yuán shū míng wéi《 nán jīng bào xíng héng dì 'èr cì shì jiè dà zhàn bèi yí wàng de dà tú shā》
　　TheRapeofNanking:TheForgottenHolocaustofWorldWarII
　　
　　 zuò zhě cóng sān gè fāng miàn jiě dú liǎo “ nán jīng dà tú shā ” de zhēn xiāng。 yī shì tīng qǔ liǎo dāng nián qīn lì shì jiàn de rì běn rén de zhèng yán； èr shì jì lù zuò wéi dà tú shā shòu hài zhě hé xìng cún zhě de zhōng guó rén de huí yì； sān shì wā jué chū dāng shí zhì shēn“ guó jì 'ān quán qū” de wài guó rén de jì lù。 zhāng chún rú shǒu cì fā xiàn de《 lā bèi rì jì》， yǐ chéng wéi jì shù“ nán jīng dà tú shā” de zhù míng lì shǐ dàng 'àn。
　　 chún rú zǒu liǎo， dàn tā fā xiàn de《 lā bèi rì jì》、《 wèi tè lín rì jì》， yǔ《 nán jīng bào xíng》 yī dào， chéng wéi xiàng shì jiè rén mín zhāo shì qīn huá rì jūn nán jīng bào xíng de tiě zhèng。
　　 zhāng chún rú zài １ ９９ ７ nián yǐ yīng wén xiě chéng《 nán jīng dà tú shā》， ２ ００ ５ nián yì chéng zhōng wén bǎn chū bǎn，１０ nián hòu qí rì wén bǎn zhōng yú chū bǎn， zhè shì yī gè“ duì chún rú zài tiān zhī líng de 'ān wèi”。
　　 chún rú zuì xǐ huān de zuò yòu míng shì měi guó zhé xué jiā qiáo zhì · sāng tǎ yà nà de míng yán： wàng jì lì shǐ de rén jiāng chóngdǎo lì shǐ fù zhé。“ zhǐ yòu xī qǔ lì shǐ jiào xùn， cái néng yòu wèi lái de hé píng，”
　　
　　 yǐ xià shì bù fēn shū zhāi：
　　 dǎo yán
　　 wèi lì shǐ xué jiā gū suàn， rú guǒ nán jīng chéng sǐ nán zhě shǒu lā shǒu lián zài yī qǐ， qí cháng dù kě yǐ cóng nán jīng yán shēn dào háng zhōu chéng， héng kuà de jù lí wéi liǎng bǎi gōng lǐ。 tā men liú chū de xiān xuè zhòng liàng dá dào 1200 dūn， tā men de shì tí kě yǐ zhuāng mǎn 2500 jié tiě lù chē xiāng， bǎ tā men de shī tǐ yī gè gè duī qì zài yī qǐ， kě yǐ hé 74 céng dà lóu xiāng bǐ gāo。
　　-- wú zhì kēng de gū jì。（ shèng hé sài《 mài gē lǐ xīn wén》 1988 nián 1 yuè hào）
　　
　　 qiāo xiǎng de xuān bù sǐ wáng zhōng shēng héng héng jǐn jǐn shì zhōng guó de yī gè chéng shì suǒ qiāo xiǎng de， biàn chāo guò liǎo yī xiē 'ōu zhōu guó jiā zài zhěng gè zhàn zhēng shí qī suǒ qiāo xiǎng de shù zì。（ dà bù liè diān shī qù liǎo zǒng gòng 61000 wèi gōng mín， fǎ guó shī qù 108000 rén， bǐ lì shí shì qū 101000 rén， hé lán yě shī qù liǎo 242000 rén。） yòu de rén zǎi xì zhuó mó， fēi jī hōng zhà yīnggāi shì zuò zhè zhǒng jí tǐ xiāo miè shì qíng shàng， zuì wéi kě pà de gōng jù； rán 'ér， jí shǐ shì zhàn zhēng zhōng zuì měng liè de kōng zhōng xí jī， yě méi yòu chāo guò dà tú shā gěi nán jīng dài lái de zāinàn， zài nán jīng sǐ wáng de rén shù sì hū bǐ yīng guó duì dé lěi sī dùn hōng zhà yǐ jí suí hòu dào lái de huǒ hǎi zhōng sàng shēng de rén shù gèng duō。（ dāng shí guó jì shàng rèn kě de shù zì shì 225000， dàn rú jīn gèng wéi kè guān de tǒng jì shù zì rèn wéi， dé lěi sī dùn 'àn lì sǐ wáng 60000 rén， shāng cán zhì shǎo yě yòu 30000 rén。） què shí， zài nán jīng sǐ nán de rén ⑥， wú lùn wǒ men cǎi yòng zuì bǎo shǒu de shù zì 260000 rén， hái shì zuì gāo de shù zì 350000 rén， dāng xiǎng dào nán jīng de sǐ nán rén shù dà dà chāo guò měi jūn hōng zhà dōng jīng de sǐ nán zhě（ gū jì wéi 80000 dào 120000 rén）、 shèn zhì chāo guò chāo guò 1945 nián zhōng zài guǎng dǎo hé cháng qí liǎng cì qiāo xiǎng sāngzhōng jiā qǐ lái de shù liàng（ gū jì fēn bié wéi 140， 000 yǔ 70， 000 rén）
　　 guān yú guǎng dǎo jí cháng qí yuán zǐ dàn bào zhà de sǐ wáng rén shù， cān jiàn lǐ chá dé luó dé zhù《 yuán zǐ dàn de zhì zào》， dì 734、 740 yè， luó dé xuān chēng， zài 1945 nián de yuán zǐ dàn bào zhà zhōng， dà yuē yòu 14 wàn rén sǐ yú guǎng dǎo， 7 wàn rén sǐ yú cháng qí。 bù jǐn rú cǐ， yīn wéi yuán zǐ dàn bào zhà zào chéng de jí bìng shǐ sǐ wáng zài jì xù， zài wǔ nián hòu， guǎng dǎo zǒng gòng yòu 20 wàn rén sǐ wáng， cháng qí yòu 14 wàn rén sǐ wáng。 zhí dé zhù yì de shì， jí shǐ shì zài wǔ nián hòu liǎng gè chéng shì de sǐ wáng rén shǔzhī hé， yě shǎo yú duì nán jīng bào xíng zhōng sǐ nán rén shù de zuì gāo gū jì。
　　
　　 yī zhǒng dá 'àn dū huì yǐn fā yī gè xīn de wèn tí， ér qiě wǒ xiàn zài yě nòng bù míng bái， wèishénme zhè yī zuì xíng de shòu hài rén bù céng hū hǎn zhe yào qiú zhēng yì。 yě xǔ tā men què shí hū hǎn guò， nà wèishénme tā men de tòng kǔ bù céng bèi rèn kě？ shì qíng hěn kuài biàn ràng wǒ nòng qīng chǔ liǎo， chén mò lián zǐ de mù hòu cāo zòng zhě shì zhèng zhì。 zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó、“ zhōng huá mín guó” shèn zhì měi guó， dū yīn wéi mǒu xiē shēn shēn zhí rù 'èr zhàn de yuán yīn， yào duì zhè yī shì jiàn de bèi lì shǐ xìng hū lüè fù zé。 zài 1949 nián zhōng guó de gòng chǎn zhù yì gé mìng chéng gōng hòu， zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó méi yòu，“ zhōng huá mín guó” yě méi yòu， xiàng rì běn yào qiú zhàn zhēng péi cháng（ rú tóng yǐ sè liè yào qiú dé guó nà yàng）， yīn wéi zhè liǎng jiā zhèng fǔ jìng xiāng yào qiú hé rì běn mào yì， bìng qǔ dé duì fāng zhèng zhì shàng de chéng rèn。 ér zhì yú měi guó， miàn duì sū lián yǔ zhōng guó dà lù de gòng chǎn zhù yì wēi xié， wéi xún qiú qí guò qù de dí rén rì běn de yǒu yì hé zhōng chéng， yě bù céng tí qǐ cǐ shì。 yú shì hū， lěng zhàn de jǐn zhāng tài shì， xǔ kě rì běn táo tuō liǎo xǔ duō měng liè de jiàn dìng xìng jiǎn chá， ér rì běn zhàn shí de méng guó men què bèi pò jīng shòu guò。
　　
　　 chú cǐ zhī wài， rì běn guó nèi de gāo dù yā yì qì fēn， yě bù xǔ kě gōng kāi hé xué shù xìng dì， tǎo lùn nán jīng dà tú shā， jìn 'ér huò qǔ duì shì jiàn de rèn zhī。 zài rì běn， biǎo shù duì zhōng rì zhàn zhēng de zhēn shí jiàn jiě， huì shòu dào héng héng yě jiāng jì xù shòu dào héng héng diū diào fàn wǎn、 shèn zhì diū diào xìng mìng de wēi xié（ 1990 nián， rì běn de yī míng qiāng shǒu， kāi qiāng dǎ zhōng liǎo cháng qí shì shì cháng de xiōng bù， zhǐ yīn wèitā shuō rì běn tiān huáng yù rén yìng duì dì 'èr cì shì jiè dà zhàn fù yī dìng de zé rèn）。 zhè zhǒng pǔ biàn jué chá dào de kǒng jù gǎn， shǐ dé xǔ duō yán jǐn de xué zhě dōubù gǎn fǎng wèn rì běn， qù chá yuè dàng 'àn， shí shī tā men duì cǐ tí mùdì yán jiū； wǒ zài nán jīng tīng shuō， zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó hěn shǎo yǔn xǔ tā men de xué zhě qù rì běn lǚ xíng， yīn wéi wéi kǒng wēi hài dào xué zhě men de rén shēn 'ān quán。 zài zhè zhǒng huán jìng xià， rì běn dǎo guó zhī wài de rén men， xiǎng yào huò dé nán jīng dà tú shā yuán shǐ dàng 'àn zī liào， nà shì fēi cháng kùn nán de。 lìng wài， xǔ duō cān jiā guò nán jīng dà tú shā de tuì wǔ lǎo bīng， yě bù yuàn yì jiù tā men de zhè fèn jīng lì jiē shòu cǎi fǎng； suī rán jìn nián lái yě yòu shǎo shù rén bù pà shòu pái chì， bù pà sǐ wáng wēi xié， jiāng tā men de gù shì gōng zhū yú shì。
　　
　　 dì yī zhāng zǒu xiàng dà tú shā zhī lù
　　 shì jì 20 nián dài， rì běn jūn duì zhōng nián qīng de jī jìn fènzǐ jiù bù duàn dì lùn zhèng jūn shì kuò zhāng guān xì dào guó jiā de shēng sǐ cún wáng wèn tí。 lù jūn zhōng xiào qiáo běn xīn wǔ láng zài tā nà běn《 zhì qīng nián rén》 de shū zhōng xiě dào：
　　 yào xiǎng cóng rén kǒu guò shèng de yā lì xià jiě tuō chū lái， bǎi zài rì běn miàn qián de zhǐ yòu sān tiáo lù …… yí mín， dǎ rén guó jì shì chǎng， hé lǐng tǔ kuò zhāng。 dì yī shàn mén， jí yí mín， yǐ yóu yú qí tā guó jiā de fǎn rì yí mín zhèng cè 'ér duì wǒ men guān bì， dì 'èr shàn mén…… yóu yú guān shuì bì lěi hé fèi chú tōng shāng tiáo yuē 'ér zhèng zài guān bì。 dāng sān shàn mén zhōng de liǎng shàn mén jù jué ràng rì běn tōng xíng shí， rì běn yīnggāi zěn me bàn？
　　
　　 dì 'èr zhāng liù gè xīng qī tāo tiān zuì 'è
　　 dōng shǐ láng shí zài bù néng lǐ jiě zhōng guó rén wèishénme bù yǔ dí rén zhàn dǒu dào sǐ。 dāng tā fā xiàn fú lǔ de rén shù chāo guò bǔ zhuō zhě de rén shù de shí hòu， tā duì zhōng guó rén de bǐ shì jiā shēn liǎo。
　　
　　 dì sān zhāng nán jīng de xiàn luò
　　 sì tiān shī shǒu zhī mí
　　 yī。 kōng jūn bèi jiǎng dài zǒu liǎo。
　　 èr。 xiān jìn de tōng xùn shè bèi yě bèi dài zǒu liǎo。
　　 sān。 jūn duì bù shì lái zì tóng yī dì qū， xiāng hù jiànyǔ yán gōu tōng yòu kùn nán。
　　 sì。 zhè xiē shì bīng dà duō cóng wèi wò guò qiānggǎn zǐ。
　　 wǔ。 zhōng guó shì bīng méi yòu tuán jié yī zhì xié tóng zuò zhàn de guān niàn。 zhǐ huī guān zhī jiān de biǎo xiàn bù bǐ shì bīng hǎo yī xiē， tā men xiāng hù dōubù xìn rèn。
　　
　　 dì sì zhāng liù zhōu bào xíng jì shí
　　 zài rì jūn chuān guò nán jīng chéng mén de shí hòu， nà xiē dàn fán yòu diǎn qián、 yòu diǎn quán huò yòu diǎn xiān jiàn zhī míng de rén zǎo yǐ bù zhī táo dào shénme dì fāng qù liǎo。 dà yuē yuán lái rén kǒu de yī bàn lí kāi liǎo zhè lǐ： zhàn qián nán jīng běn dì jū mín chāo guò 100 wàn， dàn 12 yuè jiǎn dào dà yuē 50 wàn。 rán 'ér， zhè gè chéng shì què chōng chì zhe chéng qiān shàng wàn de xiāng xià rén， tā men lí kāi xiāng xià dào chéng lǐ lái， shì yīn wéi tā men xiāng xìn zài chéng qiáng de bǎo hù xià shì 'ān quán de。 nà xiē zài jūn duì chè tuì hòu hái liú zài chéng lǐ de rén shí jì shàng shì zuì wú néng lì bǎo hù tā men zì jǐ de rén： hái zǐ， lǎo rén， yǐ jí nà xiē tài qióng huò shēn tǐ tài ruò 'ér wú fǎ 'ān quán táo chū chéng qù de rén。
　　 jí shǐ huái yí lùn zhě bǎ tài tián de jiāo dài dāng zuò yī zhǐ huǎng yán 'ér bù yú lǐ cǎi， rén men yě bì xū jì zhù， jiù suàn méi yòu tā de gū jì， nán jīng guān yú yǎn mái shī tǐ de jì lù yě tí gōng liǎo lìng rén xìn fú de zhèng jù héng héng zài dà tú shā zhōng sǐ wáng de zǒng shù zhì shǎo zài 20 wàn rén。 wǒ zài yuǎn dōng guó jì jūn shì fǎ tíng de jì lù zhōng fā xiàn de fǎ tíng zhèng jù cái liào（ jiàn xià biǎo） zhèng shí liǎo sūn de yán jiū。 bǎ cí shàn jī gòu gū jì de yǎn mái shī tǐ de shù zì（ hòu lái sūn de lùn wén zhōng tí dào） hé yóu qí tā gè rén tí gōng de shù zì（ sūn de lùn wén méi yòu tí dào） jiā zài yī qǐ， fǎ tíng pàn duàn yuē 26 wàn rén zài nán jīng dà tú shā zhōng bèi shā hài。 jì zhù zhè yī diǎn shì zhòng yào de， jí yuǎn dōng guó jì jūn shì fǎ tíng de shù zì bìng méi yòu bāo kuò rì běn rén yǎn mái de zhōng guó sǐ wáng zhě de shù zì， rú guǒ jiā shàng zhè gè shù zì， nà me sǐ wáng rén shù jiāng dá 30 wàn huò 40 wàn zhī duō。
　　 nán jīng rì běn dà tú shā shòu nán zhě rén jiào gū jì
　　 chóng shàn táng ................................................112， 266
　　 hóng shí zì huì ..............................................43， 071
　　 xià guān qū .................................................26,100
　　 lǔ sū xiān shēng de chén shù .........................................57， 400
　　 yú、 zhāng、 yáng xiān shēng de chén shù ...................................7， 000 huò gèng duō
　　 wú xiān shēng de chén shù ...........................................2， 000 huò gèng duō
　　 gēn jù wú míng yù hài zhě mù de jìzǎi ................................3， 000 huò gèng duō
　　 gòng jì（ yuē jì） ...........................................260， 000
　　 zī liào lái yuán： yuǎn dōng guó jì jūn shì fǎ tíng jì lù。 fǎ tíng zhèng jù wén jiàn， dì 1702 hào wén jiàn， dì 134 hé， 1948 nián， dì 'èr cì shì jiè dà zhàn fàn zuì dàng 'àn jí， dì 14 xiàng， dì 238 zǔ dàng 'àn， měi guó guó jiā dàng 'àn guǎn。
　　 jìn nián lái qí tā xué zhě zhī chí sūn zhái wēi de yán jiū， bìng xiāng xìn zài nán jīng dà tú shā zhōng de sǐ wáng zǒng shù kě néng chāo guò 30 wàn rén de lǐ yóu。 lì rú， nán yī lì nuò yī dà xué míng yù lì shǐ jiào shòu wú tiān chéng zài tā de lùn wén“ ràng quán shì jiè dū liǎo jiě nán jīng dà tú shā” zhōng， gū jì nán jīng xiàn luò qián de chéng shì rén kǒu dà yuē shì 63 wàn， tā chéng rèn zhè gè shù zì yuǎn bù shì jīng què de， dàn kě néng xiāng dāng jiē jìn shí jì shù zì。 tā zhǔn bèi liǎo xiáng xì de yòu guān nán jīng rén kǒu biān nián shǐ shù zì de yán jiū zī liào， bìng duì zhè xiē shù zì jìn xíng liǎo zǎi xì kǎo chá， rán hòu tā duàn dìng， zài zhè chǎng dà tú shā zhōng de sǐ wáng zǒng shù chāo guò 30 wàn rén héng héng huò zhě shì 34 wàn rén， qí zhōng 19 wàn rén bèi jí tǐ tú shā， qí yú 15 wàn rén fēn bié yù hài。
　　 rú guǒ jiǎng jiè shí bù xià dá nà gè wú yì yì de zài jǐn yào guān tóu chè lí nán jīng de mìng lìng， ér shì jiān chí kàng zhàn dào zuì hòu yī gè rén qù bǎo wèi zhè zuò chéng shì， nà me nán jīng chéng de mìng yùn jiāng huì yòu suǒ bù tóng。 duì zhè zhǒng shuō fǎ wǒ men yě bì xū zài cì xiǎo xīn shèn zhòng。 zhèng miàn de duì kàng kěn dìng shì bù xíng de。 rì běn rén yòu gèng hǎo de zhuāng bèi， shòu guò gèng hǎo de xùn liàn， tā men zǎo wǎn huì dǎ bài zhōng guó de bù duì。 dàn shì yīcháng cháng qī chí jiǔ de yùn yòng yóu jī zhàn shù de dǒu zhēng jiāng cuò bài rì jūn díshì qì， bìng jī 'áng zhōng guó jūn duì de dǒu zhì。 jí shǐ méi yòu bié de zuò yòng， zhè zhǒng zhàn lüè zhàn shù yě jiāng shǐ gèng duō de rì jūn zài yǔ zhōng guó rén de zhàn dǒu zhōng bèi xiāo miè， ér qiě zhǐ yòu yǒng měng de dǐ kàng cái néng dǎ diào tā men duì zhōng guó shì bīng de kuáng wàng jiāo héng zhī qì。
　　
　　 dì wǔ zhāng nán jīng 'ān quán qū
　　 zài cǐ qī jiān， měi guó rén hé 'ōu zhōu rén de yīng yǒng xíng dòng shì rú cǐ zhī duō（ tā men de rì jì cháng dá shù qiān yè）， yǐ zhì yú zài zhè lǐ wú fǎ shū shù tā men de suǒ yòu shì jì。 jī yú zhè gè yuán yīn， zài jì shù zhěng gè 'ān quán qū wěi yuán huì de gōng jì zhī qián， wǒ jué dìng xiān zhuān mén tán tán 3 gè rén de huó dòng héng héng yī míng dé guó shāng rén， yī míng měi guó wài kē yī shēng jí yī míng měi guó chuán jiào shì。 cóng biǎo miàn shàng kàn lái， tā men shí zài shì sān zhǒng jié rán bù tóng de rén。
　　 yě xǔ zài nán jīng bào xíng zhè duàn lì shǐ zhōng tuō yíng 'ér chū 'ér yòu zuì fù xī yǐn lì de rén wù jiù shì dé guó shāng rén yuē hàn · lā bèi， duì nán jīng de dà duō shù zhōng guó rén lái shuō， tā shì yī míng yīng xióng，“ nán jīng de huó pú sà”， yī wèi nán jīng guó jì 'ān quán qū de chuán qí shǒu lǐng， tā bǎo quán liǎo chéng qiān shàng wàn gè zhōng guó rén de xìng mìng。 dàn shì duì rì běn rén 'ér yán， lā bèi shì yī gè qí guài de hé tǎo yàn de zhěng jiù zhě。 yīn wéi tā bù dàn shì yī míng dé guó gōng mín héng héng yī míng yǔ rì běn jié méng guó jiā de gōng mín héng héng 'ér qiě shì nà cuì dǎng zài nán jīng de fù zé rén。
　　 cóng 1996 nián kāi shǐ， wǒ duì yuē hàn · lā bèi de shēng píng jìn xíng liǎo yī fān diào chá， bìng zuì zhōng fā xiàn liǎo lā bèi hé qí tā nà cuì dǎng rén zài bào xíng qī jiān bǎo cún xià lái de shù qiān yè rì jì。 zhè xiē rì jì shǐ wǒ dé chū zhè yàng yī gè jié lùn， yuē hàn · lā bèi shì“ zhōng guó de 'ào sī kǎ · xīn dé lè”。
　　 nán jīng chéng wéi yī de wài kē yī shēng
　　 nán jīng chéng de wài kē yī shēng dū chè lí liǎo nán jīng， zhǐ yòu luó bó tè · wēi 'ěr xùn xiān shēng liú liǎo xià lái， zhè bìng bù qí guài， tā chū shēng zài zhè lǐ， jǐng zài zhè lǐ dù guò tóng nián shí dài， nán jīng zài tā xīn mù zhōng zhàn jù zhe tè shū de wèi zhì
　　
　　　 suí zhe jú shì de 'è huà， yī yuàn lǐ de gōng zuò rén yuán jiǎn shǎo liǎo。 zhōng guó yī shēng hé hù shì men jiā rù liǎo chéng qiān shàng wàn nán jīng jū mín xiàng xī qiān yí de hángliè， táo lí nán jīng， wēi 'ěr xùn jié lì quàn zǔ tā de tóng shì men yào liú xià lái， bìng jiān chí rèn wéi， nán jīng xiàn luò yǐ hòu zài jiè yán fǎ de bǎo hù zhī xià， tā men méi yòu shénme kě hài pà de wēi xiǎn。 rán 'ér zuì zhōng tā wèi néng shuō fú tā men。 dào 12 yuè de dì yī gè zhōu mò， jīn líng dà xué yī yuàn lǐ jǐn shèng xià 3 míng yī shēng： luó bó tè · wēi 'ěr fù， C·S· chí lǐ mò hé yī míng zhōng guó yī shēng。 chéng zhōng de lìng yī wèi měi guó wài kē yī shēng lǐ chá dé · bù léi dí yě yīn tā de xiǎo nǚ 'ér zài gǔ lǐng bìng zhòng 'ér lí kāi nán jīng， zhè yàng wēi 'ěr xùn jiù chéng wéi wéi yī de yī wèi měi xiǎo shí dōuyào zuò yī lì jié zhī shǒu shù de wài kē yī shēng。“ zhè jiǎn zhí tài lìng rén nán yǐ zhì xìn liǎo，” tā zài 12 yuè 7 rì de rì jì zhōng xiě dào，“ wǒ shì zhè zuò bèi zhàn zhēng pò huài de dà chéng shì zhōng wéi yī de wài kē yī shēng。”
　　
　　 wēi kāng míng nà · wò tè lín（ dà duō shù rén jiào tā míng nī · wò tè lín） zài rì jūn zhàn lǐng zhī qián shì jīn líng nǚ zǐ wén lǐ xué yuàn jiào yù xì zhù rèn jí yuàn cháng， nán jīng dà tú shā kāi shǐ hòu de jǐ zhōu lǐ， liú zài chéng zhōng de xī fāng fù nǚ qū zhǐ kě shù， wò tè lín biàn shì qí zhōng zhī yī。 xǔ duō nián hòu rén mendōu huì jì dé tā， bù jǐn yīn wéi tā wéi bǎo hù shù qiān míng fù nǚ 'ér tóng miǎn zāo rì jūn qī rǔ shí suǒ biǎo xiàn chū lái de jù dà yǒng qì， ér qiě yīn wéi tā suǒ bǎo liú xià lái de rì jì yóu wéi zhēn guì。 yī xiē lì shǐ xué jiā rèn wéi zhè xiē rì jì zuì zhōng huì xiàng 'ān nī · fú lán kè de rì jì yī yàng wéi shì rén chéng rèn， qí zhòng yào xìng zài yú tā chǎn shì liǎo zài zhàn zhēng dà jié nán qī jiān yī míng jiàn zhèng zhě de jīng shén。
　　 nán jīng de bào xíng shǐ wò tè lín shēn tǐ fēi cháng pí fá， dàn tā měi tiān dōuyào jīng shòu de jīng shén zhé mó yuǎn bǐ qí xiū lì shàng de xiāo hào gèng wéi zāo gāo。“ āi， shàng dì， qǐng 'ě zhì jīn wǎn nán jīng chéng rì běn bīng de cán kù shòu xíng……” tā zài rì jì zhōng xiě dào“ rú guǒ rì běn fù nǚ zhī dào liǎo zhè xiē kě pà gù shì de zhēn xiāng， tā men jiāng huì duō me dì xiū chǐ hé cán kuì。”
　　 zài rú cǐ zhī dà de yā lì xià， wò tè lín réng rán dǎ qǐ jīng shén qù 'ān wèi bié rén， bìng zhēng qǔ chóngxīn huàn qǐ tā men de 'ài guó zhù yì qíng gǎn。 zhè shì duō me de bù xún cháng 'ā。 dāng yī gè lǎo tài tài dào jīn líng xué yuàn de hóng shí zì huì shí táng yào yī wǎn mǐ yù shí， dé zhī yù yǐ jīng méi yòu， wò tè lín lì kè bǎ zì jǐ zhèng zài hē de yù gěi liǎo tā bìng duì tā shuō：“ nǐ men bù yào dān xīn， rì běn huì shī bài de。 zhōng guó jiāng bù huì miè wáng。” lìng yī cì， dāng tā kàn jiàn yī gè nán hái dài zhe yī gè biāo yòu rì běn xiàng zhēng de tú 'àn héng héng zhèng zài shēng qǐ de tài yáng de xiù zhāng yǐ bǎo zhèng 'ān quán shí， wò tè lín zhǐ zé tā shuō：“ nǐ bù xū yào dài zhè gè yòu tài yáng tú 'àn de xiù zhāng。 nǐ shì yī gè zhōng guó rén， ér qiě nǐ de guó jiā hái méi wáng。 nǐ yīnggāi jì zhù dài zhè gè xiù zhāng de rì zǐ， nǐ yǒng yuǎn yě bù yīnggāi wàng jì。” wò tè lín yī 'ér zài dì gǔ lì xiào yuán nèi de zhōng guó nànmín qiān wàn bù yào duì wèi lái shī qù xìn xīn。“ zhōng guó hái méi yòu miè wáng，” tā gào sù tā men，“ zhōng guó jiāng yǒng yuǎn bù huì miè wáng。 ér rì běn zhù dìng zuì zhōng jiāng shī bài。”
　　
　　 héng héng 'ān quán qū zuì zhōng 'ān zhì liǎo 20 wàn dào 30 wàn míng nànmín héng héng jīhū zhàn liǎo liú zài chéng lǐ de rén kǒu de yī bàn。
　　 gēn jù hòu lái nán jīng dà tú shā de yán jiū， kě kàn chū zhè shì yī gè lìng rén fàzhǐ de tǒng jì shù zì。 yòu yī bàn de yuán nán jīng jū mín zài tú shā qián lí kāi liǎo nán jīng。 ér dà yuē yī bàn liú xià de rén（ nán jīng xiàn luò shí， 60 wàn dào 70 wàn zhōng guó nànmín、 dāng dì jū mín hé shì bīng zhōng de 35 wàn rén） bèi shā。
　　“ rú guǒ shuō zài dà tú shā zuì chāng kuáng shí yòu yī bàn nán jīng rén kǒu táo rù liǎo 'ān quán qū， nà me lìng yī bàn rén héng héng jīhū shì měi yī gè wèi néng jìn rù 'ān quán qū de rén héng héng dà gài dū cǎn sǐ zài rì běn rén shǒu lǐ liǎo。”
　　
　　 dì liù zhāng shì jiè zhī dào xiē shénme
　　 jù guān chá jiā gū jì， rì běn rén sǔn huài de gōng gòng cái chǎn 'àn 1939 nián de měi yuán jì suàn， zǒng gòng yuē 8 ． 36 yì měi yuán， ér sī rén cái chǎn sǔn shī zhì shǎo 1·36 yì měi yuán。 zhè xiē shù zì hái bù bāo kuò bèi rì běn jūn duì ná zǒu de wú kě tì dài de wén wù de jià zhí。
　　
　　 dì qī zhāng rì jūn zhàn lǐng xià de nán jīng
　　 jǐ nián zhī nèi nán jīng biàn cóng fèi xū zhōng zhàn liǎo qǐ lái。 1938 nián chūn tiān， rén men kāi shǐ mào xiǎn huí dào zhè gè chéng shì。 yòu xiē rén huí lái chá kàn sǔn shī qíng kuàng， yòu xiē rén huí lái zhǎo gōng zuò， yīn wéi tā men de qián yǐ jīng huā wán， hái yòu yī xiē rén kàn kàn qíng kuàng shì fǒu zú gòu 'ān quán， néng bǎ tā men quán jiā yū huí。 nán jīng chóngjiàn kāi shǐ shí， duì láo dòng lì de xū qiú zēngzhǎng， hěn kuài dì biàn bǎ gèng duō de rén xī yǐn huí lái， bù jiǔ zhī hòu tā men de qī zǐ hé hái zǐ jiù cān jiā dào xiàng nán jīng qiān yí de rén liú zhōng。 zài yī nián bàn de shí jiān lǐ rén kǒu fān liǎo yī fān， cóng 1938 nián 3 yuè de 25 wàn yī 30 wàn rén zēng zhì 1939 nián 12 yuè de 57． 6 wàn rén yǐ shàng。 suī rán shàng wèi dá dào zhè gè chéng shì zài 1936 nián de 100 wàn rén kǒu de shuǐ píng。 dào liǎo 1942 nián rén kǒu dá dào liǎo zuì gāo diǎn yuē 70 wàn， bìng zài zhàn zhēng chí xù qī jiān wěn dìng zài zhè yī shuǐ píng shàng。
　　 zài rì běn rén tǒng zhì xià de shēng huó yuǎn tán bù shàng yú kuài。 dàn hěn duō rén zhú jiàn xiāng xìn zhēng fú zhě jiāng liú xià lái， yī zhǒng qū fú de qíng xù zài zhè zuò chéng shì màn yán kāi lái。 ǒu 'ěr yòu yī xiē dì xià de fǎn kàng -- jiànhuò yòu rén páo jìn zuò mǎn rì běn jūn guān de xì yuàn， rēng yī kē zhà dàn。 dàn yī bān lái shuō， zhè lèi zào fǎn shì líng xīng de hé hǎn yòu de， dà duō shù fǎn kàng rì běn rén de dí yì de biǎo shì shì fēi bào lì de， lì rú fǎn duì rì běn rén de zhāo tiē、 chuán dān hé zài qiáng shàng de tú huà。
　　
　　 dì bā zhāng shěn pàn rì lái lín
　　 gèng tiān hùn luàn de shì xué zhě zhī jiān guān yú zhēng fú shì jiè de rì běn de dì guó yīn móu shì fǒu céng jīng cún zài de zhēng lùn。 rén men xiāng xìn， zài 1927 nián yuǎn dōng huì yì qī jiān， shǒuxiàng tián zhōng yì yī céng xiàng tiān huáng chéng jiāo liǎo yī fèn mì mì bào gào， bào gào chēng wéi“ tián zhōng bèi wàng lù”
　　( jí《 tián zhōng zòu zhé》。 -- yì zhù )， jù shuō gài kuò liǎo dāng shí rì běn de yě xīn。 bào gào duàn yán：“ rú yù zhēng fú shì jiè， bì xiān zhēng fú zhī nà。”“ wéi yù zhēng fú zhī nà， bì xiān zhēng fú mǎn、 méng，…… cháng zhī nà wán quán kě bèi wǒ guó zhēng fú， qí tā rú xiǎo zhōng yà xì yà jí yìn dù、 nán yáng děng yì fú zhī mín zú， bì wèi wǒ jìng wǒ 'ér jiàng yú wǒ。 shǐ shì jiè zhī dōng yà wèiwǒ guó zhī dōng yà， yǒng bù gǎn xiàng wǒ qīn fàn， cǐ nǎi míng zhì dà dì zhī yí cè， shì yì wǒ rì běn dì guó zhī cún lì shàng bì yào zhī shì yè yě。”
　　 rú jīn， xué zhě men pǔ biàn rèn wéi zhè fèn bào gào shì wěi zào de， kě néng shì cóng 'é guó rén nà lǐ chuán chū lái de。 dàn shì， 1929 nián 9 yuè zhè fèn bèi wàng lù dì yī cì zài běi jīng chū xiàn de shí hòu， tā shǐ hěn duō rén xiāng xìn， rì běn qīn lüè zhōng guó shì qí zhēng fú quán qiú de、 jìhuà zhōu quán de yīn móu de yī bù fēn。 tián zhōng bèi wàng lù de yīng wén běn hòu lái zài shàng hǎi de bào zhǐ shàng yǐ yīng wén kān chū， ér qiě shèn zhì jī fā liǎo yī bù diǎn xíng de hǎo lāi wù yǐngpiān《 tài yáng xuè》。 zài yǐngpiān zhōng， zhān mǔ sī · kǎ gé ní wèile zhěng jiù shì jiè qǐ tú tōu qǔ rì běn de zǒng jìhuà。 rú jīn， tián zhōng bèi wàng lù réng dà dà dì zuǒ yòu zhe shì jiè de xiǎng xiàng lì： xǔ duō zhōng guó lì shǐ xué jiā rèn wéi tián zhōng bèi wàng lù shì kě xìn de， ér zhōng guó de bǎi kē quán shū、 cí diǎn， yǐ jí yīng wén bào zhǐ hé diàn xùn shè wén zhāng jì xù bǎ bèi wàng lù zuò shǐ shí yǐn yòng。
　　 dāng qián， méi yòu yī gè yòu shēng wàng de rì běn lì shǐ xué jiā xiāng xìn rì běn yòu yī gè zhēng fú shì jiè de yù móu。 duì 20 shì jì 20 nián dài hé 30 nián dài rì běn guó jiā xíng zhèng jī gòu de hùn luàn zhuàng kuàng jìn xíng de diào chá biǎo míng， zhè yàng yī gè mì móu shì bù kě néng de： rì běn de lù jūn zēng hèn hǎi jūn； zài dōng jīng de zuì gāo sī lìng bù bù zhī dào zài mǎn zhōu de guān dōng jūn zài gànshénme， děng dào zhī dào yǐ wéi shí tài wǎn； wài jiāo bù hé wǔ zhuāng bù duì zhī jiān de guān xì shì lěng dàn dào shǒu kǒu rú píng。
　　 rán 'ér， xǔ duō lì shǐ xué jiā rèn wéi yù rén yī dìng zhī dào nán jīng bào xíng de shì。 ( hè bó tè · bǐ kè sī gè rén rèn wéi， " yù rén kě néng bù zhī dào " shì " nán yǐ zhì xìn” de。 ) shǒu xiān， tā shì shì jiè bào shè de tóu bǎn xīn wén。 qí cì， tā zì jǐ de dì dì gāi huì gào sù tā hài rén tīng wén de xì jié。 1943 nián， yù rén tiān huáng zuì xiǎo de dì dì sān lì gōng chóng rén qīn wáng céng zài rì běn huáng jūn qīn huá yuǎn zhēng jūn de nán jīng sī lìng bù dāng guò yī nián cān móu， tā zài nà lǐ tīng yī gè nián qīng jūn guān shuō guò yòng zhōng guó fú lǔ zuò cì dāo liàn xí de huó bà yǐ xùn liàn xīn bīng。 zhè míng jūn guān gào sù qīn wáng， " zhè yàng néng bāng tā men tí gāo dǎn liàng "。 jīng hài wàn fēn de sān lì gōng bǎ zhè zhǒng liàn xí miáo shù wéi“ zhēn shì yī gè kǒng bù de chǎng miàn， zhǐ néng jiào zuò dà tú shā”。“ chū yú yào jié shù zhàn zhēng de qiáng liè yuàn wàng”， qīn wáng fā gěi nián qīng de cān móu men yī fèn diào chá biǎo， zhēng xún tā men duì zhàn zhēng de yì jiàn； zhǔn bèi yī cì yǎn jiǎng， qiǎn zé rì běn qīn lüè zhōng guó， bìng xiě liǎo yī fèn bào gào：《 yī gè rì běn rén duì zhōng rì zhàn zhēng de fǎnxǐng》。 zhè piān wén zhāng bèi rèn shì yòu zhēng yì de hé wēi xiǎn de， dàn yīn wéi sān lì gōng yòu huáng zú xuè tǒng， tā méi yòu yīn wéi xiě liǎo tā 'ér shòu dào chéng fá。 hòu lái， rì běn jūn fāng mòshōu bìng xiāo huǐ liǎo duō shù de wén běn， dàn yòu yī fèn xìng cún xià lái， zuì hòu zài guó jiā yì huì dàng 'àn guǎn shōu cáng de suō wēi jiāo piàn zhōng fā xiàn。
　　
　　 dì jiǔ zhāng xìng cún zhě de mìng yùn
　　 zài yán jiū nán jīng dà tú shā de xué zhě zhōng， bù zhǐ yī rén rèn wéi， zài yuǎn dōng jūn shì fǎ tíng de shěn pàn zhī hòu， zhèng yì méi yòu dé dào shēn zhāng。 dāng xǔ duō céng jīng róu lìn nán jīng rén mín de rì běn rén cóng rì běn zhèng fǔ lǐng qǔ quán bù yǎng lǎo jīn hé qí tā jīn tiē de shí hòu， chéng qiān shàng wàn de shòu nán zhě què mò mò dì rěn shòu pín qióng、 chǐ rǔ， huò shì màn cháng de shēn xīn tòng kǔ。
　　 zhè zhǒng zhèng yì de diān dǎo shì bàn suí zhe lěng zhàn kāi shǐ de。 měi guó qǐ chū dǎ suàn zài rì běn tuī xíng mín zhù， qīng chú rì běn juǎnrù zhàn zhēng de lǐng dǎo rén de tǒng zhì。 dàn shì zhàn hòu de sū lián wéi bèi liǎo qí zài yǎ 'ěr tǎ huì yì shàng de chéng nuò， zhàn lǐng liǎo bō lán hé dé guó de bù fēn lǐng tǔ。 dāng dōng 'ōu gòng chǎn zhù yì de“ tiě mù” jiàng lín zhī shí， máo zé dōng lǐng dǎo de gòng chǎn dǎng jūn duì jī bài liǎo jiǎng jiè shí， bìng pò shǐ qí zhèng fǔ chè tuì dào tái wān dǎo。 1950 nián， cháo xiān zhàn zhēng bào fā， zài zhè chǎng zhàn zhēng zhōng， yòu 100 wàn cháo xiān rén、 25 wàn zhōng guó rén hé 3． 4 wàn míng měi guó rén sǐ qù。 yóu yú zhōng guó、 sū lián hé běi cháo xiān chéng wéi měi guó xīn de zhàn hòu dí rén， měi guó tū rán bǎ rì běn dāng zuò yī gè jù yòu zhàn lüè zhòng yào xìng de guó jiā。 jī yú cǐ， huá shèng dùn jué dìng bǎo chí yī gè wěn dìng de rì běn zhèng fǔ， yǐ tiǎo zhàn yà zhōu de gòng chǎn zhù yì lì liàng。 měi guó jīhū wán quán bǎo liú liǎo rì běn zhàn qián de guān liáo tǐ xì， bìng yǔn xǔ xǔ duō zhàn fàn xiāo yáo fǎ wài。 jiù zhè yàng， dāng nà cuì zhì dù bèi tuī fān， dà liàng de nà cuì zhàn fàn bèi bǔ huò bìng dài shàng fǎ tíng de shí hòu， xǔ duō rì běn zhàn shí gāo jí guān yuán què chóngxīn dà quán zài wò， rú rì zhōng tiān。 zài 1957 nián， rì běn de yī wèi céng bèi qiú jìn de jiá jí zhàn fàn jìng rán bèi xuǎn zuò shǒuxiàng ( zhǐ 1957 nián bèi rèn wéi shǒu xiāng de 'àn xìn jiè。 -- biān zhù )。
　　 yǔ cǐ tóng shí， jīhū suǒ yòu de nán jīng dà tú shā xìng cún zhě què cóng gōng zhòng de shì yě zhōng xiāo shī liǎo。 zài lěng zhàn qī jiān， yǔ zhōng guó qí tā dì fāng yī yàng， nán jīng chǔyú yī zhǒng yǔ guó jì shè huì xiāng gé lí de zhuàng tài。 zài jǐ shí nián lǐ， zhōng guó zhèng fǔ bù jǐn duàn jué liǎo tóng xī fāng de lái wǎng， hái qū zhú liǎo hěn duō liú zài nán jīng de wài guó rén， shèn zhì bāo kuò nà xiē céng zuò wéi nán jīng 'ān quán qū fù zé rén yuán zhěng jiù liǎo hěn duō zhōng guó rén shēng mìng de wài guó rén。
　　 guó jì rén quán lǜ shī kǎ lún · pà kè rèn wéi， suī rán zhōng guó duō cì fā biǎo duì rì běn rén kuān hóng yǒu shàn de shēng míng， dàn cóng wèi yǔ rì běn qiān dìng fàng qì duì rì běn zhàn zhēng zuì xíng suǒ qǔ guó jiā péi cháng de xié dìng。 lìng wài， pà kè hái zhǐ chū， jí shǐ qiān dìng yī gè zhè yàng de xié dìng， dàn gēn jù bù róng fǒu dìng fǎ de yuán zé， gāi xié dìng yě bù néng qīn fàn zuò wéi gè rén de zhōng guó rén suǒ qǔ zhàn zhēng péi cháng de quán lì。
　　 dàn shì， wǒ zài nán jīng yù jiàn de xìng cún zhě dà duō bù zhī dào guó jì fǎ de zhè xiē cuò zōng fù zá zhī chù， ér shì rèn wéi yǐ jīng bō duó liǎo tā men suǒ péi de quán lì。 yī gè nán rén zài nán jīng bào xíng zhōng jīhū bèi huó huó shāo sǐ， tā gào sù wǒ， dāng tā tīng dào zhōng guó yuán liàng rì běn zuì xíng de yáo yán shí， jìn bù zhù tòng kū shī shēng。
　　 tóng yàng zhí dé shēn sī de shì xǔ duō céng jīng zǔ zhì nán jīng 'ān quán qū de wài guó rén de mìng yùn。 jìn guǎn tā men jié jìn quán lì bāng zhù nán jīng de zhōng guó rén， dàn tā men cóng wèi cóng shēng huó hé hòu rén nà lǐ dé dào tā men suǒ yìng dé de。 hái méi yòu yī běn miáo xiě zhè xiē bèi yí wàng de 'èr zhàn yīng xióng de zhù míng tú shū， dāng rán yě méi yòu yī bù xiàng《 xīn dé lè de míng dān》 nà yàng qiáng liè dì xī yǐn qǐ quán shì jiè rén mín zhù yì de yǐngpiān。 tā men de jīng shén zhù yào cáng zài cóng bólín dào měi guó sēn ní wéi 'ěr de dàng 'àn hé gé lóu zhōng -- yóu yú tā men céng xiàng huó pú sà yī yàng zhěng jiù guò nán jīng， tā men de jīng shén yě wéi zhōng guó de xìng cún zhě men míng jì zài xīn。
　　 zài duō shù nán jīng de xìng cún zhě zhī dào 'ān quán qū de lǐng dǎo rén zuò guò de shì， dàn jīhū wú rén liǎo jiě tā men hòu lái de zāo jì。 yī xiē zhè yàng de wài guó rén hòu lái bèi shòu xiū rǔ， bèi zhú chū zhōng guó， huí dào zǔ guó hòu yòu zāo dào shěn xùn hé gé lí， shēn xīn dū shòu dào liǎo wú fǎ yù hé de chuāngshāng， yòu rén shèn zhì jué wàng zì shā。 dāng wǒ zài zhōng guó tán huà de xìng cún zhě tīng dào zhè xiē shí， tā men shí fēn tòng kǔ。 zhè xiē wài guó rén zhōng de yī xiē rén kě yǐ suàn shì nán jīng bào xíng chí lái de shòu nán zhě。
　　 lāi yīn hā tè dān xīn xiàng shì jiè gōng kāi zhè xiē rì jì de yǐng xiǎng。 tā rèn wéi zhè xiē rì jì huì chéng wéi pò huài zhōng rì guān xì de zhà dàn， zài wǒ de cuī cù xià， yě shì zài wéi lián hé guó gōng zuò de céng dān rèn jì niàn nán jīng dà tú shā sǐ nán tóng bāo lián hé huì zhù xí de shào zǐ píng xiān shēng de cuī cù xià， lāi yīn hā tè jué dìng jiāng rì jì gōng kāi。 tā yòng liǎo 15 gè xiǎo shí jiāng rì jì yǐng yìn chū lái。 shào zǐ píng dān xīn rì běn yòu yì fènzǐ huì chuǎng jìn lāi yīn hā tè jiā， huǐ diào rì jì huò shì yòng zhòng jīn mǎi zǒu yuán jiàn， gù jiù hěn kuài bǎ lāi yīn hā tè jí qí zhàng fū yòng fēi jī sòng dào niǔ yuē。 zài niǔ yuē， rì jì de fù běn zài yī cì jì zhě zhāo dài huì shàng juān gěi liǎo yé lǔ shén xué yuàn tú shū guǎn， gāi rì jì shǒu xiān zài《 niǔ yuē shí bào》 pī lù。 zhī hòu， zài 1996 nián 12 yuè 12 rì -- nán jīng xiàn luò 59 zhōu nián， bǐ dé · zhān níng sī yòu zài měi guó guǎng bō gōng sī diàn shì tái、 yòu xiàn xīn wén guǎng bō gōng sī jí qí tā shì jiè méi jiè zǔ zhì zuò liǎo bào dào。
　　 lì shǐ xué jiā men duì zhè yī rì jì jià zhí de kàn fǎ wán quán yī zhì。 xǔ duō lì shǐ xué jiā rèn wéi， gāi rì jì shì nán jīng dà tú shā què shí fā shēng guò de gèng jù jié lùn xìng de zhèng jù， tóng shí， zhè shì yī fèn cóng nà cuì fènzǐ de jiǎo dù xiě chū de dōng xī， gèng lìng rén gǎn dào yì wèi shēn cháng。 lā bèi de jì shù zēng jiā liǎo měi guó guān yú zhè chǎng dà tú shā de bào dào de zhēn shí xìng， bù jǐn shì yīn wéi yī wèi nà cuì quē fá biān zào nán jīng bào xíng de dòng jī， gèng shì yīn wéi zài lā bèi jì lù zhōng， jiāng měi guó rén rì jì cóng yīng wén yì chū de nèi róng yǔ yuán wén yī zì bùchà。 zài zhōng guó， xué zhě men zài《 rén mín rì bào》 shàng shēng míng， lā bèi de rì jì yìn zhèng liǎo zhōng guó hěn duō xiàn cún de guān yú nán jīng dà tú shā de zī liào。 zài měi guó， hā fó dà xué de zhōng guó shǐ jiào shòu wēi lián · kē bǐ gào sù《 niǔ yuē shí bào》：“ zhè shì yī fèn kòu rén xīn xián、 lìng rén yā yì de jì shí zī liào， xì zhì dì yùn yòng liǎo dà liàng de xì jié hé chōng tū。 tā yǐ yī zhǒng fēi cháng zhòng yào de fāng shì shǐ rén men jiāng chóngxīn shěn shì nán jīng de bào xíng， tōng guò tā， rén men néng gòu liǎo jiě měi yī tiān de shì qíng， wéi zǎo yǐ guǎng wéi rén zhī de nán jīng bào xíng zài zēng jiā 100 dào 200 gè gù shì。”
　　 rì běn de lì shǐ xué jiā men yě shēng míng liǎo lā bèi rì jì de zhòng yào xìng。 yǔ dū gōng dà xué de zhōng guó xiàn dài shǐ jiào shòu lì yuán shí jiǔ sī zài《 zhāorì xīn wén》 shàng shēng míng： " zhè fèn bào gào de zhòng yào xìng bù jǐn zài yú tā chū zì yī gè rì běn méng yǒu de dé guó rén zhī shǒu， hái zài yú lā bèi céng jiāng zhè fèn bào gào chéng jiāo xī tè lè， yǐ shǐ qí liǎo jiě nán jīng fā shēng de bào xíng。 lā bèi céng shì nà cuì dǎng zài nán jīng de fù zhù xí， tā kěn qiú rì běn méng yǒu de zuì gāo lǐng dǎo xī tè lè gān shè zhè cì dà guī mó de tú shā。 gān yè dà xué de rì běn xiàn dài shǐ jiào shòu qín yù yàn bǔ chōng shuō：“ zhè fèn bào gào de yì yì zài yú， yī gè zì jǐ de zǔ guó tóng rì běn shì méng guó de dé guó rén kè guān dì miáo shù liǎo nán jīng de bào xíng。 zài zhè gè yì yì shàng， zuò wéi lì shǐ wén jiàn， tā de jià zhí chāo guò liǎo měi guó chuán jiào shì de zhèng cí。 dāng shí， dé guó zhèng duì zhàn zài rì běn hái shì zhōng guó yī biān jǔ qí bù dìng。 dàn shì， lǐ bīn tè luò fǔ ( nà cuì zhàn fàn， 1938 nián qǐ rèn dé guó wài jiāo bù cháng， 1946 nián bèi niǔ lún bǎo guó jì jūn shì fǎ tíng pàn chù jiǎo xíng -- yì zhù ) jiù rèn wài jiāo bù cháng cù jìn liǎo dé guó yǔ rì běn jié méng。 zài zhè yàng jǐn yào shí kè， lā bèi hái shì tú ràng xī tè lè liǎo jiě nán jīng de bào xíng， lā bèi de yǒng qì shí zài lìng rén jìng pèi。”
　　
　　 dì shí zhāng bèi yí wàng de dà tú shā： zài cì líng rǔ
　　 jīn tiān， zài měi guó rèn hé yī gè dì fāng， huò shì shì jiè shàng dà duō shù dì qū， yòu nǎ yī gè hái zǐ méi yòu kàn dào 'ào sī wéi xīn jí zhōng yíng dú qì shì nà lìng rén máo gǔ sǒng rán de zhào piàn ? nǎ yī gè hái zǐ méi yòu dú guò nián qīng de 'ān nī · fú lán kè zài jí zhōng yíng lǐ bēi cǎn zāo yù de gù shì piàn duàn ní ? díquè， zhì shǎo zài měi guó， dà bù fēn xué shēng dū shòu dào liǎo měi guó zài rì běn guǎng dǎo hé cháng qí tóu zhì yuán zǐ dàn de huǐ miè xìng hòu guǒ de jiào yù。 dàn shì， rú guǒ qù wèn duō shù měi guó rén -- wú lùn chéng nián rén hái shì hái zǐ， bāo kuò shòu dào gāo děng jiào yù de chéng nián rén -- tā men shì fǒu zhī dào nán jīng de bào xíng， nǐ huì fā xiàn， jué dà duō shù rén duì 60 nián qián nán jīng fā shēng de shì yī wú suǒ zhī。 yī wèi zhù míng de zhèng fǔ de lì shǐ xué jiā gào sù wǒ， zài tā dú yán jiū shēng qī jiān， zhè gè tí mù cóng wèi bèi tí qǐ guò。 yī wèi pǔ lín sī dùn dà xué bì yè de lǜ shī hěn xiū kuì dì gào sù wǒ， tā shèn zhì bù zhī dào zhōng guó yǔ rì běn zhī jiān céng fā shēng guò zhàn zhēng， tā duì dì 'èr cì shì jiè dà zhàn zhōng tài píng yáng zhàn zhēng de liǎo jiě jǐn xiàn yú zhēn zhū gǎng hé guǎng dǎo。 zhè zhǒng wú zhī shèn zhì yě cún zài yú yà yì měi guó rén zhī zhōng。 yī wèi fù nǚ céng wèn wǒ：“ nán jīng ? shì shénme， shì yī gè cháo dài ?" cóng zhōng kě yǐ kàn tā yě shǎo dé kě lián de dì lǐ hé lì shǐ zhī shí。
　　60 nián qián céng shì měi guó bào zhǐ tóu bǎn xiāo xī de shì jiàn， xiàn zài kàn qǐ lái yǐ jīng xiāo shī liǎo。 hǎo lāi wù cóng wèi zhì zuò guò yī bù guān yú zhè chǎng tú shā de zhù liú yǐngpiān -- jí shǐ zhè yī shì jiàn bāo hán zhe yǔ《 xīn dé lè de míng dān》 xiāng sì de xì jù chéng fèn。 lìng wài， zhí dào zuì jìn， dà duō shù měi guó de xiǎo shuō jiā hé lì shǐ xué jiā yě méi yòu zhǔn bèi xiě zhè jiàn shì。
　　 zài tīng dào zhè yàng de shuō fǎ zhī hòu， wǒ gǎn dào yī zhèn kǒng jù： 30 wàn zhōng guó rén bèi shā hài de lì shǐ kě néng huì xiāo shī， jiù xiàng tā men zài rì běn rén de zhàn lǐng xià xiāo shī yī yàng； yòu yī tiān， shì jiè huì zhēn de xiāng xìn rì běn zhèng kè de huà， nán jīng de bào xíng shì yī gè piàn jú， shì niē zào chū lái de -- dà tú shā gēn běn jiù méi yòu fā shēng guò。 wéi xiě zuò běn shū， wǒ qiǎngpò zì jǐ bù jǐn shēn rù yán jiū lì shǐ， tóng shí yě yán jiū lì shǐ de biān xiě -- qù jiǎn yàn lì shǐ de lì liàng， jiǎn yàn lì shǐ de zhì zuò guò chéng。 jiū jìng shì shénme shǐ mǒu xiē shì jiàn liú zài lì shǐ zhī zhōng， ér ràng qí tā de guī yú wū yòu ní ? jù tǐ dì shuō， xiàng nán jīng de bào xíng zhè yàng de shì jiàn， shì zěn yàng cóng rì běn ( yǐ zhì shì jiè ) jí tǐ de jì yì zhōng xiāo shī de ?
　　
　　 jié yǔ
　　 duì yú dà duō shù rén lái shuō， shì wú fǎ xiǎng xiàng rì běn shì bīng hé jūn guān zài hé zhǒng xīn lǐ xià fàn xià zhè xiē tāo tiān zuì xíng de。 dàn yòu hěn duō lì shǐ xué jiā、 mù jī zhě、 xìng gě zhě yǐ jí dāng nián de zuò 'è zhě zì jǐ dū zǒng jié liǎo shì shénme qū shǐ rì běn huáng jūn fàn xià zhè xiē chì luǒ luǒ de zuì xíng。
　　 yī xiē rì běn xué zhě xiāng xìn， zhōng rì zhàn zhēng zhōng de nán jīng bào xíng jí qí tā cán bào xíng wèishì yóu yī zhǒng jiào“ yā pò de chuán dǎo” xiàn xiàng zào chéng de。 jù《 yǐn cáng de kǒng bù： zài 'èr zhàn zhōng de rì běn zhàn zhēng zuì xíng》 de zuò zhě tián zhōng xióng xǐ suǒ shuō， rì běn xiàn dài jūn duì zì qí dàn shēng zhī rì qǐ jiù yòu jù dà de bào xíng yǐn huàn。 yuán yīn yòu 'èr： shǒu xiān shì rì jūn guān bīng zhōng cún zài de dú duàn zhuān xíng hé cán kù nüè dài， zài jiù shì rì běn shè huì yóu tiān huáng shēn bàng de rén zhī pèi de sēn yán de děng jí zhì dù。 zài qīn zhàn nán jīng zhī qián， rì jūn duì zì jǐ díshì bīng yě cháng qī shī jiā xiū rǔ。 shì bīng bèi pò wéi zhǎngguān xǐ nèi yī， huò shì wēn shùn dì zhàn zhe rèn yóu zhǎngguān guó 'ěr guāng， zhí zhì xiān xuè héng liú。 yòng qiáo zhì · ào wēi 'ěr de huà shuō， rì běn shì bīng shí cháng shòu dào de zhè xiē chōu dǎ， shì lái zì zhǎngguān de“ ài de xíng dòng”； ér rì běn hǎi jūn yòng“ tiě quán” jiā qiáng de cán bào jì lǜ， zé bèi jiào zuò“ ài zhī biān”。
　　 rén men cháng shuō， quán lì zuì xiǎo de rén yī dàn wò yòu duì shè huì děng jí zhōng gèng dī wēi rén men de shēng shā dà quán， cháng cháng huì biàn chéng zuì cán bào bù rén de rén。 rì běn shì bīng lái dào hǎi wài hòu， yīn wéi sēn yán de děng jí zhì dù 'ér yā yì de cán bào tū rán dé dào liǎo fā xiè。 zài wài guó lǐng tǔ huò zhí mín dì shàng， zuò wéi tiān huáng de dài biǎo， rì běn shì bīng xiǎng yòu jù dà de quán lì。 zài zhōng guó， jí shǐ shì zuì dī jí de rì běn liè bīng， qí dì wèi yě yào chāo guò zuì yòu quán yòu shì de zhōng guó rén。 yóu cǐ bù nán kàn chū， cháng qī bèi yā yì de fèn nù、 chóu hèn hé duì quán lì de kǒng jù jiù shì rú cǐ zài nán jīng bào fā chéng wú fǎ kòng zhì de bào lì。 rì běn shì bīng chén mò dì jiē shòu liǎo zhǎngguān shī jiā de yī qiē， nà me zhōng guó rén yě bì xū jiē shòu tā men xuǎn zé de yī qiē bào xíng。
　　 kě bēi de shì， shì rén réng yǐ xiāo jí de tài dù miàn duì rì běn de dì 'èr cì bào xíng -- rì běn rén jù jué wèitā men zài nán jīng de zuì hángdào qiàn， shèn zhì jù jué chéng rèn fā shēng guò dà tú shā， gèng yòu shèn zhě， rì běn de jí duān fènzǐ hái shì tú zài shì jiè lì shǐ zhōng tú mǒ diào zhè yī shì jiàn。 yào liǎo jiě zhè zhǒng bù gōng zhèng de chéng dù， rén men zhǐ xū bǐ jiào yī xià rì běn hé dé guó zhèng fǔ zài zhàn hòu de péi cháng jiù yī qīng 'èr chǔ liǎo。 suī rán jǐn jīn qián běn shēn bù néng shǐ sǐ nán zhě fù shēng， yě bù néng mó qù xìng cún zhě tòng kǔ de jì yì， dàn zhì shǎo kě yǐ shuō míng zuì niè de yuán xiōng jiū jìng shì shuí。
　　 zuò wéi péi cháng， dé guó zhèng fǔ yǐ zhì shǎo zhī fù liǎo 880 yì dé guó mǎ kè， hái yào zài 2005 nián péi cháng 200 yì dé guó mǎ kè。 rú guǒ bǎ suǒ yòu de péi kuǎn jiā zài yī qǐ， bāo kuò gè rén shòu nán zhě péi cháng、 cái chǎn sǔn shī péi cháng、 fǔ xù xìng péi cháng、 guó jiā fǎ dìng péi cháng、 tè bié wèn tí zuì hòu péi cháng， yǐ jí gēn jù guó jì xié dìng duì yǐ sè liè hé 16 gè qí tā guó jiā zhàn zhēng sǔn shī de péi kuǎn， zhè xiē gòng jì 1240 yì dé guó mǎ kè， zhé hé 600 yì měi yuán。 rì běn rén zé jīhū méi yòu wéi zì jǐ zài zhàn zhēng zhōng de zuì xíng fù chū rèn hé péi cháng。 yòu yī gè shí qī， jiù lián ruì shì dū ná chū shù shí yì měi yuán bǔ cháng zhàn zhēng zhōng shòu dào sǔn shī de yóu tài rén de zhàng hù， ér xǔ duō rì běn zhòng yào guān yuán què jì xù xiāng xìn ( huò shì jiǎ zhuāng xiāng xìn ) tā men de guó jiā cóng wèi zuò guò rèn hé yīngdāng péi cháng huò shì dào qiàn de shì。 tā men hái guǐ biàn shuō， tā men de zhèng fǔ bèi zhǐ zé suǒ fàn xià de xǔ duō bào xíng cóng lái jiù méi yòu fā shēng guò， nà xiē què záo de zhèng jù bù guò shì zhōng guó rén hé qí tā rǔ méi rì běn de rén niē zào chū lái de。
　　 jīn tiān， rì běn zhèng fǔ rèn wéi suǒ yòu de zhàn zhēng péi cháng shì yí dōuyǐ bèi 1952 nián jiù jīn shān hé píng xié dìng suǒ jiě jué liǎo。 dàn dú yī xià zhè gè xié dìng jiù huì fā xiàn， wèn tí shì yào gē zhì dào rì běn jīng jì tiáo jiàn hǎo zhuǎn zhī hòu zài jìn xíng jiě jué。 xié dìng dì wǔ zhāng 14 kuǎn guī dìng：“ rì běn yìng xiàng gè méng guó jìn xíng péi cháng yǐ shì gòng shí。 dàn shì rì běn mù qián zī yuán kuì fá de qíng kuàng yě yòu mù gòng dǔ， suǒ yǐ， xū děng qí jīng jì fù sū， zài xiàng gè guó de suǒ yòu sǔn shī hé tòng kǔ jìn xíng chè dǐ de péi cháng， bìng tóng shí lǚ xíng qí tā yì wù "。
　　 lěng zhàn shí qī zuì yòu fěng cì yì wèi de yī jiàn shì shì， rì běn bù jǐn duǒ bì liǎo péi cháng de zé rèn， hái cóng měi guó dé dào liǎo shù shí yì měi yuán de yuán zhù， shǐ qí cóng měi guó de dí duì guó chéng wéi jīng jì qiáng guó hé jìng zhēng zhě。 xiàn zài， yà zhōu rén mín shí fēn guān zhù rì běn rén zhōng jūn guó zhù yì tái tóu de jì xiàng。 zài lǐ gēn dāng zhèng shí qī， měi guó bāng zhù rì běn jiā qiáng jūn shì lì liàng -- zhè yǐn qǐ liǎo xǔ duō céng duō nián zāo shòu rì běn zhàn zhēng qīn lüè de mín zú de jǐng tì。 fěi lǜ bīn wài jiāo bù cháng、 pǔ lǐ cè jiǎng huò dé zhě、 èr zhàn qī jiān mài kè 'ā sè jiāng jūn de fù guān kǎ luò sī · luó mù luò shuō： " hū shì lì shǐ de rén gèng róng yì chéng wéi lì shǐ de shòu hài zhě "。 tā duì rì běn wén huà suǒ jī fā de jìng zhēng xìng de mín zú jīng shén yòu hěn shēn de lǐ jiě： " rì běn rén shì yī gè zhí zhù de mín zú， yě hěn yòu tóu nǎo。 zài 'èr zhàn mò qī， méi rén néng xiǎng dào rì běn chéng wéi shì jiè shàng jīng jì zuì fā dá de guó jiā -- dàn tā men zuò dào liǎo。 rú guǒ nǐ gěi tā men chéng wéi jūn shì qiáng guó de jī huì -- tā men jiāng zhēn de huì chéng wéi jūn shì qiáng guó。 "
　　 dàn lěng zhàn yǐ jīng jié shù liǎo， zhōng guó zhèng cóng fēng bì zǒu xiàng kāi fàng， bìng xùn sù fā zhǎn qǐ lái， qí tā céng zài zhàn zhēng qī jiān shòu dào rì běn qī líng de yà zhōu guó jiā yě zài shì jiè jīng jì jìng jì chǎng zhōng jué qǐ， néng gòu tóng rì běn xiāng pǐ dí。 zài jīn hòu de jǐ nián lǐ， rén men huì kàn dào zhēn duì rì běn zhàn zhēng zuì xíng de jī jí de dà kuà bù xíng dòng。 měi guó shè huì zhèng zài gèng mín zhù dì róng rù yà zhōu rén。 yǔ tā men mì jí yú kē jì lǐng yù tīng fù bèi men bù tóng， nián qīng de huá yì měi guó rén hé huá yì jiā ná dà rén zhèng xùn sù dì kuò dà zài fǎ lǜ、 zhèng zhì hé xīn wén yè zhōng de yǐng xiǎng -- zài běi měi lì shǐ shàng， yà zhōu rén hěn shǎo zài zhè xiē lǐng yù shè zú。
　　 cóng wǒ kāi shǐ xiě zuò běn shū dào tuō gǎo qī jiān， gōng zhòng duì nán jīng dà tú shā de guān zhù dà dà dì zēng jiā liǎo。 zài 90 nián dài， chū xiàn liǎo dà liàng guān yú nán jīng bào xíng yǐ jí guān yú wèi 'ān fù、 rì běn yòng zhàn zhēng shòu nán zhě jìn xíng yī xué shì yàn hé qí tā yòu guān bào xíng de xiǎo shuō、 lì shǐ zhù zuò hé bào kān wén zhāng。 jiù jīn shān de xué xiào zhèng jìhuà jiāng nán jīng de bào xíng nà rù kè chéng biǎo， huá rén dì chǎn shāng yě yǐ guī huá liǎo jiàn lì zhōng guó tú shā jì niàn guǎn de lán tú。
　　 zài běn shū jí jiāng wán chéng zhī jì， měi guó zhèng fǔ yǐ kāi shǐ duì shè huì huó dòng jiā de yào qiú zuò chū fǎn yìng， xiàng rì běn shī jiā yā lì， pò shǐ qí miàn duì zhàn zhēng de bào xíng。 1996 nián 12 yuè 3 rì， měi guó sī fǎ bù liè chū liǎo rì běn zhàn fàn de míng dān， jìn zhǐ tā men jìn rù měi guó。 1997 nián 4 yuè， qián měi guó zhù rì dà shǐ wò 'ěr tè． méng dài 'ěr duì xīn wén jiè shuō， rì běn bì xū chéng shí dì miàn duì lì shǐ。 tā xī wàng rì běn wéi qí zhàn zhēng zuì xíng chōng fēn dào qiàn。 lìng wài， nán jīng de bào xíng chéng wéi yī xiàng tí 'àn， bù jiǔ jiāng huì jìn rù měi guó zhòng yì yuàn。 1997 nián chūn， yì yuán men tóng rén quán huó dòng jiā yī dào qǐ cǎo liǎo yī xiàng tí 'àn， qiǎn zé rì běn zài 'èr zhàn qī jiān nüè dài měi guó hé qí tā guó háo zhàn fú， yào qiú rì běn xiàng zhàn zhēng shòu nán zhě zhèng shì dào qiàn hé péi cháng。
　　 dāng jīn yī dài de rì běn rén zhèng miàn lín yī gè zhòng dà de xuǎn zé。 tā men kě yǐ jì xù zì qī qī rén， bǎ rì běn qīn lüè zhàn zhēng dàngzuò“ shèng zhàn”， ér rì běn de zhàn bài jǐn jǐn shì yóu yú měi guó de jīng jì shí lì。 huò zhě tóng běn mín zú guò qù de cán bào xíng jìng jué liè， rèn qīng zhè yàng de shì shí： zhèng shì yīn wéi rì běn zhàn bài， tā cái wú fǎ jiāng qí kě pà de“ ài” shī jiā dào gèng duō de rén shēn shàng， zhè gè shì jiè cái biàn dé gèng jiā měi hǎo： rú guǒ dāng dài rì běn rén bù cǎi qǔ xíng dòng qù jiān chí zhēn xiāng， lì shǐ jiù huì gěi tā men dài lái rú tóng qí xiān bèi yī yàng shēng míng lángjí de wēi xiǎn。
　　 duì yú zì jǐ zài nán jīng fàn xià de tāo tiān zuì xíng， rì běn bù jǐn zài fǎ lǜ shàng yòu zé rèn， gèng zài dào yì shàng yòu yì wù qù chéng rèn。 zhì shǎo， rì běn zhèng fǔ yīngdāng xiàng shòu nán zhě fā biǎo shēng míng zhèng shì dào qiàn， bìng péi cháng hào jié zhōng de shòu nán zhě。 gèng zhòng yào de shì， yào jiāng dà tú shā de zhēn xiāng jiào yù gěi jiāng lái de měi yī dài rì běn gōng mín。 rú guǒ hàn běn hái qī wàng dé dào guó jì shè huì de zūn zhòng， bìng hé shàng zì jǐ lì shǐ shàng wū jì bān bān de hēi 'àn piān zhāng de huà， zhè xiē zǎo jiù yīnggāi zuò dào de gōng zuò duì rì běn shí fēn zhòng yào。

　　The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II is a bestselling 1997 non-fiction book written by Iris Chang about the 1937–1938 Nanking Massacre, the massacre and atrocities committed by the Imperial Japanese Army after it captured Nanjing, then capital of China, during the Second Sino-Japanese War. It documents the events, based on the author's research, leading up to the Nanking Massacre and the atrocities that were committed. The book also presents the view that the Japanese government has not done enough to redress the atrocities. It is one of the first major English-language books to introduce the Nanking Massacre to Western and Eastern readers alike, and has been translated into several languages.
　　The book was a source of fame for Chang but was also controversial; it has been praised as a work which "shows more clearly than any previous account just what [the Japanese] did", and at the same time was criticised as "seriously flawed" and "full of misinformation and harebrained explanations". It was received with both acclaim and criticism by the public and by academics. Chang's research on the book was credited with the finding of the diaries of John Rabe and Minnie Vautrin, both of whom played important roles in the Nanking Safety Zone, a designated area in Nanjing which protected Chinese civilians during the Nanking Massacre.
　　The book prompted AOL executive Ted Leonsis to fund and produce Nanking, a 2007 documentary film about the Nanking Massacre, after he read it.
　　
　　Inspiration
　　
　　When Iris Chang was a child, she was told by her immigrant parents, who had escaped from China via Taiwan to the United States during World War II, that during the Nanking Massacre, the Japanese "sliced babies not just in half but in thirds and fourths". In the introduction of The Rape of Nanking, she wrote that throughout her childhood, the Nanking Massacre "remained buried in the back of [her] mind as a metaphor for unspeakable evil". When she searched the local public libraries in her school and found nothing, she wondered why nobody had written a book about it.
　　The subject of the Nanking Massacre entered Chang's life again almost two decades later when she learned of producers who had completed documentary films about it. One of the producers was Shao Tzuping, who helped produce Magee's Testament, a film which contains footage of the Nanking Massacre itself, shot by the missionary John Magee. The other producer was Nancy Tong, who, together with Christine Choy, produced and co-directed In The Name of the Emperor, a film containing a series of interviews with Chinese, American, and Japanese citizens. Chang began talking to Shao and Tong, and soon she was connected to a network of activists who felt the need to document and publicize the Nanking Massacre. In December 1994, she attended a conference on the Nanking Massacre, held in Cupertino, California, and it was what she saw and heard at the conference that motivated her to write The Rape of Nanking. As she wrote in the introduction of the book, while she was at the conference, she was "suddenly in a panic that this terrifying disrespect for death and dying, this reversion in human social evolution, would be reduced to a footnote of history, treated like a harmless glitch in a computer program that might or might not again cause a problem, unless someone forced the world to remember it".
　　[edit]Research
　　
　　Chang spent two years on research for the book. She found that raw source materials were available in the US, contained in the diaries, films, and photographs of American missionaries, journalists, and military officers who were in Nanjing at the time of the Nanking Massacre. Additionally, she traveled to Nanjing to interview survivors of the Nanking Massacre and to read Chinese accounts and confessions by Japanese army veterans. Chang did not, however, conduct research in Japan, and this left her vulnerable to criticisms on how she portrayed modern Japan in the context of how it deals with its World War II past.
　　Chang's research led her to make what one San Francisco Chronicle article called "significant discoveries" on the subject of the Nanking Massacre, in the forms of the diaries of two Westerners that were in Nanjing leading efforts to save lives during the Japanese invasion. The first diary was that of John Rabe, a German Nazi Party member who was the leader of the Nanking Safety Zone, a demilitarized zone in Nanjing that Rabe and other Westerners set up to protect Chinese civilians. The other diary belonged to the American missionary Minnie Vautrin, who saved the lives of about 10,000 women and children when she provided them with shelter in Ginling College. The diaries documented the events of the Nanking Massacre from the perspectives of their writers, and provided detailed accounts of atrocities that they saw, as well as information surrounding the circumstances of the Nanking Safety Zone. Chang dubbed Rabe the "Oskar Schindler of Nanking" and Vautrin the "Anne Frank of Nanking". Rabe's diary is over 800 pages, and contains one of the most detailed accounts of the Nanking Massacre. Translated into English, it was published in 1998 by Random House as a book on its own, called The Good Man of Nanking: The Diaries of John Rabe. Vautrin's diary recounts her personal experience and feelings on the Nanking Massacre; in it, an entry reads, "There probably is no crime that has not been committed in this city today." It was used as source material for a biographical book about Vautrin and her role during the Nanking Massacre, called American Goddess at the Rape of Nanking: The Courage of Minnie Vautrin, written by Hua-ling Hu.
　　[edit]The book
　　
　　The Rape of Nanking is structured into three main parts. The first part uses a technique that Chang called "the Rashomon perspective" to narrate the events of the Nanking Massacre, from three different perspectives: that of the Japanese military, the Chinese victims, and the Westerners who tried to help Chinese civilians. The second part was written on the postwar reaction to the massacre, especially the reaction of the American and European governments. The third part of the book is dedicated to examining the circumstances that, Chang believed, have kept knowledge of the massacre out of public consciousness decades after the war.
　　[edit]Atrocities
　　The book depicted in detail the killing, torture, and rape that occurred during the Nanking Massacre. Chang listed and described the kinds of torture that were visited upon the residents, including live burials, mutilation, "death by fire", "death by ice", and "death by dogs". Based on the testimony of a survivor of the massacre, Chang also described a killing contest amongst a group of Japanese soldiers to determine who could kill the fastest. On the rape that occurred during the massacre, Chang wrote that "certainly it was one of the greatest mass rapes in world history." She estimated that the number of women raped ranged from twenty thousand to as many as eighty thousand, and stated that women from all classes were raped, including Buddhist nuns. Furthermore, rape occurred in all locations and at all hours, and women both very young and very old were raped. Not even pregnant women were spared, Chang wrote, and that after gang rape, Japanese soldiers "sometimes slashed open the bellies of pregnant women and ripped out the fetuses for amusement". Not all rape victims were women, according to the book, Chinese men were sodomized and forced to perform repulsive sexual acts. Some were forced to commit incest—fathers to rape their own daughters, brothers their sisters, sons their mothers.
　　[edit]Death toll
　　Chang wrote of the death toll estimates given by different sources; Chinese military specialist Liu Fang-chu proposed a figure of 430,000, officials at the Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall and the procurator of the District Court of Nanjing in 1946 stated at least 300,000 were killed, the International Military Tribunal for the Far East (IMTFE) judges concluded that more than 260,000 people were killed, Japanese historian Fujiwara Akira approximated 200,000, John Rabe, who "never conducted a systematic count and left Nanking in February", estimated only 50,000 to 60,000, and Japanese author Ikuhiko Hata argued the number killed was between 38,000 and 42,000.
　　The book discussed the research of historian Sun Zhaiwei of the Jiangsu Academy of Social Sciences. In a 1990 paper entitled The Nanking Massacre and the Nanking Population, Sun estimated the total number of people killed at 377,400. Using Chinese burial records, he calculated that the number dead exceeded the figure of 227,400. He then added estimates totaling 150,000 given by Japanese imperial army major Ohta Hisao in a confessional report about the Japanese army's disposal efforts of dead bodies, arriving at the sum of 377,400 dead.
　　Chang wrote that there is "compelling evidence" that the Japanese themselves, at the time, believed that the death toll may have been as high as 300,000. She cited a message that Japan's foreign minister Hirota Koki relayed to his contacts in Washington, DC in the first month of the massacre on January 17, 1938. The message acknowledged that "not less than three hundred thousand Chinese civilians [were] slaughtered, many cases in cold blood."
　　[edit]Acclaim
　　
　　
　　
　　Second edition (1998) of the book.
　　The Rape of Nanking sold more than half a million copies when it was first published in the US, and according to The New York Times, received general critical acclaim. Iris Chang became an instant celebrity in the US; she was awarded honorary degrees, invited to give lectures and to discuss the Nanking Massacre on shows such as Good Morning America, Nightline, and The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer, and was profiled by The New York Times as well as featured on the cover of Reader's Digest. The book was on the New York Times' Best Seller list for 10 weeks and sold more than 125,000 copies in four months. Hillary Clinton invited her to the White House, US historian Stephen Ambrose described her as "maybe the best young historian we’ve got", and the Organization of Chinese Americans named her National Woman of the Year. The book's popularity prompted a lengthy book tour, with Chang visiting 65 cities in over a year and a half.
　　The book received praise from news media. The Wall Street Journal wrote that it was the "first comprehensive examination of the destruction of this Chinese imperial city", and that Chang "skillfully excavated from oblivion the terrible events that took place". The Atlantic Monthly wrote that it was "a crushing indictment of the Japanese army's behavior". The Chicago Tribune wrote that it was "a powerful new work of history and moral inquiry" and that "Chang takes great care to establish an accurate accounting of the dimensions of the violence." The Philadelphia Inquirer wrote that it was a "compelling account of a horrendous episode that, until recently, has been largely forgotten", and that "animals do not behave the way the Japanese troops of the Imperial Army behaved."
　　According to William C. Kirby, Professor of History at Harvard University, Chang "shows more clearly than any previous account just what [the Japanese] did", and that she "draws connections between the slaughter in Europe and in Asia of millions of innocents during World War II". Ross Terrill, an associate in research at the Fairbank Center for East Asian Research at Harvard University, wrote that the book is "scholarly, an exciting investigation and a work of passion". Beatrice S. Bartlett, Emeritus Professor of History at Yale University, wrote, "Iris Chang's research on the Nanking holocaust yields a new and expanded telling of this World War II atrocity and reflects thorough research."
　　[edit]Chang's death
　　The book was the main source of fame for Iris Chang, who was well-respected in China for raising awareness of the Nanking Massacre in the Western world. At the same time, Chang received hate mail (primarily from Japanese ultranationalists), threatening notes on her car and believed her phone was tapped. She would respond overwhelmingly to any question of the validity of her work. Her own mother said the book "made Iris sad". Chang suffered from depression and was diagnosed with "brief reactive psychosis" in August 2004. She began taking medications to stabilize her mood. She wrote:
　　I can never shake my belief that I was being recruited, and later persecuted, by forces more powerful than I could have imagined. Whether it was the CIA or some other organization I will never know. As long as I am alive, these forces will never stop hounding me.
　　Succumbing to her battle with depression, Chang took her own life in November 2004. After her suicide, a memorial service was held in China by Nanking Massacre survivors at the same time as her funeral in Los Altos, California, and the Memorial Hall of the Victims in the Nanjing Massacre, a memorial site in Nanjing built to commemorate the victims of the Nanking Massacre, added a wing dedicated to her in 2005.
　　In the US, a Chinese garden in Norfolk, Virginia, which contains a memorial to Minnie Vautrin, added a memorial dedicated to Chang, including her as the latest victim of the Nanking Massacre, and drawing parallels between Chang and Vautrin, who also took her own life. Vautrin exhausted herself trying to protect women and children during the Nanking Massacre and subsequently during the Japanese occupation of Nanjing, finally suffering a nervous breakdown in 1940. She returned to the US for medical treatment, committing suicide a year later.
　　[edit]Criticism
　　
　　Joshua A. Fogel, Canada Research Chair at York University, argued that the book is "seriously flawed" and "full of misinformation and harebrained explanations." He suggested that the book "starts to fall apart" when Chang tried to explain why the massacre took place, as she repeatedly commented on "the Japanese psyche" which she sees as "the historical product of centuries of conditioning that all boil down to mass murder" even though in the introduction, she wrote that she will offer no "commentary on the Japanese character or the genetic makeup of a people who could commit such acts". Fogel criticized that part of the problem is Chang's "lack of training as a historian" and another part is "the book's dual aim as passionate polemic and dispassionate history". David M. Kennedy, a Pulitzer Prize winning professor of history at Stanford University, also pointed out that while Chang noted that "this book is not intended as a commentary on the Japanese character," she then wrote about the "'Japanese identity'—a bloody business, in her estimation, replete with martial competitions, samurai ethics, and the fearsome warriors' code of bushido", making the inference that "'the path to Nanking' runs through the very marrow of Japanese culture." Kennedy also suggested that "accusation and outrage, rather than analysis and understanding, are this book's dominant motifs, and although outrage is a morally necessary response to Nanjing, it is an intellectually insufficient one." Roger B. Jeans, professor of history at Washington and Lee University, refers to Chang's book as "half-baked history", and criticizes her lack of experience with the subject matter:
　　In writing about this horrific event, Chang strives to portray it as an unexamined Asian holocaust. Unfortunately, she undermines her argument—she is not a trained historian—by neglecting the wealth of sources in English and Japanese on this event. This leads her into errors such as greatly inflating the population of Nanjing (Nanking) at that time and uncritically accepting the Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal and contemporary Chinese figures for the numbers of Chinese civilians and soldiers killed. What particularly struck me about her argument was her attempt to charge all Japanese with refusing to accept the fact of the 'Rape of Nanking' and her condemnation of the 'persistent Japanese refusal to come to terms with its past.'
　　Jeans continued what he calls "giving the lie to Iris Chang's generalizations about 'the Japanese'" by discussing the clashing interest groups within Japanese society over such things as museums, textbooks, and war memory.
　　Robert Entenmann, professor of history at St. Olaf College, criticized the work on the grounds that the "Japanese historical background Chang presents is clichéd, simplistic, stereotyped, and often inaccurate." On Chang's treatment of modern Japanese reaction to the massacre, he writes that Chang seemed "unable to differentiate between some members of the ultranationalist fringe and other Japanese", and that "her own ethnic prejudice implicitly pervades her book." Stating that Chang's description of the massacre is "open to criticism", Entenmann further commented that Chang "does not adequately explain why the massacre occurred".
　　Journalist Timothy M. Kelly described Chang's work as exhibiting "simple carelessness, sheer sloppiness, historical inaccuracies, and shameless plagiarism." Kelly further criticized Chang for her "lack of attention to detail".[note 1] Finally, Kelly charged that Chang also had plagiarized passages and an illustration from Japan's Imperial Conspiracy by David Bergamini.
　　Kennedy criticized Chang's accusation of "Western indifference" and "Japanese denial" of the massacre as being "exaggerated", commenting that "the Western world in fact neither then nor later ignored the Rape of Nanking" and that "nor is Chang entirely correct that Japan has obstinately refused to acknowledge its wartime crimes, let alone express regret for them." Chang argues that Japan "remains to this day a renegade nation," having "managed to avoid the moral judgment of the civilized world that the Germans were made to accept for their actions in this nightmare time." However, according to Kennedy, this accusation has already become a cliché of Western criticism of Japan, most notably exemplified by Ian Buruma's The Wages of Guilt (1994), whose general thesis might be summarized as "Germany remembers too much, Japan too little." Kennedy pointed out that a vocal Japanese left has long kept the memory of Nanking alive, noting the 1995 resolution of Japan's House of Councillors that expressed "deep remorse" (fukai hansei) for the suffering that Japan inflicted on other peoples during World War II and clear apologies (owabi) for Imperial Japan's offenses against other nations from two Japanese Prime Ministers.
　　Sonni Efron of Los Angeles Times warned that the bitter row over Iris Chang's book may leave Westerners with the "misimpression" that little has been written in Japan about the Nanjing Massacre, when in fact the National Diet Library holds at least 42 books about the Nanjing massacre and Japan's wartime misdeeds, 21 of which were written by liberals investigating Japan's wartime atrocities. In addition, Efron noted that geriatric Japanese soldiers have published their memoirs and have been giving speeches and interviews in increasing numbers, recounting the atrocities they committed or witnessed. After years of government-enforced denial, Japanese middle school textbooks now carry accounts of the Nanjing massacre as accepted truth. Fogel also writes: "Dozens of Japanese scholars are now actively engaged in research on every aspect of the war.... Indeed, we know many details of the Nanjing massacre, Japanese sexual exploitation of 'comfort women,' and biological and chemical warfare used in China because of the trailblazing research" of Japanese scholars.
　　[edit]Responding to criticism
　　
　　
　　The original version of a photograph used by Chang—the accuracy of the caption in the book is disputed
　　San Francisco Chronicle Staff Writer Charles Burress wrote that Chang's quote of a secret telegram sent by Japan's foreign minister in 1938 was incorrectly cited as "compelling evidence" that Japanese troops killed at least 300,000 Chinese civilians in Nanjing. According to Burress, the figure of 300,000 Chinese civilians killed actually came from a message sent by a British reporter, concerning deaths not only in Nanjing but in other places as well. Additionally, Burress questioned her motivation for writing the book on whether she wrote it as an activist or as a historian, citing that the book "draws its emotional impetus" from her conviction to not let the Nanking Massacre be forgotten to the world. Burress also cited Ikuhiko Hata, a Japanese history professor at Nihon University, who argued that 11 photos in the book were misrepresented or fake. One particular photo shows women and children walking across a bridge with Japanese soldiers, and captioned as "The Japanese rounded up thousands of women. Most were gang-raped or forced into military prostitution." Hata stated that the photo originally appeared in 1937 in a Japanese newspaper as part of a series of photos that showed peaceful scenes of Chinese villagers under Japanese occupation.
　　Chang attempted to respond to Burress' criticism in a letter written to the San Francisco Chronicle, but the letter was not published by the newspaper. In the letter, she offered criticism of her own concerning Burress' article. Chang found that it was a "disturbing tendency" that Burress quoted right-wing Japanese critics "without demanding evidence to back up their allegations". Furthermore, she argued that Ikuhiko Hata, a source cited by Burress, was not "regarded as a serious scholar" either in Japan or in the US, because he was a regular contributor to "ultra right-wing" Japanese publications. One such publication had published an article from a Holocaust denier which argued that no gas chambers were used in Germany to kill Jews. This has caused the parent publisher to shut down the publication. On Burress' criticism of her inaccurate photo captioning, Chang disputed the contention that the caption was wrong. She wrote that her book dealt with the "horror of the Japanese invasion of China", and that the caption reading "The Japanese rounded up thousands of women. Most were gang-raped or forced into military prostitution" contained two statements of indisputable facts.
　　Chang also issued a rejoinder against Burress' argument that she incorrectly cited a telegram sent by Japan's foreign minister. She wrote that while the original figure of 300,000 Chinese civilian deaths in Nanjing was reported by a British reporter, this figure was cited in a message that Japan's foreign minister sent to his contacts in Washington, DC. Being a figure used by a high-ranking Japanese government official, Chang argued that this was evidence that the Japanese government recognized 300,000 as the number of Chinese civilian deaths. Finally, she criticized Burress for his "nitpick" of small details in order to draw attention away from the scope and magnitude of the Nanking Massacre, writing that such was a "common tactic" of Holocaust deniers.
　　[edit]Reaction in Japan
　　
　　
　　
　　Japanese translation of the book, published in December 2007
　　The Rape of Nanking has caused controversy in Japan. Los Angeles Times staff writer Sonni Efron reported that in addition to receiving criticism by Japanese "ultranationalists" who believe that the massacre in Nanjing never took place, Chang was also criticized by Japanese liberals, who "insist the massacre happened but allege that Chang's flawed scholarship damages their cause". Associate Professor David Askew of Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University stated that Chang's work dealt a "severe blow" to the "Great Massacre School" of thought, which advocates for the validity of the findings at the Tokyo Trials, the tribunal that was convened to try the leaders of the Empire of Japan for crimes committed during World War II. Askew further argued that "the Great Massacre School has thus been forced into the (unusual) position of criticising a work that argues for a larger death toll."
　　Following the publication of The Rape of Nanking, Japanese critic Masaaki Tanaka decided to have his 1987 book on Nanking translated into English. Entitled What Really Happened in Nanking: the Refutation of a Common Myth, Tanaka states in his introduction "I am convinced that [American researchers] will arrive at the realization that violations of international law of the magnitude alleged by Iris Chang in The Rape of Nanking (more than 300,000 murders and 80,000 rapes) never took place."
　　Chang's book was not published in a translated Japanese language edition until December 2007. Problems with translation efforts surfaced immediately after a contract was signed for the Japanese publishing of the book. A Japanese literary agency informed Chang that several Japanese historians declined to review the translation, and that one professor backed out due to pressure placed on his family from "an unknown organization". According to Japan scholar Ivan P. Hall, revisionist historians in Japan organized a committee of right-wing scholars to condemn the book with repeated appearances at the Foreign Correspondents' Club in Tokyo and throughout Japan. They prevailed on Kashiwa Shobo, the contracted Japanese publisher of the book, to insist that Chang edit the book for "corrections" they wanted made, to delete photographs and alter maps, and to publish a rebuttal to Chang's book. Chang disagreed with the changes and, as a result, withdrew the Japanese publishing of the book. The rebuttal piece was nonetheless published in the form of a 288-page book, titled A study of The Rape of Nanking, written by Nobukatsu Fujioka and Shudo Higashinakano.
　　Shudo Higashinakano, a professor of Intellectual History at Asia University of Japan, argued in an opinion column that appeared in Sankei Shimbun that the book was "pure baloney", that there was "no witness of illegal executions or murders", and that "there existed no 'Rape of Nanking' as alleged by the Tokyo Trial." He pointed out 90 historical factual errors in the first 64 pages of The Rape of Nanking, some of which were corrected in the 1998 Penguin Books edition of the book.