kōng hái gèng jiē jìn tiān lán sè， tā hé nà bō guāng de lìng yī miàn yuán lái de shēn lǜ sè lún fān dì shǎn xiàn， nà shēn lǜ sè yǔ zhī xiāng bǐ biàn sì hū hěn húnzhuó liǎo。 zhè shì yī gè bō lí shìde dài lǜ sè de lán sè， zhào wǒ suǒ néng jì yì de， tā fǎng fó shì dōng tiān lǐ， rì luò yǐ qián， xī fāng wū yún zhōng lù chū de yī jiǎo qíng tiān。
kě shì nǐ jǔ qǐ yī bō lí bēi shuǐ， fàng zài kōng zhōng kàn， tā què háo wú yán sè， rú tóng zhuāng liǎo tóng yàng shù liàng de yī bēi kōng qì yī yàng。 zhòng suǒ zhōu zhī， yī dà kuài hòu bō lí bǎn biàn chéng xiàn liǎo wēi lǜ de yán sè， jù zhì zào bō lí de rén shuō， nà shì“ tǐ jī” de guān xì， tóng yàng de bō lí， shǎo liǎo jiù bù huì yòu yán sè liǎo。 wǎ 'ěr dēng hú yīnggāi yòu duō shǎo de shuǐ liàng cái néng fàn chū zhè yàng de lǜ sè ní， wǒ cóng láidōu wú fǎ zhèng míng。 yī gè zhí jiē cháo xià wàng zhe wǒ men de shuǐ sè de rén suǒ jiàn dào de shì hēi de， huò shēn zōng sè de， yī gè dào hé shuǐ zhōng yóu yǒng de rén， hé shuǐ xiàng suǒ yòu de hú yī yàng， huì gěi tā rǎn shàng yī zhǒng huáng yán sè； dàn shì zhè gè hú shuǐ què shì zhè yàng dì chún jié， yóu yǒng zhě huì bái dé xiàng dà lǐ shí yī yàng， ér gèng qí guài de shì， zài zhè shuǐ zhōng sì zhī gěi fàng dà liǎo， bìng qiě gěi niǔ qū liǎo， xíng tài fēi cháng kuā zhāng， zhí dé ràng mǐ kāi lǎng jī luó lái zuò yī fān yán jiū。
shuǐ shì zhè yàng de tòu míng， 25 zhì 30 yīng chǐ xià miàn de shuǐ dǐ dōukě yǐ hěn qīng chǔ dì kàn dào。 chì jiǎo tà shuǐ shí， nǐ kàn dào zài shuǐ miàn xià xǔ duō yīng chǐ de dì fāng yòu chéng qún de lú yú hé yín yú， dà yuē zhǐ yī yīng cùn cháng， lián qián zhě de héng xíng de huā wén yě néng kàn dé qīng qīng chǔ chǔ， nǐ huì jué dé zhè zhǒng yú yě shì bù yuàn yì zhān rǎn hóng chén， cái dào zhè lǐ lái shēng cún de。
yòu yī cì， zài dōng tiān lǐ， hǎo jǐ nián qián liǎo， wèile diào suō yú， wǒ zài bīng shàng wā liǎo jǐ gè dòng， shàng 'àn zhī hòu， wǒ bǎ yī bǐng fǔ tóu rēng zài bīng shàng， kě shì hǎo xiàng yòu shénme 'è guǐ gù yì yào kāi wán xiào shìde， fǔ tóu zài bīng shàng huá guò liǎo sì wǔ gān yuǎn， gāng hǎo cóng yī gè kū lóng zhōng huá liǎo xià qù， nà lǐ de shuǐ shēn 25 yīng chǐ， wèile hàoqí， wǒ tǎng zài bīng shàng， cóng nà kū lóng lǐ wàng， wǒ kàn dào liǎo nà bǐng fǔ tóu， tā piān zài yī biān tóu xiàng xià zhí lì zhe， nà fǔ bǐng bǐ zhí xiàng shàng， shùn zhe hú shuǐ de mài dòng yáo yáo bǎi bǎi， yào bù shì wǒ hòu lái yòu bǎ tā diào liǎo qǐ lái， tā kě néng jiù huì zhè yàng zhí lì xià qù， zhí dào mù bǐng làn diào wéi zhǐ。 jiù zài tā de shàng miàn， yòng wǒ dài lái de záo bīng de záo zǐ， wǒ yòu záo liǎo yī gè dòng， yòu yòng wǒ de dāo， gē xià liǎo wǒ kàn dào de fù jìn zuì cháng de yī tiáo chì yáng shù zhī， wǒ zuò liǎo yī gè huó jié de shéng juàn， fàng zài shù zhī de yī tóu， xiǎo xīn dì fàng xià qù， yòng tā tào zhù liǎo fǔ bǐng tū chū de dì fāng， rán hòu yòng chì yáng zhī bàng biān de shéng zǐ yī lā， zhè yàng jiù bǎ nà bǐng fǔ tóu diào liǎo qǐ lái。
hú 'àn shì yóu yī cháng liù xiàng pū lù shí nà yàng de guāng huá de yuán yuán de bái shí zǔ chéng de； chú yī liǎng chù xiǎo xiǎo de shā tān zhī wài， tā dǒu lì zhe， zòng shēn yī yuè biàn kě yǐ tiào dào yī gè rén shēn de shuǐ zhōng； yào bù shì shuǐ bō míng jìng dé chū qí， nǐ jué bù kě néng kàn dào zhè gè hú de dǐ bù， chú fēi shì tā yòu zài duì 'àn shēng qǐ。 yòu rén rèn wéi tā shēn dé méi yòu dǐ。 tā méi yòu yī chù shì ní nìng de， ǒu 'ěr guān chá de guò kè huò xǔ hái huì shuō， tā lǐ miàn lián shuǐ cǎo yě méi yòu yī gēn； zhì yú kě yǐ jiàn dào de shuǐ cǎo， chú liǎo zuì jìn gěi shàng zhǎng liǎo de shuǐ yānmò de、 bìng bù shǔ yú zhè gè hú de cǎo dì yǐ wài， biàn shì xì xīn dì chá kàn yě què shí shì kàn bù dào chāng pú hé lú wěi de， shèn zhì méi yòu shuǐ lián huā， wú lùn shì huáng sè de huò shì bái sè de， zuì duō zhǐ yòu yī xiē xīn xíng yè zǐ hé hé liǎo cǎo， yě xǔ hái yòu yī liǎng zhāng yǎn zǐ cài； rán 'ér， yóu yǒng zhě yě kàn bù dào tā men； biàn shì zhè xiē shuǐ cǎo， yě xiàng tā men shēngzhǎng zài lǐ miàn de shuǐ yī yàng de míng liàng 'ér wú gòu。 àn shí shēn zhǎn rù shuǐ， zhǐ yī 'èr gān yuǎn， shuǐ dǐ yǐ shì chún cuì de xì shā， chú liǎo zuì shēn de bù fēn， nà lǐ zǒng bù miǎn yòu yī diǎn chén jī wù， yě xǔ shì fǔ xiǔ liǎo de yè zǐ， duō shǎo gè qiū tiān lái， luò yè bèi guā dào hú shàng， lìng wài hái yòu yī xiē guāng liàng de lǜ sè shuǐ tái， shèn zhì zài shēn dōng shí lìng bá qǐ tiě máo lái de shí hòu， tā men yě huì gēn zhe bèi bá shàng lái de。
wǎ 'ěr dēng hú - zhuān jiā diǎn píng
“ 1845 nián 3 yuè wěi， wǒ jiè lái yī bǐng fǔ tóu， zǒu dào wǎ 'ěr dēng hú biān de sēn lín lǐ， dào dá wǒ yù bèi zào fáng zǐ de dì fāng， kāi shǐ kǎn fá yī xiē jiàn shǐ shìde， gāo sǒng rù yún 'ér hái nián yòu de bái sōng， lái zuò wǒ de jiàn zhù cái liào， nà shì yú kuài de chūn rì， rén men gǎn dào nán guò de dōng tiān zhèng gēn dòng tǔ yī yàng dì xiāo róng， ér zhé jū de shēng mìng kāi shǐ shū shēn liǎo。”
zhè shì suō luó zài《 wǎ 'ěr dēng hú》 yī shū zhōng jì shù de tā de shān jū suì yuè de kāi shǐ。 zhè yī nián， 7 yuè 4 rì， qià hǎo nà yī tiān shì dú lì rì， měi guó de guó qìng， tā zhù jìn liǎo lí bō shì dùn bù yuǎn de wú rén jū zhù de wǎ 'ěr dēng hú biān de shān lín zhōng， cóng cǐ dú lì shēng huó liǎo liǎng nián duō。 tā zài zhè gè sēn lín zhōng， qīn shǒu gài qǐ liǎo yī dòng xiǎo mù wū， bìng xiàng shì rén xuān gào liǎo tā gè rén shēng huó yǔ jīng shén shēng huó de“ dú lì”。 tā de xiǎo mù wū lǐ zhǐ yòu yī zhāng chuáng hé yī tào bèi rù， yòu jǐ jiàn jiǎn dān de chuī jù hé jǐ jiàn huàn xǐ de yī fú。 tā yào jìn xíng yī cì huí guī zì rán de shí yàn。
suō luó zài xiǎo hú biān zì jǐ kāi huāng zhòngdì， měi tiān dǎ liè hé fá mù。 tā guò zhe nà zhǒng jìn sì yuán shǐ de、 jí qí jiǎn pǔ de shēng huó， yǐ biàn rèn zhēn dì guān chá hé tǐ huì rén shēng de zhēn dì。 zài zhè mù wū lǐ， zài zhè hú bīn de shān lín lǐ， tā guān chá zhe， qīng tīng zhe， gǎn shòu zhe， chén sī zhe， bìng qiě mèng xiǎng zhe。 měi tiān， tādōu yào bǎ zì jǐ huí guī zì rán yǐ hòu de guān chá hé tǐ yàn， yǐ jí tā de sī kǎo、 gǎn chù xiě zài rì jì zhōng。 tā fēn xī yán jiū liǎo tā cóng zì rán jiè dé lái de yīn xùn、 yuè lì hé jīng yàn， bìng cóng zhōng tàn suǒ rén shēng， chǎn shù rén shēng， zhèn fèn rén shēng。
qí zhōng dà bù fēn de shí jiān， tā dú zì zài lín zhōng， hěn shǎo yòu kè rén lái bài fǎng， jù lí rèn hé lín jū dōuyòu yī yīng lǐ zhī yáo。 jiù zhè yàng， suō luó zài wǎ 'ěr dēng hú pàn dú zì shēng huó liǎo 920 tiān。 ér hòu， tā zǒu chū sēn lín， chóngxīn huí dào chéng shì。 bù jiǔ， chū bǎn liǎo gēn jù tā zài xiǎo mù wū lǐ xiě xià de nà xiē bǐ jì zhěng lǐ de sǎnwén jí， tí wéi《 wǎ 'ěr dēng hú》。 jiēguǒ， měi guó chū xiàn yī wèi zì rán zhù yì sī xiǎng jiā， shì jiè shàng yě duō liǎo yī běn hǎo shū。
wǎ 'ěr dēng hú lí wēi 'ěr sī lì zhèn jǐn 30 fēn zhōng de lù chéng， cóng bō shì dùn chū fā， yě zhǐ bù guò gè bǎ xiǎo shí， dì tú shàng bìng méi yòu wǎ 'ěr dēng hú， zhǐ yòu wǎ 'ěr dēng chí táng， wǎ 'ěr dēng hú shì gè dì míng， bìng fēi shì yī gè hú， ér shì shí shàng de chí táng， yīnggāi shì wǎ 'ěr dēng hú liǎo。
zhè lǐ de shēng huó shì jì mò de， rán 'ér suō luó què shuō，“ jì mò yòu zhù yú jiàn kāng”。 suō luó hái céng yòng shī yī yàng de yǔ yán shuō：“ wǒ bìng bù bǐ yī duǒ máo ruǐ huā huò mù chǎng shàng de yī duǒ pú gōng yīng jì mò， wǒ bù bǐ yī zhāng dòu yè， yī zhī cù jiàng cǎo， huò yī zhǐ mǎ fēng gèng jì mò。 wǒ bù bǐ mì 'ěr xī， huò yī zhǐ fēng xìn jī， huò běi jí xīng， huò nán fēng gèng jì mò， wǒ bù bǐ sì yuè de yǔ huò zhēngyuè de róng xuě， huò xīn wū zhōng de dì yī zhǐ zhī zhū gèng jì mò。”
xiàn dài shēng huó zhōng de wén míng rén， zuì nán yǐ rěn shòu de jiù shì jì mò， zuì dà de wèn tí yě shì jì mò。 zài xiàn dài wén míng de bī pò zhī xià， zài gāng jīn shuǐ ní de chéng shì sēn lín lǐ， rén men lí chún pǔ tián jìng de dà zì rán yǐ jīng yuè lái yuè yuǎn， yī xiē gǔ pǔ de lìng rén shén wǎng de yuán shǐ shēng huó yǐ jīng tuì huà dé wú yǐng wú zōng， qǔ 'ér dài zhī shì cáo zá、 jiāo zhuó、 fú zào hé bù 'ān。 rén men shēng huó zài zuì rè nào de shí dài， què xiǎn dé bǐ suǒ yòu de yī qiēdōu yào nán yǐ rěn shòu jì mò。 jí shǐ xiàn dài kē jì kě yǐ ràng rén men zài dì yī shí jiān liǎo jiě dì qiú měi yī gè jiǎo luò fā shēng de shì qíng， què wú fǎ ràng rén liǎo jiě miàn duì miàn de liǎng gè rén de xīn sī。 xiàn dài shēng huó de zào dòng huì wú kǒng bù rù， yī diǎn diǎn xìn xī jiù kě yǐ bǎ rén men nòng dé jī fēi gǒu tiào， yī diǎn diǎn qíng xù jiù bǎ rén men de xīn yǎo dé qiān chuāng bǎi kǒng。 xiàn dài shēng huó chuàng zào chū lái xiàn dài huà de tóng shí， chuàng zào chū lái de zhǒng zhǒng jì mò gèng shì wú kě dǐ dǎng de。 rén men de xīn líng yuè lái yuè gū dú， què cóng wèi xiǎng guò dà zì rán de jì mò shì yī zhì wén míng bìng de zuì hǎo fāng fǎ。
suō luó fā xiàn liǎo wǎ 'ěr dēng hú， tā zài nà lǐ shēng huó、 yuè dú、 qīng tīng、 zhǒng dòu、 shēng huǒ、 zuò fàn、 gū dú。 zhǎo dào liǎo zì jǐ sī xiǎng de qī xī dì， jì mò bù shì bǎo shǒu， bù shì tuì yǐn， bù shì fáng kōng dòng， bù shì yǔ shì gé jué， jì mò shì fàng sōng， shì qīng sōng， shì tuō lí fù zá 'ér lián jià rén jì guān xì de chén sī， shì xīn yǔ xīn mò qì 'ér qiè yì de duì huà， shì zǒu chū dì píng xiàn zhī wài de yuǎn yóu。 tā yǐ xuǎn zé níng jìng de fāng shì xuǎn zé wǎ 'ěr dēng hú， xuǎn zé nà yuǎn lí xuān 'áo de tián jìng， xuǎn zé zài chūn tiān lǐ nà fèn nán dé de hǎo xīn qíng， zài hú biān， zài lín zhōng， zài wǎ 'ěr dēng chéng míng de yuè guāng xià， cóng róng bù pò dì shēng huó， líng tīng shēng huó de jiào huì hé zhēn shàn， ràng zì jǐ“ bù zhì yú zài lín zhōng shí cái fā xiàn zì jǐ bù céng shēng huó guò”。 suō luó jī jí chàng dǎo yī zhǒng shēng huó guān niàn， yī zhǒng yǔ xiàn dài wù zhì shēng huó rì yì fēng fù duì lì de jiǎn pǔ de shēng huó fāng shì。
yú shì rén men fā xiàn liǎo suō luó， fā xiàn liǎo wèi jiè xīn líng de liáng yào， lái fǔ píng xīn líng de zào dòng。
jiù xiàng suō luó de jì mò yī yàng，《 wǎ 'ěr dēng hú》 shì 'ān jìng de， jí jìng jí jìng de shū， bìng bù shì rè rè nào nào de shū。 tā shì yī běn jì mò de shū， yī běn gū dú de shū。 tā zhǐ shì yī běn yī gè rén de shū。 rú guǒ yuè dú zhě de xīn méi yòu 'ān jìng xià lái， kǒng pà jiù hěn nán jìn rù dào zhè běn shū lǐ qù。
suō luó yán jiū zhuān jiā hā dīng shuō：《 wǎ 'ěr dēng hú》 zhì shǎo yòu wǔ zhǒng dú fǎ： zuò wéi yī bù zì rán de shū jí、 zuò wéi yī bù zì lì gēngshēng jiǎn dān shēng huó de zhǐ nán、 zuò wéi pī píng xiàn dài shēng huó de yī bù fěng cì zuò pǐn、 zuò wéi yī bù wén xué míng zhù yǐ jí zuò wéi yī běn shén shèng de shū。
gèng duō de rén yuàn yì bǎ《 wǎ 'ěr dēng hú》 zuò wéi yī bù zì lì gēngshēng、 jiǎn dān shēng huó de zhǐ nán lái dú。 yīn wéi suō luó jīng guò shí jiàn fā xiàn， tā néng yǐ 28 yuán lái jiàn lì yī gè jiā， yòng 0.27 yuán lái wéi chí yī zhōu de shēng huó。 tā yǐ yī nián zhōng 6 gè xīng qī de shí jiān， qù zuàn qǔ zú gòu yī nián de shēng huó fèi yòng， shèng yú de 46 gè xīng qī， qù zuò tā xǐ huān zuò de shì。 yīn wéi rú cǐ《 wǎ 'ěr dēng hú》 zài dāng shí biàn jù yòu liǎo jù dà de yòu huò lì， nà jǐ nián lǐ， suō luó de fǎng xiào zhě nán yǐ jì shù， tā men yǐn tuì lín zhōng， zài wǎ 'ěr dēng hú pàn jiàn zào máo shè， zhè chéng wéi měi guó fēng xíng yī shí de shí shàng。
dàn shì suō luó de hú pàn dú jū bìng bù néng shì wèishénme yǐn shì shēng yá。 tā shì yòu mùdì dì tàn suǒ rén shēng， pī pàn rén shēng， zhèn fèn rén shēng， chǎn shù rén shēng de gèng gāo guī lǜ。 bìng bù shì xiāo jí de， tā shì jī jí de。 bìng bù shì táo bì rén shēng， tā shì zǒu xiàng rén shēng， bìng qiě jiù zài zhè zhōng jiān， tā yě céng yòng tā zì jǐ de dú tè fāng shì， tóu shēn yú dāng shí de zhèng zhì dǒu zhēng。 tā jī jí zhī chí gān dì de fēi bào lì bù hé zuò yùn dòng， tā yě duì fèi nú yùn dòng jí qí rè xīn。 tā de níng jìng bù shì yī tán sǐ shuǐ， bù shì dú shàn qí shēn。
zài tā shēng qián， tā bìng méi yòu shénme míng shēng， tā yī shēng zhǐ chū bǎn liǎo liǎng běn shū。 1849 nián zì fèi chū bǎn liǎo《 kāng kē dé hé hé méi lǐ mài kè hé shàng de yī xīng qī》， yìn xíng 1000 cè， zhǐ shòu chū 100 duō cè， sòng diào 75 cè， cún xià 7000 duō cè， zài shū diàn cāng kù lǐ fàng dào 1853 nián， quán bù tuì gěi zuò zhě liǎo。 suō luó céng huī xié dì shuō， tā jiā lǐ dà yuē cáng shū 900 cè， zì jǐ zhù de shū 700 duō cè。
tā de dì 'èr běn shū jiù shì《 wǎ 'ěr dēng hú》。 yě méi yòu shòu dào rén men de zhù yì， chū bǎn 2000 cè yòng liǎo 5 nián duō de shí jiān cái mài wán。 shèn zhì hái zāo dào zhān mǔ sī · luò 'è 'ěr yǐ jí luó bó tè · lù yì sī · sī dì wén shēng de jī fěng hé pī píng。 zhǐ yòu qiáo zhì · ài lüè tè yú 1856 nián yuán yuè， zài《 xī mǐn sì zhōu bào》 shàng gěi tā yǐ“ shēn chén 'ér mǐn gǎn de shū qíng” hé“ chāo fán rù shèng” de hǎo píng。
suí zhe shí guāng de liú shì， zhè běn shū de yǐng xiǎng shì yuè lái yuè dà， yǐ jīng chéng wéi měi guó wén xué zhōng de yī běn dú tè de、 zhuó yuè de míng zhù。 dào mù qián wéi zhǐ， cǐ shū yǐ jīng chū xiàn liǎo jiāng jìn 200 duō gè bǎn běn， bìng bèi yì chéng xǔ duō guó jiā de wén zì。 yòu de píng lùn jiā rèn wéi《 wǎ 'ěr dēng hú》 kě yǐ zuò wéi yī zhǒng 19 shì jì de《 lǔ bīn xùn piāo liú jì》 lái yuè dú。 tóng shí shì suō luó shǐ zì rán sǎnwén dú lì mén hù， fù yú liǎo tā xīn de gài niàn，《 wǎ 'ěr dēng hú》 kān chēng xiàn dài měi guó sǎnwén zuì zǎo de bǎng yàng。 yǔ qí tóng shí dài de zuò jiā huò sāng、 méi 'ěr wéi 'ěr yǐ jí 'ài mò shēng děng rén de zuò pǐn xiāng bǐ， jù yòu jié rán bù tóng zhī chù， fù yú 20 shì jì sǎnwén de fēng gé。 zhè yī tè diǎn jù tǐ tǐ xiàn yú tā de jù zǐ píng pū zhí xù、 jiǎn jié hé fù yòu guān diǎn， wán quán bù xiàng wéi duō lì yà zhōng qī sǎnwén nà yàng sǎnmàn、 yòng cí jīng xì、 jiáo qíng hé jù tǐ， yě méi yòu méng lóng hé chōu xiàng de qì xī。 tōng guò yuè dú cǐ shū， wǒ men huì jīng qí dì fā xiàn zhè běn xiě yú 19 shì jì de zuò pǐn yǔ hǎi míng wēi、 hēng lì · zhān mǔ sī děng rén de zuò pǐn fēng gé shí fēn jiē jìn， zhǐ bù guò suō luó de fēng gé gèng xiǎn dé fēng fù 'ér yǐ。
《 wǎ 'ěr dēng hú》 zhōng yòu xǔ duō piān fú shì xíng xiàng miáo huì， yōu měi xì zhì， xiàng hú shuǐ de chún jié tòu míng， xiàng shān lín de mào mì cuì lǜ； yòu yī xiē piān fú shuō lǐ tòu chè， shí fēn jīng bì， yòu qǐ fā xìng。 wén zì yōu měi， zì zì shǎn guāng， qìn rén xīn pí。 suō luó duì yú chūn tiān， duì yú lí míng， zuò liǎo jí qí dòng rén de miáo xiě。 dú zhe zhè yàng de wén zì， zì rán huì tǐ huì dào， yī gǔ xiàng shàng de jīng shén bù duàn dì jiāng yuè dú zhě tí shēng、 tí gāo。 zhè shì 100 duō nián yǐ qián de shū， zhì jīn hái wèi shī qù tā de yì yì。
suō luó shuō， wǎ 'ěr dēng hú shì shén de yī dī。 zhè lǐ de hú shuǐ qīng chè jiàn dǐ， kě yǐ kàn dào hú shuǐ zhōng de cǎo、 liú dòng de yú hé zài shuǐ liú zhōng bù dòng de shí zǐ， hú shuǐ chōng mǎn liǎo guāng míng hé dàoyǐng， chéng wéi yī gè xià jiè tiān kōng。 zhè lǐ díquè shì dà zì rán de jīng líng， shì shàng dì de shén lái zhī bǐ。 suō luó zhǎo dào liǎo wǎ 'ěr dēng hú， nà me shì shí hòu zhǎo yī zhǎo wǒ men zì jǐ de jīng shén jiā yuán liǎo。
wǎ 'ěr dēng hú - miào yǔ jiā jù
wǒ bìng bù bǐ yī duǒ máo ruǐ huā huò mù chǎng shàng de yī duǒ pú gōng yīng jì mò， wǒ bù bǐ yī zhāng dòu yè， yī zhī cù jiàng cǎo， huò yī zhǐ mǎ fēng gèng jì mò。 wǒ bù bǐ mì 'ěr xī， huò yī zhǐ fēng xìn jī， huò běi jí xīng， huò nán fēng gèng jì mò， wǒ bù bǐ sì yuè de yǔ huò zhēngyuè de róng xuě， huò xīn wū zhōng de dì yī zhǐ zhī zhū gèng jì mò。
Published in 1854, it details Thoreau's experiences over the course of two years in a cabin he built near Walden Pond, amidst woodland owned by his friend and mentor Ralph Waldo Emerson, near Concord, Massachusetts.
Thoreau did not intend to live as a hermit, for he received visitors and returned their visits. Rather, he hoped to isolate himself from society to gain a more objective understanding of it. Simple living and self-sufficiency were Thoreau's other goals, and the whole project was inspired by transcendentalist philosophy, a central theme of the American Romantic Period. As Thoreau made clear in his book, his cabin was not in wilderness but at the edge of town, not far from his family home.
Synopsis
Economy: In this first and longest chapter, Thoreau outlines his project: a two-year and two-month stay at a cozy, "tightly shingled and plastered," English-style 10' x 15' cottage in the woods near Walden Pond. He does this, he says, to illustrate the spiritual benefits of a simplified lifestyle. He easily supplies the four necessities of life (food, shelter, clothing, and fuel) with the help of family and friends, particularly his mother, his best friend, and Mr. and Mrs. Ralph Waldo Emerson. The latter provided Thoreau with a work exchange — he could build a small house and plant a garden if he cleared some land on the woodlot and did other chores while there. Thoreau meticulously records his expenditures and earnings, demonstrating his understanding of "economy," as he builds his house and buys and grows food. For a home and freedom, he spent a mere $28.12 1/2, in 1845. At the end of this chapter, Thoreau inserts a poem, "The Pretensions of Poverty," by seventeenth-century English poet Thomas Carew. The poem criticizes those who think that their poverty gives them unearned moral and intellectual superiority.
Where I Lived, and What I Lived For: After playing with the idea of buying a farm, Thoreau describes his house's location. Then he explains that he took up his abode at Walden Woods so as to "live deliberately, to front only the essential facts of life, and see if I could not learn what it had to teach, and not, when I came to die, discover that I had not lived." Although he criticizes the dedication of his neighbors to working, he himself is quite busy at Walden — building and maintaining his house, raising thousands of bean plants and other vegetables, making bread, clearing land, chopping wood, making repairs for the Emersons, going into town, and writing every day. His time at Walden was his most productive as a writer.
Reading: Thoreau discusses the benefits of classical literature (preferably in the original Greek or Latin), and bemoans the lack of sophistication in Concord, evident in the popularity of unsophisticated literature. He also loved to read books by world travelers. He yearns for a utopian time when each New England village supports "wise men" to educate and thereby ennoble the population.
Sounds: Thoreau opens this chapter by warning against relying too much on literature as a means of transcendence. Instead, one should experience life for oneself. Thus, after describing his house's beautiful natural surroundings and his casual housekeeping habits, Thoreau goes on to criticize the train whistle that interrupts his reverie. To him, the railroad symbolizes the destruction of the pastoral way of life. Following is a description of the sounds audible from his cabin: the church bells ringing, carriages rattling and rumbling, cows lowing, whip-poor-wills singing, owls hooting, frogs croaking, and cockerels crowing.
Solitude: Thoreau rhapsodizes about the beneficial effects of living solitary and close to nature. He claims to love being alone, saying "I never found the companion that was so companionable as solitude."
Visitors: Thoreau writes about the visitors to his house. Among the 25 or 30 visitors is a young French-Canadian woodchopper, Alec Therien, whom Thoreau idealizes as approaching the ideal man, and a runaway slave, whom Thoreau helps on his journey to freedom in Canada.
The Bean-Field: Thoreau relates his efforts to cultivate two and a half acres of beans. He plants in June and spends his summer mornings weeding the field with a hoe. He sells most of the crop, and his small profit of $8.71 covers his needs that were not provided by friends and family.
The Village: Thoreau visits the small town of Concord every day or two to hear the news, which he finds "as refreshing in its way as the rustle of the leaves." Nevertheless, he fondly but rather contemptuously compares Concord to a gopher colony. In late summer, he is arrested for refusing to pay federal taxes, but is released the next day. He explains that he refuses to pay taxes to a government that supports slavery.
The Ponds: In autumn, Thoreau rambles about the countryside and writes down his observations about the geography of Walden Pond and its neighbors: Flint's Pond (or Sandy Pond), White Pond, and Goose Pond. Although Flint's is the largest, Thoreau's favorites are Walden and White ponds, which he says are lovelier than diamonds.
Baker Farm: While on an afternoon ramble in the woods, Thoreau gets caught in a rainstorm and takes shelter in the dirty, dismal hut of John Field, a penniless but hard-working Irish farmhand, and his wife and children. Thoreau urges Field to live a simple but independent and fulfilling life in the woods, thereby freeing himself of employers and creditors. But the Irishman won't give up his dreams of luxury, which is the American dream.
Higher Laws: Thoreau discusses whether hunting wild animals and eating meat is good. He concludes that the primitive, animal side of humans drives them to kill and eat animals, and that a person who transcends this propensity is superior to those who don't. (Thoreau eats fish and occasionally salt pork and woodchuck.) In addition to vegetarianism, he lauds chastity, work, and teetotalism. He also recognizes that Indians need to hunt and kill moose for survival in "The Maine Woods," and ate moose on a trip to Maine while he was living at Walden.
Brute Neighbors: Thoreau briefly discusses the many wild animals that are his neighbors at Walden. A description of the nesting habits of partridges is followed by a fascinating account of a massive battle between red and black ants. Three of the combatants he takes into his cabin and examines under a microscope as the black ant kills the two smaller red ones. Later, Thoreau takes his boat and tries to follow a teasing loon about the pond. He also collects animal specimens and ships them to Harvard College for study.
House-Warming: After picking November berries in the woods, Thoreau adds a chimney, and finely plasters the walls of his sturdy house to stave off the cold of the oncoming winter. He also lays in a good supply of firewood, and expresses affection for wood and fire.
Former Inhabitants; and Winter Visitors: Thoreau relates the stories of people who formerly lived in the vicinity of Walden Pond. Then he talks about a few of the visitors he receives during the winter: a farmer, a woodchopper, and his best friend, the poet Ellery Channing.
Winter Animals: Thoreau amuses himself by watching wildlife during the winter. He relates his observations of owls, hares, red squirrels, mice, and various birds as they hunt, sing, and eat the scraps and corn he put out for them. He also describes a fox hunt that passes by.
The Pond in Winter: Thoreau describes Walden Pond as it appears during the winter. He claims to have sounded its depths and located an underground outlet. Then he recounts how 100 laborers came to cut great blocks of ice from the pond, the ice to be shipped to the Carolinas.
Spring: As spring arrives, Walden and the other ponds melt with stentorian thundering and rumbling. Thoreau enjoys watching the thaw, and grows ecstatic as he witnesses the green rebirth of nature. He watches the geese winging their way north, and a hawk playing by itself in the sky. As nature is reborn, the narrator implies, so is he. He departs Walden on September 6, 1847.
Conclusion: This final chapter is more passionate and urgent than its predecessors. In it, he criticizes conformity: "If a man does not keep pace with his companions, perhaps it is because he hears a different drummer. Let him step to the music which he hears, however measured or far away." By doing so, men may find happiness and self-fulfillment.
"I do not say that John or Jonathan will realize all this; but such is the character of that morrow which mere lapse of time can never make to dawn. The light which puts out our eyes is darkness to us. Only that day dawns to which we are awake. There is more day to dawn. The sun is but a morning star."
Themes
Walden emphasizes the importance of solitude, contemplation, and closeness to nature in transcending the "desperate" existence that, he argues, is the lot of most people. The book is not a traditional autobiography, but combines autobiography with a social critique of contemporary Western culture's consumerist and materialist attitudes and its distance from and destruction of nature. That the book is not simply a criticism of society, but also an attempt to engage creatively with the better aspects of contemporary culture, is suggested both by Thoreau's proximity to Concord society and by his admiration for classical literature. There are signs of ambiguity, or an attempt to see an alternative side of something common.
Thoreau regarded his sojourn at Walden as an experiment with a threefold purpose. First, he was escaping the dehumanizing effects of the Industrial Revolution by returning to a simpler, agrarian lifestyle. Second, he was simplifying his life and reducing his expenditures, increasing the amount of leisure time in which he could work on his writings (most of A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers was written at Walden). Much of the book is devoted to stirring up awareness of how one's life is lived, materially and otherwise, and how one might choose to live it more deliberately. Third, he was putting into practice the Transcendentalist belief that one can best "transcend" normality and experience the Ideal, or the Divine, through nature.
wǎ 'ěr dēng hú - zuò zhě jiǎn jiè
hēng lì dài wéi suō luó（ HenryDavidThoreau,1817-1862） zài 19 shì jì měi guó wén huà jù jiàng zhōng， kān chēng yī wèi“ yì rén”。 tā hé 'ài mò shēng
wǎ 'ěr dēng hú wǎ 'ěr dēng hú
（ RalphWaldoEmerson)、 fù lè（ MargaretFuller） dōushì“ jiǎn pǔ shēng huó” de zōng shī， tā men tí chàng huí guī běn xīn、 qīn jìn zì rán。 zhè zhǒng sī xiǎng bù jǐn shēn shēn dì yǐng xiǎng liǎo měi guó wén huà， yě wéi zhěng gè shì jiè dài lái liǎo qīng xīn cháng fēng。 zài shòu quán jiā zī zhù dú wán hā fó dà xué hòu， suō luó méi yòu zuì xīn yú rèn hé chuán tǒng yì yì shàng de shì yè， ér shì kāi shǐ liǎo yī gè dà dì màn yóu zhě de piào bó shēng yá。 1845 nián dào 1847 nián jiān， tā dú zì yī rén yōu jū zài wǎ 'ěr dēng hú pàn de zì zhù mù wū zhōng， yú liè、 gēng yún、 chén sī、 xiě zuò， yóu cǐ chǎn shēng liǎo yì yì shēn yuǎn de《 wǎ 'ěr dēng hú》。
wǎ 'ěr dēng hú - nèi róng tí yào
shuō qǐ《 wǎ 'ěr dēng hú》， yī dìng yào tí xú chí hé hǎi zǐ。 xú chí xiān shēng ràng guó rén zhī dào zài yáo yuǎn de měi zhōu dà lù yòu zhè me yī piàn hú shuǐ， yòu nà me yī gè xiàng zhuāng zǐ de měi guó rén zhù zài hú biān。 hǎi zǐ yòng jué jué dì qì shì lái biǎo míng： wǒ xiǎng yào miàn cháo dà hǎi、 chūn nuǎn huā kāi， wǒ xiǎng yào hú shuǐ màn guò shēng mìng。
xú chí xiān shēng yǐ hòu， àihào suō luó de yì zhě yòu yòng zì jǐ de wén zì hé gǎn wù chóngxīn yǎn yì liǎo zì jǐ xīn lǐ de wǎ 'ěr dēng hú。 ér dài huān xiān shēng yě bù lì wài， lì shí liǎng nián， tā yòng zì jǐ de yǔ yán xù shù liǎo wǎ 'ěr dēng hú。
zhè gè bǎn běn de yǔ yán liú chàng、 miào màn，《 dú zhě》 céng jīng xuǎn dēng guò qí zhōng de piān zhāng。 yì zhě duì yuán zhù guò cháng de duàn luò chóngxīn fēn duàn， jiāng yǔ yì zhuǎn huà de wén zì huàfēn xiǎo jié， ràng wén zì dú qǐ lái gèng yòu jié zòu gǎn， chóngxīn shè jì de jié tí yōu měi liàn dá。 zhuāng zhēn zhōng duō cǎi yìn shuà， lǜ sè hé hēi sè de zhèng wén pái shì yǎ zhì， zōng sè de mǎn bǎn chā tú hōng tuō qì fēn。 wú lùn cóng kāi běn hái shì fēng miàn， suǒ yòu de yuán sù dū zhí zhì rén xīn。
wǎ 'ěr dēng hú wǎ 'ěr dēng hú
★ měi guó zì rán wén xué de diǎn fàn
★ yǔ《 shèng jīng》 zhū shū yī tóng bèi měi guó guó huì tú shū guǎn píng wéi“ sù zào dú zhě de 25 běn shū”
★ dāng dài měi guó dú zhě zuì duō de sǎnwén jīng diǎn
★ hǎi zǐ xīn zhōng de tiān táng shēng huó
★ yī běn rèn hé shí hòu dōunéng ràng nǐ de xīn líng píng jìng de shū
wǎ 'ěr dēng hú - biān ji tuī jiàn
hā dīng（ WalterHarding） céng shuō，《 wǎ 'ěr dēng hú》 nèi róng fēng hòu、 yì yì shēn yuǎn， tā shì jiǎn dān shēng huó de quán wēi zhǐ nán， shì duì dà zì rán de zhēn qíng miáo
wǎ 'ěr dēng hú wǎ 'ěr dēng hú
shù， shì xiàng jīn qián shè huì de tǎo fá xí wén， shì chuán shì jiǔ yuǎn de wén xué míng zhù， shì yī bù shèng shū。 zhèng yīn wèicǐ， tā yě yǐng xiǎng liǎo tuō 'ěr sī tài、 shèng xióng gān dì děng rén， cóng 'ér gǎi xiě liǎo yī xiē mín zú hé guó jiā de mìng yùn。
《 wǎ 'ěr dēng hú》 jié gòu yán jǐn， yǔ yán shēng dòng， zì lǐ xíng jiān bù shí shǎn xiàn chū zhé lǐ de líng guāng， pō yòu gāo shān liú shuǐ de wèi dào。 tā de xǔ duō zhāng jié dū xū yào fǎn fù sòng dú cái néng tǐ wèi， ér qiě gǎn jué cháng dú cháng xīn。 huò xǔ wǒ men wú fǎ xiàng suō luó nà yàng shēn tǐ lì xíng， dàn wǒ men qǐ mǎ kě yǐ tōng guò tā de gān chún、 yōu yáng de wén cí chóngfǎn zì rán， jìn rù chéng míng zhī jìng。
wǎ 'ěr dēng hú - nèi róng jīng yào
wǎ 'ěr dēng de fēng jǐng shì bēi wēi de， suī rán hěn měi， què bìng bù shì hóng wěi de， bù cháng qù yóu wán de rén， bù zhù zài tā 'àn biān de rén wèi bì néng bèi tā xī yǐn zhù。 dàn shì zhè yī gè hú yǐ shēn suì hé qīng chè zhù chēng， zhí dé jǐyǔ tū chū de miáo xiě。
zhè shì yī gè míng liàng de shēn lǜ sè de hú， bàn yīng lǐ cháng， yuán zhōu yuē yī yīng lǐ yòu sì fēn zhī sān， miàn jī yuē 61 yīng mǔ bàn； tā shì sōng shù hé xiàng shù lín zhōng yāng de suì yuè yōu jiǔ de lǎo hú， chú liǎo yǔ hé zhēng fā zhī wài， hái méi yòu bié de lái lóng qù mài kě xún。 sì zhōu de shān fēng tū rán dì cóng shuǐ shàng shēng qǐ， dào 40 zhì 80 yīng chǐ de gāo dù， dàn zài dōng nán miàn gāo dào 100 yīng chǐ， ér dōng biān gèng gāo dào 150 yīng chǐ， qí jù lí hú 'àn， bù guò sì fēn zhī yī yīng lǐ jí sān fēn zhī yī yīng lǐ。 shān shàng quán bù dōushì sēn lín。
suǒ yòu wǒ men kāng kē dé dì fāng de shuǐ bō， zhì shǎo yòu liǎng zhǒng yán sè， yī zhǒng shì zhàn zài yuǎn chù wàng jiàn de， lìng yī zhǒng， gèng jiē jìn běn lái de yán sè， shì zhàn zài jìn chù kàn jiàn de。 dì yī zhǒng gèng duō dì kào de shì guāng， gēn jù tiān sè biàn huà。 zài tiān qì hǎo de xià jì lǐ， cóng shāo yuǎn de dì fāng wàng qù， tā chéng xiàn liǎo wèi lán yán sè， tè bié zài shuǐ bō dàng yàng de shí hòu， dàn cóng hěn yuǎn de dì fāng wàng qù， què shì yī piàn shēn lán。 zài fēng bào de tiān qì xià， yòu shí tā chéng xiàn chū shēn shí bǎn sè。 hǎi shuǐ de yán sè zé bù rán， jù shuō tā zhè tiān shì lán sè de， lìng yī tiān què yòu shì lǜ sè liǎo， jìn guǎn tiān qì lián xiē wēi de kě gǎn zhī de biàn huà yě méi yòu。
wǒ men zhè lǐ de shuǐ xì zhōng， wǒ kàn dào dāng bái xuě fù gài zhè yī piàn fēng jǐng shí， shuǐ hé bīng jīhū dōushì cǎo lǜ sè de。 yòu rén rèn wéi， lán sè“ nǎi shì chún jié de shuǐ de yán sè， wú lùn nà shì liú dòng de shuǐ， huò níng jié de shuǐ”。 kě shì， zhí jiē cóng yī tiáo chuán shàng fǔ kàn jìn chù hú shuǐ， tā yòu yòu zhe fēi cháng zhī bù tóng de sè cǎi。 shèn zhì cóng tóng yī gè guān chá diǎn， kàn wǎ 'ěr dēng shì zhè huì 'ér lán， nà hū 'ér lǜ。 zhì shēn yú tiān dì zhī jiān， tā fēn dān liǎo zhè liǎng zhě de sè sù。 cóng shān dǐng shàng kàn， tā fǎn yìng tiān kōng de yán sè， kě shì zǒu jìn liǎo kàn， zài nǐ néng kàn dào jìn 'àn de xì shā de dì fāng， shuǐ sè xiān shì huáng chéng chéng de， rán hòu shì dàn lǜ sè de liǎo， rán hòu zhú jiàn dì jiā shēn qǐ lái， zhí dào shuǐ bō yī lǜ dì chéng xiàn liǎo quán hú yī zhì de shēn lǜ sè。 zài yòu xiē shí hòu de guāng xiàn xià， cóng yī gè shān dǐng wàng qù， kào jìn hú 'àn de shuǐ sè yě shì bì lǜ dé yì cháng shēng dòng de。 yòu rén shuō， zhè shì lǜ yuán de fǎn yìng； kě shì zài tiě lù guǐ dào zhè 'ér de huáng shā dì dài de chèn tuō xià， yě tóng yàng shì bì lǜ de， ér qiě， zài chūn tiān， shù yè hái méi yòu zhǎngdà， zhè yě xǔ shì tài kōng zhōng de wèi lán， tiáohé liǎo huáng shā yǐ hòu xíng chéng de yī gè dān chún de xiào guǒ。 zhè shì tā de hóng sè cǎi juàn de sè sù。
yě shì zài zhè yī gè dì fāng， chūn tiān yī lái， bīng kuài gěi shuǐ dǐ fǎn shè shàng lái de tài yáng de rè liàng， yě gěi tǔ dì zhōng chuán bō de tài yáng de rè liàng róng jiě liǎo， zhè lǐ shǒu xiān róng jiě chéng yī tiáo xiá zhǎi de yùn hé de yàng zǐ， ér zhōng jiān hái shì dòng bīng。 zài qíng lǎng de qì hòu zhōng， xiàng wǒ men qí yú de shuǐ bō， jī tuān dì liú dòng shí， bō píng miàn shì zài jiǔ shí dù de zhí jiǎo dù lǐ fǎn yìng liǎo tiān kōng de， huò zhě yīn wéi tài guāng liàng liǎo， cóng jiào yuǎn chù wàng qù， tā bǐ tiān kōng gèng lán xiē； ér zài zhè zhǒng shí hòu， fàn zhōu hú shàng， sì chù tiào wàng dàoyǐng， wǒ fā xiàn liǎo yī zhǒng wú kě bǐ nǐ、 bù néng miáo shù de dàn lán sè， xiàng jìn shuǐ de huò biàn sè de sī chóu， hái xiàng qīng fēng bǎo jiàn， bǐ zhī tiān kōng hái gèng jiē jìn tiān lán sè， tā hé nà bō guāng de lìng yī miàn yuán lái de shēn lǜ sè lún fān dì shǎn xiàn， nà shēn lǜ sè yǔ zhī xiāng bǐ biàn sì hū hěn húnzhuó liǎo。 zhè shì yī gè bō lí shìde dài lǜ sè de lán sè， zhào wǒ suǒ néng jì yì de， tā fǎng fó shì dōng tiān lǐ， rì luò yǐ qián， xī fāng wū yún zhōng lù chū de yī jiǎo qíng tiān。
kě shì nǐ jǔ qǐ yī bō lí bēi shuǐ， fàng zài kōng zhōng kàn， tā què háo wú yán sè， rú tóng zhuāng liǎo tóng yàng shù liàng de yī bēi kōng qì yī yàng。 zhòng suǒ zhōu zhī， yī dà kuài hòu bō lí bǎn biàn chéng xiàn liǎo wēi lǜ de yán sè， jù zhì zào bō lí de rén shuō， nà shì“ tǐ jī” de guān xì， tóng yàng de bō lí， shǎo liǎo jiù bù huì yòu yán sè liǎo。 wǎ 'ěr dēng hú yīnggāi yòu duō shǎo de shuǐ liàng cái néng fàn chū zhè yàng de lǜ sè ní， wǒ cóng láidōu wú fǎ zhèng míng。 yī gè zhí jiē cháo xià wàng zhe wǒ men de shuǐ sè de rén suǒ jiàn dào de shì hēi de， huò shēn zōng sè de， yī gè dào hé shuǐ zhōng yóu yǒng de rén， hé shuǐ xiàng suǒ yòu de hú yī yàng， huì gěi tā rǎn shàng yī zhǒng huáng yán sè； dàn shì zhè gè hú shuǐ què shì zhè yàng dì chún jié， yóu yǒng zhě huì bái dé xiàng dà lǐ shí yī yàng， ér gèng qí guài de shì， zài zhè shuǐ zhōng sì zhī gěi fàng dà liǎo， bìng qiě gěi niǔ qū liǎo， xíng tài fēi cháng kuā zhāng， zhí dé ràng mǐ kāi lǎng jī luó lái zuò yī fān yán jiū。
shuǐ shì zhè yàng de tòu míng， 25 zhì 30 yīng chǐ xià miàn de shuǐ dǐ dōukě yǐ hěn qīng chǔ dì kàn dào。 chì jiǎo tà shuǐ shí， nǐ kàn dào zài shuǐ miàn xià xǔ duō yīng chǐ de dì fāng yòu chéng qún de lú yú hé yín yú， dà yuē zhǐ yī yīng cùn cháng， lián qián zhě de héng xíng de huā wén yě néng kàn dé qīng qīng chǔ chǔ， nǐ huì jué dé zhè zhǒng yú yě shì bù yuàn yì zhān rǎn hóng chén， cái dào zhè lǐ lái shēng cún de。
yòu yī cì， zài dōng tiān lǐ， hǎo jǐ nián qián liǎo， wèile diào suō yú， wǒ zài bīng shàng wā liǎo jǐ gè dòng， shàng 'àn zhī hòu， wǒ bǎ yī bǐng fǔ tóu rēng zài bīng shàng， kě shì hǎo xiàng yòu shénme 'è guǐ gù yì yào kāi wán xiào shìde， fǔ tóu zài bīng shàng huá guò liǎo sì wǔ gān yuǎn， gāng hǎo cóng yī gè kū lóng zhōng huá liǎo xià qù， nà lǐ de shuǐ shēn 25 yīng chǐ， wèile hàoqí， wǒ tǎng zài bīng shàng， cóng nà kū lóng lǐ wàng， wǒ kàn dào liǎo nà bǐng fǔ tóu， tā piān zài yī biān tóu xiàng xià zhí lì zhe， nà fǔ bǐng bǐ zhí xiàng shàng， shùn zhe hú shuǐ de mài dòng yáo yáo bǎi bǎi， yào bù shì wǒ hòu lái yòu bǎ tā diào liǎo qǐ lái， tā kě néng jiù huì zhè yàng zhí lì xià qù， zhí dào mù bǐng làn diào wéi zhǐ。 jiù zài tā de shàng miàn， yòng wǒ dài lái de záo bīng de záo zǐ， wǒ yòu záo liǎo yī gè dòng， yòu yòng wǒ de dāo， gē xià liǎo wǒ kàn dào de fù jìn zuì cháng de yī tiáo chì yáng shù zhī， wǒ zuò liǎo yī gè huó jié de shéng juàn， fàng zài shù zhī de yī tóu， xiǎo xīn dì fàng xià qù， yòng tā tào zhù liǎo fǔ bǐng tū chū de dì fāng， rán hòu yòng chì yáng zhī bàng biān de shéng zǐ yī lā， zhè yàng jiù bǎ nà bǐng fǔ tóu diào liǎo qǐ lái。
hú 'àn shì yóu yī cháng liù xiàng pū lù shí nà yàng de guāng huá de yuán yuán de bái shí zǔ chéng de； chú yī liǎng chù xiǎo xiǎo de shā tān zhī wài， tā dǒu lì zhe， zòng shēn yī yuè biàn kě yǐ tiào dào yī gè rén shēn de shuǐ zhōng； yào bù shì shuǐ bō míng jìng dé chū qí， nǐ jué bù kě néng kàn dào zhè gè hú de dǐ bù， chú fēi shì tā yòu zài duì 'àn shēng qǐ。 yòu rén rèn wéi tā shēn dé méi yòu dǐ。 tā méi yòu yī chù shì ní nìng de， ǒu 'ěr guān chá de guò kè huò xǔ hái huì shuō， tā lǐ miàn lián shuǐ cǎo yě méi yòu yī gēn； zhì yú kě yǐ jiàn dào de shuǐ cǎo， chú liǎo zuì jìn gěi shàng zhǎng liǎo de shuǐ yānmò de、 bìng bù shǔ yú zhè gè hú de cǎo dì yǐ wài， biàn shì xì xīn dì chá kàn yě què shí shì kàn bù dào chāng pú hé lú wěi de， shèn zhì méi yòu shuǐ lián huā， wú lùn shì huáng sè de huò shì bái sè de， zuì duō zhǐ yòu yī xiē xīn xíng yè zǐ hé hé liǎo cǎo， yě xǔ hái yòu yī liǎng zhāng yǎn zǐ cài； rán 'ér， yóu yǒng zhě yě kàn bù dào tā men； biàn shì zhè xiē shuǐ cǎo， yě xiàng tā men shēngzhǎng zài lǐ miàn de shuǐ yī yàng de míng liàng 'ér wú gòu。 àn shí shēn zhǎn rù shuǐ， zhǐ yī 'èr gān yuǎn， shuǐ dǐ yǐ shì chún cuì de xì shā， chú liǎo zuì shēn de bù fēn， nà lǐ zǒng bù miǎn yòu yī diǎn chén jī wù， yě xǔ shì fǔ xiǔ liǎo de yè zǐ， duō shǎo gè qiū tiān lái， luò yè bèi guā dào hú shàng， lìng wài hái yòu yī xiē guāng liàng de lǜ sè shuǐ tái， shèn zhì zài shēn dōng shí lìng bá qǐ tiě máo lái de shí hòu， tā men yě huì gēn zhe bèi bá shàng lái de。
wǎ 'ěr dēng hú - zhuān jiā diǎn píng
“ 1845 nián 3 yuè wěi， wǒ jiè lái yī bǐng fǔ tóu， zǒu dào wǎ 'ěr dēng hú biān de sēn lín lǐ， dào dá wǒ yù bèi zào fáng zǐ de dì fāng， kāi shǐ kǎn fá yī xiē jiàn shǐ shìde， gāo sǒng rù yún 'ér hái nián yòu de bái sōng， lái zuò wǒ de jiàn zhù cái liào， nà shì yú kuài de chūn rì， rén men gǎn dào nán guò de dōng tiān zhèng gēn dòng tǔ yī yàng dì xiāo róng， ér zhé jū de shēng mìng kāi shǐ shū shēn liǎo。”
zhè shì suō luó zài《 wǎ 'ěr dēng hú》 yī shū zhōng jì shù de tā de shān jū suì yuè de kāi shǐ。 zhè yī nián， 7 yuè 4 rì， qià hǎo nà yī tiān shì dú lì rì， měi guó de guó qìng， tā zhù jìn liǎo lí bō shì dùn bù yuǎn de wú rén jū zhù de wǎ 'ěr dēng hú biān de shān lín zhōng， cóng cǐ dú lì shēng huó liǎo liǎng nián duō。 tā zài zhè gè sēn lín zhōng， qīn shǒu gài qǐ liǎo yī dòng xiǎo mù wū， bìng xiàng shì rén xuān gào liǎo tā gè rén shēng huó yǔ jīng shén shēng huó de“ dú lì”。 tā de xiǎo mù wū lǐ zhǐ yòu yī zhāng chuáng hé yī tào bèi rù， yòu jǐ jiàn jiǎn dān de chuī jù hé jǐ jiàn huàn xǐ de yī fú。 tā yào jìn xíng yī cì huí guī zì rán de shí yàn。
suō luó zài xiǎo hú biān zì jǐ kāi huāng zhòngdì， měi tiān dǎ liè hé fá mù。 tā guò zhe nà zhǒng jìn sì yuán shǐ de、 jí qí jiǎn pǔ de shēng huó， yǐ biàn rèn zhēn dì guān chá hé tǐ huì rén shēng de zhēn dì。 zài zhè mù wū lǐ， zài zhè hú bīn de shān lín lǐ， tā guān chá zhe， qīng tīng zhe， gǎn shòu zhe， chén sī zhe， bìng qiě mèng xiǎng zhe。 měi tiān， tādōu yào bǎ zì jǐ huí guī zì rán yǐ hòu de guān chá hé tǐ yàn， yǐ jí tā de sī kǎo、 gǎn chù xiě zài rì jì zhōng。 tā fēn xī yán jiū liǎo tā cóng zì rán jiè dé lái de yīn xùn、 yuè lì hé jīng yàn， bìng cóng zhōng tàn suǒ rén shēng， chǎn shù rén shēng， zhèn fèn rén shēng。
qí zhōng dà bù fēn de shí jiān， tā dú zì zài lín zhōng， hěn shǎo yòu kè rén lái bài fǎng， jù lí rèn hé lín jū dōuyòu yī yīng lǐ zhī yáo。 jiù zhè yàng， suō luó zài wǎ 'ěr dēng hú pàn dú zì shēng huó liǎo 920 tiān。 ér hòu， tā zǒu chū sēn lín， chóngxīn huí dào chéng shì。 bù jiǔ， chū bǎn liǎo gēn jù tā zài xiǎo mù wū lǐ xiě xià de nà xiē bǐ jì zhěng lǐ de sǎnwén jí， tí wéi《 wǎ 'ěr dēng hú》。 jiēguǒ， měi guó chū xiàn yī wèi zì rán zhù yì sī xiǎng jiā， shì jiè shàng yě duō liǎo yī běn hǎo shū。
wǎ 'ěr dēng hú lí wēi 'ěr sī lì zhèn jǐn 30 fēn zhōng de lù chéng， cóng bō shì dùn chū fā， yě zhǐ bù guò gè bǎ xiǎo shí， dì tú shàng bìng méi yòu wǎ 'ěr dēng hú， zhǐ yòu wǎ 'ěr dēng chí táng， wǎ 'ěr dēng hú shì gè dì míng， bìng fēi shì yī gè hú， ér shì shí shàng de chí táng， yīnggāi shì wǎ 'ěr dēng hú liǎo。
zhè lǐ de shēng huó shì jì mò de， rán 'ér suō luó què shuō，“ jì mò yòu zhù yú jiàn kāng”。 suō luó hái céng yòng shī yī yàng de yǔ yán shuō：“ wǒ bìng bù bǐ yī duǒ máo ruǐ huā huò mù chǎng shàng de yī duǒ pú gōng yīng jì mò， wǒ bù bǐ yī zhāng dòu yè， yī zhī cù jiàng cǎo， huò yī zhǐ mǎ fēng gèng jì mò。 wǒ bù bǐ mì 'ěr xī， huò yī zhǐ fēng xìn jī， huò běi jí xīng， huò nán fēng gèng jì mò， wǒ bù bǐ sì yuè de yǔ huò zhēngyuè de róng xuě， huò xīn wū zhōng de dì yī zhǐ zhī zhū gèng jì mò。”
xiàn dài shēng huó zhōng de wén míng rén， zuì nán yǐ rěn shòu de jiù shì jì mò， zuì dà de wèn tí yě shì jì mò。 zài xiàn dài wén míng de bī pò zhī xià， zài gāng jīn shuǐ ní de chéng shì sēn lín lǐ， rén men lí chún pǔ tián jìng de dà zì rán yǐ jīng yuè lái yuè yuǎn， yī xiē gǔ pǔ de lìng rén shén wǎng de yuán shǐ shēng huó yǐ jīng tuì huà dé wú yǐng wú zōng， qǔ 'ér dài zhī shì cáo zá、 jiāo zhuó、 fú zào hé bù 'ān。 rén men shēng huó zài zuì rè nào de shí dài， què xiǎn dé bǐ suǒ yòu de yī qiēdōu yào nán yǐ rěn shòu jì mò。 jí shǐ xiàn dài kē jì kě yǐ ràng rén men zài dì yī shí jiān liǎo jiě dì qiú měi yī gè jiǎo luò fā shēng de shì qíng， què wú fǎ ràng rén liǎo jiě miàn duì miàn de liǎng gè rén de xīn sī。 xiàn dài shēng huó de zào dòng huì wú kǒng bù rù， yī diǎn diǎn xìn xī jiù kě yǐ bǎ rén men nòng dé jī fēi gǒu tiào， yī diǎn diǎn qíng xù jiù bǎ rén men de xīn yǎo dé qiān chuāng bǎi kǒng。 xiàn dài shēng huó chuàng zào chū lái xiàn dài huà de tóng shí， chuàng zào chū lái de zhǒng zhǒng jì mò gèng shì wú kě dǐ dǎng de。 rén men de xīn líng yuè lái yuè gū dú， què cóng wèi xiǎng guò dà zì rán de jì mò shì yī zhì wén míng bìng de zuì hǎo fāng fǎ。
suō luó fā xiàn liǎo wǎ 'ěr dēng hú， tā zài nà lǐ shēng huó、 yuè dú、 qīng tīng、 zhǒng dòu、 shēng huǒ、 zuò fàn、 gū dú。 zhǎo dào liǎo zì jǐ sī xiǎng de qī xī dì， jì mò bù shì bǎo shǒu， bù shì tuì yǐn， bù shì fáng kōng dòng， bù shì yǔ shì gé jué， jì mò shì fàng sōng， shì qīng sōng， shì tuō lí fù zá 'ér lián jià rén jì guān xì de chén sī， shì xīn yǔ xīn mò qì 'ér qiè yì de duì huà， shì zǒu chū dì píng xiàn zhī wài de yuǎn yóu。 tā yǐ xuǎn zé níng jìng de fāng shì xuǎn zé wǎ 'ěr dēng hú， xuǎn zé nà yuǎn lí xuān 'áo de tián jìng， xuǎn zé zài chūn tiān lǐ nà fèn nán dé de hǎo xīn qíng， zài hú biān， zài lín zhōng， zài wǎ 'ěr dēng chéng míng de yuè guāng xià， cóng róng bù pò dì shēng huó， líng tīng shēng huó de jiào huì hé zhēn shàn， ràng zì jǐ“ bù zhì yú zài lín zhōng shí cái fā xiàn zì jǐ bù céng shēng huó guò”。 suō luó jī jí chàng dǎo yī zhǒng shēng huó guān niàn， yī zhǒng yǔ xiàn dài wù zhì shēng huó rì yì fēng fù duì lì de jiǎn pǔ de shēng huó fāng shì。
yú shì rén men fā xiàn liǎo suō luó， fā xiàn liǎo wèi jiè xīn líng de liáng yào， lái fǔ píng xīn líng de zào dòng。
jiù xiàng suō luó de jì mò yī yàng，《 wǎ 'ěr dēng hú》 shì 'ān jìng de， jí jìng jí jìng de shū， bìng bù shì rè rè nào nào de shū。 tā shì yī běn jì mò de shū， yī běn gū dú de shū。 tā zhǐ shì yī běn yī gè rén de shū。 rú guǒ yuè dú zhě de xīn méi yòu 'ān jìng xià lái， kǒng pà jiù hěn nán jìn rù dào zhè běn shū lǐ qù。
suō luó yán jiū zhuān jiā hā dīng shuō：《 wǎ 'ěr dēng hú》 zhì shǎo yòu wǔ zhǒng dú fǎ： zuò wéi yī bù zì rán de shū jí、 zuò wéi yī bù zì lì gēngshēng jiǎn dān shēng huó de zhǐ nán、 zuò wéi pī píng xiàn dài shēng huó de yī bù fěng cì zuò pǐn、 zuò wéi yī bù wén xué míng zhù yǐ jí zuò wéi yī běn shén shèng de shū。
gèng duō de rén yuàn yì bǎ《 wǎ 'ěr dēng hú》 zuò wéi yī bù zì lì gēngshēng、 jiǎn dān shēng huó de zhǐ nán lái dú。 yīn wéi suō luó jīng guò shí jiàn fā xiàn， tā néng yǐ 28 yuán lái jiàn lì yī gè jiā， yòng 0.27 yuán lái wéi chí yī zhōu de shēng huó。 tā yǐ yī nián zhōng 6 gè xīng qī de shí jiān， qù zuàn qǔ zú gòu yī nián de shēng huó fèi yòng， shèng yú de 46 gè xīng qī， qù zuò tā xǐ huān zuò de shì。 yīn wéi rú cǐ《 wǎ 'ěr dēng hú》 zài dāng shí biàn jù yòu liǎo jù dà de yòu huò lì， nà jǐ nián lǐ， suō luó de fǎng xiào zhě nán yǐ jì shù， tā men yǐn tuì lín zhōng， zài wǎ 'ěr dēng hú pàn jiàn zào máo shè， zhè chéng wéi měi guó fēng xíng yī shí de shí shàng。
dàn shì suō luó de hú pàn dú jū bìng bù néng shì wèishénme yǐn shì shēng yá。 tā shì yòu mùdì dì tàn suǒ rén shēng， pī pàn rén shēng， zhèn fèn rén shēng， chǎn shù rén shēng de gèng gāo guī lǜ。 bìng bù shì xiāo jí de， tā shì jī jí de。 bìng bù shì táo bì rén shēng， tā shì zǒu xiàng rén shēng， bìng qiě jiù zài zhè zhōng jiān， tā yě céng yòng tā zì jǐ de dú tè fāng shì， tóu shēn yú dāng shí de zhèng zhì dǒu zhēng。 tā jī jí zhī chí gān dì de fēi bào lì bù hé zuò yùn dòng， tā yě duì fèi nú yùn dòng jí qí rè xīn。 tā de níng jìng bù shì yī tán sǐ shuǐ， bù shì dú shàn qí shēn。
zài tā shēng qián， tā bìng méi yòu shénme míng shēng， tā yī shēng zhǐ chū bǎn liǎo liǎng běn shū。 1849 nián zì fèi chū bǎn liǎo《 kāng kē dé hé hé méi lǐ mài kè hé shàng de yī xīng qī》， yìn xíng 1000 cè， zhǐ shòu chū 100 duō cè， sòng diào 75 cè， cún xià 7000 duō cè， zài shū diàn cāng kù lǐ fàng dào 1853 nián， quán bù tuì gěi zuò zhě liǎo。 suō luó céng huī xié dì shuō， tā jiā lǐ dà yuē cáng shū 900 cè， zì jǐ zhù de shū 700 duō cè。
tā de dì 'èr běn shū jiù shì《 wǎ 'ěr dēng hú》。 yě méi yòu shòu dào rén men de zhù yì， chū bǎn 2000 cè yòng liǎo 5 nián duō de shí jiān cái mài wán。 shèn zhì hái zāo dào zhān mǔ sī · luò 'è 'ěr yǐ jí luó bó tè · lù yì sī · sī dì wén shēng de jī fěng hé pī píng。 zhǐ yòu qiáo zhì · ài lüè tè yú 1856 nián yuán yuè， zài《 xī mǐn sì zhōu bào》 shàng gěi tā yǐ“ shēn chén 'ér mǐn gǎn de shū qíng” hé“ chāo fán rù shèng” de hǎo píng。
suí zhe shí guāng de liú shì， zhè běn shū de yǐng xiǎng shì yuè lái yuè dà， yǐ jīng chéng wéi měi guó wén xué zhōng de yī běn dú tè de、 zhuó yuè de míng zhù。 dào mù qián wéi zhǐ， cǐ shū yǐ jīng chū xiàn liǎo jiāng jìn 200 duō gè bǎn běn， bìng bèi yì chéng xǔ duō guó jiā de wén zì。 yòu de píng lùn jiā rèn wéi《 wǎ 'ěr dēng hú》 kě yǐ zuò wéi yī zhǒng 19 shì jì de《 lǔ bīn xùn piāo liú jì》 lái yuè dú。 tóng shí shì suō luó shǐ zì rán sǎnwén dú lì mén hù， fù yú liǎo tā xīn de gài niàn，《 wǎ 'ěr dēng hú》 kān chēng xiàn dài měi guó sǎnwén zuì zǎo de bǎng yàng。 yǔ qí tóng shí dài de zuò jiā huò sāng、 méi 'ěr wéi 'ěr yǐ jí 'ài mò shēng děng rén de zuò pǐn xiāng bǐ， jù yòu jié rán bù tóng zhī chù， fù yú 20 shì jì sǎnwén de fēng gé。 zhè yī tè diǎn jù tǐ tǐ xiàn yú tā de jù zǐ píng pū zhí xù、 jiǎn jié hé fù yòu guān diǎn， wán quán bù xiàng wéi duō lì yà zhōng qī sǎnwén nà yàng sǎnmàn、 yòng cí jīng xì、 jiáo qíng hé jù tǐ， yě méi yòu méng lóng hé chōu xiàng de qì xī。 tōng guò yuè dú cǐ shū， wǒ men huì jīng qí dì fā xiàn zhè běn xiě yú 19 shì jì de zuò pǐn yǔ hǎi míng wēi、 hēng lì · zhān mǔ sī děng rén de zuò pǐn fēng gé shí fēn jiē jìn， zhǐ bù guò suō luó de fēng gé gèng xiǎn dé fēng fù 'ér yǐ。
《 wǎ 'ěr dēng hú》 zhōng yòu xǔ duō piān fú shì xíng xiàng miáo huì， yōu měi xì zhì， xiàng hú shuǐ de chún jié tòu míng， xiàng shān lín de mào mì cuì lǜ； yòu yī xiē piān fú shuō lǐ tòu chè， shí fēn jīng bì， yòu qǐ fā xìng。 wén zì yōu měi， zì zì shǎn guāng， qìn rén xīn pí。 suō luó duì yú chūn tiān， duì yú lí míng， zuò liǎo jí qí dòng rén de miáo xiě。 dú zhe zhè yàng de wén zì， zì rán huì tǐ huì dào， yī gǔ xiàng shàng de jīng shén bù duàn dì jiāng yuè dú zhě tí shēng、 tí gāo。 zhè shì 100 duō nián yǐ qián de shū， zhì jīn hái wèi shī qù tā de yì yì。
suō luó shuō， wǎ 'ěr dēng hú shì shén de yī dī。 zhè lǐ de hú shuǐ qīng chè jiàn dǐ， kě yǐ kàn dào hú shuǐ zhōng de cǎo、 liú dòng de yú hé zài shuǐ liú zhōng bù dòng de shí zǐ， hú shuǐ chōng mǎn liǎo guāng míng hé dàoyǐng， chéng wéi yī gè xià jiè tiān kōng。 zhè lǐ díquè shì dà zì rán de jīng líng， shì shàng dì de shén lái zhī bǐ。 suō luó zhǎo dào liǎo wǎ 'ěr dēng hú， nà me shì shí hòu zhǎo yī zhǎo wǒ men zì jǐ de jīng shén jiā yuán liǎo。
wǎ 'ěr dēng hú - miào yǔ jiā jù
wǒ bìng bù bǐ yī duǒ máo ruǐ huā huò mù chǎng shàng de yī duǒ pú gōng yīng jì mò， wǒ bù bǐ yī zhāng dòu yè， yī zhī cù jiàng cǎo， huò yī zhǐ mǎ fēng gèng jì mò。 wǒ bù bǐ mì 'ěr xī， huò yī zhǐ fēng xìn jī， huò běi jí xīng， huò nán fēng gèng jì mò， wǒ bù bǐ sì yuè de yǔ huò zhēngyuè de róng xuě， huò xīn wū zhōng de dì yī zhǐ zhī zhū gèng jì mò。
Published in 1854, it details Thoreau's experiences over the course of two years in a cabin he built near Walden Pond, amidst woodland owned by his friend and mentor Ralph Waldo Emerson, near Concord, Massachusetts.
Thoreau did not intend to live as a hermit, for he received visitors and returned their visits. Rather, he hoped to isolate himself from society to gain a more objective understanding of it. Simple living and self-sufficiency were Thoreau's other goals, and the whole project was inspired by transcendentalist philosophy, a central theme of the American Romantic Period. As Thoreau made clear in his book, his cabin was not in wilderness but at the edge of town, not far from his family home.
Synopsis
Economy: In this first and longest chapter, Thoreau outlines his project: a two-year and two-month stay at a cozy, "tightly shingled and plastered," English-style 10' x 15' cottage in the woods near Walden Pond. He does this, he says, to illustrate the spiritual benefits of a simplified lifestyle. He easily supplies the four necessities of life (food, shelter, clothing, and fuel) with the help of family and friends, particularly his mother, his best friend, and Mr. and Mrs. Ralph Waldo Emerson. The latter provided Thoreau with a work exchange — he could build a small house and plant a garden if he cleared some land on the woodlot and did other chores while there. Thoreau meticulously records his expenditures and earnings, demonstrating his understanding of "economy," as he builds his house and buys and grows food. For a home and freedom, he spent a mere $28.12 1/2, in 1845. At the end of this chapter, Thoreau inserts a poem, "The Pretensions of Poverty," by seventeenth-century English poet Thomas Carew. The poem criticizes those who think that their poverty gives them unearned moral and intellectual superiority.
Where I Lived, and What I Lived For: After playing with the idea of buying a farm, Thoreau describes his house's location. Then he explains that he took up his abode at Walden Woods so as to "live deliberately, to front only the essential facts of life, and see if I could not learn what it had to teach, and not, when I came to die, discover that I had not lived." Although he criticizes the dedication of his neighbors to working, he himself is quite busy at Walden — building and maintaining his house, raising thousands of bean plants and other vegetables, making bread, clearing land, chopping wood, making repairs for the Emersons, going into town, and writing every day. His time at Walden was his most productive as a writer.
Reading: Thoreau discusses the benefits of classical literature (preferably in the original Greek or Latin), and bemoans the lack of sophistication in Concord, evident in the popularity of unsophisticated literature. He also loved to read books by world travelers. He yearns for a utopian time when each New England village supports "wise men" to educate and thereby ennoble the population.
Sounds: Thoreau opens this chapter by warning against relying too much on literature as a means of transcendence. Instead, one should experience life for oneself. Thus, after describing his house's beautiful natural surroundings and his casual housekeeping habits, Thoreau goes on to criticize the train whistle that interrupts his reverie. To him, the railroad symbolizes the destruction of the pastoral way of life. Following is a description of the sounds audible from his cabin: the church bells ringing, carriages rattling and rumbling, cows lowing, whip-poor-wills singing, owls hooting, frogs croaking, and cockerels crowing.
Solitude: Thoreau rhapsodizes about the beneficial effects of living solitary and close to nature. He claims to love being alone, saying "I never found the companion that was so companionable as solitude."
Visitors: Thoreau writes about the visitors to his house. Among the 25 or 30 visitors is a young French-Canadian woodchopper, Alec Therien, whom Thoreau idealizes as approaching the ideal man, and a runaway slave, whom Thoreau helps on his journey to freedom in Canada.
The Bean-Field: Thoreau relates his efforts to cultivate two and a half acres of beans. He plants in June and spends his summer mornings weeding the field with a hoe. He sells most of the crop, and his small profit of $8.71 covers his needs that were not provided by friends and family.
The Village: Thoreau visits the small town of Concord every day or two to hear the news, which he finds "as refreshing in its way as the rustle of the leaves." Nevertheless, he fondly but rather contemptuously compares Concord to a gopher colony. In late summer, he is arrested for refusing to pay federal taxes, but is released the next day. He explains that he refuses to pay taxes to a government that supports slavery.
The Ponds: In autumn, Thoreau rambles about the countryside and writes down his observations about the geography of Walden Pond and its neighbors: Flint's Pond (or Sandy Pond), White Pond, and Goose Pond. Although Flint's is the largest, Thoreau's favorites are Walden and White ponds, which he says are lovelier than diamonds.
Baker Farm: While on an afternoon ramble in the woods, Thoreau gets caught in a rainstorm and takes shelter in the dirty, dismal hut of John Field, a penniless but hard-working Irish farmhand, and his wife and children. Thoreau urges Field to live a simple but independent and fulfilling life in the woods, thereby freeing himself of employers and creditors. But the Irishman won't give up his dreams of luxury, which is the American dream.
Higher Laws: Thoreau discusses whether hunting wild animals and eating meat is good. He concludes that the primitive, animal side of humans drives them to kill and eat animals, and that a person who transcends this propensity is superior to those who don't. (Thoreau eats fish and occasionally salt pork and woodchuck.) In addition to vegetarianism, he lauds chastity, work, and teetotalism. He also recognizes that Indians need to hunt and kill moose for survival in "The Maine Woods," and ate moose on a trip to Maine while he was living at Walden.
Brute Neighbors: Thoreau briefly discusses the many wild animals that are his neighbors at Walden. A description of the nesting habits of partridges is followed by a fascinating account of a massive battle between red and black ants. Three of the combatants he takes into his cabin and examines under a microscope as the black ant kills the two smaller red ones. Later, Thoreau takes his boat and tries to follow a teasing loon about the pond. He also collects animal specimens and ships them to Harvard College for study.
House-Warming: After picking November berries in the woods, Thoreau adds a chimney, and finely plasters the walls of his sturdy house to stave off the cold of the oncoming winter. He also lays in a good supply of firewood, and expresses affection for wood and fire.
Former Inhabitants; and Winter Visitors: Thoreau relates the stories of people who formerly lived in the vicinity of Walden Pond. Then he talks about a few of the visitors he receives during the winter: a farmer, a woodchopper, and his best friend, the poet Ellery Channing.
Winter Animals: Thoreau amuses himself by watching wildlife during the winter. He relates his observations of owls, hares, red squirrels, mice, and various birds as they hunt, sing, and eat the scraps and corn he put out for them. He also describes a fox hunt that passes by.
The Pond in Winter: Thoreau describes Walden Pond as it appears during the winter. He claims to have sounded its depths and located an underground outlet. Then he recounts how 100 laborers came to cut great blocks of ice from the pond, the ice to be shipped to the Carolinas.
Spring: As spring arrives, Walden and the other ponds melt with stentorian thundering and rumbling. Thoreau enjoys watching the thaw, and grows ecstatic as he witnesses the green rebirth of nature. He watches the geese winging their way north, and a hawk playing by itself in the sky. As nature is reborn, the narrator implies, so is he. He departs Walden on September 6, 1847.
Conclusion: This final chapter is more passionate and urgent than its predecessors. In it, he criticizes conformity: "If a man does not keep pace with his companions, perhaps it is because he hears a different drummer. Let him step to the music which he hears, however measured or far away." By doing so, men may find happiness and self-fulfillment.
"I do not say that John or Jonathan will realize all this; but such is the character of that morrow which mere lapse of time can never make to dawn. The light which puts out our eyes is darkness to us. Only that day dawns to which we are awake. There is more day to dawn. The sun is but a morning star."
Themes
Walden emphasizes the importance of solitude, contemplation, and closeness to nature in transcending the "desperate" existence that, he argues, is the lot of most people. The book is not a traditional autobiography, but combines autobiography with a social critique of contemporary Western culture's consumerist and materialist attitudes and its distance from and destruction of nature. That the book is not simply a criticism of society, but also an attempt to engage creatively with the better aspects of contemporary culture, is suggested both by Thoreau's proximity to Concord society and by his admiration for classical literature. There are signs of ambiguity, or an attempt to see an alternative side of something common.
Thoreau regarded his sojourn at Walden as an experiment with a threefold purpose. First, he was escaping the dehumanizing effects of the Industrial Revolution by returning to a simpler, agrarian lifestyle. Second, he was simplifying his life and reducing his expenditures, increasing the amount of leisure time in which he could work on his writings (most of A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers was written at Walden). Much of the book is devoted to stirring up awareness of how one's life is lived, materially and otherwise, and how one might choose to live it more deliberately. Third, he was putting into practice the Transcendentalist belief that one can best "transcend" normality and experience the Ideal, or the Divine, through nature.