zài lì shǐ shàng duō dé nán yǐ shù jì de zìzhuàn zuò pǐn zhōng, zhēn zhèng yòu wén xué jià zhí de xiǎn rán bìng bù duō, ér chéng wéi wén xué míng zhù de zé gèng shǎo。 zhì yú yǐ qí sī xiǎng、 yì shù hé fēng gé shàng de zhòng yào yì yì 'ér diàn dìng liǎo zhuàn xiě zhě de wén xué dì wèi héng héng bù shì yī gè pǔ tōng de wén xué xí wèi, ér shì cháng jiǔ dì shòu rén jǐng yǎng de chóng gāo dì wèi de, yě xǔ zhǐ yòu《 chàn huǐ lù》 liǎo。 ràng - yǎ kè · lú suō zhè gè bù lùn zài shè huì zhèng zhì sī xiǎng shàng, zài wén xué nèi róng、 fēng gé hé qíng diào shàng dū kāipì liǎo yī gè xīn de shí dài de rén wù, zhù yào jiù shì tōng guò zhè bù zìzhuàn tuī dòng hé qǐ fā liǎo shí jiǔ shì jì de fǎ guó wén xué, shǐ tā héng héng yòng dāng shí hěn yòu quán wēi de yī wèi pī píng jiā de huà lái shuō héng héng “ huò dé zuì dà de jìn bù ”、“ zì bā sī kā yǐ lái zuì dà de gé mìng”, zhè wèi pī píng jiā qiān xū dì chéng rèn:“ wǒ men shí jiǔ shì jì de rén jiù shì cóng zhè cì gé mìng lǐ chū lái de”。
xiě zìzhuàn zǒng shì zài wǎn nián, yī bān dōushì zài gōng chéng míng jiù、 yōu huàn yǐ chéng guò qù de shí hòu, rán 'ér duì yú lú suō lái shuō, tā zhè xiě zìzhuàn de wǎn nián shì zěn yàng de yī gè wǎn nián 'ā!
yī qī liù 'èr nián, tā wǔ shí suì, kān yìn tā de zhù zuò de shū shāng, ā mǔ sī tè dān de mǎ 'ěr kè- mǐ xiè 'ěr · léi yī, jiàn yì tā xiě yī bù zìzhuàn。 háo wú yí wèn, xiàng tā zhè yàng yī gè píng mín chū shēn、 zǒu guò liǎo màn cháng de kǎn kě de dào lù、 tōng guò zì xué hé gè rén fèn dǒu jū rán chéng wéi zhī shí jiè de jù zǐ、 míng shēng chuán biàn zhěng gè fǎ guó de rén wù, díquè zuì yí yú xiě zìzhuàn zuò pǐn liǎo, hé kuàng zài tā de shēng huó jīng lì zhōng hái chōng mǎn liǎo wǔ guāng shí sè hé xì jù xìng。 dàn lú suō bìng méi yòu jiē shòu zhè gè jiàn yì, xiǎn rán shì yīn wéi zìzhuàn jiāng huì qiān shè dào yī xiē dāng shí de rén hé shì, ér lú suō shì bù yuàn yì zhè yàng zuò de。 qíng kuàng dào《 ài mí 'ér》 chū bǎn hòu yòu liǎo biàn huà, dà lǐ yuàn xià lìng fén shāo zhè bù chù nù liǎo fēng jiàn tǒng zhì jiē jí de zuò pǐn, bìng yào dài bǔ zuò zhě, cóng cǐ, tā bèi dāng zuò“ fēng zǐ”、“ yě mán rén” ér zāo dào jǐn zhuī bùshě de pò hài, kāi shǐ liǎo táo wáng de shēng huó。 tā táo dào ruì shì, ruì shì dāng jú yě xià lìng shāo tā de shū, tā táo dào pǔ lǔ shì de shǔ dì mò dì yà, jiào huì fā biǎo wén gào xuān bù tā shì shàng dì de dí rén, tā méi fǎ jì xù dāi xià qù, yòu liú wáng dào shèng bǐ dé dǎo。 duì tā lái shuō, guān fāng de pàn jué hé jiào huì de qiǎn zé yǐ jīng shì gòu yán kù de liǎo, gèng chén zhòng de yī jī yòu jiē zhàng 'ér lái: yī qī liù wǔ nián chū xiàn liǎo yī běn tí míng wéi《 gōng mín men de gǎn qíng》 de xiǎo cè zǐ, duì lú suō de gè rén shēng huó hé rén pǐn jìn xíng liǎo gōng jī, lìng rén tòng xīn de shì, zhè yī gōng jī bìng bù shì lái zì dí rén de yíng lěi, ér xiǎn rán shì yǒu jūn zhī suǒ wéi。 lú suō yǎn jiàn zì jǐ yòu bèi mǒ dé qī hēi、 chéng wéi yī gè qiān gǔ zuì rén de wēi xiǎn, pò qiē gǎn dào yòu wéi zì jǐ biàn hù de bì yào, yú shì zài zhè yī nián, dāng tā liú wáng zài mò dì yà de shí hòu, tā huái zhe bēi fèn de xīn qíng kāi shǐ xiě tā de zìzhuàn。
zhěng gè zìzhuàn shì zài diān pèi liú lí de táo wáng shēng huó zhōng duàn duàn xù xù wán chéng de。 zài mò dì 'āi hé pí 'āi 'ěr dǎo shí, tā jǐn jǐn xiě liǎo dì yī zhāng, táo dào yīng guó de wǔ tōng hòu, tā wán chéng liǎo dì yī zhāng dào dì wǔ zhāng qián bàn bù fēn, dì wǔ zhāng dào dì liù zhāng zé shì tā huí dào fǎ guó hòu, yī qī liù qī nián zhù zài tè lì bǎo shí wán chéng de, zhè jiù shì《 chàn huǐ lù》 de dì yī bù。 jīng guò liǎng nián de zhōng duàn, tā yú yī qī liù jiǔ nián yòu kāi shǐ xiě zìzhuàn de dì qī zhāng zhì dì shí 'èr zhāng, jí《 chàn huǐ lù》 de dì 'èr bù, qí zhōng dà bù fēn shì tā táo bì zài wài shěng de qī jiān xiě chū lái de, zhǐ yòu mò wěi yī zhāng wán chéng yú tā huí dào liǎo bā lí zhī hòu, zuì hòu“ jùn gōng” de rì qī shì yī qī qī nián shí yī yuè。 cǐ hòu, tā zài gū dú hé bù xìng zhōng huó liǎo jiāng jìn bā nián, jì xù xiě liǎo zìzhuàn de xù piān《 yī gè gū dú de sàn bù zhě de mèng xiǎng》。
《 chàn huǐ lù》 jiù shì lú suō bēi cǎn de wǎn nián de chǎn wù, rú guǒ yào jǔ chū tā nà xiē bù xìng suì yuè zhōng zuì zhòng yào de、 shèn zhì shì wéi yī de nèi róng, nà jiù shì zhè yī bù càn hé zhe xīn suān de shū liǎo。 zhè yàng yī bù zài cán kù pò hài xià xiě chéng de zìzhuàn, yī bù zài sì miàn shòu dí de qíng kuàng xià wéi zì jǐ de cún zài biàn hù de zìzhuàn, zěn me huì bù chōng mǎn yī zhǒng bī rén de bēi fèn? tā nà zhù míng de kāi piān, yī xià zǐ jiù xiǎn chū liǎo zhè zhǒng bēi fèn suǒ jù yòu de zhèn hàn rén xīn de lì liàng: zhè shì shì jiè shàng jué wú jǐn yòu、 yě xǔ yǒng yuǎn bù huì zài yòu de yī fú wán quán yǐ zhào běn lái miàn mù hé quán bù shì shí miáo huì chū lái de rén xiàng。 bù guǎn nǐ shì shuí, zhǐ yào wǒ de mìng yùn huò wǒ de xìn rèn shǐ nǐ chéng wéi zhè běn shū de cái pàn rén, nà me wǒ jiāng wèile wǒ de kǔ nán, zhàng zhe nǐ de cè yǐn zhī xīn, bìng yǐ quán rén lèi de míng yì kěn qiú nǐ, bù yào mǒ shā zhè bù yòu yòng de dú tè de zhù zuò, tā kě yǐ zuò wéi guān yú rén de yán jiū héng héng zhè mén xué wèn wú yí shàng yòu dài yú chuàng jiàn héng héng de dì yī fèn cān kǎo cái liào; yě bù yào wèile zhào gù wǒ shēn hòu de míng shēng, máimò zhè bù guān yú wǒ de mò bèi dí rén wāi qū de xìng gé de wéi yī kě kào jìzǎi。 zuì hòu, jí shǐ nǐ céng jīng shì wǒ de yī gè bù gòng dài tiān de dí rén, yě qǐng nǐ duì wǒ de yí hái bù yào bào rèn hé dí yì, bù yào bǎ nǐ de cán kù wú qíng de bù gōng zhèng xíng wéi jiān chí dào nǐ wǒdōu yǐ bù fù shēng cún de shí dài, zhè yàng, nǐ zhì shǎo néng gòu yòu yī cì gāo guì de biǎo xiàn, jí dāng nǐ běn lái kě yǐ xiōng hěn dì jìn xíng bào fù shí, nǐ què biǎo xiàn dé kuān hóng dà liàng; rú guǒ shuō, jiā hài yú yī gè cóng lái bù céng huò bù yuàn shāng hài bié rén de rén, yě kě yǐ chēng zhī wéi bào fù de huà。
zuò zhě jiǎn jiè
ràng- yǎ kè · lú suō
lú suō miàn duì zhe zhǒng zhǒng qiǎn zé hé wū miè、 zhòngshāng hé qū jiě, zì xìn tā bǐ nà xiē pò hài hé gōng jī tā de dà rén xiān shēng、 zhèng rén jūn zǐ men lái dé gāo shàng chún jié、 chéng shí zì rán, yī kāi shǐ jiù xiàng zì jǐ de shí dài shè huì tí chū liǎo yǒng gǎn de tiǎo zhàn:“ bù guǎn mò rì shěn pàn de hào jiǎo shénme shí hòu chuī xiǎng。 wǒdōu gǎn ná zhe zhè běn shū zǒu dào zhì gāo wú shàng de shěn pàn zhě miàn qián, guǒ gǎn dì dà shēng shuō: ‘ qǐng kàn! zhè jiù shì wǒ suǒ zuò guò de, zhè jiù shì wǒ suǒ xiǎng guò de, wǒ dāng shí jiù shì nà yàng de rén …… qǐng nǐ bǎ nà wú shù de zhòng shēng jiào dào wǒ gēn qián lái! ràng tā men tīng tīng wǒ de chàn huǐ…… rán hòu, ràng tā men měi yī gè rén zài nín de bǎo zuò qián miàn, tóng yàng zhēn chéng dì pī lù zì jǐ de xīn líng, kàn yòu shuí gǎn yú duì nín shuō: wǒ bǐ zhè gè rén hǎo, ’”
zhè dìng xià liǎo quán shū de lùn biàn hé duì kàng de jī diào。 zài zhè duì kàng de jī diào hòu miàn, xiǎn rán yòu zhe yī zhǒng jī liè de chōng tū, jí lú suō yǔ shè huì de chōng tū, zhè zhǒng chōng tū jué bù shì chǎn shēng yú 'ǒu rán de shì jiàn hé jiū gé, ér shì yòu zhe shēn kè de shè huì jiē jí gēn yóu de。
lú suō zhè yī gè zhōng biǎo jiàng de 'ér zǐ, cóng mín zhù zhèng tǐ de rì nèi wǎ zǒu dào fēng jiàn zhuān zhì zhù yì zhī dū bā lí, cóng xià céng rén mín zhōng zǒu jìn liǎo fǎ lán xī sī xiǎng jiè, xiàng tā zhè yàng yī gè shēn shàng dài zhe chén tǔ、 jīng cháng yī shí wú zhe de liú làng hàn, hé zhěng gè guì zú shàng liú shè huì dāng rán shì liǎng gè bù tóng de shì jiè, jí shǐ hé tóng yī yíng lěi de qí tā qǐ méng sī xiǎng jiā mèng dé sī jiū、 fú 'ěr tài、 dí dé luó yě yòu hěn dà de bù tóng。 mèng dé sī jiū zuò wéi yī gè yōng yòu zì jǐ de zhuāng yuán、 tóng shí jīng yíng gōng shāng yè de chuān páo guì zú, yī shēng guò zhe 'ān yì de shēng huó; fú 'ěr tài běn rén jiù shì yī gè dà zī chǎn zhě, jiā yòu wàn guàn zhī cái, yī zhí shì zài shè huì shàng céng huó dòng; dí dé luó yě shì chū shēn yú fù yù de jiā tíng, tā suī rán yě guò guò qīng pín de rì zǐ, bì jìng méi yòu lú suō nà zhǒng zhí jiē lái zì shè huì dǐ céng de jīng lì。 lú suō dāng guò xué tú、 pú rén、 huǒ jì、 suí cóng, xiàng qǐ gài yī yàng jìn guò shōu róng suǒ, zhǐ shì zài jīng guò cháng qī qín fèn de zì xué hé gè rén fèn dǒu zhī hòu, cái zhú jiàn tuō diào tīng chā de hào yī, chéng liǎo yīnyuè jiào shī、 mì shū、 zhí yè zuò jiā。 zhè jiù shǐ tā yòu tiáo jiàn bǎ zhè gè jiē céng de qíng xù、 yuàn wàng hé jīng shén dài jìn shí bā shì jì de wén xué。 tā dì yī piān yǐn qǐ quán fǎ lán xī zhǔ mùdì lùn wén《 lùn kē xué yǔ yì shù》( 1750) zhōng nà zhǒng duì fēng jiàn wén míng yī bǐ fǒu dìng de yǒng qì, nà zhǒng gǎn yú fǎn duì“ rén rén zūn jìng de shì wù” de zhàn dǒu jīng shén hé 'ào shì chuán tǒng guān niàn de pàn nì tài dù, bù zhèng fǎn yìng liǎo shè huì xià céng nà zhǒng jī liè de qíng xù? diàn dìng liǎo tā zài zhěng gè 'ōu zhōu sī xiǎng shǐ shàng chóng gāo dì wèi de《 lùn rén lèi bù píng děng de qǐ yuán hé jī chǔ》( 1775) hé《 mín yuē lùn》( 1762) duì shè huì bù píng děng hé nú yì de pī pàn, duì píng děng、 zì yóu de gē sòng, duì“ zhù quán zài mín” yuán zé de xuān chuán, bù zhèng tǐ xiàn liǎo shí bā shì jì píng mín jiē céng zài zhèng zhì shàng de yào qiú hé lǐ xiǎng? tā nà shǐ dé“ luò yáng zhǐ guì” de xiǎo shuō《 xīn 'ài luò yī sī》 yòu tōng guò yī gè 'ài qíng bēi jù wéi yōu xiù de píng mín rén wù zhēng jī běn rén quán, ér dài gěi tā bēi cǎn mìng yùn de《 ài mí 'ér》 zé bǎ píng mín láo dòng zhě dāng zuò rén de lǐ xiǎng。 yīn cǐ, dāng lú suō dēng shàng liǎo shí bā shì jì sī xiǎng wén huà de lì shǐ wǔ tái de shí hòu, tā yě jiù tián bǔ liǎo nà gè zài lì shǐ shàng cháng qī kōng zhe de píng mín sī xiǎng jiā de xí wèi。
dàn lú suō suǒ shēng huó de shí dài shè huì, duì yī gè píng mín sī xiǎng jiā lái shuō, shì wán quán dí duì de。 cóng tā kāi shǐ fā biǎo dì yī piān lùn wén de wǔ shí nián dài dào tā wán chéng《 chàn huǐ lù》 de qī shí nián dài, zhèng shì fǎ guó fēng jiàn zhuān zhì zhù yì zuì hòu zhēngzhá de shí qī, tā shì shì hòu shí yī nián jiù bào fā liǎo zī chǎn jiē jí gé mìng。 zhè gè shí qī, yòu jǐ bǎi nián lì shǐ de fēng jiàn zhù yì tǒng zhì yǐ jīng dào liǎo shān qióng shuǐ jìn de jìng dì。 cháng qī yǐ lái, fēng jiàn shēng chǎn guān xì suǒ gù yòu de máo dùn、 chén zhòng de fēng jiàn yā zhà yǐ jīng shǐ dé mín bù liáo shēng, nóng yè shēng chǎn dī luò; duì xīn jiào tú de zōng jiào pò hài qū shǐ dà liàng shú liàn gōng jiàng wài liú, dǎo zhì liǎo gōng shāng yè de diāo bì; lù yì shí sì wǎn nián yī lián chuàn duì wài zhàn zhēng hé gōng tíng shēng huó de shē chǐ làng fèi yòu shǐ guó kù kōng xū; lù yì shí wǔ zuì shēng mèng sǐ de huāng yín gèng bǎ fēng jiàn guó jiā tuī dào liǎo quán miàn pò chǎn de biān yuán, yǐ zhì dào lù yì shí liù de shí hòu, mǒu xiē gǎi liáng zhù yì de cháng shì yě wú fǎ wǎn jiù bì rán huǐ miè de mìng yùn liǎo。 zhè zuì hòu de nián dài shì fǔ xiǔ、 fēng kuáng de nián dài, fēng jiàn guì zú tǒng zhì jiē jí yù shì jí jiāng miè dǐng, yù shì wán gù dì yào wéi hù zì jǐ de tè quán hé tǒng zhì。 dù 'ěr guǒ dāng shàng cái zhèng zǒng jiān hòu, tí chū liǎo yī xiē zhǐ zài wǎn jiù wēi jī de gǎi liáng zhù yì cuò shī, yīn 'ér chù fàn liǎo guì zú tè quán jiē jí de lì yì, hěn kuài jiù bèi gǎn xià liǎo tái。 tā de jì rèn zhě nèi kè jǐn jǐn bǎ gōng tíng páng dà de kāi zhī gōng zhī yú zhòng, chù nù liǎo gōng tíng quán guì, yě zāo dào miǎn zhí。 jì rán zì shàng 'ér xià de zhǐ zài wéi hù fēng jiàn tǒng zhì gēn běn lì yì de gǎi liáng zhù yì yě bùwèi tè quán jiē jí suǒ róng xǔ, nà me, zì xià 'ér shàng de fǎn duì hé duì kàng dāng rán gèng yào shòu dào zhèn yā。 fēng jiàn zhuān zhì zhù yì de dǐng shèng suī rán yǐ jīng yī qù bù fù fǎn, dàn zhuān zhì zhù yì de yín wēi zhè shí bìng bù shāo jiǎn。 fú 'ěr tài hé dí dé luó dū jìn guò jiān yù, shòu guò pò hài。 zhè shì shí bā shì jì sī xiǎng jiā de mìng yùn hé biāo zhì。 děng dài zhe sī xiǎng jiā lú suō de, jiù zhèng shì zhè zhǒng shè huì de hé jiē jí de bì rán xìng, hé kuàng zhè gè lái zì mín jiān de rén wù, sī xiǎng gèng wéi jī liè, tài dù gèng wéi gū 'ào: tā jū rán jù jué guó wáng de jiē jiàn hé cì gěi nián jīn; tā jìng rán biǎo shì yàn 'è bā lí de fán huá hé shàng liú shè huì de shē chǐ; tā hái dǎn gǎn duì“ gāo guì de děng jí” jìn xíng rú cǐ jī liè de zhǐ zé:“ guì zú, zhè zài yī gè guó jiā lǐ zhǐ bù guò shì yòu hài 'ér wú yòng de tè quán, nǐ men rú cǐ kuā yào de guì zú tóu xián yòu shénme kě lìng rén zūn jìng de? nǐ men guì zú jiē jí duì zǔ guó de guāng róng、 rén lèi de xìng fú yòu shénme gòng xiàn! nǐ men shì fǎ lǜ hé zì yóu de sǐ dí, fán shì zài guì zú jiē jí xiǎn hè bù kě yī shì de guó jiā, chú liǎo zhuān zhì de bào lì hé duì rén mín de yā pò yǐ wài hái yòu shénme?”
zhù zuò nèi róng gěng gài yǔ qiǎn xī
《 chàn hǎi lù》 jiù shì zhè yàng yī gè jī jìn de píng mín sī xiǎng jiā yǔ fǎn dòng tǒng zhì jī liè chōng tū de jiēguǒ。 tā shì yī gè píng mín zhī shí fènzǐ zài fēng jiàn zhuān zhì yā pò miàn qián wéi hù zì jǐ bù jǐn shì zuò wéi yī gè rén、 gèng zhòng yào de shì zuò wéi yī gè pǔ tōng rén de rén quán hé zūn yán de zuò pǐn, shì duì tǒng zhì jiē jí pò hài hé wū miè de fǎn jī。 tā shǒu xiān shǐ wǒ men gǎn dào kě guì de shì, qí zhōng chōng mǎn liǎo píng mín de zì xìn、 zì zhòng hé jiāo 'ào, zǒng zhī, yī zhǒng gāo 'áng de píng mín jīng shén。
yóu yú zuò zhě de jīng lì, tā yòu tiáo jiàn zài zhè bù zìzhuàn lǐ zhǎn shì yī gè píng mín de shì jiè, shǐ wǒ men kàn dào shí bā shì jì de nǚ pú、 tīngchāi、 nóng mín、 xiǎo diàn zhù、 xià céng zhī shí fènzǐ yǐ jí lú suō zì jǐ de píng mín jiā zú: zhōng biǎo jiàng、 jì shī、 xiǎo zī chǎn jiē jí fù nǚ。 bǎ zhè yàng duō de píng mín xíng xiàng dài jìn shí bā shì jì wén xué, zài lú suō zhī qián zhǐ yòu lè · sà rì。 dàn lè · sà rì zài《 jí 'ěr · bù lā sī》 zhōng wǎng wǎng zhǐ shì bǎ zhè xiē rén wù dāng zuò bù duàn màn yán de gù shì qíng jié de yī bù fēn, xiàn yú miáo xiě tā men de wài bù xíng xiàng。 lú suō zài《 chàn huǐ lù》 zhōng zé wán quán bù tóng, tā suǒ zhù zhòng de shì zhè xiē píng mín rén wù de sī xiǎng gǎn qíng、 pǐn zhì、 rén gé hé xìng gé tè diǎn, suī rán《 chàn huǐ lù》 duì zhè xiē rén wù de xíng mào de miáo xiě shì hěn bù chōng fēn de, dàn què zú yǐ shǐ dú zhě liǎo jiě shí bā shì jì zhè gè jiē céng de jīng shén zhuàng kuàng、 dào dé shuǐ píng、 àihào yǔ xīng qù、 yuàn wàng yǔ zhuī qiú。 zài zhè lǐ, lú suō zhì lì yú fā jué píng mín de jīng shén jìng jiè zhōng yī qiē yòu jià zhí de dōng xī: zì rán chún pǔ de rén xìng、 zhí dé zàn měi de dào dé qíng cāo、 chū sè de cōng míng cái zhì hé jiàn kāng de shēng huó qù wèi děng děng。 tā bǎ tā píng mín jiā tíng zhōng nà qīnqiè níng jìng de róu qíng miáo xiěde duō me dòng rén 'ā, shǐ tā zài nà bīng lěng wú qíng de shè huì dà hǎi de bèi jǐng shàng, xiàng shì yī gè shǐ zhōng zhào huàn zhe tā de wēn qíng zhī dǎo。 tā bǐ xià de nóng mín dōushì yī xiē pǔ shí de xíng xiàng, tè bié shì nà gè mào zhe bèi shuì lì fā jiàn hòu jiù huì bèi bī dé pò chǎn de ná chū fēng shèng shí wù kuǎn dài tā de nóng mín, biǎo xiàn liǎo duō me gāo guì de kāng kǎi; tā yù dào de nà gè xiǎo diàn zhù shì nà me zhōng hòu hé fù yòu tóng qíng xīn, jìng yǔn xǔ yī gè sù bù xiāng shí de liú làng zhě zài tā diàn lǐ piàn chī liǎo yī dùn fàn; tā qīn mì de huǒ bàn、 huá lún fū rén de nán pú 'ā nài bù jǐn rén gé gāo shàng, ér qiě yòu guǎng bó de xué shí hé chū sè de cáigàn; cǐ wài, hái yòu“ shàn liáng de xiǎo huǒ zǐ” píng mín yuèshī lè · mài tè 'ěr、 tā de shàonián liú làng hàn péng yǒu“ cōng míng de bā kè lè”、 kě lián de nǚ pú“ hé shàn、 cōng míng hé jué duì chéng shí de” mǎ lì yǒng, tā men zài nà 'è zhuó de shè huì huán jìng lǐ yědōu fā sàn chū liǎo qīng xīn de qì xī, shǐ lú suō duì tā men yī zhí bǎo chí zhe měi hǎo de jì yì。 lìng yī fāng miàn, lú suō yòu yǐ bù jiā yǎn shì de yàn 'è hé bǐ shì zhuī shù liǎo tā suǒ yù jiàn de tǒng zhì jiē jí hé shàng liú shè huì zhōng de gè zhǒng rén wù:“ gēng chí” guì zú de hòu yì dé · péng wéi 'ěr xiān shēng“ bù shì gè yòu dé de rén”; shǒu xí fǎ guān xī méng xiān shēng shì“ yī gè bù duàn xiàng guì fù men xiàn yīn qín de xiǎo hóu zǐ”; jiào huì rén wù jīhū dōuyòu“ wěi shàn huò hòu yán wú chǐ de chǒu tài”, qí zhōng hái yòu bù shǎo yín xié de sè qíng kuáng; guì fù rén de xí qì shì qīng fú hé guǎ lián xiān chǐ, yòu de“ míng shēng hěn huài”; zhì yú bā lí de quán guì, wú bù dào dé lún sàng、 xìng qíng diāo zuàn、 wěi shàn yīn xiǎn。 zài lú suō de yǎn lǐ, píng mín de shì jiè yuǎn bǐ shàng liú shè huì lái dé gāo shàng、 yōu yuè。 zǎo zài dì yī piān lùn wén zhōng, tā jiù jìn xíng guò zhè yàng de duì bǐ:“ zhǐ yòu zài zhuāng jià rén de cū bù yī fú xià miàn, ér bù shì zài tíng chén de xiù jīn yī fú xià miàn, cái néng fā xiàn yòu lì de shēn qū。 zhuāng shì yǔ dé xíng shì gé gé bù rù de, yīn wéi dé xíng shì líng hún de lì liàng。” zhè zhǒng duì“ bù yī” de chóng shàng, duì quán guì de biǎn zé, zài《 chàn huǐ lù》 lǐ yòu yòu liǎo zài yī cì de fā huī, tā zhè yàng zǒng jié shuō:“ wèishénme wǒ nián qīng de shí hòu yù dào liǎo zhè yàng duō de hǎo rén, dào wǒ nián jì dà liǎo de shí hòu, hǎo rén jiù nà yàng shǎo liǎo ní? shì hǎo rén jué zhǒng liǎo má? bù shì de, zhè shì yóu yú wǒ jīn tiān xū yào zhǎo hǎo rén de shè huì jiē céng yǐ jīng bù zài shì wǒ dāng nián yù dào hǎo rén de nà gè shè huì jiē céng liǎo。 zài yī bān píng mín zhōng jiān, suī rán zhǐ 'ǒu 'ěr liú lù rè qíng, dàn zì rán qíng gǎn què shì suí shí kě yǐ jiàn dào de。 zài shàng liú shè huì zhōng, zé lián zhè zhǒng zì rán qíng gǎn yě wán quán zhì xī liǎo。 tā men zài qíng gǎn de huǎng zǐ xià, zhǐ shòu lì yì huò xū róng xīn de zhī pèi。” lú suō zìzhuàn zhōng qiáng liè de píng mín jīng shén, shǐ tā zài wén xué shǐ shàng huò dé liǎo tā suǒ dú yòu de tè sè, fǎ guó rén zì jǐ shuō dé hǎo:“ méi yòu yī gè zuò jiā xiàng lú suō zhè yàng shàn yú bǎ qióng rén biǎo xiàn dé zhuó yuè bù fán。”
dāng rán,《 chàn huǐ lù》 zhōng nà zhǒng píng mín de zì xìn hé jiāo 'ào, zhù yào hái shì biǎo xiàn zài lú suō duì zì wǒ xíng xiàng de miáo huì shàng。 jìn guǎn lú suō shòu dào liǎo zhǒng zhǒng zénàn hé gōng jī, dàn tā shēn xìn zài zì jǐ de“ bù yī” zhī xià, bǐ“ tíng chén de xiù jīn yī fú” xià miàn gèng yòu“ líng hún” hé“ lì liàng”。 zài wǒ men kàn lái, shí jì shàng yě díquè rú cǐ。 tā zài nà gè chōng mǎn liǎo xū róng de shè huì lǐ, gǎn yú gōng kāi biǎo shì zì jǐ duì yú xià céng、 duì yú píng mín de shēn qíng, bù yǐ zì jǐ“ dī jiàn” de chū shēn、 bù yǐ tā guò qù de pín hán kùn dùn wéi chǐ, ér xuān bù nà shì tā de xìng fú nián dài, tā bǎ chún pǔ zì rán shì wéi zì jǐ pín jiàn shēng huó zhōng zuì kě bǎo guì de cái fù, tā jiāo 'ào dì zhǎn shì zì jǐ shēng huó zhōng nà xiē wéi gāo guì zhě de shēng huó suǒ bù jù yòu de jiàn kāng de、 shǎn guāng de dōng xī yǐ jí tā zài pín jiàn shēng huó zhōng suǒ huò dé、 suǒ bǎo chí zhe de nà zhǒng jīng shén shàng、 jié cāo shàng de fēng cǎi。
tā gào sù dú zhě, tā cóng zì jǐ nà chōng mǎn zhēn zhì wēn qíng de píng mín jiā tíng zhōng huò dé liǎo“ yī kē duō qíng de xīn”, suī rán tā bǎ zhè shì wéi“ yī shēng bù xìng de gēn yuán”, dàn yī zhí yǐ tā“ wēn róu duō qíng”、 jù yòu zhēn qíng shí gǎn 'ér zì háo; tā yòu cóng“ chún pǔ de nóng cūn shēng huó” zhōng dé dào liǎo“ bù kě gūliáng de hǎo chù”,“ xīn lǐ huò rán kāi lǎng, dǒng dé liǎo yǒu qíng”, suī rán tā hòu lái yě zuò guò bù gòu péng yǒu de shì, dàn gèng duō de shí hòu shì zài yǒu qíng yǔ gōng lì zhī jiān xuǎn zé liǎo qián zhě, shèn zhì wèile hé liú làng shàonián bā kè lè de yǒu yì 'ér gāo chàng zhe“ zài jiàn bā, dū chéng, zài jiàn bā, gōng tíng、 yě xīn、 xū róng xīn, zài jiàn bā, ài qíng hé měi rén”, lí kāi liǎo wèitā tí gōng“ fēi huáng téng dá” de jī yù de gǔ fēng bó jué。
tā guò zhe pín qióng de shēng huó, què yòu zì jǐ fēng fù de jīng shén shì jiè。 tā hěn zǎo jiù duì dú shū“ yòu yī zhǒng hǎn yòu de xīng qù”, jí shǐ shì zài dāng xué tú de shí hòu, yě gān mào shòu chéng fá de wēi xiǎn 'ér jiān chí dú shū, shèn zhì wèile dé dào shū jí 'ér dāng diào liǎo zì jǐ de chèn shān hé lǐng dài。 tā bó lǎn qún shū, cóng gǔ xī là、 luó mǎ de jīng diǎn zhù zuò yī zhí dào dāng dài de qǐ méng lùn zhù, cóng wén xué、 lì shǐ yī zhí dào zì rán kē xué dú wù, cháng qī de dú shū shēng huó huàn qǐ liǎo tā“ gèng gāo shàng de gǎn qíng”, xíng chéng liǎo tā gāo chū yú shàng céng jiē jí de jīng shén jìng jiè。
tā rè 'ài zhī shí, yòu zhe lìng rén jìng pèi de hǎo xué jīng shén, tā xué xí qín fèn kè kǔ, biǎo xiàn chū“ nán yǐ zhì xìn de yì lì”。 zài liú làng zhōng, tā jiān chí bù xiè; jí bìng chán shēn shí, tā yě méi yòu zhōng duàn;“ sǐ wáng de bī jìn bù dàn méi yòu xuē ruò wǒ yán jiū xué wèn de xīng qù, sì hū fǎn 'ér gèng shǐ wǒ xīng zhì bó bó dì yán jiū qǐ xué wèn lái”。 tā wéi huò dé gèng duō de zhī shí, zǒng shì zuì dà xiàn duódì lì yòng tā de shí jiān, láo dòng de shí hòu bèi sòng, sàn bù de shí hòu gòu sī。 jīng guò cháng qī de nǔ lì, tā zài shù xué、 tiān wén xué、 lì shǐ、 dì lǐ、 zhé xué hé yīnyuè děng gè gè lǐng yù jī lěi liǎo guǎng bó de xué shí, wéi zì jǐ chuàng zào liǎo zuò wéi yī gè sī xiǎng jiā、 yī gè wén huà jù rén suǒ bì xū jù bèi de tiáo jiàn。 tā fù yòu jìn qǔ jīng shén, xué huì liǎo yīnyuè jī běn lǐ lùn, yòu jìn yī bù cháng shì zuòqǔ, dú liǎo fú 'ěr tài de zuò pǐn, yòu chǎn shēng liǎo“ yào xué huì yòng yōu yǎ de fēng gé xiě wén zhāng de yuàn wàng”; tā zhè yàng jiān kǔ dì pān dēng, zhōng yú dá dào dāng dài wén huà de gāo fēng。
tā shēng huó zài chōng mǎn xū róng hé shē chǐ de shè huì huán jìng zhōng, què bǎo chí liǎo qīng gāo de tài dù, bǎ pín fù zhì zhī dù wài,“ yī shēng zhōng de rèn hé shí hòu, cóng méi yòu guò yīn wéi kǎo lǜ pín fù wèn tí 'ér lìng wǒ xīn huā nù fàng huò yōu xīn chōng zhòng。” tā bǐ nà xiē yōng rén gāo chū xǔ duō bèi, bù 'ài mù róng huá fù guì, bù zhuī qiú xiǎn hè wén dá,“ zài nà yī shēng nán wàng de kǎn kě bù píng hé biàn huà wú cháng de zāo yù zhōng”, yě“ shǐ zhōng bù biàn”。 bā lí“ yī qiē zhēn zhèng fù lì táng huáng de qíng jǐng” shǐ tā fǎn gǎn, tā chéng míng zhī hòu, yě“ bù yuàn yì zài zhè gèdōu shì cháng jiǔ jū zhù xià qù”, tā zhī suǒ yǐ zài zhè lǐ jū zhù liǎo yī gè shí qī,“ zhǐ bù guò shì lì yòng wǒ de dòu liú lái xún qiú zěn yàng néng gòu yuǎn lí cǐ dì 'ér shēng huó xià qù de shǒu duàn 'ér yǐ。” tā zài 'è zhuó de shè huì huán jìng zhōng, suī bù néng wán quán zuò dào chū wū ní 'ér bù rǎn, dàn zài guān jiàn de shí kè, zài zhòng dà de wèn tí shàng, què nán néng kě guì dì biǎo xiàn chū gāo shàng de jié cāo。 tā yīn wéi zì jǐ“ rén gé gāo shàng, jué bù xiǎng yòng bēi bǐ shǒu duàn qù fā cái”, ér pāo diào liǎo dāng sòng gùn de qián chéng, gōng tíng yǎn chū tā de gē wǔ jù《 xiāng cūn bǔ shī》 shí yāo tā chū xí, tā gù yì bù xiū biān fú yǐ shì dài màn, xiǎn chū“ bù yī” de běn sè, guó wáng yào jiē jiàn bìng cì gěi tā nián jīn, tā wèile jié shēn zì hǎo, bǎo chí rén gé dú lì 'ér bù qù jiē shòu。
tā chù yú fǎn dòng hēi 'àn de fēng jiàn tǒng zhì zhī xià, què jù yòu“ juéjiàng háo mài yǐ jí bù kěn shòu shù fù shòu nú yì de xìng gé”, gǎn yú“ zài bā lí chéng wéi zhuān zhì jūn zhù zhèng tǐ de fǎn duì zhě hé jiān dìng de gòng hé pài”。 tā yǎn jiàn“ bù xìng de rén mín zāo shòu tòng kǔ”,“ duì yā pò tā men de rén” yòu chōng mǎn liǎo“ bù kě 'è zhì de tòng hèn”, tā gǔ chuī zì yóu, fǎn duì nú yì, xuān chēng“ wú lùn zài shénme shì qíng shàng, yuē shù、 qū cóng dōushì wǒ bù néng rěn shòu de”。 tā suī rán fǎn duì fǎ guó de fēng jiàn zhuān zhì, bìng qiě zài zhè gè guó jiā lǐ shòu dào liǎo“ zhèng fǔ、 fǎ guān、 zuò jiā lián hé zài yī qǐ de fēng kuáng gōng jī”, dàn tā duì fǎ lán xī de lì shǐ wén huà shǐ zhōng huái zhe shēn hòu de gǎn qíng, duì fǎ lán xī mín zú jì yú liǎo jiān qiáng de xìn niàn, shēn xìn“ yòu yī tiān tā men huì bǎ wǒ cóng kǔ nǎo de jī bàn zhōng jiě jiù chū lái”。
shí bā shì jì guì zú shè huì shì yī piàn yín mí zhī fēng, lú suō yǔ nà zhǒng guǎ lián xiān chǐ、 dān yú ròu yù de xiǎng lè shēng huó huàqīng liǎo jiè xiàn。 tā bǎ fù nǚ dāng zuò yī zhǒng měi lái jiā yǐ zàn shǎng, dāng zuò yī zhǒng shī yǐ wēn qíng de duì xiàng, ér bù shì wán nòng hé zhàn yòu de duì xiàng。 tā duì 'ài qíng yě biǎo shì liǎo quán xīn de lǐ jiě, tā chóng shàng nán nǚ zhī jiān zhēn chéng shēn zhì de qíng gǎn, tè bié zhòng shì gǎn qíng de gāo shàng hé chún jié, rèn wéi bǐ cǐ zhī jiān de guān xì yīnggāi shì zhè yàng de:“ tā bù shì jī yú qíng yù、 xìng bié、 nián líng、 róng mào, ér shì jī yú rén zhī suǒ yǐ wéi rén de nà yī qiē, chú fēi sǐ wáng, jiù jué bù néng sàng shī de nà yī qiē”, yě jiù shì shuō, yīnggāi bāo hán zhe rén lèi yī qiē měi hǎo gāo shàng de dōng xī。 tā zài shēng huó zhōng zhuī qiú de shì yī zhǒng shēn zhì、 chí jiǔ、 chāo hū gōng lì hé ròu yù de róu qíng, yòu shí shèn zhì jìn hū tiān zhēn wú xié、 chún jié tòu míng, tā liàn 'ài de shí hòu, gǎn qíng fēng fù 'ér rè liè, tóng shí yòu duì duì fāng bǎo chí zhe 'ài hù、 zūn zhòng hé tǐ tiē。 tā yǔ huá lún fū rén cháng qī guò zhe yī zhǒng chún jìng de 'ài qíng shēng huó, nà zhǒng chéng zhì de xìng zhì zài shí bā shì jì de shè huì shēng huó zhōng shì hěn nán jiàn dào de。 tā yǔ gé lāi fēn lì xiǎo jiě hé jiā lěi xiǎo jiě de yī duàn xiè hòu, shì duō me chōng mǎn zhì qì 'ér yòu sàn fā chū mí rén de qīng chūn de qì xī! tā yǔ bā xī lè tài tài zhī jiān de yī duàn gǎn qíng yòu shì nà yàng wēn xīn 'ér yòu jié jìng wú xiá! tā yǔ nián qīng gū niàn mài 'ěr sài lāi yī dào zuò liǎo cháng tú lǚ xíng, shǐ zhōng“ zuò huái bù luàn”。 tā yòu shí yě chéng wéi qíng yù de nú lì 'ér féng chǎng zuò xì, dàn bù jiǔ jiù chū yú dào dé gǎn 'ér pāo qì liǎo zhè zhǒng yóu xì。
tā yǔ fēng jiàn guì zú jiē jí duì shē chǐ háo huá、 fán wén rù jié de 'àihào wán quán xiāng fǎn, bǎo chí zhe jiàn kāng de、 měi hǎo de shēng huó qù wèi。 tā rè 'ài yīnyuè, xǐ huān chàng gē, chāo lè pǔ jì shì tā móu shēng de shǒu duàn, yě shì tā jì tuō jīng shén zhī suǒ zài, jǔ bàn yīnyuè huì, gèng shì tā shēng huó zhōng de lè qù。 tā duì yōu měi de qǔdiào shì nà me dòng xīn, tóng nián shí tīng dào de qǔdiào qīng xīn de mín jiān gē yáo yī zhí shǐ tā yōu rán shén wǎng, dāng tā yǐ jīng shì yī gè“ bǎo shòu jiāo lǜ hé kǔ tòng zhé mó” de lǎo rén, yòu shí hái“ yòng chàn wēi wēi de pò sǎng yīn hēng zhe zhè xiē xiǎo diào”,“ zěn me yě bù néng yī qì chàng dào dǐ 'ér bù bèi zì jǐ de yǎn lèi dǎ duàn”。 tā duì huì huà yě yòu rè liè de xīng qù,“ kě yǐ zài huà bǐ hé qiān bǐ zhī jiān yī lián dāi shàng jǐ gè yuè bù chū mén”。 tā hái xǐ huān wèi gē yǎng fēng, hé zhè xiē yòu yì de dòng wù qīnqiè dì xiāng chù, xǐ huān zài pú táo shú liǎo de shí hòu dào tián yuán lǐ qù fēn xiǎng nóng rén shōu huò de yú kuài。 tā shì fǎ guó wén xué zhōng zuì zǎo duì dà zì rán biǎo shì shēn chén de rè 'ài de zuò jiā。 tā dào yī chù zhù xià, jiù guān xīn chuāng wài shì fǒu yòu“ yī piàn tián yě de lǜ sè”; féng dào jǐng sè měi lì de lí míng, jiù gǎn kuài páo dào yě wài qù guān kàn rì chū。 tā wèile dào luò sāng qù xīn shǎng měi lì de hú shuǐ, bù xī rào dào 'ér xíng, jí shǐ lǚ fèi duǎn quē。 tā yě shì zuì shàn yú gǎn shòu dà zì rán zhī měi de jiàn shǎng jiā, yōu měi de yè jǐng jiù zú yǐ shǐ tā wàng diào cān fēng sù lù de kùn kǔ liǎo。 tā shì wén xué zhōng tú bù lǚ xíng de fā míng zhě, xǐ huān“ zài tiān lǎng qì qīng de rì zǐ lǐ, bù huāng bù máng dì zài jǐng sè yí rén de dì fāng xìn bù 'ér xíng”, zài zhè zhǒng lǚ xíng zhōng xiǎng shòu zhe“ tián yě de fēng guāng, jiē lián bù duàn de xiù lì jǐng sè, qīng xīn de kōng qì, yóu yú bù xíng 'ér dài lái de liáng hǎo shí yù hé bǎo mǎn jīng shén……”
《 chàn huǐ lù》 jiù zhè yàng chéng xiàn chū yī gè chún pǔ zì rán、 fēng fù duō cǎi、 zhāoqì péng bó de píng mín xíng xiàng。 zhèng yīn wéi zhè gè píng mín běn shēn shì yī gè dài biǎo rén wù, gòu chéng liǎo shí bā shì jì sī xiǎng wén huà lǐng yù lǐ yī gè zhòng dà de shè huì xiàn xiàng, suǒ yǐ《 chàn huǐ lù》 wú yí shì shí bā shì jì lì shǐ zhōng jí wéi zhòng yào de sī xiǎng cái liào。 tā shǐ hòu rén kàn dào liǎo yī gè sī xiǎng jiā de chéngzhǎng、 fā zhǎn hé nèi xīn shì jiè, kàn dào yī gè zhàn zài zhèng miàn zhǐ dǎo shí dài cháo liú de lì shǐ rén wù suǒ jù yòu de qiáng yòu lì de fāng miàn hé tā jīng shén shàng、 dào dé shàng suǒ fā chū de mǒu zhǒng shī yì de guāng huī。 zhè zhǒng lì liàng hé guāng huī zuì zhōng dāng rán lái zì zhè gè xíng xiàng suǒ dài biǎo de xià céng rén mín hé tā suǒ tǐ xiàn de lì shǐ qián jìn de fāng xiàng。 zǒng zhī, shì zhèng zhì shàng、 sī xiǎng shàng、 dào dé shàng de fǎn fēng jiàn xìng zhì jué dìng liǎo《 chàn huǐ lù》 hé qí zhōng lú suō zì wǒ xíng xiàng de jī jí yì yì, jué dìng liǎo tā men zài sī xiǎng fā zhǎn shǐ shàng、 wén xué shǐ shàng de zhòng yào jià zhí。
jiǎ rú lú suō duì zì wǒ xíng xiàng de miáo shù jǐn zhǐ yú yǐ shàng zhè xiē, hòu rén duì tā yě kě yǐ mǎn zú liǎo, wú quán tí chū gèng duō de yào qiú。 tā men zuò wéi shí bā shì jì fǎn fēng jiàn de sī xiǎng cái liào bù shì yǐ jīng xiāng dāng gòu liǎo má? bù shì yǐ jīng jù yòu shè huì jiē jí de yì yì bìng zú yǐ yǔ méng tián zài《 suí gǎn jí》 zhōng duì zì jǐ de miáo xiě jù yòu tóng děng de jià zhí má? dàn shì, lú suō zuòde bǐ zhè gèng duō, zǒude gèng yuǎn, tā yuǎn yuǎn chāo guò liǎo méng tián, tā de《 chàn huǐ lù》 yòu zhe gèng wéi fù zá dé duō de nèi róng。
lú suō zài《 chàn huǐ lù》 de lìng yī gè gǎo běn zhōng, céng jīng pī píng liǎo guò qù xiě zìzhuàn de rén“ zǒng shì yào bǎ zì jǐ qiáo zhuāng dǎ bàn yī fān, míng wéi zì shù, shí wéi zì zàn, bǎ zì jǐ xiě chéng tā suǒ xī wàng de nà yàng, ér bù shì tā shí jì shàng de nà yàng”。 shí liù shì jì de dà sàn wén jiā méng tián zài《 suí gǎn jí》 zhōng bù jiù shì zhè yàng má? suī rán yě jiǎng liǎo zì jǐ de quē diǎn, què bǎ tā men xiěde xiāng dāng kě 'ài。 lú jùn duì méng tián pō bù yǐ wéi rán, tā zhēn fēng xiāng duì dì tí chū liǎo yī gè zhé lǐ xìng de jǐng jù:“ méi yòu kě zēng de quē diǎn de rén shì méi yòu de。” zhè jì shì tā duì rén de yī zhǒng kàn fǎ, yě shì tā duì zì jǐ de yī zhǒng rèn shí。 rèn shí zhè yī diǎn bìng bù tài kùn nán, dàn yào gōng kāi chéng rèn zì jǐ yě shì“ yòu kě zēng de quē diǎn”, tè bié shì gǎn yú bǎ zhè zhǒng“ kě zēng de quē diǎn” pī lù chū lái, què xū yào jué dà de yǒng qì。 rén guì yòu zì zhī zhī míng、 yán yú jiě pōu zì jǐ, zhì jīn bù réng shì yī zhǒng lìng rén jìng pèi de měi dé má? xiǎn rán, zài lú suō zhī qián, wén xué shǐ shàng hái méi yòu chū xiàn guò zhè yàng yī gè yòu yǒng qì de zuò jiā, yú shì, lú suō yǐ miǎo shì qián rén de zì háo, zài《 chàn huǐ lù》 de dì yī duàn jiù zhè yàng xuān bù:“ wǒ xiàn zài yào zuò yī xiàng jì wú xiān lì、 jiāng lái yě bù huì yòu rén fǎng xiào de jiān jù gōng zuò。 wǒ yào bǎ yī gè rén de zhēn shí miàn mù chì luǒ luǒ dì jiē lù zài shì rén miàn qián。 zhè gè rén jiù shì wǒ。”
lú suō shí jiàn liǎo tā zì jǐ de zhè yī nuò yán, tā zài《 chàn huǐ lù》 zhōng de què yǐ zhēn chéng tǎn shuài de tài dù jiǎng shù liǎo tā zì jǐ de quán bù shēng huó hé sī xiǎng gǎn qíng、 xìng gé rén pǐn de gè gè fāng miàn,“ jì méi yòu yǐn mán sī háo huài shì, yě méi yòu zēng tiān rèn hé hǎo shì…… dāng shí wǒ shì bēi bǐ wò chuò de, jiù xiě wǒ de bēi bǐ wò chuò; dāng shí wǒ shì shàn liáng zhōng hòu、 dào dé gāo shàng de, jiù xiě wǒ de shàn liáng zhōng hòu hé dào dé gāo shàng”。 tā dà dǎn dì bǎ zì jǐ bù néng jiàn rén de yǐn sī gōng zhī yú zhòng, tā chéng rèn zì jǐ zài zhè zhǒng huò nà zhǒng qíng kuàng xià chǎn shēng guò yī xiē bēi liè de niàn tóu, shèn zhì yòu guò xià liú de xíng jìng。 tā shuō guò huǎng, xíng guò piàn, tiáoxì guò fù nǚ, tōu guò dōng xī, shèn zhì yòu tōu qiè de xí guàn。 tā yǐ chén zhòng de xīn qíng chàn huǐ zì jǐ zài yī cì tōu qiè hòu bǎ zuì guò zhuǎn jià dào nǚ pú mǎ lì yǒng de tóu shàng, zào chéng liǎo tā de bù xìng, chàn huǐ zì jǐ zài guān jiàn shí kè bēi liè dì pāo qì liǎo zuì xū yào tā de péng yǒu lè · mài tè 'ěr, chàn huǐ zì jǐ wèile hùn yī kǒu fàn chī 'ér bèi pàn liǎo zì jǐ de xīn jiào xìn yǎng, gǎi fèng liǎo tiān zhù jiào。 yīnggāi chéng rèn,《 chàn huǐ lù》 de tǎn shuài hé zhēn chéng dá dào liǎo lìng rén xiǎng xiàng bù dào de chéng dù, zhè shǐ tā chéng liǎo wén xué shǐ shàng de yī bù qí shū。 zài zhè lǐ, zuò zhě de zì wǒ xíng xiàng bìng bù zhǐ shì fā shè chū lǐ xiǎng de guāng huī, yě bù zhǐ shì guǒ zài yì shí xíng tài de shī yì lǐ, ér shì chéng xiàn chū liǎo jīng rén de zhēn shí。 zài tā shēn shàng, jì yòu chóng gāo yōu měi, yě yòu bēi liè chǒu 'è, jì yòu jiān qiáng hé lì liàng, yě yòu ruǎn ruò hé qiè nuò, jì yòu pǔ shí zhēn chéng, yě yòu nòng xū zuò jiǎ, jì yòu jīng shén hé dào dé de měi, yě yòu mǒu zhǒng shì bìng wú lài de xí qì。 zǒng zhī。 zhè bù shì wèile yào xiǎng shòu lì shǐ de guāng róng 'ér huì zhì chū lái de tú mǎn liǎo yóu cǎi de huà xiàng, ér shì yī gè huó shēng shēng de fù zá de gè rén。 zhè gè zì wǒ xíng xiàng de fù zá xìng jiù shì《 chàn huǐ lù》 de fù zá xìng, tóng shí yě shì《 chàn huǐ lù》 lìng jù yī zhǒng jià zhí de yuán yīn。 zhè zhǒng jià zhí bù jǐn zài yú tā xiě chū liǎo jīng rén de rén xìng de zhēn shí, shì lì shǐ shàng dì yī bù zhè yàng zhēn shí de zìzhuàn, tí gōng liǎo fēi cháng bǎo guì de、 yòng lú suō zì jǐ de huà lái shuō,“ kě yǐ zuò wéi guān yú rén de yán jiū héng héng zhè mén xué wèn wú yí shàng yòu dài yú chuàng jiàn héng héng de dì yī fèn cān kǎo cái liào;” ér qiě tā de jià zhí hái zài yú, zuò zhě zhī suǒ yǐ zhè yàng zuò, shì yòu zhe shēn kè de sī xiǎng dòng jī hé zhé lǐ zuò wéi zhǐ dǎo de。
lú suō zhuī qiú jué duì de zhēn shí, bǎ zì jǐ de quē diǎn hé guò cuò wán quán bào lù chū lái, zuì zhí jiē de dòng jī hé yì tú, xiǎn rán shì yào chǎn shù tā nà zhù míng de zhé lǐ: rén xìng běn shàn, dàn zuì 'è de shè huì huán jìng què shǐ rén biàn huài。 tā xiàn shēn shuō fǎ, jiǎng shù zì jǐ“ běn xìng shàn liáng”、 jiā tíng huán jìng chōng mǎn róu qíng, gǔ dài lì shǐ rén wù yòu gěi liǎo tā chóng gāo de sī xiǎng,“ wǒ běn lái kě yǐ tīng cóng zì jǐ de xìng gé, zài wǒ de zōng jiào、 wǒ de gù xiāng、 wǒ de jiā tíng、 wǒ de péng yǒu jiān, zài wǒ suǒ xǐ 'ài de gōng zuò zhōng, zài chènxīn rú yì de jiāo jì zhōng, píng píng jìng jìng、 ān 'ān yì yì dì dù guò zì jǐ de yī shēng。 wǒ jiāng huì chéng wéi shàn liáng de jī dū jiào tú、 shàn liáng de gōng mín、 shàn liáng de jiāzhǎng、 shàn liáng de péng yǒu、 shàn liáng de láo dòng zhě。” dàn shè huì huán jìng de 'è zhuó, rén yǔ rén zhī jiān guān xì de bù píng děng, què shǐ tā yě shòu dào liǎo zhān rǎn, yǐ zhì zài zhè xiě zìzhuàn de wǎn nián hái yòu nà me duō jiū xīn de huǐ hèn。 tā tè bié zhǐ chū liǎo shè huì bù píng děng de wēi hài, zài zhè lǐ, tā yòu yī cì biǎo xiàn liǎo tā zài《 lùn rén lèi bù píng děng de qǐ yuán hé jī chǔ》 zhōng de sī xiǎng, bǎ shè huì shēng huó zhōng de bù píng děng shì wéi zhèng cháng rén xìng de duì lì miàn, bìng lì tú tōng guò tā zì jǐ de jīng lì, jiē shì chū zhè zhǒng bù píng děng duì rén xìng de cuī cán hé wāi qū。 tā shì rú hé“ cóng chóng gāo de yīng xióng zhù yì duò luò wéi bēi bǐ de shì bìng wú lài” ní? zhèng shì tā suǒ yù dào de bù píng děng、 bù gōng zhèng de dài yù, zhèng shì“ qiáng zhě” de“ bào nüè zhuān héng”,“ cuī cán liǎo wǒ nà wēn róu duō qíng、 tiān zhēn huó pō de xìng gé”, bìng“ shǐ wǒ rǎn shàng zì jǐ tòng hèn de yī xiē 'è xí, zhū rú sǎ huǎng、 dài duò、 tōu qiè děng děng”。 yǐ tōu qiè 'ér yán, tā jiù shì shè huì bù píng děng zài lú suō shēn shàng zào chéng de 'è guǒ。 lú suō tí chū yī gè wèn tí: rú guǒ rén shì chǔyú yī zhǒng“ píng děng、 wú yōu wú lǜ de zhuàng tài” zhōng,“ suǒ xī wàng de yòu kě yǐ dé dào mǎn zú de huà”, nà me yòu zěn me huì yòu tōu qiè ní? jì rán“ zuò 'è de qiáng zhě xiāo yáo fǎ wài, wú gū de ruò zhě zāo yāng, pǔ tiān xià jiē shì rú cǐ”, nà me zěn me néng gòu zhì zhǐ tōu qiè de zuì xíng ní? duì ruò zhě de chéng fá bù jǐn wú jì yú shì, fǎn 'ér gèng jī qǐ fǎn kàng, lú suō zài zì jǐ xiǎo tōu xiǎo mō bèi fā xiàn hòu jīng cháng 'áidǎ,“ jiàn jiàn duì 'áidǎ yě jiù bù zài hū liǎo”, shèn zhì“ jué dé zhè shì dǐ xiāo tōu qiè zuì xíng de yī zhǒng fāng shì, wǒ dǎo yòu liǎo jì xù tōu qiè de quán lì liǎo…… wǒ xīn lǐ xiǎng, jì rán 'àn xiǎo tōu lái zhì wǒ, nà jiù děng yú rèn kě wǒ zuò xiǎo tōu”。 lú suō zài tōng guò zì jǐ de jīng lì lái fēn xī bù píng děng de bì hài shí, yòu yòng tóng yàng de fāng fǎ lái jiē shì jīn qián de fǔ shí zuò yòng, tā gào sù dú zhě:“ wǒ bù dàn cóng lái bù xiàng shì rén nà yàng kàn zhòng jīn qián, shèn zhì yě cóng lái bù céng bǎ jīn qián kàn zuò duō me fāng biàn de dōng xī”, ér rèn dìng jīn qián shì“ fán nǎo de gēn yuán”。 rán 'ér, jīn qián de zuò yòng què yòu shǐ tā bù dé bù bǎ jīn qián kàn zuò“ shì bǎo chí zì yóu de yī zhǒng gōng jù”, shǐ tā“ hài pà náng kōng rú xǐ”, zhè jiù zài tā shēn shàng zào chéng liǎo zhè yàng yī zhǒng máo dùn de xí xìng:“ duì jīn qián de jí duān lìn xī yǔ wú bǐ bǐ shì jiān 'ér yòu zhī”。 yīn cǐ, tā yě céng“ tōu guò qī gè lì wù 'ěr líng shí gè sū”, bìng qiě zài qián cái fāng miàn bù shí qǐ guò yī xiē bēi liè de niàn tóu, rú yǎn jiàn huá lún fū rén huī huò làng fèi、 yòu pò chǎn de wēi xiǎn, tā jiù xiǎng tōu tōu mō mō jiàn lì qǐ zì jǐ de“ xiǎo jīn kù”, dàn yī kàn wú jì yú shì, jiù gǎi biàn zuò fǎ,“ hǎo xiàng yī zhǐ cóng tú zǎi chǎng chū lái de gǒu, jì rán bǎo bù zhù nà kuài ròu, jiù bù rú diāo zǒu wǒ zì jǐ de nà yī fēn。” cóng zhè xiē xù shù lǐ, chú liǎo kě yǐ kàn dào diǎn xíng lú suō shì de yán kù wú qíng de zì wǒ pōu xī wài, jiù shì fēi cháng chū sè de guān yú shè huì huán jìng yǔ rén xìng 'è de hù xiāng guān xì de biàn zhèng fǎ de sī xiǎng liǎo。 zài zhè lǐ, zì wǒ pī píng hé chàn huǐ dǎo xiàng liǎo duì shè huì de qiǎn zé hé kòng sù, duì rén xìng 'è de wā jué zhuǎn huà chéng liǎo yán sù de shè huì pī pàn。 zhèng yīn wéi zhè zhǒng pī pàn shì jié hé zhe lú suō zì jǐ tòngqiè de jīng yàn hé tǐ huì, suǒ yǐ yě jiù gèng wéi shēn kè yòu lì, tā yǔ lú suō zài《 lùn rén lèi bù píng děng de qǐ yuán hé jī chǔ》 zhōng duì yú cái chǎn bù píng děng、 shè huì zhèng zhì bù píng děng de pī pàn wán quán yī mài xiāng chéng, zhè yī bù lùn zhù yǐ qí jié chū de sī xiǎng céng bèi 'ēn gé sī yù wéi“ biàn zhèng fǎ de jié zuò”。
zhù zuò sī xiǎng
lú suō yòng tǎn shuài de fēng gé xiě zìzhuàn, bù huí bì tā shēn shàng de rén xìng 'è, gèng wéi gēn běn de yuán yīn hái zài yú tā de sī xiǎng tǐ xì。 tā xiǎn rán bìng bù bǎ tǎn lù zì jǐ、 bāo kuò tǎn lù zì jǐ de quē diǎn guò cuò shì wéi yī zhǒng kǔ xíng, dǎo shì wéi shēn xìn zhè shì yī gè chuàng jǔ 'ér zì xǔ。 zài tā kàn lái, rén jù yòu zì jǐ de běn xìng, rén de běn xìng zhōng bāo kuò liǎo rén de yī qiē zì rán de yào qiú, rú duì zì yóu de xiàng wǎng、 duì yì xìng de zhuī qiú、 duì jīng měi wù pǐn de 'àihào, děng děng。 zhèng rú tā bǎ chū mín de yuán shǐ chún pǔ de zhuàng tài dāng zuò rén lèi měi hǎo de huáng jīn shí dài yī yàng, tā yòu bǎ rén shēn shàng yī qiē yuán shǐ de běn néng de yào qiú dāng zuò liǎo zhèng cháng de、 zì rán de dōng xī quán pán jiā yǐ kěn dìng。 shèn zhì zài tā yǎn lǐ, zhè xiē zì rán de yào qiú yào bǐ nà xiē jīng guò jiáo shì de wén míng huà de xí xìng gèng wéi zhèng cháng hé lǐ。 zài lú suō de zhé xué lǐ, jì rán rén zài jīng měi de wù pǐn miàn qián bù kě néng wú dòng yú zhōng, bù, gèng yīnggāi yòu yī zhǒng jiàn shǎng jiā de rè qíng, nà me, chū yú zhè zhǒng bù xún cháng de rè qíng, yào“ zì yóu zhī pèi nà xiē xiǎo dōng xī”, yòu suàn dé liǎo shénme guò cuò ní? yīn cǐ, tā zài《 chàn huǐ lù》 zhōng jīhū shì yòng yǔ“ chàn huǐ” jué yuán de píng jìng de tǎn rán de yǔ diào gào sù dú zhě:“ zhí dào xiàn zài, wǒ yòu shí hái tōu yī diǎn wǒ suǒ xīn 'ài de xiǎo wán yì 'ér”, wán quán wú shì cóng sī yòu zhì chǎn shēng yǐ lái jiù chéng wéi dào dé zhēn yán de“ wù tōu qiè” zhè gè yuán zé, zhè shì tā sī xiǎng tǐ xì zhōng de yī tiáo xiàn suǒ。 lìng yī tiáo xiàn suǒ shì: tā yǔ tiān zhù jiào shén xué xiāng fǎn。 bù shì bǎ rén kàn zuò shì shòu shén nú yì de duì xiàng, ér shì bǎ rén kàn chéng shì zì zhù de gè tǐ, rén zì zhù xíng dòng de dòng lì zé shì gǎn qíng, tā bǎ gǎn qíng tí dào liǎo yī gè zhòng yào de dì wèi, rèn wéi“ xiān yòu gǎn jué, hòu yòu sī kǎo” shì“ rén lèi gòng tóng de mìng yùn”。 yīn cǐ, gǎn qíng de zhēn zhì liú lù、 gǎn qíng yòng shì hé gǎn qíng fàng rèn, zài tā kàn lái jiù shì rén lèi běn xìng chún pǔ zì rán de biǎo xiàn liǎo。 qǐng kàn, tā shì rú hé shēn qíng dì huí yì tā tóng nián shí hé fù qīn yī dào, nà me“ xīng zhì bó bó” dì yuè dú xiǎo shuō, tōng xiāo dá dàn, zhí dào dì 'èr tiān qīng chén tīng dào liǎo yàn zǐ de ní nán, tā shì duō me xīn shǎng tā fù qīn zhè zhǒng“ hái zǐ qì” ā! zhè yī lèi gǎn qíng de zì rán liú lù hé fàng rèn bù jī, jiù shì lú suō zhé xué tǐ xì zhōng de gè xìng zì yóu hé gè xìng jiě fàng。 lú suō wú yí shì shí bā shì jì zhōng bǎ gè xìng jiě fàng de hào jiǎo chuī dé zuì xiǎng de yī gè sī xiǎng jiā, tā tí chàng jué duì de gè xìng zì yóu, fǎn duì zōng jiào xìn tiáo hé fēng jiàn dào dé fǎ guī de shù fù, tā 'ào shì yī qiē dì xuān chēng, nà gè shí dài de xí sú、 lǐ jiào hé piān jiàn dōubù zhí yī gù, bìng bǎ zì jǐ miáo huì chéng zhè yàng yī gè diǎn xíng, xuān yáng tā yǐ gè rén wéi zhōng xīn、 yǐ gè rén de gǎn qíng、 xīng qù、 yì zhì wéi chū fā diǎn、 yī rèn xīng zhī suǒ zhì de rén shēng tài dù。 zhè xiē jiù shì tā zài《 chàn huǐ lù》 zhōng de sī xiǎng de hé xīn, zhè yě shì tā zài zìzhuàn zhōng lì qiú zhōng yú zì jǐ、 bù zhuāng jiǎ、 pī lù yī qiē de gēn běn yuán yīn。 ér yóu yú suǒ yòu zhè yī qiē, tā de zhè bù zìzhuàn zì rán yě jiù chéng wéi yī bù zuì huó shēng shēng de gè xìng jiě fàng de xuān yán shū liǎo。
lú suō suī rán chū shēn yú shè huì de xià céng, dàn zài dāng shí de lì shǐ tiáo jiàn xià, tā de sī xiǎng tǐ xì bù kě néng chāo chū zī chǎn jiē jí de fàn wéi, tā zài《 chàn huǐ lù》 zhōng suǒ biǎo xiàn de sī xiǎng, qí jiē jí xìng zhì shì wǒ men suǒ shú xī de, tā jiù shì hé dāng shí fēng jiàn sī xiǎng tǐ xì xiāng duì lì de zī chǎn jiē jí rén dào zhù yì de sī xiǎng。 yī qiē yǐ shí jiān、 dì diǎn、 tiáo jiàn wéi zhuǎn yí。 zhè zhǒng sī xiǎng zài lì shǐ fā zhǎn guò chéng zhōng、 zài dāng shí shí bā shì jì, xiǎn rán jù yòu fēi cháng gé mìng de yì yì。 tā yǐ zōng jiào shì jiè guān wéi duì lì miàn, zhù zhāng yǐ rén wéi běn, fǎn duì shén xué duì rén de jīng shén tǒng zhì, tā cóng rén zhè gè běn tǐ chū fā, bǎ zì yóu、 píng děng shì wéi rén de zì rán běn xìng, fǎn duì fēng jiàn de nú yì hé yā zhà, zài zhěng gè zī chǎn jiē jí fǎn fēng jiàn de lì shǐ shí qī lǐ, qǐ zhe qǐ dí rén men de sī xiǎng、 cuī huǐ fēng jiàn zhù yì de yì shí xíng tài、 wéi lì shǐ de fā zhǎn kāipì dào lù de zuò yòng。 rán 'ér, zhè zhǒng sī xiǎng tǐ xì bì jìng shì yī gè bō xuē jiē jí dài tì lìng yī gè bō xuē jiē jí、 yī zhǒng sī yòu zhì dài tì lìng yī zhǒng sī yòu zhì de lì shǐ jiē duàn de chǎn wù, dài yòu lì shǐ de hé jiē jí de jú xiàn xìng。 yīn 'ér, wǒ men zài《 chàn huǐ lù》 zhōng kě yǐ kàn dào, lú suō zài yǔ zōng jiào de“ shén dào” duì lì、 jié lì tuī chóng zì jǐ shēn shàng de“ rén xìng”、 kěn dìng zì jǐ zuò wéi rén de zì rán yào qiú de tóng shí, yòu bǎ zì jǐ de mǒu xiē zī chǎn jiē jí xìng dāng zuò zhèng dāng de“ rén xìng” jiā yǐ kěn dìng; tā zài fǎn duì zōng jiào duì rén de jīng shén nú yì、 kěn dìng zì wǒ huó dòng de dú lì zì zhù xìng hé gǎn qíng de tuī dòng zuò yòng de tóng shí, yòu bǎ zì jǐ yī xiē dī liè de chōng dòng hé qù wèi měi huà wéi fú hé“ rén xìng” de dōng xī。 tā suǒ tí chàng de gè xìng zì yóu xiǎn rán tài zhì gāo wú shàng liǎo, chōng mǎn liǎo nóng hòu de gè rén zhù yì de wèi dào; tā zhòng shì hé tuī chóng rén de gǎn qíng, xiǎn rán yòu zǒu xiàng liǎo jí duān, ér chéng wèile gǎn qíng fàng zòng。 zǒng zhī, zhè lǐ de yī qiē jì biǎo xiàn liǎo fǎn fēng jiàn fǎn zōng jiào de jī jí yì yì, yòu bào lù liǎo zī chǎn jiē jí yì shí xíng tài de běn zhì。
lú suō bìng bù shì zuì xiān tí chū zī chǎn jiē jí rén dào zhù yì sī xiǎng de sī xiǎng jiā, zài zhè gè sī xiǎng tǐ xì fā zhǎn de guò chéng zhōng, tā zhǐ shì yī gè huán jié。 zǎo zài wén yì fù xīng shí dài, chǔyú méng yá jiē duàn de zī běn zhù yì guān xì jiù wéi zhè zhǒng yì shí xíng tài de chǎn shēng tí gōng liǎo tǔ rǎng, zhè zhǒng sī xiǎng tǐ xì de zhù yào fāng miàn hé zhù yào yuán zé, cóng nà shí qǐ, jiù zhú jiàn zài lì shǐ de guò chéng zhōng bèi yī xì liè sī xiǎng jiā、 wén xué jiā chōng shí wán bèi qǐ lái liǎo。 suī rán lú suō zhǐ shì qí zhōng de yī gè jiē duàn, què wú yí biāo zhì zhe yī gè xīn de jiē duàn。 tā de xīn gòng xiàn zài yú, tā bǎ zī chǎn jiē jí rén dào zhù yì de jī běn yuán zé jìn yī bù jù tǐ huà wéi zì yóu、 píng děng de shè huì zhèng zhì yào qiú, wéi tuī fān yǐ jīng guò shí de fēng jiàn zhù yì de tǒng zhì de dǒu zhēng, tí gōng liǎo zuì xiǎng liàng、 zuì dǎ dòng rén xīn de sī xiǎng kǒu hào。 tā hái jiào duō dì fǎn yìng liǎo píng mín jiē jí、 yě jiù shì dì sān děng jí zhōng jiào wéi xià céng de qún zhòng de yào qiú, tí chū liǎo“ shè huì qì yuē” de xué shuō, wéi zī chǎn jiē jí gé mìng hòu gòng hé zhù yì de zhèng zhì lán tú tí gōng liǎo lǐ lùn jī chǔ。 zhè jù dà de gòng xiàn shǐ tā rì hòu zài fǎ guó dà gé mìng zhōng bèi mín zhù pài、 jī jìn pài děng fèng wéi jīng shén dǎo shī, tā de sī xiǎng tuī dòng liǎo lì shǐ de qián jìn。 zhè shì tā zuò wéi sī xiǎng jiā de guāng róng。 zài wén xué zhōng, tā de yǐng xiǎng sì hū yě bìng bù gèng xiǎo, rú guǒ yào zài tā gěi fǎ guó wén xué suǒ dài lái de duō fāng miàn de xīn yì zhōng zhǐ chū qí zhù yào zhě de huà, nà jiù yīnggāi shuō shì tā de zuò pǐn zhōng nà zhǒng chōng fēn de“ zì wǒ” yì shí hé qiáng liè de gè xìng jiě fàng de jīng shén liǎo。
“ zì wǒ” yì shí hé gè xìng jiě fàng shì zī chǎn jiē jí wén xué de tè yòu cái chǎn, tā zài fēng jiàn guì zú jiē jí de wén xué lǐ shì méi yòu de。 zài fēng jiàn zhù yì zhī xià, gè xìng wǎng wǎng xiāo róng zài jiā zú hé guó jiā de guān niàn lǐ。 zī běn zhù yì guān xì chǎn shēng hòu, suí zhe zì yóu jìng zhēng 'ér lái de, shì gè xìng zì yóu zhè yī yào qiú de tí chū, rén zhú jiàn cóng fēng jiàn shù fù zhōng jiě tuō chū lái, cái yòu kě néng tí chū gè xìng jiě fàng zhè yī guān niàn hé zì wǒ yì shí zhè zhǒng gǎn shòu。 zhè gè xīn de zhù tí zài wén xué zhōng zhēn zhèng fēng fù qǐ lái, zài fǎ guó shì jīng guò liǎo yī liǎng bǎi nián。 shí liù shì jì de lā bó léi jǐn jǐn tōng guò yī gè wū tuō bāng de dé lián měi xiū dào yuàn, duì cǐ tí chū liǎo yī xiē dǒng jǐng hé yuàn wàng, yuǎn yuǎn méi yòu hé xiàn shí jié hé qǐ lái; shí qī shì jì de zuò jiā gāo nǎi yǐ zài《 lè · xī dé》 lǐ, gěi gè xìng hé 'ài qíng zì yóu de yào qiú liú xià liǎo yī dìng de dì wèi, dàn yě shì zài guó jiā de lì yì、 jiā zú de róng yù suǒ yǔn xǔ de fàn wéi lǐ; zài mò lǐ 'āi de bǐ xià, nà xiē zhuī qiú zì yóu shēng huó de nián qīng rén díquè dài lái liǎo gè xìng jiě fàng de huó lì, dàn yǔ cǐ bìng cún de, yě yòu zuò jiā guān yú zhōng cháng zhī dào de shuō jiào。 dào liǎo lú suō zhè lǐ, fā shēng liǎo gēn běn de biàn huà, shì tā, dì yī cì bǎ gè xìng zì yóu de yuán zé hé“ zì wǒ” tí dào rú cǐ gāo de dì wèi; shì tā, yǐ nà yàng chōng zú de gǎn qíng, biǎo xiàn chū liǎo gè xìng jiě fàng bù kě zǔ dǎng de lì liàng, biǎo xiàn chū“ zì wǒ” nà zhǒng gēn běn bù bǎ chuán tǒng guān niàn、 dào dé fǎ guī、 jià zhí biāo zhǔn fàng zài yǎn lǐ de yǒng qì; shì tā, dì yī gè tōng guò yī gè xiàn shí de rén, ér qiě jiù shì tā zì jǐ, biǎo xiàn chū yī gè quán miàn tǐ xiàn liǎo zī chǎn jiē jí rén dào zhù yì jīng shén de zī chǎn jiē jí gè xìng; shì tā, dì yī gè yǐ nà yàng hài shì jīng sú de dà dǎn, rú cǐ zhēn shí dì zhǎn shì liǎo zhè gè zī chǎn jiē jí gè xìng“ wǒ” yòu shí xiàng tiān kōng yī yàng chún jìng gāo yuǎn、 yòu shí xiàng yīn gōu yī yàng 'āng zàng 'è zhuó de quán bù nèi xīn shēng huó; yě shì tā, dì yī gè nà me shēn rù dì wā jué liǎo zhè zhǒng zī chǎn jiē jí gè xìng yǔ shè huì xiàn shí de máo dùn yǐ jí tā nà zhǒng mǐn ruì 'ér tòng kǔ de gǎn shòu。 yóu yú suǒ yòu zhè xiē lǐ yóu, jí shǐ wǒ men bù shuō《 chàn huǐ lù》 shì fā dòng liǎo yīcháng“ gé mìng”, zhì shǎo yě yìng gāi shuō shì dài lái liǎo yī cì zhòng dà de tū pò。 zhè zhǒng sī xiǎng nèi róng hé fēng gé qíng diào de chuàng xīn, shì zī běn zhù yì de fā zhǎn zài wén xué zhōng de bì rán jiēguǒ, rú guǒ bù shì yóu lú suō lái wán chéng de huà, yě yī dìng huì yòu lìng yī gè rén lái wán chéng de。 wéi qí rú cǐ, lú suō suǒ chuàng xīn de zhè yī qiē, zài zī chǎn jiē jí fǎn fēng jiàn dǒu zhēng gāo zhǎng de lì shǐ jiē duàn, jiù chéng wèile yī zhǒng diǎn xíng de、 jù yòu biǎo zhēng yì yì de dōng xī 'ér duì hòu lái zhě chǎn shēng liǎo qǐ dí hé yǐn dǎo de zuò yòng。 tā men bèi xiào fǎ, bèi mó fǎng, jí shǐ hòu lái zhě bìng bù xiǎng shī fǎ lú suō, dàn yě tiào bù chū lú suō suǒ kāipì de zhè yī piàn“ gè xìng jiě fàng”、“ zì wǒ yì shí”、“ gǎn qíng fā yáng” de xīn tiān dì liǎo。 rú guǒ zài jiā shàng lú suō dì yī cì yǐn rù wén xué de duì dà zì rán měi de rè 'ài hé xīn shǎng, duì shì mín jiē jí jiā tíng shēng huó qīnqiè 'ér wēn róu de gǎn shòu, nà me, jīhū jiù kě yǐ shuō,《 chàn huǐ lù》 zài mǒu zhǒng chéng dù shàng shì shí jiǔ shì jì fǎ guó wén xué líng gǎn de yī gè yuán quán liǎo。
《 chàn huǐ lù》 qián liù zhāng dì yī cì gōng zhī yú shì, shì yī qī bā yī nián, hòu liù zhāng shì yī qī bā bā nián。 zhè shí, lú suō yǐ jīng bù zài rén jiān。 jǐ nián yǐ hòu, zài zī chǎn jiē jí gé mìng gāo cháo zhōng, bā lí jǔ xíng liǎo yī cì lóng zhòng de yí shì, bǎ yī gè yí tǐ yí zàng zài wěi rén gōng mù, zhè jiù shì《 chàn huǐ lù》 zhōng de nà gè“ wǒ”。 dāng nián, zhè gè“ wǒ” zài xiě zhè bù zìzhuàn de shí hòu, wú lùn rú hé yě bù huì xiǎng dào yòu yī tiān huì huò dé zhè yàng jù dà de 'āi róng。 dāng tā bǎ zì jǐ yī xiē jiàn bù dé rén de fāng miàn yě xiě liǎo chū lái de shí hòu, sì hū liú xià liǎo yī fèn hěn bù guāng cǎi de lì shǐ jì lù, zào chéng liǎo yī gè xiāng dāng nán kàn de xíng xiàng, fǒu dìng liǎo tā zuò wéi yī gè píng mín sī xiǎng jiā de guāng huī。 rán 'ér, tā zhè yàng zuò běn shēn, tā zhè yàng zuò de shí hòu suǒ jù yòu de nà zhǒng bēi fèn de lì liàng, nà zhǒng zhōng yú zì jǐ zhé xué yuán zé de zhù guān zhēn chéng hé nà zhǒng gè xìng zì yóu de chōng dòng, què yòu zài gèng gāo yī jí de yì yì shàng wán chéng liǎo yī cì“ fǒu dìng zhī fǒu dìng”, jí fǒu dìng liǎo nà gè nán kàn de xíng xiàng 'ér xiǎn shì liǎo yī zhǒng bù tóng fán xiǎng de rén gé lì liàng。 tā bìng bù xiǎng bǎ zì jǐ dǎ bàn chéng lì shǐ wěi rén, dàn tā què chéng liǎo zhēn zhèng de lì shǐ wěi rén, tā de zìzhuàn yě yīn wéi tā bù xiǎng dǎ bàn zì jǐ 'ér chéng liǎo cǐ hòu yī qiē zìzhuàn zuò pǐn zhōng zuì yòu jià zhí de yī bù。 rú guǒ shuō, lú suō de lùn zhù shì biàn zhèng fǎ de jié zuò, nà me; tā de shì lì bù shì gèng xiǎn shì chū yī zhǒng huó shēng shēng de、 qiáng yòu lì de biàn zhèng fǎ má?
The Confessions is divided into two parts, each consisting of six books. Rousseau alludes to a planned third part, but this was never completed. Though the book is somewhat flawed as an autobiography – particularly, Rousseau's dates are frequently off, and some events are out of order – Rousseau provides an account of the experiences that shaped his influential philosophy. For instance, the parts of his own education he liked best are clearly present in his account of ideal education, Emile: Or, On Education.
Rousseau's work is notable as one of the first major autobiographies. Prior to his writing the Confessions, the two great autobiographies were Augustine's own Confessions and Saint Teresa's Life of Herself. Both of these works, however, focused on the religious experiences of their authors. The Confessions was one of the first autobiographies in which an individual wrote of his own life mainly in terms of his worldly experiences and personal feelings. Rousseau recognized the unique nature of his work; it opens with the famous words:
I have resolved on an enterprise which has no precedent, and which, once complete, will have no imitator. My purpose is to display to my kind a portrait in every way true to nature, and the man I shall portray will be myself.
Some scholars believe that his prediction was wide of the mark. Not long after publication many other writers (such as Goethe, Wordsworth and De Quincey) wrote their own similarly-styled autobiographies. However, Leo Damrosch argues that Rousseau meant that it would be impossible to imitate his book, as nobody else would be like Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
The Confessions is also noted for its detailed account of Rousseau's more humiliating and shameful moments. For instance, Rousseau recounts an incident when, while a servant, he covered up his theft of a ribbon by framing a young girl - who was working in the house - for the crime. In addition, Rousseau explains the manner in which he disposes of his five illegitimate children, whom he had with his world-wide known companion, Therese Levasseur.
xiě zìzhuàn zǒng shì zài wǎn nián, yī bān dōushì zài gōng chéng míng jiù、 yōu huàn yǐ chéng guò qù de shí hòu, rán 'ér duì yú lú suō lái shuō, tā zhè xiě zìzhuàn de wǎn nián shì zěn yàng de yī gè wǎn nián 'ā!
yī qī liù 'èr nián, tā wǔ shí suì, kān yìn tā de zhù zuò de shū shāng, ā mǔ sī tè dān de mǎ 'ěr kè- mǐ xiè 'ěr · léi yī, jiàn yì tā xiě yī bù zìzhuàn。 háo wú yí wèn, xiàng tā zhè yàng yī gè píng mín chū shēn、 zǒu guò liǎo màn cháng de kǎn kě de dào lù、 tōng guò zì xué hé gè rén fèn dǒu jū rán chéng wéi zhī shí jiè de jù zǐ、 míng shēng chuán biàn zhěng gè fǎ guó de rén wù, díquè zuì yí yú xiě zìzhuàn zuò pǐn liǎo, hé kuàng zài tā de shēng huó jīng lì zhōng hái chōng mǎn liǎo wǔ guāng shí sè hé xì jù xìng。 dàn lú suō bìng méi yòu jiē shòu zhè gè jiàn yì, xiǎn rán shì yīn wéi zìzhuàn jiāng huì qiān shè dào yī xiē dāng shí de rén hé shì, ér lú suō shì bù yuàn yì zhè yàng zuò de。 qíng kuàng dào《 ài mí 'ér》 chū bǎn hòu yòu liǎo biàn huà, dà lǐ yuàn xià lìng fén shāo zhè bù chù nù liǎo fēng jiàn tǒng zhì jiē jí de zuò pǐn, bìng yào dài bǔ zuò zhě, cóng cǐ, tā bèi dāng zuò“ fēng zǐ”、“ yě mán rén” ér zāo dào jǐn zhuī bùshě de pò hài, kāi shǐ liǎo táo wáng de shēng huó。 tā táo dào ruì shì, ruì shì dāng jú yě xià lìng shāo tā de shū, tā táo dào pǔ lǔ shì de shǔ dì mò dì yà, jiào huì fā biǎo wén gào xuān bù tā shì shàng dì de dí rén, tā méi fǎ jì xù dāi xià qù, yòu liú wáng dào shèng bǐ dé dǎo。 duì tā lái shuō, guān fāng de pàn jué hé jiào huì de qiǎn zé yǐ jīng shì gòu yán kù de liǎo, gèng chén zhòng de yī jī yòu jiē zhàng 'ér lái: yī qī liù wǔ nián chū xiàn liǎo yī běn tí míng wéi《 gōng mín men de gǎn qíng》 de xiǎo cè zǐ, duì lú suō de gè rén shēng huó hé rén pǐn jìn xíng liǎo gōng jī, lìng rén tòng xīn de shì, zhè yī gōng jī bìng bù shì lái zì dí rén de yíng lěi, ér xiǎn rán shì yǒu jūn zhī suǒ wéi。 lú suō yǎn jiàn zì jǐ yòu bèi mǒ dé qī hēi、 chéng wéi yī gè qiān gǔ zuì rén de wēi xiǎn, pò qiē gǎn dào yòu wéi zì jǐ biàn hù de bì yào, yú shì zài zhè yī nián, dāng tā liú wáng zài mò dì yà de shí hòu, tā huái zhe bēi fèn de xīn qíng kāi shǐ xiě tā de zìzhuàn。
zhěng gè zìzhuàn shì zài diān pèi liú lí de táo wáng shēng huó zhōng duàn duàn xù xù wán chéng de。 zài mò dì 'āi hé pí 'āi 'ěr dǎo shí, tā jǐn jǐn xiě liǎo dì yī zhāng, táo dào yīng guó de wǔ tōng hòu, tā wán chéng liǎo dì yī zhāng dào dì wǔ zhāng qián bàn bù fēn, dì wǔ zhāng dào dì liù zhāng zé shì tā huí dào fǎ guó hòu, yī qī liù qī nián zhù zài tè lì bǎo shí wán chéng de, zhè jiù shì《 chàn huǐ lù》 de dì yī bù。 jīng guò liǎng nián de zhōng duàn, tā yú yī qī liù jiǔ nián yòu kāi shǐ xiě zìzhuàn de dì qī zhāng zhì dì shí 'èr zhāng, jí《 chàn huǐ lù》 de dì 'èr bù, qí zhōng dà bù fēn shì tā táo bì zài wài shěng de qī jiān xiě chū lái de, zhǐ yòu mò wěi yī zhāng wán chéng yú tā huí dào liǎo bā lí zhī hòu, zuì hòu“ jùn gōng” de rì qī shì yī qī qī nián shí yī yuè。 cǐ hòu, tā zài
《 chàn huǐ lù》 jiù shì lú suō bēi cǎn de wǎn nián de chǎn wù, rú guǒ yào jǔ chū tā nà xiē bù xìng suì yuè zhōng zuì zhòng yào de、 shèn zhì shì wéi yī de nèi róng, nà jiù shì zhè yī bù càn hé zhe xīn suān de shū liǎo。 zhè yàng yī bù zài cán kù pò hài xià xiě chéng de zìzhuàn, yī bù zài sì miàn shòu dí de qíng kuàng xià wéi zì jǐ de cún zài biàn hù de zìzhuàn, zěn me huì bù chōng mǎn yī zhǒng bī rén de bēi fèn? tā nà zhù míng de kāi piān, yī xià zǐ jiù xiǎn chū liǎo zhè zhǒng bēi fèn suǒ jù yòu de zhèn hàn rén xīn de lì liàng: zhè shì shì jiè shàng jué wú jǐn yòu、 yě xǔ yǒng yuǎn bù huì zài yòu de yī fú wán quán yǐ zhào běn lái miàn mù hé quán bù shì shí miáo huì chū lái de rén xiàng。 bù guǎn nǐ shì shuí, zhǐ yào wǒ de mìng yùn huò wǒ de xìn rèn shǐ nǐ chéng wéi zhè běn shū de cái pàn rén, nà me wǒ jiāng wèile wǒ de kǔ nán, zhàng zhe nǐ de cè yǐn zhī xīn, bìng yǐ quán rén lèi de míng yì kěn qiú nǐ, bù yào mǒ shā zhè bù yòu yòng de dú tè de zhù zuò, tā kě yǐ zuò wéi guān yú rén de yán jiū héng héng zhè mén xué wèn wú yí shàng yòu dài yú chuàng jiàn héng héng de dì yī fèn cān kǎo cái liào; yě bù yào wèile zhào gù wǒ shēn hòu de míng shēng, máimò zhè bù guān yú wǒ de mò bèi dí rén wāi qū de xìng gé de wéi yī kě kào jìzǎi。 zuì hòu, jí shǐ nǐ céng jīng shì wǒ de yī gè bù gòng dài tiān de dí rén, yě qǐng nǐ duì wǒ de yí hái bù yào bào rèn hé dí yì, bù yào bǎ nǐ de cán kù wú qíng de bù gōng zhèng xíng wéi jiān chí dào nǐ wǒdōu yǐ bù fù shēng cún de shí dài, zhè yàng, nǐ zhì shǎo néng gòu yòu yī cì gāo guì de biǎo xiàn, jí dāng nǐ běn lái kě yǐ xiōng hěn dì jìn xíng bào fù shí, nǐ què biǎo xiàn dé kuān hóng dà liàng; rú guǒ shuō, jiā hài yú yī gè cóng lái bù céng huò bù yuàn shāng hài bié rén de rén, yě kě yǐ chēng zhī wéi bào fù de huà。
zuò zhě jiǎn jiè
ràng- yǎ kè · lú suō
lú suō miàn duì zhe zhǒng zhǒng qiǎn zé hé wū miè、 zhòngshāng hé qū jiě, zì xìn tā bǐ nà xiē pò hài hé gōng jī tā de dà rén xiān shēng、 zhèng rén jūn zǐ men lái dé gāo shàng chún jié、 chéng shí zì rán, yī kāi shǐ jiù xiàng zì jǐ de shí dài shè huì tí chū liǎo yǒng gǎn de tiǎo zhàn:“ bù guǎn mò rì shěn pàn de hào jiǎo shénme shí hòu chuī xiǎng。 wǒdōu gǎn ná zhe zhè běn shū zǒu dào zhì gāo wú shàng de shěn pàn zhě miàn qián, guǒ gǎn dì dà shēng shuō: ‘ qǐng kàn! zhè jiù shì wǒ suǒ zuò guò de, zhè jiù shì wǒ suǒ xiǎng guò de, wǒ dāng shí jiù shì nà yàng de rén …… qǐng nǐ bǎ nà wú shù de zhòng shēng jiào dào wǒ gēn qián lái! ràng tā men tīng tīng wǒ de chàn huǐ…… rán hòu, ràng tā men měi yī gè rén zài nín de bǎo zuò qián miàn, tóng yàng zhēn chéng dì pī lù zì jǐ de xīn líng, kàn yòu shuí gǎn yú duì nín shuō: wǒ bǐ zhè gè rén hǎo, ’”
zhè dìng xià liǎo quán shū de lùn biàn hé duì kàng de jī diào。 zài zhè duì kàng de jī diào hòu miàn, xiǎn rán yòu zhe yī zhǒng jī liè de chōng tū, jí lú suō yǔ shè huì de chōng tū, zhè zhǒng chōng tū jué bù shì chǎn shēng yú 'ǒu rán de shì jiàn hé jiū gé, ér shì yòu zhe shēn kè de shè huì jiē jí gēn yóu de。
lú suō zhè yī gè zhōng biǎo jiàng de 'ér zǐ, cóng mín zhù zhèng tǐ de rì nèi wǎ zǒu dào fēng jiàn zhuān zhì zhù yì zhī dū bā lí, cóng xià céng rén mín zhōng zǒu jìn liǎo fǎ lán xī sī xiǎng jiè, xiàng tā zhè yàng yī gè shēn shàng dài zhe chén tǔ、 jīng cháng yī shí wú zhe de liú làng hàn, hé zhěng gè guì zú shàng liú shè huì dāng rán shì liǎng gè bù tóng de shì jiè, jí shǐ hé tóng yī yíng lěi de qí tā qǐ méng sī xiǎng jiā mèng dé sī jiū、 fú 'ěr tài、 dí dé luó yě yòu hěn dà de bù tóng。 mèng dé sī jiū zuò wéi yī gè yōng yòu zì jǐ de zhuāng yuán、 tóng shí jīng yíng gōng shāng yè de chuān páo guì zú, yī shēng guò zhe 'ān yì de shēng huó; fú 'ěr tài běn rén jiù shì yī gè dà zī chǎn zhě, jiā yòu wàn guàn zhī cái, yī zhí shì zài shè huì shàng céng huó dòng; dí dé luó yě shì chū shēn yú fù yù de jiā tíng, tā suī rán yě guò guò qīng pín de rì zǐ, bì jìng méi yòu lú suō nà zhǒng zhí jiē lái zì shè huì dǐ céng de jīng lì。 lú suō dāng guò xué tú、 pú rén、 huǒ jì、 suí cóng, xiàng qǐ gài yī yàng jìn guò shōu róng suǒ, zhǐ shì zài jīng guò cháng qī qín fèn de zì xué hé gè rén fèn dǒu zhī hòu, cái zhú jiàn tuō diào tīng chā de hào yī, chéng liǎo yīnyuè jiào shī、 mì shū、 zhí yè zuò jiā。 zhè jiù shǐ tā yòu tiáo jiàn bǎ zhè gè jiē céng de qíng xù、 yuàn wàng hé jīng shén dài jìn shí bā shì jì de wén xué。 tā dì yī piān yǐn qǐ quán fǎ lán xī zhǔ mùdì lùn wén《 lùn kē xué yǔ yì shù》( 1750) zhōng nà zhǒng duì fēng jiàn wén míng yī bǐ fǒu dìng de yǒng qì, nà zhǒng gǎn yú fǎn duì“ rén rén zūn jìng de shì wù” de zhàn dǒu jīng shén hé 'ào shì chuán tǒng guān niàn de pàn nì tài dù, bù zhèng fǎn yìng liǎo shè huì xià céng nà zhǒng jī liè de qíng xù? diàn dìng liǎo tā zài zhěng gè 'ōu zhōu sī xiǎng shǐ shàng chóng gāo dì wèi de《 lùn rén lèi bù píng děng de qǐ yuán hé jī chǔ》( 1775) hé《 mín yuē lùn》( 1762) duì shè huì bù píng děng hé nú yì de pī pàn, duì píng děng、 zì yóu de gē sòng, duì“ zhù quán zài mín” yuán zé de xuān chuán, bù zhèng tǐ xiàn liǎo shí bā shì jì píng mín jiē céng zài zhèng zhì shàng de yào qiú hé lǐ xiǎng? tā nà shǐ dé“ luò yáng zhǐ guì” de xiǎo shuō《 xīn 'ài luò yī sī》 yòu tōng guò yī gè 'ài qíng bēi jù wéi yōu xiù de píng mín rén wù zhēng jī běn rén quán, ér dài gěi tā bēi cǎn mìng yùn de《 ài mí 'ér》 zé bǎ píng mín láo dòng zhě dāng zuò rén de lǐ xiǎng。 yīn cǐ, dāng lú suō dēng shàng liǎo shí bā shì jì sī xiǎng wén huà de lì shǐ wǔ tái de shí hòu, tā yě jiù tián bǔ liǎo nà gè zài lì shǐ shàng cháng qī kōng zhe de píng mín sī xiǎng jiā de xí wèi。
dàn lú suō suǒ shēng huó de shí dài shè huì, duì yī gè píng mín sī xiǎng jiā lái shuō, shì wán quán dí duì de。 cóng tā kāi shǐ fā biǎo dì yī piān lùn wén de wǔ shí nián dài dào tā wán chéng《 chàn huǐ lù》 de qī shí nián dài, zhèng shì fǎ guó fēng jiàn zhuān zhì zhù yì zuì hòu zhēngzhá de shí qī, tā shì shì hòu shí yī nián jiù bào fā liǎo zī chǎn jiē jí gé mìng。 zhè gè shí qī, yòu jǐ bǎi nián lì shǐ de fēng jiàn zhù yì tǒng zhì yǐ jīng dào liǎo shān qióng shuǐ jìn de jìng dì。 cháng qī yǐ lái, fēng jiàn shēng chǎn guān xì suǒ gù yòu de máo dùn、 chén zhòng de fēng jiàn yā zhà yǐ jīng shǐ dé mín bù liáo shēng, nóng yè shēng chǎn dī luò; duì xīn jiào tú de zōng jiào pò hài qū shǐ dà liàng shú liàn gōng jiàng wài liú, dǎo zhì liǎo gōng shāng yè de diāo bì; lù yì shí sì wǎn nián yī lián chuàn duì wài zhàn zhēng hé gōng tíng shēng huó de shē chǐ làng fèi yòu shǐ guó kù kōng xū; lù yì shí wǔ zuì shēng mèng sǐ de huāng yín gèng bǎ fēng jiàn guó jiā tuī dào liǎo quán miàn pò chǎn de biān yuán, yǐ zhì dào lù yì shí liù de shí hòu, mǒu xiē gǎi liáng zhù yì de cháng shì yě wú fǎ wǎn jiù bì rán huǐ miè de mìng yùn liǎo。 zhè zuì hòu de nián dài shì fǔ xiǔ、 fēng kuáng de nián dài, fēng jiàn guì zú tǒng zhì jiē jí yù shì jí jiāng miè dǐng, yù shì wán gù dì yào wéi hù zì jǐ de tè quán hé tǒng zhì。 dù 'ěr guǒ dāng shàng cái zhèng zǒng jiān hòu, tí chū liǎo yī xiē zhǐ zài wǎn jiù wēi jī de gǎi liáng zhù yì cuò shī, yīn 'ér chù fàn liǎo guì zú tè quán jiē jí de lì yì, hěn kuài jiù bèi gǎn xià liǎo tái。 tā de jì rèn zhě nèi kè jǐn jǐn bǎ gōng tíng páng dà de kāi zhī gōng zhī yú zhòng, chù nù liǎo gōng tíng quán guì, yě zāo dào miǎn zhí。 jì rán zì shàng 'ér xià de zhǐ zài wéi hù fēng jiàn tǒng zhì gēn běn lì yì de gǎi liáng zhù yì yě bùwèi tè quán jiē jí suǒ róng xǔ, nà me, zì xià 'ér shàng de fǎn duì hé duì kàng dāng rán gèng yào shòu dào zhèn yā。 fēng jiàn zhuān zhì zhù yì de dǐng shèng suī rán yǐ jīng yī qù bù fù fǎn, dàn zhuān zhì zhù yì de yín wēi zhè shí bìng bù shāo jiǎn。 fú 'ěr tài hé dí dé luó dū jìn guò jiān yù, shòu guò pò hài。 zhè shì shí bā shì jì sī xiǎng jiā de mìng yùn hé biāo zhì。 děng dài zhe sī xiǎng jiā lú suō de, jiù zhèng shì zhè zhǒng shè huì de hé jiē jí de bì rán xìng, hé kuàng zhè gè lái zì mín jiān de rén wù, sī xiǎng gèng wéi jī liè, tài dù gèng wéi gū 'ào: tā jū rán jù jué guó wáng de jiē jiàn hé cì gěi nián jīn; tā jìng rán biǎo shì yàn 'è bā lí de fán huá hé shàng liú shè huì de shē chǐ; tā hái dǎn gǎn duì“ gāo guì de děng jí” jìn xíng rú cǐ jī liè de zhǐ zé:“ guì zú, zhè zài yī gè guó jiā lǐ zhǐ bù guò shì yòu hài 'ér wú yòng de tè quán, nǐ men rú cǐ kuā yào de guì zú tóu xián yòu shénme kě lìng rén zūn jìng de? nǐ men guì zú jiē jí duì zǔ guó de guāng róng、 rén lèi de xìng fú yòu shénme gòng xiàn! nǐ men shì fǎ lǜ hé zì yóu de sǐ dí, fán shì zài guì zú jiē jí xiǎn hè bù kě yī shì de guó jiā, chú liǎo zhuān zhì de bào lì hé duì rén mín de yā pò yǐ wài hái yòu shénme?”
zhù zuò nèi róng gěng gài yǔ qiǎn xī
《 chàn hǎi lù》 jiù shì zhè yàng yī gè jī jìn de píng mín sī xiǎng jiā yǔ fǎn dòng tǒng zhì jī liè chōng tū de jiēguǒ。 tā shì yī gè píng mín zhī shí fènzǐ zài fēng jiàn zhuān zhì yā pò miàn qián wéi hù zì jǐ bù jǐn shì zuò wéi yī gè rén、 gèng zhòng yào de shì zuò wéi yī gè pǔ tōng rén de rén quán hé zūn yán de zuò pǐn, shì duì tǒng zhì jiē jí pò hài hé wū miè de fǎn jī。 tā shǒu xiān shǐ wǒ men gǎn dào kě guì de shì, qí zhōng chōng mǎn liǎo píng mín de zì xìn、 zì zhòng hé jiāo 'ào, zǒng zhī, yī zhǒng gāo 'áng de píng mín jīng shén。
yóu yú zuò zhě de jīng lì, tā yòu tiáo jiàn zài zhè bù zìzhuàn lǐ zhǎn shì yī gè píng mín de shì jiè, shǐ wǒ men kàn dào shí bā shì jì de nǚ pú、 tīngchāi、 nóng mín、 xiǎo diàn zhù、 xià céng zhī shí fènzǐ yǐ jí lú suō zì jǐ de píng mín jiā zú: zhōng biǎo jiàng、 jì shī、 xiǎo zī chǎn jiē jí fù nǚ。 bǎ zhè yàng duō de píng mín xíng xiàng dài jìn shí bā shì jì wén xué, zài lú suō zhī qián zhǐ yòu lè · sà rì。 dàn lè · sà rì zài《 jí 'ěr · bù lā sī》 zhōng wǎng wǎng zhǐ shì bǎ zhè xiē rén wù dāng zuò bù duàn màn yán de gù shì qíng jié de yī bù fēn, xiàn yú miáo xiě tā men de wài bù xíng xiàng。 lú suō zài《 chàn huǐ lù》 zhōng zé wán quán bù tóng, tā suǒ zhù zhòng de shì zhè xiē píng mín rén wù de sī xiǎng gǎn qíng、 pǐn zhì、 rén gé hé xìng gé tè diǎn, suī rán《 chàn huǐ lù》 duì zhè xiē rén wù de xíng mào de miáo xiě shì hěn bù chōng fēn de, dàn què zú yǐ shǐ dú zhě liǎo jiě shí bā shì jì zhè gè jiē céng de jīng shén zhuàng kuàng、 dào dé shuǐ píng、 àihào yǔ xīng qù、 yuàn wàng yǔ zhuī qiú。 zài zhè lǐ, lú suō zhì lì yú fā jué píng mín de jīng shén jìng jiè zhōng yī qiē yòu jià zhí de dōng xī: zì rán chún pǔ de rén xìng、 zhí dé zàn měi de dào dé qíng cāo、 chū sè de cōng míng cái zhì hé jiàn kāng de shēng huó qù wèi děng děng。 tā bǎ tā píng mín jiā tíng zhōng nà qīnqiè níng jìng de róu qíng miáo xiěde duō me dòng rén 'ā, shǐ tā zài nà bīng lěng wú qíng de shè huì dà hǎi de bèi jǐng shàng, xiàng shì yī gè shǐ zhōng zhào huàn zhe tā de wēn qíng zhī dǎo。 tā bǐ xià de nóng mín dōushì yī xiē pǔ shí de xíng xiàng, tè bié shì nà gè mào zhe bèi shuì lì fā jiàn hòu jiù huì bèi bī dé pò chǎn de ná chū fēng shèng shí wù kuǎn dài tā de nóng mín, biǎo xiàn liǎo duō me gāo guì de kāng kǎi; tā yù dào de nà gè xiǎo diàn zhù shì nà me zhōng hòu hé fù yòu tóng qíng xīn, jìng yǔn xǔ yī gè sù bù xiāng shí de liú làng zhě zài tā diàn lǐ piàn chī liǎo yī dùn fàn; tā qīn mì de huǒ bàn、 huá lún fū rén de nán pú 'ā nài bù jǐn rén gé gāo shàng, ér qiě yòu guǎng bó de xué shí hé chū sè de cáigàn; cǐ wài, hái yòu“ shàn liáng de xiǎo huǒ zǐ” píng mín yuèshī lè · mài tè 'ěr、 tā de shàonián liú làng hàn péng yǒu“ cōng míng de bā kè lè”、 kě lián de nǚ pú“ hé shàn、 cōng míng hé jué duì chéng shí de” mǎ lì yǒng, tā men zài nà 'è zhuó de shè huì huán jìng lǐ yědōu fā sàn chū liǎo qīng xīn de qì xī, shǐ lú suō duì tā men yī zhí bǎo chí zhe měi hǎo de jì yì。 lìng yī fāng miàn, lú suō yòu yǐ bù jiā yǎn shì de yàn 'è hé bǐ shì zhuī shù liǎo tā suǒ yù jiàn de tǒng zhì jiē jí hé shàng liú shè huì zhōng de gè zhǒng rén wù:“ gēng chí” guì zú de hòu yì dé · péng wéi 'ěr xiān shēng“ bù shì gè yòu dé de rén”; shǒu xí fǎ guān xī méng xiān shēng shì“ yī gè bù duàn xiàng guì fù men xiàn yīn qín de xiǎo hóu zǐ”; jiào huì rén wù jīhū dōuyòu“ wěi shàn huò hòu yán wú chǐ de chǒu tài”, qí zhōng hái yòu bù shǎo yín xié de sè qíng kuáng; guì fù rén de xí qì shì qīng fú hé guǎ lián xiān chǐ, yòu de“ míng shēng hěn huài”; zhì yú bā lí de quán guì, wú bù dào dé lún sàng、 xìng qíng diāo zuàn、 wěi shàn yīn xiǎn。 zài lú suō de yǎn lǐ, píng mín de shì jiè yuǎn bǐ shàng liú shè huì lái dé gāo shàng、 yōu yuè。 zǎo zài dì yī piān lùn wén zhōng, tā jiù jìn xíng guò zhè yàng de duì bǐ:“ zhǐ yòu zài zhuāng jià rén de cū bù yī fú xià miàn, ér bù shì zài tíng chén de xiù jīn yī fú xià miàn, cái néng fā xiàn yòu lì de shēn qū。 zhuāng shì yǔ dé xíng shì gé gé bù rù de, yīn wéi dé xíng shì líng hún de lì liàng。” zhè zhǒng duì“ bù yī” de chóng shàng, duì quán guì de biǎn zé, zài《 chàn huǐ lù》 lǐ yòu yòu liǎo zài yī cì de fā huī, tā zhè yàng zǒng jié shuō:“ wèishénme wǒ nián qīng de shí hòu yù dào liǎo zhè yàng duō de hǎo rén, dào wǒ nián jì dà liǎo de shí hòu, hǎo rén jiù nà yàng shǎo liǎo ní? shì hǎo rén jué zhǒng liǎo má? bù shì de, zhè shì yóu yú wǒ jīn tiān xū yào zhǎo hǎo rén de shè huì jiē céng yǐ jīng bù zài shì wǒ dāng nián yù dào hǎo rén de nà gè shè huì jiē céng liǎo。 zài yī bān píng mín zhōng jiān, suī rán zhǐ 'ǒu 'ěr liú lù rè qíng, dàn zì rán qíng gǎn què shì suí shí kě yǐ jiàn dào de。 zài shàng liú shè huì zhōng, zé lián zhè zhǒng zì rán qíng gǎn yě wán quán zhì xī liǎo。 tā men zài qíng gǎn de huǎng zǐ xià, zhǐ shòu lì yì huò xū róng xīn de zhī pèi。” lú suō zìzhuàn zhōng qiáng liè de píng mín jīng shén, shǐ tā zài wén xué shǐ shàng huò dé liǎo tā suǒ dú yòu de tè sè, fǎ guó rén zì jǐ shuō dé hǎo:“ méi yòu yī gè zuò jiā xiàng lú suō zhè yàng shàn yú bǎ qióng rén biǎo xiàn dé zhuó yuè bù fán。”
dāng rán,《 chàn huǐ lù》 zhōng nà zhǒng píng mín de zì xìn hé jiāo 'ào, zhù yào hái shì biǎo xiàn zài lú suō duì zì wǒ xíng xiàng de miáo huì shàng。 jìn guǎn lú suō shòu dào liǎo zhǒng zhǒng zénàn hé gōng jī, dàn tā shēn xìn zài zì jǐ de“ bù yī” zhī xià, bǐ“ tíng chén de xiù jīn yī fú” xià miàn gèng yòu“ líng hún” hé“ lì liàng”。 zài wǒ men kàn lái, shí jì shàng yě díquè rú cǐ。 tā zài nà gè chōng mǎn liǎo xū róng de shè huì lǐ, gǎn yú gōng kāi biǎo shì zì jǐ duì yú xià céng、 duì yú píng mín de shēn qíng, bù yǐ zì jǐ“ dī jiàn” de chū shēn、 bù yǐ tā guò qù de pín hán kùn dùn wéi chǐ, ér xuān bù nà shì tā de xìng fú nián dài, tā bǎ chún pǔ zì rán shì wéi zì jǐ pín jiàn shēng huó zhōng zuì kě bǎo guì de cái fù, tā jiāo 'ào dì zhǎn shì zì jǐ shēng huó zhōng nà xiē wéi gāo guì zhě de shēng huó suǒ bù jù yòu de jiàn kāng de、 shǎn guāng de dōng xī yǐ jí tā zài pín jiàn shēng huó zhōng suǒ huò dé、 suǒ bǎo chí zhe de nà zhǒng jīng shén shàng、 jié cāo shàng de fēng cǎi。
tā gào sù dú zhě, tā cóng zì jǐ nà chōng mǎn zhēn zhì wēn qíng de píng mín jiā tíng zhōng huò dé liǎo“ yī kē duō qíng de xīn”, suī rán tā bǎ zhè shì wéi“ yī shēng bù xìng de gēn yuán”, dàn yī zhí yǐ tā“ wēn róu duō qíng”、 jù yòu zhēn qíng shí gǎn 'ér zì háo; tā yòu cóng“ chún pǔ de nóng cūn shēng huó” zhōng dé dào liǎo“ bù kě gūliáng de hǎo chù”,“ xīn lǐ huò rán kāi lǎng, dǒng dé liǎo yǒu qíng”, suī rán tā hòu lái yě zuò guò bù gòu péng yǒu de shì, dàn gèng duō de shí hòu shì zài yǒu qíng yǔ gōng lì zhī jiān xuǎn zé liǎo qián zhě, shèn zhì wèile hé liú làng shàonián bā kè lè de yǒu yì 'ér gāo chàng zhe“ zài jiàn bā, dū chéng, zài jiàn bā, gōng tíng、 yě xīn、 xū róng xīn, zài jiàn bā, ài qíng hé měi rén”, lí kāi liǎo wèitā tí gōng“ fēi huáng téng dá” de jī yù de gǔ fēng bó jué。
tā guò zhe pín qióng de shēng huó, què yòu zì jǐ fēng fù de jīng shén shì jiè。 tā hěn zǎo jiù duì dú shū“ yòu yī zhǒng hǎn yòu de xīng qù”, jí shǐ shì zài dāng xué tú de shí hòu, yě gān mào shòu chéng fá de wēi xiǎn 'ér jiān chí dú shū, shèn zhì wèile dé dào shū jí 'ér dāng diào liǎo zì jǐ de chèn shān hé lǐng dài。 tā bó lǎn qún shū, cóng gǔ xī là、 luó mǎ de jīng diǎn zhù zuò yī zhí dào dāng dài de qǐ méng lùn zhù, cóng wén xué、 lì shǐ yī zhí dào zì rán kē xué dú wù, cháng qī de dú shū shēng huó huàn qǐ liǎo tā“ gèng gāo shàng de gǎn qíng”, xíng chéng liǎo tā gāo chū yú shàng céng jiē jí de jīng shén jìng jiè。
tā rè 'ài zhī shí, yòu zhe lìng rén jìng pèi de hǎo xué jīng shén, tā xué xí qín fèn kè kǔ, biǎo xiàn chū“ nán yǐ zhì xìn de yì lì”。 zài liú làng zhōng, tā jiān chí bù xiè; jí bìng chán shēn shí, tā yě méi yòu zhōng duàn;“ sǐ wáng de bī jìn bù dàn méi yòu xuē ruò wǒ yán jiū xué wèn de xīng qù, sì hū fǎn 'ér gèng shǐ wǒ xīng zhì bó bó dì yán jiū qǐ xué wèn lái”。 tā wéi huò dé gèng duō de zhī shí, zǒng shì zuì dà xiàn duódì lì yòng tā de shí jiān, láo dòng de shí hòu bèi sòng, sàn bù de shí hòu gòu sī。 jīng guò cháng qī de nǔ lì, tā zài shù xué、 tiān wén xué、 lì shǐ、 dì lǐ、 zhé xué hé yīnyuè děng gè gè lǐng yù jī lěi liǎo guǎng bó de xué shí, wéi zì jǐ chuàng zào liǎo zuò wéi yī gè sī xiǎng jiā、 yī gè wén huà jù rén suǒ bì xū jù bèi de tiáo jiàn。 tā fù yòu jìn qǔ jīng shén, xué huì liǎo yīnyuè jī běn lǐ lùn, yòu jìn yī bù cháng shì zuòqǔ, dú liǎo fú 'ěr tài de zuò pǐn, yòu chǎn shēng liǎo“ yào xué huì yòng yōu yǎ de fēng gé xiě wén zhāng de yuàn wàng”; tā zhè yàng jiān kǔ dì pān dēng, zhōng yú dá dào dāng dài wén huà de gāo fēng。
tā shēng huó zài chōng mǎn xū róng hé shē chǐ de shè huì huán jìng zhōng, què bǎo chí liǎo qīng gāo de tài dù, bǎ pín fù zhì zhī dù wài,“ yī shēng zhōng de rèn hé shí hòu, cóng méi yòu guò yīn wéi kǎo lǜ pín fù wèn tí 'ér lìng wǒ xīn huā nù fàng huò yōu xīn chōng zhòng。” tā bǐ nà xiē yōng rén gāo chū xǔ duō bèi, bù 'ài mù róng huá fù guì, bù zhuī qiú xiǎn hè wén dá,“ zài nà yī shēng nán wàng de kǎn kě bù píng hé biàn huà wú cháng de zāo yù zhōng”, yě“ shǐ zhōng bù biàn”。 bā lí“ yī qiē zhēn zhèng fù lì táng huáng de qíng jǐng” shǐ tā fǎn gǎn, tā chéng míng zhī hòu, yě“ bù yuàn yì zài zhè gèdōu shì cháng jiǔ jū zhù xià qù”, tā zhī suǒ yǐ zài zhè lǐ jū zhù liǎo yī gè shí qī,“ zhǐ bù guò shì lì yòng wǒ de dòu liú lái xún qiú zěn yàng néng gòu yuǎn lí cǐ dì 'ér shēng huó xià qù de shǒu duàn 'ér yǐ。” tā zài 'è zhuó de shè huì huán jìng zhōng, suī bù néng wán quán zuò dào chū wū ní 'ér bù rǎn, dàn zài guān jiàn de shí kè, zài zhòng dà de wèn tí shàng, què nán néng kě guì dì biǎo xiàn chū gāo shàng de jié cāo。 tā yīn wéi zì jǐ“ rén gé gāo shàng, jué bù xiǎng yòng bēi bǐ shǒu duàn qù fā cái”, ér pāo diào liǎo dāng sòng gùn de qián chéng, gōng tíng yǎn chū tā de gē wǔ jù《 xiāng cūn bǔ shī》 shí yāo tā chū xí, tā gù yì bù xiū biān fú yǐ shì dài màn, xiǎn chū“ bù yī” de běn sè, guó wáng yào jiē jiàn bìng cì gěi tā nián jīn, tā wèile jié shēn zì hǎo, bǎo chí rén gé dú lì 'ér bù qù jiē shòu。
tā chù yú fǎn dòng hēi 'àn de fēng jiàn tǒng zhì zhī xià, què jù yòu“ juéjiàng háo mài yǐ jí bù kěn shòu shù fù shòu nú yì de xìng gé”, gǎn yú“ zài bā lí chéng wéi zhuān zhì jūn zhù zhèng tǐ de fǎn duì zhě hé jiān dìng de gòng hé pài”。 tā yǎn jiàn“ bù xìng de rén mín zāo shòu tòng kǔ”,“ duì yā pò tā men de rén” yòu chōng mǎn liǎo“ bù kě 'è zhì de tòng hèn”, tā gǔ chuī zì yóu, fǎn duì nú yì, xuān chēng“ wú lùn zài shénme shì qíng shàng, yuē shù、 qū cóng dōushì wǒ bù néng rěn shòu de”。 tā suī rán fǎn duì fǎ guó de fēng jiàn zhuān zhì, bìng qiě zài zhè gè guó jiā lǐ shòu dào liǎo“ zhèng fǔ、 fǎ guān、 zuò jiā lián hé zài yī qǐ de fēng kuáng gōng jī”, dàn tā duì fǎ lán xī de lì shǐ wén huà shǐ zhōng huái zhe shēn hòu de gǎn qíng, duì fǎ lán xī mín zú jì yú liǎo jiān qiáng de xìn niàn, shēn xìn“ yòu yī tiān tā men huì bǎ wǒ cóng kǔ nǎo de jī bàn zhōng jiě jiù chū lái”。
shí bā shì jì guì zú shè huì shì yī piàn yín mí zhī fēng, lú suō yǔ nà zhǒng guǎ lián xiān chǐ、 dān yú ròu yù de xiǎng lè shēng huó huàqīng liǎo jiè xiàn。 tā bǎ fù nǚ dāng zuò yī zhǒng měi lái jiā yǐ zàn shǎng, dāng zuò yī zhǒng shī yǐ wēn qíng de duì xiàng, ér bù shì wán nòng hé zhàn yòu de duì xiàng。 tā duì 'ài qíng yě biǎo shì liǎo quán xīn de lǐ jiě, tā chóng shàng nán nǚ zhī jiān zhēn chéng shēn zhì de qíng gǎn, tè bié zhòng shì gǎn qíng de gāo shàng hé chún jié, rèn wéi bǐ cǐ zhī jiān de guān xì yīnggāi shì zhè yàng de:“ tā bù shì jī yú qíng yù、 xìng bié、 nián líng、 róng mào, ér shì jī yú rén zhī suǒ yǐ wéi rén de nà yī qiē, chú fēi sǐ wáng, jiù jué bù néng sàng shī de nà yī qiē”, yě jiù shì shuō, yīnggāi bāo hán zhe rén lèi yī qiē měi hǎo gāo shàng de dōng xī。 tā zài shēng huó zhōng zhuī qiú de shì yī zhǒng shēn zhì、 chí jiǔ、 chāo hū gōng lì hé ròu yù de róu qíng, yòu shí shèn zhì jìn hū tiān zhēn wú xié、 chún jié tòu míng, tā liàn 'ài de shí hòu, gǎn qíng fēng fù 'ér rè liè, tóng shí yòu duì duì fāng bǎo chí zhe 'ài hù、 zūn zhòng hé tǐ tiē。 tā yǔ huá lún fū rén cháng qī guò zhe yī zhǒng chún jìng de 'ài qíng shēng huó, nà zhǒng chéng zhì de xìng zhì zài shí bā shì jì de shè huì shēng huó zhōng shì hěn nán jiàn dào de。 tā yǔ gé lāi fēn lì xiǎo jiě hé jiā lěi xiǎo jiě de yī duàn xiè hòu, shì duō me chōng mǎn zhì qì 'ér yòu sàn fā chū mí rén de qīng chūn de qì xī! tā yǔ bā xī lè tài tài zhī jiān de yī duàn gǎn qíng yòu shì nà yàng wēn xīn 'ér yòu jié jìng wú xiá! tā yǔ nián qīng gū niàn mài 'ěr sài lāi yī dào zuò liǎo cháng tú lǚ xíng, shǐ zhōng“ zuò huái bù luàn”。 tā yòu shí yě chéng wéi qíng yù de nú lì 'ér féng chǎng zuò xì, dàn bù jiǔ jiù chū yú dào dé gǎn 'ér pāo qì liǎo zhè zhǒng yóu xì。
tā yǔ fēng jiàn guì zú jiē jí duì shē chǐ háo huá、 fán wén rù jié de 'àihào wán quán xiāng fǎn, bǎo chí zhe jiàn kāng de、 měi hǎo de shēng huó qù wèi。 tā rè 'ài yīnyuè, xǐ huān chàng gē, chāo lè pǔ jì shì tā móu shēng de shǒu duàn, yě shì tā jì tuō jīng shén zhī suǒ zài, jǔ bàn yīnyuè huì, gèng shì tā shēng huó zhōng de lè qù。 tā duì yōu měi de qǔdiào shì nà me dòng xīn, tóng nián shí tīng dào de qǔdiào qīng xīn de mín jiān gē yáo yī zhí shǐ tā yōu rán shén wǎng, dāng tā yǐ jīng shì yī gè“ bǎo shòu jiāo lǜ hé kǔ tòng zhé mó” de lǎo rén, yòu shí hái“ yòng chàn wēi wēi de pò sǎng yīn hēng zhe zhè xiē xiǎo diào”,“ zěn me yě bù néng yī qì chàng dào dǐ 'ér bù bèi zì jǐ de yǎn lèi dǎ duàn”。 tā duì huì huà yě yòu rè liè de xīng qù,“ kě yǐ zài huà bǐ hé qiān bǐ zhī jiān yī lián dāi shàng jǐ gè yuè bù chū mén”。 tā hái xǐ huān wèi gē yǎng fēng, hé zhè xiē yòu yì de dòng wù qīnqiè dì xiāng chù, xǐ huān zài pú táo shú liǎo de shí hòu dào tián yuán lǐ qù fēn xiǎng nóng rén shōu huò de yú kuài。 tā shì fǎ guó wén xué zhōng zuì zǎo duì dà zì rán biǎo shì shēn chén de rè 'ài de zuò jiā。 tā dào yī chù zhù xià, jiù guān xīn chuāng wài shì fǒu yòu“ yī piàn tián yě de lǜ sè”; féng dào jǐng sè měi lì de lí míng, jiù gǎn kuài páo dào yě wài qù guān kàn rì chū。 tā wèile dào luò sāng qù xīn shǎng měi lì de hú shuǐ, bù xī rào dào 'ér xíng, jí shǐ lǚ fèi duǎn quē。 tā yě shì zuì shàn yú gǎn shòu dà zì rán zhī měi de jiàn shǎng jiā, yōu měi de yè jǐng jiù zú yǐ shǐ tā wàng diào cān fēng sù lù de kùn kǔ liǎo。 tā shì wén xué zhōng tú bù lǚ xíng de fā míng zhě, xǐ huān“ zài tiān lǎng qì qīng de rì zǐ lǐ, bù huāng bù máng dì zài jǐng sè yí rén de dì fāng xìn bù 'ér xíng”, zài zhè zhǒng lǚ xíng zhōng xiǎng shòu zhe“ tián yě de fēng guāng, jiē lián bù duàn de xiù lì jǐng sè, qīng xīn de kōng qì, yóu yú bù xíng 'ér dài lái de liáng hǎo shí yù hé bǎo mǎn jīng shén……”
《 chàn huǐ lù》 jiù zhè yàng chéng xiàn chū yī gè chún pǔ zì rán、 fēng fù duō cǎi、 zhāoqì péng bó de píng mín xíng xiàng。 zhèng yīn wéi zhè gè píng mín běn shēn shì yī gè dài biǎo rén wù, gòu chéng liǎo shí bā shì jì sī xiǎng wén huà lǐng yù lǐ yī gè zhòng dà de shè huì xiàn xiàng, suǒ yǐ《 chàn huǐ lù》 wú yí shì shí bā shì jì lì shǐ zhōng jí wéi zhòng yào de sī xiǎng cái liào。 tā shǐ hòu rén kàn dào liǎo yī gè sī xiǎng jiā de chéngzhǎng、 fā zhǎn hé nèi xīn shì jiè, kàn dào yī gè zhàn zài zhèng miàn zhǐ dǎo shí dài cháo liú de lì shǐ rén wù suǒ jù yòu de qiáng yòu lì de fāng miàn hé tā jīng shén shàng、 dào dé shàng suǒ fā chū de mǒu zhǒng shī yì de guāng huī。 zhè zhǒng lì liàng hé guāng huī zuì zhōng dāng rán lái zì zhè gè xíng xiàng suǒ dài biǎo de xià céng rén mín hé tā suǒ tǐ xiàn de lì shǐ qián jìn de fāng xiàng。 zǒng zhī, shì zhèng zhì shàng、 sī xiǎng shàng、 dào dé shàng de fǎn fēng jiàn xìng zhì jué dìng liǎo《 chàn huǐ lù》 hé qí zhōng lú suō zì wǒ xíng xiàng de jī jí yì yì, jué dìng liǎo tā men zài sī xiǎng fā zhǎn shǐ shàng、 wén xué shǐ shàng de zhòng yào jià zhí。
jiǎ rú lú suō duì zì wǒ xíng xiàng de miáo shù jǐn zhǐ yú yǐ shàng zhè xiē, hòu rén duì tā yě kě yǐ mǎn zú liǎo, wú quán tí chū gèng duō de yào qiú。 tā men zuò wéi shí bā shì jì fǎn fēng jiàn de sī xiǎng cái liào bù shì yǐ jīng xiāng dāng gòu liǎo má? bù shì yǐ jīng jù yòu shè huì jiē jí de yì yì bìng zú yǐ yǔ méng tián zài《 suí gǎn jí》 zhōng duì zì jǐ de miáo xiě jù yòu tóng děng de jià zhí má? dàn shì, lú suō zuòde bǐ zhè gèng duō, zǒude gèng yuǎn, tā yuǎn yuǎn chāo guò liǎo méng tián, tā de《 chàn huǐ lù》 yòu zhe gèng wéi fù zá dé duō de nèi róng。
lú suō zài《 chàn huǐ lù》 de lìng yī gè gǎo běn zhōng, céng jīng pī píng liǎo guò qù xiě zìzhuàn de rén“ zǒng shì yào bǎ zì jǐ qiáo zhuāng dǎ bàn yī fān, míng wéi zì shù, shí wéi zì zàn, bǎ zì jǐ xiě chéng tā suǒ xī wàng de nà yàng, ér bù shì tā shí jì shàng de nà yàng”。 shí liù shì jì de dà sàn wén jiā méng tián zài《 suí gǎn jí》 zhōng bù jiù shì zhè yàng má? suī rán yě jiǎng liǎo zì jǐ de quē diǎn, què bǎ tā men xiěde xiāng dāng kě 'ài。 lú jùn duì méng tián pō bù yǐ wéi rán, tā zhēn fēng xiāng duì dì tí chū liǎo yī gè zhé lǐ xìng de jǐng jù:“ méi yòu kě zēng de quē diǎn de rén shì méi yòu de。” zhè jì shì tā duì rén de yī zhǒng kàn fǎ, yě shì tā duì zì jǐ de yī zhǒng rèn shí。 rèn shí zhè yī diǎn bìng bù tài kùn nán, dàn yào gōng kāi chéng rèn zì jǐ yě shì“ yòu kě zēng de quē diǎn”, tè bié shì gǎn yú bǎ zhè zhǒng“ kě zēng de quē diǎn” pī lù chū lái, què xū yào jué dà de yǒng qì。 rén guì yòu zì zhī zhī míng、 yán yú jiě pōu zì jǐ, zhì jīn bù réng shì yī zhǒng lìng rén jìng pèi de měi dé má? xiǎn rán, zài lú suō zhī qián, wén xué shǐ shàng hái méi yòu chū xiàn guò zhè yàng yī gè yòu yǒng qì de zuò jiā, yú shì, lú suō yǐ miǎo shì qián rén de zì háo, zài《 chàn huǐ lù》 de dì yī duàn jiù zhè yàng xuān bù:“ wǒ xiàn zài yào zuò yī xiàng jì wú xiān lì、 jiāng lái yě bù huì yòu rén fǎng xiào de jiān jù gōng zuò。 wǒ yào bǎ yī gè rén de zhēn shí miàn mù chì luǒ luǒ dì jiē lù zài shì rén miàn qián。 zhè gè rén jiù shì wǒ。”
lú suō shí jiàn liǎo tā zì jǐ de zhè yī nuò yán, tā zài《 chàn huǐ lù》 zhōng de què yǐ zhēn chéng tǎn shuài de tài dù jiǎng shù liǎo tā zì jǐ de quán bù shēng huó hé sī xiǎng gǎn qíng、 xìng gé rén pǐn de gè gè fāng miàn,“ jì méi yòu yǐn mán sī háo huài shì, yě méi yòu zēng tiān rèn hé hǎo shì…… dāng shí wǒ shì bēi bǐ wò chuò de, jiù xiě wǒ de bēi bǐ wò chuò; dāng shí wǒ shì shàn liáng zhōng hòu、 dào dé gāo shàng de, jiù xiě wǒ de shàn liáng zhōng hòu hé dào dé gāo shàng”。 tā dà dǎn dì bǎ zì jǐ bù néng jiàn rén de yǐn sī gōng zhī yú zhòng, tā chéng rèn zì jǐ zài zhè zhǒng huò nà zhǒng qíng kuàng xià chǎn shēng guò yī xiē bēi liè de niàn tóu, shèn zhì yòu guò xià liú de xíng jìng。 tā shuō guò huǎng, xíng guò piàn, tiáoxì guò fù nǚ, tōu guò dōng xī, shèn zhì yòu tōu qiè de xí guàn。 tā yǐ chén zhòng de xīn qíng chàn huǐ zì jǐ zài yī cì tōu qiè hòu bǎ zuì guò zhuǎn jià dào nǚ pú mǎ lì yǒng de tóu shàng, zào chéng liǎo tā de bù xìng, chàn huǐ zì jǐ zài guān jiàn shí kè bēi liè dì pāo qì liǎo zuì xū yào tā de péng yǒu lè · mài tè 'ěr, chàn huǐ zì jǐ wèile hùn yī kǒu fàn chī 'ér bèi pàn liǎo zì jǐ de xīn jiào xìn yǎng, gǎi fèng liǎo tiān zhù jiào。 yīnggāi chéng rèn,《 chàn huǐ lù》 de tǎn shuài hé zhēn chéng dá dào liǎo lìng rén xiǎng xiàng bù dào de chéng dù, zhè shǐ tā chéng liǎo wén xué shǐ shàng de yī bù qí shū。 zài zhè lǐ, zuò zhě de zì wǒ xíng xiàng bìng bù zhǐ shì fā shè chū lǐ xiǎng de guāng huī, yě bù zhǐ shì guǒ zài yì shí xíng tài de shī yì lǐ, ér shì chéng xiàn chū liǎo jīng rén de zhēn shí。 zài tā shēn shàng, jì yòu chóng gāo yōu měi, yě yòu bēi liè chǒu 'è, jì yòu jiān qiáng hé lì liàng, yě yòu ruǎn ruò hé qiè nuò, jì yòu pǔ shí zhēn chéng, yě yòu nòng xū zuò jiǎ, jì yòu jīng shén hé dào dé de měi, yě yòu mǒu zhǒng shì bìng wú lài de xí qì。 zǒng zhī。 zhè bù shì wèile yào xiǎng shòu lì shǐ de guāng róng 'ér huì zhì chū lái de tú mǎn liǎo yóu cǎi de huà xiàng, ér shì yī gè huó shēng shēng de fù zá de gè rén。 zhè gè zì wǒ xíng xiàng de fù zá xìng jiù shì《 chàn huǐ lù》 de fù zá xìng, tóng shí yě shì《 chàn huǐ lù》 lìng jù yī zhǒng jià zhí de yuán yīn。 zhè zhǒng jià zhí bù jǐn zài yú tā xiě chū liǎo jīng rén de rén xìng de zhēn shí, shì lì shǐ shàng dì yī bù zhè yàng zhēn shí de zìzhuàn, tí gōng liǎo fēi cháng bǎo guì de、 yòng lú suō zì jǐ de huà lái shuō,“ kě yǐ zuò wéi guān yú rén de yán jiū héng héng zhè mén xué wèn wú yí shàng yòu dài yú chuàng jiàn héng héng de dì yī fèn cān kǎo cái liào;” ér qiě tā de jià zhí hái zài yú, zuò zhě zhī suǒ yǐ zhè yàng zuò, shì yòu zhe shēn kè de sī xiǎng dòng jī hé zhé lǐ zuò wéi zhǐ dǎo de。
lú suō zhuī qiú jué duì de zhēn shí, bǎ zì jǐ de quē diǎn hé guò cuò wán quán bào lù chū lái, zuì zhí jiē de dòng jī hé yì tú, xiǎn rán shì yào chǎn shù tā nà zhù míng de zhé lǐ: rén xìng běn shàn, dàn zuì 'è de shè huì huán jìng què shǐ rén biàn huài。 tā xiàn shēn shuō fǎ, jiǎng shù zì jǐ“ běn xìng shàn liáng”、 jiā tíng huán jìng chōng mǎn róu qíng, gǔ dài lì shǐ rén wù yòu gěi liǎo tā chóng gāo de sī xiǎng,“ wǒ běn lái kě yǐ tīng cóng zì jǐ de xìng gé, zài wǒ de zōng jiào、 wǒ de gù xiāng、 wǒ de jiā tíng、 wǒ de péng yǒu jiān, zài wǒ suǒ xǐ 'ài de gōng zuò zhōng, zài chènxīn rú yì de jiāo jì zhōng, píng píng jìng jìng、 ān 'ān yì yì dì dù guò zì jǐ de yī shēng。 wǒ jiāng huì chéng wéi shàn liáng de jī dū jiào tú、 shàn liáng de gōng mín、 shàn liáng de jiāzhǎng、 shàn liáng de péng yǒu、 shàn liáng de láo dòng zhě。” dàn shè huì huán jìng de 'è zhuó, rén yǔ rén zhī jiān guān xì de bù píng děng, què shǐ tā yě shòu dào liǎo zhān rǎn, yǐ zhì zài zhè xiě zìzhuàn de wǎn nián hái yòu nà me duō jiū xīn de huǐ hèn。 tā tè bié zhǐ chū liǎo shè huì bù píng děng de wēi hài, zài zhè lǐ, tā yòu yī cì biǎo xiàn liǎo tā zài《 lùn rén lèi bù píng děng de qǐ yuán hé jī chǔ》 zhōng de sī xiǎng, bǎ shè huì shēng huó zhōng de bù píng děng shì wéi zhèng cháng rén xìng de duì lì miàn, bìng lì tú tōng guò tā zì jǐ de jīng lì, jiē shì chū zhè zhǒng bù píng děng duì rén xìng de cuī cán hé wāi qū。 tā shì rú hé“ cóng chóng gāo de yīng xióng zhù yì duò luò wéi bēi bǐ de shì bìng wú lài” ní? zhèng shì tā suǒ yù dào de bù píng děng、 bù gōng zhèng de dài yù, zhèng shì“ qiáng zhě” de“ bào nüè zhuān héng”,“ cuī cán liǎo wǒ nà wēn róu duō qíng、 tiān zhēn huó pō de xìng gé”, bìng“ shǐ wǒ rǎn shàng zì jǐ tòng hèn de yī xiē 'è xí, zhū rú sǎ huǎng、 dài duò、 tōu qiè děng děng”。 yǐ tōu qiè 'ér yán, tā jiù shì shè huì bù píng děng zài lú suō shēn shàng zào chéng de 'è guǒ。 lú suō tí chū yī gè wèn tí: rú guǒ rén shì chǔyú yī zhǒng“ píng děng、 wú yōu wú lǜ de zhuàng tài” zhōng,“ suǒ xī wàng de yòu kě yǐ dé dào mǎn zú de huà”, nà me yòu zěn me huì yòu tōu qiè ní? jì rán“ zuò 'è de qiáng zhě xiāo yáo fǎ wài, wú gū de ruò zhě zāo yāng, pǔ tiān xià jiē shì rú cǐ”, nà me zěn me néng gòu zhì zhǐ tōu qiè de zuì xíng ní? duì ruò zhě de chéng fá bù jǐn wú jì yú shì, fǎn 'ér gèng jī qǐ fǎn kàng, lú suō zài zì jǐ xiǎo tōu xiǎo mō bèi fā xiàn hòu jīng cháng 'áidǎ,“ jiàn jiàn duì 'áidǎ yě jiù bù zài hū liǎo”, shèn zhì“ jué dé zhè shì dǐ xiāo tōu qiè zuì xíng de yī zhǒng fāng shì, wǒ dǎo yòu liǎo jì xù tōu qiè de quán lì liǎo…… wǒ xīn lǐ xiǎng, jì rán 'àn xiǎo tōu lái zhì wǒ, nà jiù děng yú rèn kě wǒ zuò xiǎo tōu”。 lú suō zài tōng guò zì jǐ de jīng lì lái fēn xī bù píng děng de bì hài shí, yòu yòng tóng yàng de fāng fǎ lái jiē shì jīn qián de fǔ shí zuò yòng, tā gào sù dú zhě:“ wǒ bù dàn cóng lái bù xiàng shì rén nà yàng kàn zhòng jīn qián, shèn zhì yě cóng lái bù céng bǎ jīn qián kàn zuò duō me fāng biàn de dōng xī”, ér rèn dìng jīn qián shì“ fán nǎo de gēn yuán”。 rán 'ér, jīn qián de zuò yòng què yòu shǐ tā bù dé bù bǎ jīn qián kàn zuò“ shì bǎo chí zì yóu de yī zhǒng gōng jù”, shǐ tā“ hài pà náng kōng rú xǐ”, zhè jiù zài tā shēn shàng zào chéng liǎo zhè yàng yī zhǒng máo dùn de xí xìng:“ duì jīn qián de jí duān lìn xī yǔ wú bǐ bǐ shì jiān 'ér yòu zhī”。 yīn cǐ, tā yě céng“ tōu guò qī gè lì wù 'ěr líng shí gè sū”, bìng qiě zài qián cái fāng miàn bù shí qǐ guò yī xiē bēi liè de niàn tóu, rú yǎn jiàn huá lún fū rén huī huò làng fèi、 yòu pò chǎn de wēi xiǎn, tā jiù xiǎng tōu tōu mō mō jiàn lì qǐ zì jǐ de“ xiǎo jīn kù”, dàn yī kàn wú jì yú shì, jiù gǎi biàn zuò fǎ,“ hǎo xiàng yī zhǐ cóng tú zǎi chǎng chū lái de gǒu, jì rán bǎo bù zhù nà kuài ròu, jiù bù rú diāo zǒu wǒ zì jǐ de nà yī fēn。” cóng zhè xiē xù shù lǐ, chú liǎo kě yǐ kàn dào diǎn xíng lú suō shì de yán kù wú qíng de zì wǒ pōu xī wài, jiù shì fēi cháng chū sè de guān yú shè huì huán jìng yǔ rén xìng 'è de hù xiāng guān xì de biàn zhèng fǎ de sī xiǎng liǎo。 zài zhè lǐ, zì wǒ pī píng hé chàn huǐ dǎo xiàng liǎo duì shè huì de qiǎn zé hé kòng sù, duì rén xìng 'è de wā jué zhuǎn huà chéng liǎo yán sù de shè huì pī pàn。 zhèng yīn wéi zhè zhǒng pī pàn shì jié hé zhe lú suō zì jǐ tòngqiè de jīng yàn hé tǐ huì, suǒ yǐ yě jiù gèng wéi shēn kè yòu lì, tā yǔ lú suō zài《 lùn rén lèi bù píng děng de qǐ yuán hé jī chǔ》 zhōng duì yú cái chǎn bù píng děng、 shè huì zhèng zhì bù píng děng de pī pàn wán quán yī mài xiāng chéng, zhè yī bù lùn zhù yǐ qí jié chū de sī xiǎng céng bèi 'ēn gé sī yù wéi“ biàn zhèng fǎ de jié zuò”。
zhù zuò sī xiǎng
lú suō yòng tǎn shuài de fēng gé xiě zìzhuàn, bù huí bì tā shēn shàng de rén xìng 'è, gèng wéi gēn běn de yuán yīn hái zài yú tā de sī xiǎng tǐ xì。 tā xiǎn rán bìng bù bǎ tǎn lù zì jǐ、 bāo kuò tǎn lù zì jǐ de quē diǎn guò cuò shì wéi yī zhǒng kǔ xíng, dǎo shì wéi shēn xìn zhè shì yī gè chuàng jǔ 'ér zì xǔ。 zài tā kàn lái, rén jù yòu zì jǐ de běn xìng, rén de běn xìng zhōng bāo kuò liǎo rén de yī qiē zì rán de yào qiú, rú duì zì yóu de xiàng wǎng、 duì yì xìng de zhuī qiú、 duì jīng měi wù pǐn de 'àihào, děng děng。 zhèng rú tā bǎ chū mín de yuán shǐ chún pǔ de zhuàng tài dāng zuò rén lèi měi hǎo de huáng jīn shí dài yī yàng, tā yòu bǎ rén shēn shàng yī qiē yuán shǐ de běn néng de yào qiú dāng zuò liǎo zhèng cháng de、 zì rán de dōng xī quán pán jiā yǐ kěn dìng。 shèn zhì zài tā yǎn lǐ, zhè xiē zì rán de yào qiú yào bǐ nà xiē jīng guò jiáo shì de wén míng huà de xí xìng gèng wéi zhèng cháng hé lǐ。 zài lú suō de zhé xué lǐ, jì rán rén zài jīng měi de wù pǐn miàn qián bù kě néng wú dòng yú zhōng, bù, gèng yīnggāi yòu yī zhǒng jiàn shǎng jiā de rè qíng, nà me, chū yú zhè zhǒng bù xún cháng de rè qíng, yào“ zì yóu zhī pèi nà xiē xiǎo dōng xī”, yòu suàn dé liǎo shénme guò cuò ní? yīn cǐ, tā zài《 chàn huǐ lù》 zhōng jīhū shì yòng yǔ“ chàn huǐ” jué yuán de píng jìng de tǎn rán de yǔ diào gào sù dú zhě:“ zhí dào xiàn zài, wǒ yòu shí hái tōu yī diǎn wǒ suǒ xīn 'ài de xiǎo wán yì 'ér”, wán quán wú shì cóng sī yòu zhì chǎn shēng yǐ lái jiù chéng wéi dào dé zhēn yán de“ wù tōu qiè” zhè gè yuán zé, zhè shì tā sī xiǎng tǐ xì zhōng de yī tiáo xiàn suǒ。 lìng yī tiáo xiàn suǒ shì: tā yǔ tiān zhù jiào shén xué xiāng fǎn。 bù shì bǎ rén kàn zuò shì shòu shén nú yì de duì xiàng, ér shì bǎ rén kàn chéng shì zì zhù de gè tǐ, rén zì zhù xíng dòng de dòng lì zé shì gǎn qíng, tā bǎ gǎn qíng tí dào liǎo yī gè zhòng yào de dì wèi, rèn wéi“ xiān yòu gǎn jué, hòu yòu sī kǎo” shì“ rén lèi gòng tóng de mìng yùn”。 yīn cǐ, gǎn qíng de zhēn zhì liú lù、 gǎn qíng yòng shì hé gǎn qíng fàng rèn, zài tā kàn lái jiù shì rén lèi běn xìng chún pǔ zì rán de biǎo xiàn liǎo。 qǐng kàn, tā shì rú hé shēn qíng dì huí yì tā tóng nián shí hé fù qīn yī dào, nà me“ xīng zhì bó bó” dì yuè dú xiǎo shuō, tōng xiāo dá dàn, zhí dào dì 'èr tiān qīng chén tīng dào liǎo yàn zǐ de ní nán, tā shì duō me xīn shǎng tā fù qīn zhè zhǒng“ hái zǐ qì” ā! zhè yī lèi gǎn qíng de zì rán liú lù hé fàng rèn bù jī, jiù shì lú suō zhé xué tǐ xì zhōng de gè xìng zì yóu hé gè xìng jiě fàng。 lú suō wú yí shì shí bā shì jì zhōng bǎ gè xìng jiě fàng de hào jiǎo chuī dé zuì xiǎng de yī gè sī xiǎng jiā, tā tí chàng jué duì de gè xìng zì yóu, fǎn duì zōng jiào xìn tiáo hé fēng jiàn dào dé fǎ guī de shù fù, tā 'ào shì yī qiē dì xuān chēng, nà gè shí dài de xí sú、 lǐ jiào hé piān jiàn dōubù zhí yī gù, bìng bǎ zì jǐ miáo huì chéng zhè yàng yī gè diǎn xíng, xuān yáng tā yǐ gè rén wéi zhōng xīn、 yǐ gè rén de gǎn qíng、 xīng qù、 yì zhì wéi chū fā diǎn、 yī rèn xīng zhī suǒ zhì de rén shēng tài dù。 zhè xiē jiù shì tā zài《 chàn huǐ lù》 zhōng de sī xiǎng de hé xīn, zhè yě shì tā zài zìzhuàn zhōng lì qiú zhōng yú zì jǐ、 bù zhuāng jiǎ、 pī lù yī qiē de gēn běn yuán yīn。 ér yóu yú suǒ yòu zhè yī qiē, tā de zhè bù zìzhuàn zì rán yě jiù chéng wéi yī bù zuì huó shēng shēng de gè xìng jiě fàng de xuān yán shū liǎo。
lú suō suī rán chū shēn yú shè huì de xià céng, dàn zài dāng shí de lì shǐ tiáo jiàn xià, tā de sī xiǎng tǐ xì bù kě néng chāo chū zī chǎn jiē jí de fàn wéi, tā zài《 chàn huǐ lù》 zhōng suǒ biǎo xiàn de sī xiǎng, qí jiē jí xìng zhì shì wǒ men suǒ shú xī de, tā jiù shì hé dāng shí fēng jiàn sī xiǎng tǐ xì xiāng duì lì de zī chǎn jiē jí rén dào zhù yì de sī xiǎng。 yī qiē yǐ shí jiān、 dì diǎn、 tiáo jiàn wéi zhuǎn yí。 zhè zhǒng sī xiǎng zài lì shǐ fā zhǎn guò chéng zhōng、 zài dāng shí shí bā shì jì, xiǎn rán jù yòu fēi cháng gé mìng de yì yì。 tā yǐ zōng jiào shì jiè guān wéi duì lì miàn, zhù zhāng yǐ rén wéi běn, fǎn duì shén xué duì rén de jīng shén tǒng zhì, tā cóng rén zhè gè běn tǐ chū fā, bǎ zì yóu、 píng děng shì wéi rén de zì rán běn xìng, fǎn duì fēng jiàn de nú yì hé yā zhà, zài zhěng gè zī chǎn jiē jí fǎn fēng jiàn de lì shǐ shí qī lǐ, qǐ zhe qǐ dí rén men de sī xiǎng、 cuī huǐ fēng jiàn zhù yì de yì shí xíng tài、 wéi lì shǐ de fā zhǎn kāipì dào lù de zuò yòng。 rán 'ér, zhè zhǒng sī xiǎng tǐ xì bì jìng shì yī gè bō xuē jiē jí dài tì lìng yī gè bō xuē jiē jí、 yī zhǒng sī yòu zhì dài tì lìng yī zhǒng sī yòu zhì de lì shǐ jiē duàn de chǎn wù, dài yòu lì shǐ de hé jiē jí de jú xiàn xìng。 yīn 'ér, wǒ men zài《 chàn huǐ lù》 zhōng kě yǐ kàn dào, lú suō zài yǔ zōng jiào de“ shén dào” duì lì、 jié lì tuī chóng zì jǐ shēn shàng de“ rén xìng”、 kěn dìng zì jǐ zuò wéi rén de zì rán yào qiú de tóng shí, yòu bǎ zì jǐ de mǒu xiē zī chǎn jiē jí xìng dāng zuò zhèng dāng de“ rén xìng” jiā yǐ kěn dìng; tā zài fǎn duì zōng jiào duì rén de jīng shén nú yì、 kěn dìng zì wǒ huó dòng de dú lì zì zhù xìng hé gǎn qíng de tuī dòng zuò yòng de tóng shí, yòu bǎ zì jǐ yī xiē dī liè de chōng dòng hé qù wèi měi huà wéi fú hé“ rén xìng” de dōng xī。 tā suǒ tí chàng de gè xìng zì yóu xiǎn rán tài zhì gāo wú shàng liǎo, chōng mǎn liǎo nóng hòu de gè rén zhù yì de wèi dào; tā zhòng shì hé tuī chóng rén de gǎn qíng, xiǎn rán yòu zǒu xiàng liǎo jí duān, ér chéng wèile gǎn qíng fàng zòng。 zǒng zhī, zhè lǐ de yī qiē jì biǎo xiàn liǎo fǎn fēng jiàn fǎn zōng jiào de jī jí yì yì, yòu bào lù liǎo zī chǎn jiē jí yì shí xíng tài de běn zhì。
lú suō bìng bù shì zuì xiān tí chū zī chǎn jiē jí rén dào zhù yì sī xiǎng de sī xiǎng jiā, zài zhè gè sī xiǎng tǐ xì fā zhǎn de guò chéng zhōng, tā zhǐ shì yī gè huán jié。 zǎo zài wén yì fù xīng shí dài, chǔyú méng yá jiē duàn de zī běn zhù yì guān xì jiù wéi zhè zhǒng yì shí xíng tài de chǎn shēng tí gōng liǎo tǔ rǎng, zhè zhǒng sī xiǎng tǐ xì de zhù yào fāng miàn hé zhù yào yuán zé, cóng nà shí qǐ, jiù zhú jiàn zài lì shǐ de guò chéng zhōng bèi yī xì liè sī xiǎng jiā、 wén xué jiā chōng shí wán bèi qǐ lái liǎo。 suī rán lú suō zhǐ shì qí zhōng de yī gè jiē duàn, què wú yí biāo zhì zhe yī gè xīn de jiē duàn。 tā de xīn gòng xiàn zài yú, tā bǎ zī chǎn jiē jí rén dào zhù yì de jī běn yuán zé jìn yī bù jù tǐ huà wéi zì yóu、 píng děng de shè huì zhèng zhì yào qiú, wéi tuī fān yǐ jīng guò shí de fēng jiàn zhù yì de tǒng zhì de dǒu zhēng, tí gōng liǎo zuì xiǎng liàng、 zuì dǎ dòng rén xīn de sī xiǎng kǒu hào。 tā hái jiào duō dì fǎn yìng liǎo píng mín jiē jí、 yě jiù shì dì sān děng jí zhōng jiào wéi xià céng de qún zhòng de yào qiú, tí chū liǎo“ shè huì qì yuē” de xué shuō, wéi zī chǎn jiē jí gé mìng hòu gòng hé zhù yì de zhèng zhì lán tú tí gōng liǎo lǐ lùn jī chǔ。 zhè jù dà de gòng xiàn shǐ tā rì hòu zài fǎ guó dà gé mìng zhōng bèi mín zhù pài、 jī jìn pài děng fèng wéi jīng shén dǎo shī, tā de sī xiǎng tuī dòng liǎo lì shǐ de qián jìn。 zhè shì tā zuò wéi sī xiǎng jiā de guāng róng。 zài wén xué zhōng, tā de yǐng xiǎng sì hū yě bìng bù gèng xiǎo, rú guǒ yào zài tā gěi fǎ guó wén xué suǒ dài lái de duō fāng miàn de xīn yì zhōng zhǐ chū qí zhù yào zhě de huà, nà jiù yīnggāi shuō shì tā de zuò pǐn zhōng nà zhǒng chōng fēn de“ zì wǒ” yì shí hé qiáng liè de gè xìng jiě fàng de jīng shén liǎo。
“ zì wǒ” yì shí hé gè xìng jiě fàng shì zī chǎn jiē jí wén xué de tè yòu cái chǎn, tā zài fēng jiàn guì zú jiē jí de wén xué lǐ shì méi yòu de。 zài fēng jiàn zhù yì zhī xià, gè xìng wǎng wǎng xiāo róng zài jiā zú hé guó jiā de guān niàn lǐ。 zī běn zhù yì guān xì chǎn shēng hòu, suí zhe zì yóu jìng zhēng 'ér lái de, shì gè xìng zì yóu zhè yī yào qiú de tí chū, rén zhú jiàn cóng fēng jiàn shù fù zhōng jiě tuō chū lái, cái yòu kě néng tí chū gè xìng jiě fàng zhè yī guān niàn hé zì wǒ yì shí zhè zhǒng gǎn shòu。 zhè gè xīn de zhù tí zài wén xué zhōng zhēn zhèng fēng fù qǐ lái, zài fǎ guó shì jīng guò liǎo yī liǎng bǎi nián。 shí liù shì jì de lā bó léi jǐn jǐn tōng guò yī gè wū tuō bāng de dé lián měi xiū dào yuàn, duì cǐ tí chū liǎo yī xiē dǒng jǐng hé yuàn wàng, yuǎn yuǎn méi yòu hé xiàn shí jié hé qǐ lái; shí qī shì jì de zuò jiā gāo nǎi yǐ zài《 lè · xī dé》 lǐ, gěi gè xìng hé 'ài qíng zì yóu de yào qiú liú xià liǎo yī dìng de dì wèi, dàn yě shì zài guó jiā de lì yì、 jiā zú de róng yù suǒ yǔn xǔ de fàn wéi lǐ; zài mò lǐ 'āi de bǐ xià, nà xiē zhuī qiú zì yóu shēng huó de nián qīng rén díquè dài lái liǎo gè xìng jiě fàng de huó lì, dàn yǔ cǐ bìng cún de, yě yòu zuò jiā guān yú zhōng cháng zhī dào de shuō jiào。 dào liǎo lú suō zhè lǐ, fā shēng liǎo gēn běn de biàn huà, shì tā, dì yī cì bǎ gè xìng zì yóu de yuán zé hé“ zì wǒ” tí dào rú cǐ gāo de dì wèi; shì tā, yǐ nà yàng chōng zú de gǎn qíng, biǎo xiàn chū liǎo gè xìng jiě fàng bù kě zǔ dǎng de lì liàng, biǎo xiàn chū“ zì wǒ” nà zhǒng gēn běn bù bǎ chuán tǒng guān niàn、 dào dé fǎ guī、 jià zhí biāo zhǔn fàng zài yǎn lǐ de yǒng qì; shì tā, dì yī gè tōng guò yī gè xiàn shí de rén, ér qiě jiù shì tā zì jǐ, biǎo xiàn chū yī gè quán miàn tǐ xiàn liǎo zī chǎn jiē jí rén dào zhù yì jīng shén de zī chǎn jiē jí gè xìng; shì tā, dì yī gè yǐ nà yàng hài shì jīng sú de dà dǎn, rú cǐ zhēn shí dì zhǎn shì liǎo zhè gè zī chǎn jiē jí gè xìng“ wǒ” yòu shí xiàng tiān kōng yī yàng chún jìng gāo yuǎn、 yòu shí xiàng yīn gōu yī yàng 'āng zàng 'è zhuó de quán bù nèi xīn shēng huó; yě shì tā, dì yī gè nà me shēn rù dì wā jué liǎo zhè zhǒng zī chǎn jiē jí gè xìng yǔ shè huì xiàn shí de máo dùn yǐ jí tā nà zhǒng mǐn ruì 'ér tòng kǔ de gǎn shòu。 yóu yú suǒ yòu zhè xiē lǐ yóu, jí shǐ wǒ men bù shuō《 chàn huǐ lù》 shì fā dòng liǎo yīcháng“ gé mìng”, zhì shǎo yě yìng gāi shuō shì dài lái liǎo yī cì zhòng dà de tū pò。 zhè zhǒng sī xiǎng nèi róng hé fēng gé qíng diào de chuàng xīn, shì zī běn zhù yì de fā zhǎn zài wén xué zhōng de bì rán jiēguǒ, rú guǒ bù shì yóu lú suō lái wán chéng de huà, yě yī dìng huì yòu lìng yī gè rén lái wán chéng de。 wéi qí rú cǐ, lú suō suǒ chuàng xīn de zhè yī qiē, zài zī chǎn jiē jí fǎn fēng jiàn dǒu zhēng gāo zhǎng de lì shǐ jiē duàn, jiù chéng wèile yī zhǒng diǎn xíng de、 jù yòu biǎo zhēng yì yì de dōng xī 'ér duì hòu lái zhě chǎn shēng liǎo qǐ dí hé yǐn dǎo de zuò yòng。 tā men bèi xiào fǎ, bèi mó fǎng, jí shǐ hòu lái zhě bìng bù xiǎng shī fǎ lú suō, dàn yě tiào bù chū lú suō suǒ kāipì de zhè yī piàn“ gè xìng jiě fàng”、“ zì wǒ yì shí”、“ gǎn qíng fā yáng” de xīn tiān dì liǎo。 rú guǒ zài jiā shàng lú suō dì yī cì yǐn rù wén xué de duì dà zì rán měi de rè 'ài hé xīn shǎng, duì shì mín jiē jí jiā tíng shēng huó qīnqiè 'ér wēn róu de gǎn shòu, nà me, jīhū jiù kě yǐ shuō,《 chàn huǐ lù》 zài mǒu zhǒng chéng dù shàng shì shí jiǔ shì jì fǎ guó wén xué líng gǎn de yī gè yuán quán liǎo。
《 chàn huǐ lù》 qián liù zhāng dì yī cì gōng zhī yú shì, shì yī qī bā yī nián, hòu liù zhāng shì yī qī bā bā nián。 zhè shí, lú suō yǐ jīng bù zài rén jiān。 jǐ nián yǐ hòu, zài zī chǎn jiē jí gé mìng gāo cháo zhōng, bā lí jǔ xíng liǎo yī cì lóng zhòng de yí shì, bǎ yī gè yí tǐ yí zàng zài wěi rén gōng mù, zhè jiù shì《 chàn huǐ lù》 zhōng de nà gè“ wǒ”。 dāng nián, zhè gè“ wǒ” zài xiě zhè bù zìzhuàn de shí hòu, wú lùn rú hé yě bù huì xiǎng dào yòu yī tiān huì huò dé zhè yàng jù dà de 'āi róng。 dāng tā bǎ zì jǐ yī xiē jiàn bù dé rén de fāng miàn yě xiě liǎo chū lái de shí hòu, sì hū liú xià liǎo yī fèn hěn bù guāng cǎi de lì shǐ jì lù, zào chéng liǎo yī gè xiāng dāng nán kàn de xíng xiàng, fǒu dìng liǎo tā zuò wéi yī gè píng mín sī xiǎng jiā de guāng huī。 rán 'ér, tā zhè yàng zuò běn shēn, tā zhè yàng zuò de shí hòu suǒ jù yòu de nà zhǒng bēi fèn de lì liàng, nà zhǒng zhōng yú zì jǐ zhé xué yuán zé de zhù guān zhēn chéng hé nà zhǒng gè xìng zì yóu de chōng dòng, què yòu zài gèng gāo yī jí de yì yì shàng wán chéng liǎo yī cì“ fǒu dìng zhī fǒu dìng”, jí fǒu dìng liǎo nà gè nán kàn de xíng xiàng 'ér xiǎn shì liǎo yī zhǒng bù tóng fán xiǎng de rén gé lì liàng。 tā bìng bù xiǎng bǎ zì jǐ dǎ bàn chéng lì shǐ wěi rén, dàn tā què chéng liǎo zhēn zhèng de lì shǐ wěi rén, tā de zìzhuàn yě yīn wéi tā bù xiǎng dǎ bàn zì jǐ 'ér chéng liǎo cǐ hòu yī qiē zìzhuàn zuò pǐn zhōng zuì yòu jià zhí de yī bù。 rú guǒ shuō, lú suō de lùn zhù shì biàn zhèng fǎ de jié zuò, nà me; tā de shì lì bù shì gèng xiǎn shì chū yī zhǒng huó shēng shēng de、 qiáng yòu lì de biàn zhèng fǎ má?
The Confessions is divided into two parts, each consisting of six books. Rousseau alludes to a planned third part, but this was never completed. Though the book is somewhat flawed as an autobiography – particularly, Rousseau's dates are frequently off, and some events are out of order – Rousseau provides an account of the experiences that shaped his influential philosophy. For instance, the parts of his own education he liked best are clearly present in his account of ideal education, Emile: Or, On Education.
Rousseau's work is notable as one of the first major autobiographies. Prior to his writing the Confessions, the two great autobiographies were Augustine's own Confessions and Saint Teresa's Life of Herself. Both of these works, however, focused on the religious experiences of their authors. The Confessions was one of the first autobiographies in which an individual wrote of his own life mainly in terms of his worldly experiences and personal feelings. Rousseau recognized the unique nature of his work; it opens with the famous words:
I have resolved on an enterprise which has no precedent, and which, once complete, will have no imitator. My purpose is to display to my kind a portrait in every way true to nature, and the man I shall portray will be myself.
Some scholars believe that his prediction was wide of the mark. Not long after publication many other writers (such as Goethe, Wordsworth and De Quincey) wrote their own similarly-styled autobiographies. However, Leo Damrosch argues that Rousseau meant that it would be impossible to imitate his book, as nobody else would be like Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
The Confessions is also noted for its detailed account of Rousseau's more humiliating and shameful moments. For instance, Rousseau recounts an incident when, while a servant, he covered up his theft of a ribbon by framing a young girl - who was working in the house - for the crime. In addition, Rousseau explains the manner in which he disposes of his five illegitimate children, whom he had with his world-wide known companion, Therese Levasseur.
ài luò yī sī shì fǎ guó shí 'èr shì jì rén; tā hé tā de jiào shī 'ā bèi lā xiāng 'ài, zāo dào tā shū fù de fǎn duì hé bào lì gān yù。 liǎng rén suī wèi néng jié wéi juàn shǔ, dàn réng hù xiāng yǐ liàn, shū xìn wǎng hái, zhí dào 'ā bèi lā sǐ hòu wéi zhǐ。 ài luò yī sī hé 'ā bèi lā xiāng 'ài de gù shì, āi yàn dòng rén, dé dào liǎo lú suō de tóng qíng。 yīn cǐ, tā bǎ tā xiǎo shuō zhōng de nǚ zhù rén gōng zhū lì bǐ zuò 'ài luò yī sī, jiāng tā de xiǎo shuō qǔ míng wéi《 zhū lì, huò xīn 'ài luò yī sī》, yòng xǐng mùdì biāo tí, biǎo míng shū zhōng de nǚ zhù rén gōng zhū lì hé shí 'èr shì jì de 'ài luò yī sī zài 'ài qíng shàng yòu xiāng shìde bù xìng zāo yù。 quán shū de gù shì, lìng rén bēi qiē: zhū lì · dé dān zhì hé tā de jiā tíng jiào shī shèng pǔ lè xiāng 'ài, dà dào tā fù qīn dé dān zhì nán jué de fǎn duì。 dé dān zhì nán jué de fēng jiàn yì shí jí shēn, bù yuàn bǎ nǚ 'ér jià gěi yī gè píng mín。 yú shì, zài zhū lì de biǎo mèi kè lāi 'ěr hé shèng pǔ lè de péng yǒu、 yīng guó rén 'ài dé huá · bó mǔ sī dùn de 'ān pái xià, shèng pǔ lè lí kāi zhū lì, cóng ruì shì dào fǎ guó, zhī hòu yòu suí yī zhī yīng guó jiàn duì dào hǎi wài yuǎn yóu, yǐ qī wàng diào tā hé zhū lì de gǎn qíng, ér zhū lì pò yú fù mìng, hé yī gè yǔ tā zài nián líng jí zōng jiào xìn yǎng shàng dū yòu jí dà chā jù de 'é guó guì zú wò 'ěr mǎ jié hūn。 zhū lì hé shèng pǔ lè de 'ài qíng shì chún jié hé zhēn chéng de; tā men suī bèi pò fēn lí, bù néng jié hé zài yī qǐ, dàn tā men shí yòu shū xìn wǎng hái, qīng sù zhēn zhì de qíng yì。 tā men dòng rén de 'ài qíng gù shì, jiù shì tōng guò tā men liǎng rén zhī jiān, yǐ jí tā men yǔ kè lāi 'ěr、 ài dé huá · bó mǔ sī dùn hé wò 'ěr mǎ zhī jiān wǎng lái de shū xìn zhǎn kāi de。 cóng quán shū de jié gòu, jiù kě kàn chū zuò zhě duì tí cái de chǔlǐ dú jù jiàng xīn。 qián sān juàn zhù yào pū xù zhū lì hé shèng pǔ lè de 'ài qíng de fā zhǎn, hòu sān juàn tōng guò tā men 'ài qíng gù shì de xù shù, jìn qíng 'ōu gē měi hǎo de dé xíng, zàn měi hūn yīn de shén shèng, yín 'ò zì rán de fēng guāng, zhēn biān shè huì de jī bì, duì dāng shí de zōng jiào、 wén huà、 lún lǐ dào dé yǔ gè guó de fēng tǔ rén。 qíng, jūn yòu xì zhì de miáo xiě hé tàn suǒ。 quán shū de yǔ yán píng yì, bù biàn bù zhī, xíng yún liú shuǐ, yǐ wén bǐ qīng xīn pǔ shí de měi, dǎ dòng dú zhě de xīn。 zài lú suō de bǐ xià, yī bù 'ài qíng gù shì, shí jì shàng chéng liǎo yī bù sòng yáng shàn liáng fēng shàng、 kuāng zhèng mín fēng mín sú hé miáo huì dà zì rán de měi de sǎnwén shī。 shū zhōng zuì lìng rén tóng qíng hé zàn měi de, shì nǚ zhù rén gōng zhū lì hé tā zài 'ài qíng shàng suǒ biǎo xiàn de měi dé。 zhū lì hé shèng pǔ lè dōushì duō qiàn de。 rán 'ér, zhèng rú shèng pǔ lè zài zhì zhū lì de yī fēng xìn zhōng 'āi tàn hé yù yán de:“ duō qíng de xīn, shì shàng tiān cì yú de wēi xiǎn de lǐ wù; shuí jiē shòu liǎo zhè jiàn lǐ wù, shuí jiù zhù dìng yào zài shì shàng zāo shòu kǔ nán hé zhé mó。” shèng pǔ lè shǐ zhōng juàn liàn zhe zhū lì; ér zhū lì yě méi yòu wàng jì tā xī rì de qíng lǚ, tóng shí, zuò wéi qī zǐ, tā yòu jiān zhēn dì zhōng shí yú tā de zhàng fū; tā de zhàng fū wò 'ěr mǎ duì liǎng gè qīng nián rén zhī jiān guò qù de 'ài yě biǎo shì chōng fēn de lǐ jiě, bìng duì tā men de měi dé wán quán xìn rèn, bǎ shèng pǔ lè jiē dào zì jǐ de jiā, dài yǐ zhēn chéng de yǒu yì。 hòu lái, zhū lì yīn tiào rù hú zhōng jiù tā diē luò shuǐ zhōng de hái zǐ, jìng zhì yī bìng bù qǐ。 tā zài lín zhōng qián gěi shèng pǔ lè de yī fēng xìn zhōng shuō:“ shǐ wǒ men liǎng rén zài dì shàng fēn lí de měi dé, jiāng shǐ wǒ men zài yǒng shēng zhī dì jié hé。” zhū lì hé shèng pǔ lè de 'ài qíng de bù xìng jié jú, dé dào liǎo rén men de tóng qíng, yīn cǐ,《 xīn 'ài luò yī sī》 yī chū bǎn, jiù yǐn qǐ liǎo guǎng dà dú zhě de gòng míng, qǔ dé liǎo jù dà de chéng gōng。
《 xīn 'ài luò yī sī》 gòng fēn liù juàn, jì yī bǎi liù shí sān fēng xìn, yòu xiē xìn cháng dá shù shí yè zhī duō, quándōu wéi rào yī gè xiān míng de zhù tí: tōng guò chún jié de 'ài qíng, jiàn lì měi hǎo de jiā tíng, jìn 'ér jiàn lì liáng hǎo de shè huì。“ chū zì zào wù zhù zhī shǒu de dōng xī, dōushì hǎo de, ér yī dào liǎo rén de shǒu lǐ, jiù quán biàn huài liǎo。” zhè shì lú suō zài tā de lìng yī bù zhù míng xiǎo shuō《 ài mí 'ér》 zhōng kāi zōng míng yì de dì yī jù huà, tā dài biǎo liǎo lú suō de quán bù sī xiǎng, guàn chuān liǎo tā suǒ yòu de zhù zuò, tè bié zài《 xīn 'ài luò yī sī》 zhōng, tōng guò shū zhōng rén wù de sù zào hé shè huì fēng shàng de miáo huì, zǎo yǐ fǎn fù jiā yǐ biǎo shù ①。 tā dé chū de jié lùn shì: yào shǐ rén chéng wéi shàn liáng de rén, jiù yào yòu yī gè liáng hǎo de shè huì zhì xù; zhǐ yòu cóng 'ài měi dé kāi shǐ, shù lì liáng hǎo de dé xíng, rén lèi shè huì cái néng chéng wéi yī gè hé hū zì rán zhì xù de shè huì。 wèile lùn zhèng zhè yī diǎn, tā zài《 xīn 'ài luò yī sī》 zhōng sù zào liǎo jǐ gè tā xīn mù zhōng de diǎn xíng。 tā shuō: wǒ bǎ 'ài qíng hé yǒu yì( wǒ xīn zhōng de liǎng gè 'ǒu xiàng) xiǎng xiàng chéng wéi zuì dòng rén de xíng xiàng。 wǒ kè yì yòng wǒ lì lái chóng bài de nǚ xìng suǒ jù yòu de zhǒng zhǒng měi lái zhuāng shì tā men。 wǒ shè xiǎng liǎng gè nǚ péng yǒu 'ér bù shè xiǎng liǎng gè nán péng yǒu, yīn wéi liǎng gè nǚ rén zhī jiān yǒu 'ài de shì lì bǐ jiào xī shǎo, suǒ yǐ jiù yù jiā kě 'ài。 wǒ fù yú tā men liǎng gè xiāng sì 'ér bù xiāng tóng de xìng gé, liǎng gè suī bù shí quán shí měi、 dàn què hé hū wǒ de quán hǎo de miàn róng, yī kàn jiù zhī dào shì xīn dì rén cí hé fù yú tóng qíng xīn de rén。 wǒ ràng tā men liǎng rén yī gè shì zōng fā, lìng yī gè shì jīn fā; yī gè huó pō, lìng yī gè wén jìng; yī gè tóu nǎo jī líng, lìng yī gè xìng gé ruǎn ruò, dàn ruǎn ruò dé chǔ chǔ dòng rén, sì hū gèng xiǎn shì qí xián huì。 wǒ ràng 'èr rén zhī yī yòu yī gè qíng rén, ér lìng yī gè nǚ rén yòu shì zhè gè qíng rén de wēn róu duō qíng de péng yǒu, shèn zhì hái yòu xiē chāo chū péng yǒu de chéng dù, dàn wǒ yòu bù ràng tā men zhī jiān fā shēng zhēng fèng chī cù hé chǎo nào jí dù zhī shì。 yīn wéi rèn hé lìng rén bù kuài de qíng gǎn, wǒdōu nán yǐ xiǎng xiàng, tóng shí, wǒ yě bù yuàn yǐ rèn hé bài huài tiān xìng de dōng xī lái diàn wū zhè fú měi miào de tú huà。 wǒ 'ài shàng liǎo wǒ zhè liǎng gè wǔ mèi de mó tè 'ér, wǒ jìn liàng xiǎng xiàng wǒ jiù shì nà gè qíng rén hé péng yǒu, bù guò, wǒ bǎ tā xiě chéng nián qīng de hé kě 'ài de, lìng wài zài jiā shàng wǒ jué dé wǒ zì jǐ jù yòu de měi dé hé quē diǎn。
The novel’s subtitle points to the history of Heloise and Pierre Abélard, a medieval story of passion and Christian renunciation. The novel was put on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum.
Although Rousseau wrote it as a novel, a philosophical theory about authenticity permeates through it. He explores autonomy and authenticity as moral values. A common interpretation is that Rousseau values the ethics of authenticity over rational moral principles. He also illustrates that you should only do what society asks of you when it's congruent with the "secret principles" and feelings which constitute your core identity. Acting inauthentically is self-destructive.
《 xīn 'ài luò yī sī》 gòng fēn liù juàn, jì yī bǎi liù shí sān fēng xìn, yòu xiē xìn cháng dá shù shí yè zhī duō, quándōu wéi rào yī gè xiān míng de zhù tí: tōng guò chún jié de 'ài qíng, jiàn lì měi hǎo de jiā tíng, jìn 'ér jiàn lì liáng hǎo de shè huì。“ chū zì zào wù zhù zhī shǒu de dōng xī, dōushì hǎo de, ér yī dào liǎo rén de shǒu lǐ, jiù quán biàn huài liǎo。” zhè shì lú suō zài tā de lìng yī bù zhù míng xiǎo shuō《 ài mí 'ér》 zhōng kāi zōng míng yì de dì yī jù huà, tā dài biǎo liǎo lú suō de quán bù sī xiǎng, guàn chuān liǎo tā suǒ yòu de zhù zuò, tè bié zài《 xīn 'ài luò yī sī》 zhōng, tōng guò shū zhōng rén wù de sù zào hé shè huì fēng shàng de miáo huì, zǎo yǐ fǎn fù jiā yǐ biǎo shù ①。 tā dé chū de jié lùn shì: yào shǐ rén chéng wéi shàn liáng de rén, jiù yào yòu yī gè liáng hǎo de shè huì zhì xù; zhǐ yòu cóng 'ài měi dé kāi shǐ, shù lì liáng hǎo de dé xíng, rén lèi shè huì cái néng chéng wéi yī gè hé hū zì rán zhì xù de shè huì。 wèile lùn zhèng zhè yī diǎn, tā zài《 xīn 'ài luò yī sī》 zhōng sù zào liǎo jǐ gè tā xīn mù zhōng de diǎn xíng。 tā shuō: wǒ bǎ 'ài qíng hé yǒu yì( wǒ xīn zhōng de liǎng gè 'ǒu xiàng) xiǎng xiàng chéng wéi zuì dòng rén de xíng xiàng。 wǒ kè yì yòng wǒ lì lái chóng bài de nǚ xìng suǒ jù yòu de zhǒng zhǒng měi lái zhuāng shì tā men。 wǒ shè xiǎng liǎng gè nǚ péng yǒu 'ér bù shè xiǎng liǎng gè nán péng yǒu, yīn wéi liǎng gè nǚ rén zhī jiān yǒu 'ài de shì lì bǐ jiào xī shǎo, suǒ yǐ jiù yù jiā kě 'ài。 wǒ fù yú tā men liǎng gè xiāng sì 'ér bù xiāng tóng de xìng gé, liǎng gè suī bù shí quán shí měi、 dàn què hé hū wǒ de quán hǎo de miàn róng, yī kàn jiù zhī dào shì xīn dì rén cí hé fù yú tóng qíng xīn de rén。 wǒ ràng tā men liǎng rén yī gè shì zōng fā, lìng yī gè shì jīn fā; yī gè huó pō, lìng yī gè wén jìng; yī gè tóu nǎo jī líng, lìng yī gè xìng gé ruǎn ruò, dàn ruǎn ruò dé chǔ chǔ dòng rén, sì hū gèng xiǎn shì qí xián huì。 wǒ ràng 'èr rén zhī yī yòu yī gè qíng rén, ér lìng yī gè nǚ rén yòu shì zhè gè qíng rén de wēn róu duō qíng de péng yǒu, shèn zhì hái yòu xiē chāo chū péng yǒu de chéng dù, dàn wǒ yòu bù ràng tā men zhī jiān fā shēng zhēng fèng chī cù hé chǎo nào jí dù zhī shì。 yīn wéi rèn hé lìng rén bù kuài de qíng gǎn, wǒdōu nán yǐ xiǎng xiàng, tóng shí, wǒ yě bù yuàn yǐ rèn hé bài huài tiān xìng de dōng xī lái diàn wū zhè fú měi miào de tú huà。 wǒ 'ài shàng liǎo wǒ zhè liǎng gè wǔ mèi de mó tè 'ér, wǒ jìn liàng xiǎng xiàng wǒ jiù shì nà gè qíng rén hé péng yǒu, bù guò, wǒ bǎ tā xiě chéng nián qīng de hé kě 'ài de, lìng wài zài jiā shàng wǒ jué dé wǒ zì jǐ jù yòu de měi dé hé quē diǎn。
The novel’s subtitle points to the history of Heloise and Pierre Abélard, a medieval story of passion and Christian renunciation. The novel was put on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum.
Although Rousseau wrote it as a novel, a philosophical theory about authenticity permeates through it. He explores autonomy and authenticity as moral values. A common interpretation is that Rousseau values the ethics of authenticity over rational moral principles. He also illustrates that you should only do what society asks of you when it's congruent with the "secret principles" and feelings which constitute your core identity. Acting inauthentically is self-destructive.
《 shè huì qì yuē lùn》 - míng shū jiǎn jiè
zuò zhě:( fǎ guó) lú suō( 1712-1788 nián)
lèi xíng: zhèng zhì lǐ lùn zhù zuò
chéng shū shí jiān: 1762 nián
《 shè huì qì yuē lùn》 - bèi jǐng sōu suǒ
lú suō chū shēng yú ruì shì rì nèi wǎ yī gè zhōng biǎo jiàng jiā tíng, cóng xiǎo shī qù mǔ qīn, kào bié rén fǔ yǎng jiào yù zhǎngdà。 suī rán shēng huó tiáo jiàn jiān kǔ, dàn tā fā fèn tú qiáng, zì xué chéng cái。 16 suì lí jiā wài chū liú làng, dāng guò xué tú、 pú yì、 sī rén mì shū、 yuèpǔ chāo xiě yuán。 zài bā lí, tā zhǎn xiàn liǎo zì jǐ de cái huá, 1750 nián, lú suō yǐ zhēng wén《 lùn kē xué yǔ yì shù》 huò tóu děng jiǎng 'ér chū míng。 dé dào liǎo xǔ duō shàng liú shè huì guì fù rén de 'ài mù。 zhè xiē yōng jīn bǎi wàn de guì fù wèitā gōng yìng shū shì de shēng huó, gěi tā jiè shào suǒ xū yào rèn shí de rén, lú suō hěn kuài jiù jìn rù liǎo wán quán bù tóng de shēng huó juàn zǐ。
cóng 1762 nián qǐ, lú suō yóu yú xiě zhèng lùn wén zhāng, yǔ dāng jú fā shēng liǎo yán zhòng de jiū fēn。 tā de yī xiē tóng shì kāi shǐ shū yuǎn tā, dà yuē jiù zài zhè gè shí qī, tā huàn liǎo míng xiǎn de piān zhí kuáng zhèng。 suī rán yòu xiē rén duì tā biǎo shì yǒu hǎo, dàn tā què cǎi qǔ huái yí hé dí shì de tài dù, tóng tā men měi gè réndōu zhēng chǎo guò。 tā yī shēng de zuì hòu 20 nián jī běn shàng shì zài bēi cǎn tòng kǔ zhōng dù guò de, 1778 nián tā zài fǎ guó mài nóng wéi 'ěr qù shì。
tuī jiàn yuè dú bǎn běn: hé zhào wǔ yì, shāng wù yìn shū guǎn chū bǎn。
《 shè huì qì yuē lùn》 - nèi róng jīng yào
《 shè huì qì yuē lùn》 quán shū gòng fēn 4 juàn, dì yī juàn zhù yào lùn shù liǎo rén lèi shì zěn yàng yóu zì rán zhuàng tài guò dù dào zhèng zhì zhuàng tài de, qì yuē de gēn běn tiáo jiàn shì shénme; dì 'èr juàn zhù yào tǎo lùn guó jiā de lì fǎ wèn tí; dì sān juàn lùn shù de shì zhèng zhì fǎ jí zhèng fǔ de xíng chéng; dì sì juàn zài jì xù tǎo lùn zhèng zhì fǎ de tóng shí chǎn shù liǎo gǒng gù guó jiā tǐ zhì de fāng fǎ, cóng gǔ luó mǎ lì shǐ chū fā lùn shù liǎo zhù quán zhě yì zhì shí xiàn de mǒu xiē xì jié。
“ rén shì shēng 'ér zì yóu de, dàn què wú wǎng bù zài jiā suǒ zhī zhōng, zì yǐ wéi shì qí tā yī qiē de zhù rén, fǎn 'ér bǐ qí tā yī qiē gèng shì nú lì。”《 shè huì qì yuē lùn》 de kāi piān dì yī jù huà jiù tí chū liǎo zhè gè zhèn lóng fā kuì de guān diǎn。 lú suō de zhè yī lùn duàn shì zài jūn zhù zhuān zhì zhì dù héng xíng 'ōu zhōu de shí dài, zhēn duì yīng guó wáng quán zhuān zhì lùn dài biǎo rén wù fèi 'ěr mǎ guān yú“ méi yòu rén shì shēng 'ér zì yóu de” zhè yī jué duì jūn zhù zhuān zhì zhì dù lài yǐ yǐ cún de lǐ lùn 'ér tí chū lái de。 zhè běn shū yǐ fǎn duì fēng jiàn zhuān zhì、 chàng yán mín zhù gòng hé、 zhù zhāng rén mín zhù quán wéi qí zhù tí hé zhōng xīn nèi róng, tí chū liǎo fù yú gé mìng xìng de xiàn zhèng lǐ lùn。
lú suō rèn wéi, zì yóu de rén men zuì chū shēng huó zài zì rán zhuàng tài, rén men de xíng wéi shòu zì rán fǎ zhī pèi。 zì rán fǎ yǐ lǐ xìng wéi jī chǔ, fù yú rén lèi yī xì liè pǔ biàn de、 yǒng héng de zì rán quán lì, jí shēng cún、 zì yóu、 píng děng、 zhuī qiú xìng fú、 huò dé cái chǎn hé rén shēn、 cái chǎn bù shòu qīn fàn de quán lì。 yóu yú zì rán zhuàng tài cún zài zhǒng zhǒng bì duān, zì yóu de rén men yǐ píng děng de zī gé dìng lì qì yuē, cóng zì rán zhuàng tài xià bǎi tuō chū lái, xún zhǎo chū yī zhǒng jié hé de xíng shì, shǐ tā néng yǐ quán bù gòng tóng de lì liàng lái wèi hù hé bǎo zhàng měi gè jié hé zhě de rén shēn hé cái fù, bìng qiě yóu yú zhè yī jié hé 'ér shǐ měi yī gè yǔ quán tǐxiàng lián hé de gè rén yòu zhǐ bù guò shì zài fú cóng zì jǐ běn rén, bìng qiě réng rán xiàng yǐ wǎng yī yàng dì zì yóu。 zhè zhǒng jié hé de xíng shì jiù shì guó jiā。 yóu yú guó jiā shì zì yóu de rén men yǐ píng děng de zī gé dìng lì qì yuē chǎn shēng de, rén men zhǐ shì bǎ zì rán quán lì zhuǎn ràng gěi zhěng gè shè huì 'ér bìng bù shì fèng xiàn gěi rèn hé gè rén, yīn cǐ rén mín zài guó jiā zhōng réng shì zì yóu de, guó jiā de zhù quán zhǐ néng shǔ yú rén mín。
rán hòu, lú suō jìn yī bù chǎn shù liǎo rén mín zhù quán de yuán zé: zhù quán shì bù kě zhuǎn ràng de, yīn wéi guó jiā yóu zhù quán zhě gòu chéng, zhǐ yòu zhù quán zhě cái néng xíng shǐ zhù quán; zhù quán shì bù kě fēn gē de, yīn wéi dài biǎo zhù quán de yì zhì shì yī gè zhěng tǐ; zhù quán shì bù kě dài biǎo de, yīn wéi“ zhù quán zài běn zhì shàng shì yóu gōng yì suǒ gòu chéng de, ér yì zhì yòu shì jué bù kě yǐ dài biǎo de; tā zhǐ néng shì tóng yī gè yì zhì, huò zhě shì lìng yī gè yì zhì, ér jué bù néng yòu shénme zhōng jiān de dōng xī。 yīn cǐ rén mín de yì yuán jiù bù shì、 yě bù kě néng shì rén mín de dài biǎo, tā men zhǐ bù guò shì rén mín de bàn shì yuán bà liǎo; tā men bìng bù néng zuò chū rèn hé kěn dìng de jué dìng”。 tóng shí, zhù quán shì jué duì de、 zhì gāo wú shàng hé bù kě qīn fàn de, yīn wéi zhù quán shì gōng yì de tǐ xiàn, shì guó jiā de líng hún。 jī yú zhè yàng de lǐ lùn, lú suō fǎn duì jūn zhù lì xiàn 'ér jiān jué zhù zhāng mín zhù gòng hé。
《 shè huì qì yuē lùn》 hái lùn shù liǎo yī xì liè fǎ lǜ jī běn lǐ lùn, zài qí zhōng guàn chuānzhuó yǐ rén mín zhù quán wéi zhōng xīn nèi róng de zī chǎn jiē jí mín zhù zhù yì jīng shén。 lú suō zhǐ chū fǎ lǜ shì rén mín gōng gòng yì zhì de tǐ xiàn, shì rén mín zì jǐ yì zhì de jì lù hé quán tǐ rén mín wéi zì jǐ suǒ zuò de guī dìng。 fǎ lǜ de tè diǎn zài yú yì zhì de pǔ biàn xìng hé duì xiàng de pǔ biàn xìng, qián zhě zhǐ fǎ lǜ shì rén mín gōng yì de tǐ xiàn, hòu zhě zhǐ fǎ lǜ kǎo lǜ de duì xiàng shì quán tǐ de xíng wéi 'ér fēi gè bié rén。
tóng shí, tā chǎn shù liǎo fǎ lǜ yǔ zì yóu de guān xì: shǒu xiān, fǎ lǜ yǔ zì yóu shì yī zhì de, rén mín fú cóng fǎ lǜ jiù shì fú cóng zì jǐ de yì zhì, jiù yì wèi zhe zì yóu。 qí cì, fǎ lǜ shì zì yóu de bǎo zhàng。 yī fāng miàn, rén rén zūn shǒu fǎ lǜ, cái néng gěi rén men yǐ xiǎng shòu zì yóu quán lì de 'ān quán bǎo zhàng; lìng yī fāng miàn, fǎ lǜ kě yǐ qiǎngpò rén men zì yóu。
cǐ wài, lú suō hái xì tǒng dì tí chū liǎo lì fǎ lǐ lùn。 tā rèn wéi yào yǐ fǎ zhì guó jiù yào yòu lǐ xiǎng de fǎ lǜ, zài zhì dìng fǎ lǜ shí bì xū zūn xún xià liè yuán zé: lì fǎ bì xū yǐ móu qǔ rén mín zuì dà xìng fú wéi yuán zé; lì fǎ quán bì xū yóu rén mín zhǎng wò; yóu xián míng zhě jù tǐ chéng dān lì fǎ de zé rèn; lì fǎ yào zhù yì gè zhǒng zì rán de shè huì tiáo jiàn, fǎ lǜ zhǐ bù guò shì bǎo zhàng、 zūn xún hé jiáo zhèng zì rán de guān xì 'ér yǐ; jì yào bǎo chí fǎ lǜ de wěn dìng xìng, yòu yào shì shí xiū gǎi、 fèi chú bù hǎo de fǎ lǜ。
“ rén shì shēng 'ér zì yóu píng děng de, zhè shì tiān fù de quán lì”,《 shè huì qì yuē lùn》 zhōng de zhè yī lǐ lùn, kāi chuàng liǎo 'ōu zhōu jí quán shì jiè mín zhù píng děng sī xiǎng zhī xiān hé, tā de“ rén quán tiān fù“, zhù quán zài mín” de xīn xué shuō xiàng“ jūn quán shén shòu” de chuán tǒng guān niàn fā qǐ liǎo tiǎo zhàn。 tā suǒ jiē shì de“ rén quán zì yóu、 quán lì píng děng” de yuán zé, zhì jīn réng zuò wéi xī fāng zhèng zhì de jī chǔ。
《 shè huì qì yuē lùn》 - zhuān jiā diǎn píng
lú suō shì 18 shì jì fǎ guó qǐ méng yùn dòng jié chū de zhèng zhì sī xiǎng jiā、 wén xué jiā。 tā de cái sī wén zǎo fēngmǐ liǎo dāng shí de zhěng gè 'ōu zhōu, bìng wéi hòu rén liú xià liǎo yī xì liè huàshídài de jù zhù。 hěn shǎo yòu jǐ gè zhé xué jiā néng dài lái lú suō zhù zuò nà yàng de zhèn hàn。 tā de《 yì shù yǔ kē xué tán》 huò fǎ guó dì róng jiǎng, shǐ tā róng huò 'ōu zhōu zhé xué dà shī chēng hào。 tā de wén xué míng zhù《 xīn 'ài luò yī sī》 zài shì jiè wén xué shǐ shàng yòu zhe hěn gāo dì wèi, shǐ tā jī shēn yú qǐ méng shí qī zhù míng wén xué jiā de hángliè。《 shè huì qì yuē lùn》 yòu yì zuò《 mín yuē lùn》 shì tā zuì wéi jié chū de dài biǎo zuò zhī yī, bèi yù wéi“ rén lèi jiě fàng de dì yī gè hū shēng, shì jiè dà gé mìng de dì yī gè shān dòng zhě”。 lú suō shì 'ōu zhōu qǐ méng yùn dòng zhōng zhòng yào de sī xiǎng jiā, yǔ fú 'ěr tài qí míng。 tā de zhù yào zuò pǐn yòu《 chàn huǐ lù》、《 ài mí 'ér》、《 shè huì qì yuē lùn》、《 xīn 'ài luò yī sī》。 tā de zhù yào sī xiǎng: tiān fù rén quán xué shuō, tí chū“ rén mín zhù quán” de kǒu hào。 qí sī xiǎng shì fǎ guó dà gé mìng zhōng yǎ gè bīn pài de qí zhì, duì 'ōu měi gè guó de zī chǎn jiē jí gé mìng chǎn shēng liǎo shēn kè yǐng xiǎng。
tā de《 shè huì qì yuē lùn》 zhōng de“ zhù quán zài mín” yī shuō, jiù huàfēn liǎo yī gè shí dài。
《 shè huì qì yuē lùn》 lú suō jiāng yě huā sòng gěi wèi nǎi de mǔ qīn
《 shè huì qì yuē lùn》 dì yī cì tí chū liǎo“ tiān fù rén quán hé zhù quán zài mín de sī xiǎng”。 tā gāng yī wèn shì jiù zāo dào liǎo jìn zhǐ。 lú suō běn rén yě bèi pò liú wáng dào yīng guó。 dàn《 shè huì qì yuē lùn》 suǒ tí chàng de mín zhù lǐ lùn què hěn kuài fēngmǐ quán shì jiè。 tā yǐn fā liǎo zhèn jīng shì jiè de fǎ guó dà gé mìng。 fǎ guó guó jiā gé yán“ zì yóu、 píng děng、 bó 'ài” biàn lái zì《 shè huì qì yuē lùn》。 1789 nián fǎ guó guó mín dài biǎo dà huì tōng guò de《 rén quán xuān yán》 zhōng“ shè huì de mùdì shì wéi dà zhòng móu fú lì de”、“ tǒng zhì quán shǔ yú rén mín” děng nèi róng chōng fēn tǐ xiàn liǎo《 shè huì qì yuē lùn》 de jīng shén。《 shè huì qì yuē lùn》 hái duì měi guó de《 dú lì xuān yán》 chǎn shēng liǎo zhòng yào yǐng xiǎng, cóng luó bó sī bì 'ěr dào liè níng dū céng yòng《 shè huì qì yuē lùn》 wéi zì jǐ de zhèng quán zuò jiě shì。 1978 nián, zài jì niàn lú suō shì shì 200 zhōu nián de huó dòng zhōng, zhuān mén zhào kāi liǎo guó jì yán tǎo huì, yán jiū lú suō de sī xiǎng, chū bǎn tā de xīn chuán, tuī chū yǐ tā wéi tí cái de diàn shì jù。 tā de yí hái bèi 'ān fàng zài fǎ guó de wěi rén cí nèi。 lú suō zài《 shè huì qì yuē lùn》 zhōng yù jiàn de“ xiāo fèi zhě de gè zhǒng xiàn jǐng, dà chéng shì de sāo luàn yǐ jí huǐ miè xìng de jūn fèi fù dān” děng děng, dōuyǐ chéng wéi dāng dài shè huì de xiàn shí wèn tí。 mù qián, dān zài fǎ guó jiù yòu 150 duō wèi xué zhě zài zhuān mén yán jiū lú suō de sī xiǎng。
yòu shuō lú suō de zhèng zhì lǐ lùn shēn shòu bólātú de《 lǐ xiǎng guó》 de yǐng xiǎng。《 lǐ xiǎng guó》 de gài niàn, jiàn lì yú rén xìng shàn de lǐ niàn jī chǔ shàng, bólātú bǐ xià de sū gé lā dǐ shuō,“ zhǐ yòu zhèng zhí de rén cái huì xìng fú”,“ shàn de yì zhì” chéng wéi tā de lǐ xiǎng guó de jī chǔ。 lú suō yě xiāng xìn rén xìng shàn, tā tí chàng kuān róng lǐ xìng, jiān dìng dì fǎn duì rèn hé zhèng zhì bào lì。 tóng shì lùn shù lǐ xiǎng guó de yuán zé, bù tóng yú bólātú, lú suō jiāng qí lǐ lùn kuàng jià wán quán jiàn lì zài“ rén shēng 'ér zì yóu” de jī chǔ zhī shàng, yě jiù shì shuō“ zì yóu yì zhì”。 zhè gè jī chǔ jiù shí zài duō liǎo。 hěn zǎo yǐ qián, rén men yòu yī gè gèng hǎo de dàn wén yán de shuō fǎ:“ tiān fù rén quán。” yóu tiān fù rén quán zuò wéi dì yī yuán lǐ, tā suǒ gòu zào de bù zài zhǐ shì lǐ xiǎng, ér shì xiàn dài gōng mín shè huì de jī běn yuán zé。 gōng mín shè huì zhōng, gōng mín shī qù liǎo zì yóu rén wú suǒ bùwèi de zì yóu, ér dé dào gōng mín de zhèng zhì quán lì、 zhèng zhì zì yóu。 tā de《 shè huì qì yuē lùn》( yòu yì《 mín yuē lùn》) suǒ yào jiě jué de shì rén quán hé fǎ lǜ de yòu jī jié hé。 cóng cǐ, hé fǎ xìng zhǐ néng lái zì rén mín, chéng liǎo lú suō de jì chéng zhě hé bèi pàn zhě de gòng tóng de lǐ niàn。 qián zhě chǎn shēng liǎo měi guó gé mìng hé mín zhù de jiàn lì, hòu zhě yǐ rén mín zhī míng zhuān quán tú shā。 lú suō, zuò wéi“ zhù quán zài mín” de gòu huà zhě, jiù shì zài 200 nián hòu hái chǔyú zhēng lùn de zhōng xīn: tā de lǐ lùn dào dǐ shì zài tí chàng mín zhù zì yóu, hái shì zài tí chàng jí quán bào zhèng?
《 shè huì qì yuē lùn》 zhé xué jiā lú suō dà bù tóu zhù zuò
rén quán shì shǔ yú gè tǐ de, fǎ lǜ shì shǔ yú guó jiā de。 gè tǐ yuē dìng 'ér chéng guó jiā de hé lǐ xìng, shì fǎ lǜ yòu xiào xìng hé zhèng quán hé fǎ xìng de zhōng jí pàn duàn。 zì yóu, bù shì lái zì fǎ lǜ duì gè rén de bǎo hù, ér shì lái zì gè tǐ duì lì fǎ de chè dǐ cānyù。 zhè shì qièshí bǎo zhàng gè tǐ zì yóu de xiān jué tiáo jiàn。 zài zhè yī guò chéng lǐ, gè tǐ lì yì de“ jiāo jí” ér fēi“ bìng jí”( bù wán quán shì shù xué shàng de nà zhǒng) xíng chéng gōng mín yì zhì héng héng zhù quán zhě de yì zhì héng héng yī bān yì zhì, ér zhè zhǒng zhù quán zhě yīn wéi gè tǐ de bù duàn cānyù, qí nèi róng shì cháng xīn de, qí lì yì yǔ gè tǐ lì yì gòng róng de。 cóng zhè yī diǎn chū fā, duō shù rén shuō liǎo suàn de yuē fǎ sān zhāng bì rán chéng wéi zhù quán zài mín de dào dé de tǐ xiàn fāng shì。
lú suō bǎ zhèng quán míng bái dì fēn chéng liǎo lì fǎ hé xíng zhèng liǎng gè bù fēn, qián zhě shǔ yú shè huì qì yuē de fàn chóu, ér hòu zhě bù shì qì yuē de nèi róng( yīn cǐ shì kě biàn kě tuī fān de)。 zhè gè lǐ niàn duì hòu lái mín zhù zhèng zhì de fā zhǎn yòu zhe bù kě mó miè de gòng xiàn。 zài lú suō zhī qián, mèng dé sī jiū de《 lùn fǎ de jīng shén》 duì fǎ lǜ de lǐ jiě gèng jiā shēn kè, wéi quē lú suō de“ zhù quán zài mín” de dòng lì。《 shè huì qì yuē lùn》 zì shǐ zhì zhōng zhǐ yáng qì liǎo yī zhǒng tǐ zhì: zhuān zhì zhèng fǔ。 àn lú suō de huà, zhè jiù shì nà zhǒng miè shì fǎ lǜ bǎ gè tǐ de quán lì gāo yú zhù quán zhě zhī shàng de tǐ zhì。 qí tā de tǐ zhì, lú suō jǐn jǐn lùn shù liǎo tā men hé fǎ de zì rán yǐ jù。 cóng zhí jiē mín zhù zhì、 guì zú dài yì zhì dào jūn zhù lì xiàn zhì, tǒng zhì de gēn jù bì xū shì rén mín zhù quán héng héng héng qí zhēn zhèng biǎo dá jiù shì fǎ lǜ。 lú suō bìng jìn 'ér bǎ rèn hé zhēn zhèng yǐ fǎ 'ér zhì de zhèng tǐ tǒng chēng wéi gòng hé zhèng tǐ。 zài lú suō kàn lái, tā nà gè shí dài de zhèng zhì shè huì xíng tài shì fǔ xiǔ de, tā yào dào gǔ xī là shí dài cái néng zhǎo dào hé lǐ de huí guī。
《 shè huì qì yuē lùn》 shì shì jiè zhèng zhì fǎ lǜ xué shuō shǐ shàng zuì zhòng yào de jīng diǎn zhī yī, shì zhèn hàn shì jiè de 1789 nián fǎ guó dà gé mìng de hào jiǎo hé fú yīn shū。 tā chǎn shù de xǔ duō yuán zé yuán lǐ bù jǐn zài gé mìng zhī chū bèi zài rù fǎ guó《 rén quán xuān yán》 děng zhòng yào wén xiàn zhōng, zài gé mìng hòu de cháng shí qī lǐ chéng wéi zī chǎn jiē jí de zhèng zhì fǎ lǜ zhì dù de jī shí。 lú suō de sī xiǎng duì hòu shì sī xiǎng jiā men lǐ lùn de xíng chéng yòu zhòng dà yǐng xiǎng。
lú suō de zhèng zhì zhù zuò zhōng yòu xǔ duō sī xiǎng dú tè xīn yíng, yǐn rén rù shèng。 dàn shì zǒng tǐ shuō lái jiù shì yī zhǒng zhuī qiú píng děng de qiáng liè yù wàng hé yī zhǒng tóng yàng qiáng liè de gǎn shòu: xiàn cún shè huì zhì dù de bù hé lǐ yǐ jīng dá dào liǎo lìng rén bù néng róng rěn de chéng dù, rén shēng xià lái běn lái shì zì yóu de, dàn shì wú lùn zǒu dào nǎ lǐ dōuyào dài shàng jiā suǒ。 lú suō zì jǐ kě néng bìng bù xǐ huān bào lì xíng wéi, dàn shì tā wú yí jī lì liǎo qí tā rén shí xíng bào lì gé mìng, zhú bù gǎi gé shè huì zhì dù。
yòu rén pī píng lú suō shì yī gè jí qí shén jīng zhì de rén, shì yī gè dà nán zǐ zhù yì zhě, shì yī gè sī xiǎng bùqiè shí jì de、 hú tú de sī xiǎng jiā, zhè yàng de pī píng dà tǐ shàng shì zhèng què de。 dàn shì yuǎn bǐ tā de quē diǎn gèng zhòng yào de shì tā de dòng chá lì hé jié chū de chuàng zào jīng shén suǒ shǎn xiàn chū lái de sī xiǎng huǒ huā, liǎng gè duō shì jì yǐ lái, bù duàn dì yǐng xiǎng zhe xiàn dài sī xiǎng。
《 shè huì qì yuē lùn》 - miào yǔ jiā jù
wǒ kàn dào liǎo lìng yī gè shì jiè, wǒ de quán bù jī qíng dōubèi duì zhēn lǐ、 duì zì yóu、 duì dào dé de rè 'ài zhì xī diào liǎo。
shuí dì yī gè bǎ yī kuài tǔ dì juàn qǐ lái bìng xiǎng dào zhè shì zì jǐ de, ér qiě bèi tóu nǎo jiǎn dān de rén suǒ xiāng xìn de huà, nà tā jiù shì wén míng de diàn jī zhě。
Social contract theory formed a central pillar in the historically important notion that legitimate state authority must be derived from the consent of the governed. The starting point for most of these theories is a heuristic examination of the human condition absent from any structured social order, usually termed the “state of nature”. In this condition, an individual’s actions are bound only by his or her personal power, constrained by conscience. From this common starting point, the various proponents of social contract theory attempt to explain, in different ways, why it is in an individual’s rational self-interest to voluntarily give up the freedom one has in the state of nature in order to obtain the benefits of political order.
Thomas Hobbes (1651), John Locke (1689) and Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1762) are the most famous philosophers of contractarianism. However, they drew quite different conclusions from this starting-point. Hobbes advocated an authoritarian monarchy, Locke advocated a liberal monarchy, while Rousseau advocated liberal republicanism. Their work provided theoretical groundwork of constitutional monarchy, liberal democracy and republicanism. The Social Contract was used in the Declaration of Independence as a sign of enforcing Democracy, and more recently has been revived by thinkers such as John Rawls.
Overview
According to Thomas Hobbes, human life would be "nasty, brutish, and short" without political authority. In its absence, we would live in a state of nature, where we each have unlimited natural freedoms, including the "right to all things" and thus the freedom to harm all who threaten our own self-preservation; there would be an endless "war of all against all" (Bellum omnium contra omnes). To avoid this, free men establish political community i.e. civil society through a social contract in which each gain civil rights in return for subjecting himself to civil law or to political authority.
Alternatively, some have argued that we gain civil rights in return for accepting the obligation to respect and defend the rights of others, giving up some freedoms to do so; this alternative formulation of the duty arising from the social contract is often identified with arguments about military service.
Violations of the contract
The social contract and the civil rights it gives us are neither "natural rights" nor permanently fixed. Rather, the contract itself is the means towards an end — the benefit of all — and (according to some philosophers such as Locke or Rousseau), is only legitimate to the extent that it meets the general interest ("general will" in Rousseau). Therefore, when failings are found in the contract, we renegotiate to change the terms, using methods such as elections and legislature. Locke theorized the right of rebellion in case of the contract leading to tyranny.
Since civil rights come from agreeing to the contract, those who choose to violate their contractual obligations, such as by committing crimes, abdicate their rights, and the rest of society can be expected to protect itself against the actions of such outlaws. To be a member of society is to accept responsibility for following its rules, along with the threat of punishment for violating them. In this way, society works by "mutual coercion, mutually agreed upon" (Hardin 1968).
History
Classical thought
Many have argued that Plato's dialog Crito expresses a Greek version of social contract theory. In this dialog, Socrates refuses to escape from jail to avoid being put to death. He argues that since he has willingly remained in Athens all of his life despite opportunities to go elsewhere, he has accepted the social contract i.e. the burden of the local laws, and he cannot violate these laws even when they are against his self-interest.
Epicurus seems to have had a strong sense of social contract, with justice and law being rooted in mutual agreement and advantage, as evidenced by these lines, among others, from his Principal Doctrines:
31. Natural justice is a pledge of reciprocal benefit, to prevent one man from harming or being harmed by another. 32. Those animals which are incapable of making binding agreements with one another not to inflict nor suffer harm are without either justice or injustice; and likewise for those peoples who either could not or would not form binding agreements not to inflict nor suffer harm. 33. There never was such a thing as absolute justice, but only agreements made in mutual dealings among men in whatever places at various times providing against the infliction or suffering of harm. 34. Injustice is not an evil in itself, but only in consequence of the fear which is associated with the apprehension of being discovered by those appointed to punish such actions.
Also see Epicurean ethics
Renaissance developments
Quentin Skinner has argued that several critical modern innovations in contract theory are found in the writings from French Calvinists and Huguenots, whose work in turn was invoked by writers in the Low Countries who objected to their subjection to Spain and, later still, by Catholics in England. Among these, Francisco Suárez (1548–1617), from the School of Salamanca, might be considered as an early theorist of the social contract, theorizing natural law in an attempt to limit the divine right of absolute monarchy. All of these groups were led to articulate notions of popular sovereignty by means of a social covenant or contract: all of these arguments began with proto-“state of nature” arguments, to the effect that the basis of politics is that everyone is by nature free of subjection to any government.
However, these arguments relied on a corporatist theory found in Roman Law, according to which "a populus" can exist as a distinct legal entity. Therefore these arguments held that a community of people can join a government because they have the capacity to exercise a single will and make decisions with a single voice in the absence of sovereign authority — a notion rejected by Hobbes and later contract theorists.
Philosophers
Hugo Grotius
In the early 17th century, Grotius (1583–1645) introduced the modern idea of natural rights of individuals. Grotius says that we each have natural rights which we have in order to preserve ourselves. He uses this idea to try to establish a basis for moral consensus in the face of religious diversity and the rise of natural science and to find a minimal basis for a moral beginning for society, a kind of natural law that everyone could potentially accept. He goes so far as to say even if we were to concede what we cannot concede without the utmost wickedness, that there is no God, these laws would still hold. The idea was considered incendiary, since it suggests that power can ultimately go back to the individuals if the political society that they have set up forfeits the purpose for which it was originally established, which is to preserve themselves. In other words, the people i.e. the individual people, are sovereign. Grotius says that the people are sui juris - under their own jurisdiction. People have rights as human beings but there is a delineation of those rights because of what is possible for everyone to accept morally - everyone has to accept that each person is entitled to try to preserve themselves and therefore they shouldn't try to do harm to others or to interfere with them and they should punish any breach of someone else's rights that arises.
Thomas Hobbes's Leviathan (1651)
The first modern philosopher to articulate a detailed contract theory was Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679). According to Hobbes, the lives of individuals in the state of nature were "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short", a state where self-interest and the absence of rights and contracts prevented the 'social', or society. Life was 'anarchic' (without leadership/ the concept of sovereignty). Individuals in the state of nature were apolitical and asocial. This state of nature is followed by the social contract.
The social contract was an 'occurrence' during which individuals came together and ceded some of their individual rights so that others would cede theirs (e.g. person A gives up his/her right to kill person B if person B does the same). This resulted in the establishment of society, and by extension, the state, a sovereign entity (like the individuals, now under its rule, used to be) which was to protect these new rights which were now to regulate societal interactions. Society was thus no longer anarchic.
But the state system, which grew out of the social contract, was anarchic (without leadership). Just as the individuals in the state of nature had been sovereigns and thus guided by self-interest and the absence of rights, so states now acted in their self-interest in competition with each other. Just like the state of nature, states were thus bound to be in conflict because there was no sovereign over and above the state (i.e. more powerful) capable of imposing social-contract laws. Indeed, Hobbes' work helped to serve as a basis for the realism theories of international relations, advanced by E.H. Carr and Hans Morgenthau.
John Locke's Second Treatise of Government (1689)
John Locke's conception of the social contract differed from Hobbes' in several ways, but retained the central notion that persons in a state of nature would willingly come together to form a state. Locke believed that individuals in a state of nature would have stronger moral limits on their action than accepted by Hobbes, but recognized that people would still live in fear of one another. Locke argued that individuals would agree to form a state that would provide a "neutral judge", and that could therefore protect the lives, liberty, and property of those who lived within it. While Hobbes argued for near-absolute authority, Locke argued that laws could only be legitimate if they sought to achieve the common good. Locke also believed that people will do the right thing as a group, and that all people have natural rights.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Du contrat social (1762)
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778), in his influential 1762 treatise The Social Contract, outlined a different version of social contract theory, based on popular sovereignty. Although Rousseau wrote that the British were perhaps at the time the freest people on earth, he did not approve of their representative government. Rousseau believed that liberty was possible only where there was direct rule by the people as a whole in lawmaking, where popular sovereignty was indivisible and inalienable. Citizens must, in at least some circumstances, be able to choose together the fundamental rules by which they would live, and be able to revise those rules on later occasions if they choose to do so - something the British people as a whole were unable to do.
Rousseau's political theory has some points in common with Locke's individualism, but departs from it in his development of the "luminous conception" (which he credited to Diderot) of the general will. Rousseau argues a citizen can be an egoist and decide that his personal interest should override the collective interest. However, as part of a collective body, the individual citizen puts aside his egoism to create a "general will", which is popular sovereignty itself. Popular sovereignty (i.e., the rule of law), thus decides what is good for society as a whole, and the individual (including the administrative head of state, who could be a monarch) must bow to it, or be forced to bow to it:
[The social contract] can be reduced to the following terms: Each of us puts his person and all his power in common under the supreme direction of the general will; and in a body we receive each member as an indivisible part of the whole.
Rousseau's striking phrase that man must "be forced to be free" should be understood this way: since the indivisible and inalienable popular sovereignty decides what is good for the whole, then if an individual lapses back into his ordinary egoism and breaks the law, he will be forced to listen to what they decided as a member of the collectivity (i.e. as citizens). Thus, the law, inasmuch as it is voted by the people's representatives, is not a limitation of individual freedom, but its expression; and enforcement of law, including criminal law, is not a restriction on individual liberty, as the individual, as a citizen, explicitly agreed to be constrained if, as a private individual, he did not respect his own will as formulated in the general will. Because laws represent the restraints of civil freedom, they represent the leap made from humans in the state of nature into civil society. In this sense, the law is a civilizing force, and therefore Rousseau believed that the laws that govern a people helped to mold their character.
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon's individualist social contract (1851)
While Rousseau's social contract is based on popular sovereignty and not on individual sovereignty, there are other theories espoused by individualists, libertarians and anarchists, which do not involve agreeing to anything more than negative rights and creates only a limited state, if any.
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (1809–1865) advocated a conception of social contract which didn't involve an individual surrendering sovereignty to others. According to him, the social contract was not between individuals and the state, but rather between individuals themselves refraining from coercing or governing each other, each one maintaining complete sovereignty upon oneself:
What really is the Social Contract? An agreement of the citizen with the government? No, that would mean but the continuation of [Rousseau’s] idea. The social contract is an agreement of man with man; an agreement from which must result what we call society. In this, the notion of commutative justice, first brought forward by the primitive fact of exchange, …is substituted for that of distributive justice … Translating these words, contract, commutative justice, which are the language of the law, into the language of business, and you have commerce, that is to say, in its highest significance, the act by which man and man declare themselves essentially producers, and abdicate all pretension to govern each other.
—Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, General Idea of the Revolution in the Nineteenth Century (1851)
John Rawls' Theory of Justice (1971)
John Rawls (1921–2002) proposed a contractarian approach that has a decidedly Kantian flavour, in A Theory of Justice (1971), whereby rational people in a hypothetical "original position", setting aside their individual preferences and capacities under a "veil of ignorance", would agree to certain general principles of justice. This idea is also used as a game-theoretical formalization of the notion of fairness.
Philip Pettit's Republicanism (1997)
Philip Pettit (b. 1945) has argued, in Republicanism: A Theory of Freedom and Government (1997), that the theory of social contract, classically based on the consent of the governed (as it is assumed that the contract is valid as long as the people consent to being governed by its representatives, who exercise sovereignty), should be modified, in order to avoid dispute. Instead of arguing that an explicit consent, which can always be manufactured, should justify the validity of social contract, Philip Pettit argues that the absence of an effective rebellion against the contract is the only legitimacy of it.
Criticism
David Hume
An early critic of social contract theory was Rousseau's friend, the philosopher David Hume, who in 1742 published an essay "On Civil Liberty", in whose second part, entitled, "Of the Original Contract ", he stressed that the concept of a "social contract" was a convenient fiction:
AS no party, in the present age can well support itself without a philosophical or speculative system of principles annexed to its political or practical one; we accordingly find that each of the factions into which this nation is divided has reared up a fabric of the former kind, in order to protect and cover that scheme of actions which it pursues. . . . The one party [defenders of the absolute and divine right of kings, or Tories], by tracing up government to the DEITY, endeavor to render it so sacred and inviolate that it must be little less than sacrilege, however tyrannical it may become, to touch or invade it in the smallest article. The other party [the Whigs, or believers in constitutional monarchy], by founding government altogether on the consent of the PEOPLE suppose that there is a kind of original contract by which the subjects have tacitly reserved the power of resisting their sovereign, whenever they find themselves aggrieved by that authority with which they have for certain purposes voluntarily entrusted him. --David Hume, "On Civil Liberty" [II.XII.1]
However, Hume did agree that, no matter how a government is founded, the consent of the governed is the only legitimate foundation on which a government can rest.
My intention here is not to exclude the consent of the people from being one just foundation of government where it has place. It is surely the best and most sacred of any. I only pretend that it has very seldom had place in any degree and never almost in its full extent. And that therefore some other foundation of government must also be admitted. --Ibid II.XII.20
Logic of contracting
According to the will theory of contract, which was dominant in the 19th century and still exerts a strong influence, a contract is not presumed valid unless all parties agree to it voluntarily, either tacitly or explicitly, without coercion. Lysander Spooner, a 19th century lawyer and staunch supporter of a right of contract between individuals, in his essay No Treason, argues that a supposed social contract cannot be used to justify governmental actions such as taxation, because government will initiate force against anyone who does not wish to enter into such a contract. As a result, he maintains that such an agreement is not voluntary and therefore cannot be considered a legitimate contract at all.
Modern Anglo-American law, like European civil law, is based on a will theory of contract, according to which all terms of a contract are binding on the parties because they chose those terms for themselves. This was less true when Hobbes wrote Leviathan; then, more importance was attached to consideration, meaning a mutual exchange of benefits necessary to the formation of a valid contract, and most contracts had implicit terms that arose from the nature of the contractual relationship rather than from the choices made by the parties. Accordingly, it has been argued that social contract theory is more consistent with the contract law of the time of Hobbes and Locke than with the contract law of our time, and that features in the social contract which seem anomalous to us, such as the belief that we are bound by a contract formulated by our distant ancestors, would not have seemed as strange to Hobbes' contemporaries as they do to us.
Multiple contracts
Legal scholar Randy Barnett has argued, that, while presence in the territory of a society may be necessary for consent, it is not consent to any rules the society might make regardless of their content. A second condition of consent is that the rules be consistent with underlying principles of justice and the protection of natural and social rights, and have procedures for effective protection of those rights (or liberties). This has also been discussed by O.A. Brownson, who argued that there are, in a sense, three "constitutions" involved: The first the constitution of nature that includes all of what the Founders called "natural law". The second would be the constitution of society, an unwritten and commonly understood set of rules for the society formed by a social contract before it establishes a government, by which it does establish the third, a constitution of government. To consent, a necessary condition is that the rules be constitutional in that sense.
Tacit consent
The theory of an implicit social contract holds that by remaining in the territory controlled by some government, people give consent to be governed. This consent is what gives legitimacy to the government. Philosopher Roderick Long argues that this is a case of question begging, because the argument has to presuppose its conclusion:
I think that the person who makes this argument is already assuming that the government has some legitimate jurisdiction over this territory. And then they say, well, now, anyone who is in the territory is therefore agreeing to the prevailing rules. But they’re assuming the very thing they're trying to prove – namely that this jurisdiction over the territory is legitimate. If it's not, then the government is just one more group of people living in this broad general geographical territory. But I've got my property, and exactly what their arrangements are I don't know, but here I am in my property and they don't own it – at least they haven't given me any argument that they do – and so, the fact that I am living in "this country" means I am living in a certain geographical region that they have certain pretensions over – but the question is whether those pretensions are legitimate. You can’t assume it as a means to proving it.
Criticisms of natural rights
Contractualism is based on the notion that rights are agreed upon in order to further our interests: each individual subject is accorded individual rights, which may or may not be inalienable, and form the basis of civil rights, as in the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. It must be underlined, however, as Hannah Arendt did on her book on imperialism, that the 1789 Declarations, in this agreeing with the social contract theory, bases the natural rights of the human-being on the civil rights of the citizen, instead of the reverse as the contractualist theory does. This criticism derives from a long tradition going back to St. Augustine of Hippo, who in The City of God (book) envisioned a unified Christian society presided over by a king who was responsible for the welfare of his subjects. Political Augustinianism with its insistence on divine sovereignty and on the two separate spheres of a heavenly and an earthly community, has indeed been regarded as incompatible with social contract theories. This raises the question of whether social contractarianism, as a central plank of liberal thought, is reconcilable with the Christian religion, and particularly with Catholicism and Catholic social teaching. The individualist and liberal approach has also been criticized since the 19th century by thinkers such as Marx, Nietzsche & Freud, and afterward by structuralist and post-structuralist thinkers, such as Lacan, Althusser, Foucault, Deleuze or Derrida
zuò zhě:( fǎ guó) lú suō( 1712-1788 nián)
lèi xíng: zhèng zhì lǐ lùn zhù zuò
chéng shū shí jiān: 1762 nián
《 shè huì qì yuē lùn》 - bèi jǐng sōu suǒ
lú suō chū shēng yú ruì shì rì nèi wǎ yī gè zhōng biǎo jiàng jiā tíng, cóng xiǎo shī qù mǔ qīn, kào bié rén fǔ yǎng jiào yù zhǎngdà。 suī rán shēng huó tiáo jiàn jiān kǔ, dàn tā fā fèn tú qiáng, zì xué chéng cái。 16 suì lí jiā wài chū liú làng, dāng guò xué tú、 pú yì、 sī rén mì shū、 yuèpǔ chāo xiě yuán。 zài bā lí, tā zhǎn xiàn liǎo zì jǐ de cái huá, 1750 nián, lú suō yǐ zhēng wén《 lùn kē xué yǔ yì shù》 huò tóu děng jiǎng 'ér chū míng。 dé dào liǎo xǔ duō shàng liú shè huì guì fù rén de 'ài mù。 zhè xiē yōng jīn bǎi wàn de guì fù wèitā gōng yìng shū shì de shēng huó, gěi tā jiè shào suǒ xū yào rèn shí de rén, lú suō hěn kuài jiù jìn rù liǎo wán quán bù tóng de shēng huó juàn zǐ。
cóng 1762 nián qǐ, lú suō yóu yú xiě zhèng lùn wén zhāng, yǔ dāng jú fā shēng liǎo yán zhòng de jiū fēn。 tā de yī xiē tóng shì kāi shǐ shū yuǎn tā, dà yuē jiù zài zhè gè shí qī, tā huàn liǎo míng xiǎn de piān zhí kuáng zhèng。 suī rán yòu xiē rén duì tā biǎo shì yǒu hǎo, dàn tā què cǎi qǔ huái yí hé dí shì de tài dù, tóng tā men měi gè réndōu zhēng chǎo guò。 tā yī shēng de zuì hòu 20 nián jī běn shàng shì zài bēi cǎn tòng kǔ zhōng dù guò de, 1778 nián tā zài fǎ guó mài nóng wéi 'ěr qù shì。
tuī jiàn yuè dú bǎn běn: hé zhào wǔ yì, shāng wù yìn shū guǎn chū bǎn。
《 shè huì qì yuē lùn》 - nèi róng jīng yào
《 shè huì qì yuē lùn》 quán shū gòng fēn 4 juàn, dì yī juàn zhù yào lùn shù liǎo rén lèi shì zěn yàng yóu zì rán zhuàng tài guò dù dào zhèng zhì zhuàng tài de, qì yuē de gēn běn tiáo jiàn shì shénme; dì 'èr juàn zhù yào tǎo lùn guó jiā de lì fǎ wèn tí; dì sān juàn lùn shù de shì zhèng zhì fǎ jí zhèng fǔ de xíng chéng; dì sì juàn zài jì xù tǎo lùn zhèng zhì fǎ de tóng shí chǎn shù liǎo gǒng gù guó jiā tǐ zhì de fāng fǎ, cóng gǔ luó mǎ lì shǐ chū fā lùn shù liǎo zhù quán zhě yì zhì shí xiàn de mǒu xiē xì jié。
“ rén shì shēng 'ér zì yóu de, dàn què wú wǎng bù zài jiā suǒ zhī zhōng, zì yǐ wéi shì qí tā yī qiē de zhù rén, fǎn 'ér bǐ qí tā yī qiē gèng shì nú lì。”《 shè huì qì yuē lùn》 de kāi piān dì yī jù huà jiù tí chū liǎo zhè gè zhèn lóng fā kuì de guān diǎn。 lú suō de zhè yī lùn duàn shì zài jūn zhù zhuān zhì zhì dù héng xíng 'ōu zhōu de shí dài, zhēn duì yīng guó wáng quán zhuān zhì lùn dài biǎo rén wù fèi 'ěr mǎ guān yú“ méi yòu rén shì shēng 'ér zì yóu de” zhè yī jué duì jūn zhù zhuān zhì zhì dù lài yǐ yǐ cún de lǐ lùn 'ér tí chū lái de。 zhè běn shū yǐ fǎn duì fēng jiàn zhuān zhì、 chàng yán mín zhù gòng hé、 zhù zhāng rén mín zhù quán wéi qí zhù tí hé zhōng xīn nèi róng, tí chū liǎo fù yú gé mìng xìng de xiàn zhèng lǐ lùn。
lú suō rèn wéi, zì yóu de rén men zuì chū shēng huó zài zì rán zhuàng tài, rén men de xíng wéi shòu zì rán fǎ zhī pèi。 zì rán fǎ yǐ lǐ xìng wéi jī chǔ, fù yú rén lèi yī xì liè pǔ biàn de、 yǒng héng de zì rán quán lì, jí shēng cún、 zì yóu、 píng děng、 zhuī qiú xìng fú、 huò dé cái chǎn hé rén shēn、 cái chǎn bù shòu qīn fàn de quán lì。 yóu yú zì rán zhuàng tài cún zài zhǒng zhǒng bì duān, zì yóu de rén men yǐ píng děng de zī gé dìng lì qì yuē, cóng zì rán zhuàng tài xià bǎi tuō chū lái, xún zhǎo chū yī zhǒng jié hé de xíng shì, shǐ tā néng yǐ quán bù gòng tóng de lì liàng lái wèi hù hé bǎo zhàng měi gè jié hé zhě de rén shēn hé cái fù, bìng qiě yóu yú zhè yī jié hé 'ér shǐ měi yī gè yǔ quán tǐxiàng lián hé de gè rén yòu zhǐ bù guò shì zài fú cóng zì jǐ běn rén, bìng qiě réng rán xiàng yǐ wǎng yī yàng dì zì yóu。 zhè zhǒng jié hé de xíng shì jiù shì guó jiā。 yóu yú guó jiā shì zì yóu de rén men yǐ píng děng de zī gé dìng lì qì yuē chǎn shēng de, rén men zhǐ shì bǎ zì rán quán lì zhuǎn ràng gěi zhěng gè shè huì 'ér bìng bù shì fèng xiàn gěi rèn hé gè rén, yīn cǐ rén mín zài guó jiā zhōng réng shì zì yóu de, guó jiā de zhù quán zhǐ néng shǔ yú rén mín。
rán hòu, lú suō jìn yī bù chǎn shù liǎo rén mín zhù quán de yuán zé: zhù quán shì bù kě zhuǎn ràng de, yīn wéi guó jiā yóu zhù quán zhě gòu chéng, zhǐ yòu zhù quán zhě cái néng xíng shǐ zhù quán; zhù quán shì bù kě fēn gē de, yīn wéi dài biǎo zhù quán de yì zhì shì yī gè zhěng tǐ; zhù quán shì bù kě dài biǎo de, yīn wéi“ zhù quán zài běn zhì shàng shì yóu gōng yì suǒ gòu chéng de, ér yì zhì yòu shì jué bù kě yǐ dài biǎo de; tā zhǐ néng shì tóng yī gè yì zhì, huò zhě shì lìng yī gè yì zhì, ér jué bù néng yòu shénme zhōng jiān de dōng xī。 yīn cǐ rén mín de yì yuán jiù bù shì、 yě bù kě néng shì rén mín de dài biǎo, tā men zhǐ bù guò shì rén mín de bàn shì yuán bà liǎo; tā men bìng bù néng zuò chū rèn hé kěn dìng de jué dìng”。 tóng shí, zhù quán shì jué duì de、 zhì gāo wú shàng hé bù kě qīn fàn de, yīn wéi zhù quán shì gōng yì de tǐ xiàn, shì guó jiā de líng hún。 jī yú zhè yàng de lǐ lùn, lú suō fǎn duì jūn zhù lì xiàn 'ér jiān jué zhù zhāng mín zhù gòng hé。
《 shè huì qì yuē lùn》 hái lùn shù liǎo yī xì liè fǎ lǜ jī běn lǐ lùn, zài qí zhōng guàn chuānzhuó yǐ rén mín zhù quán wéi zhōng xīn nèi róng de zī chǎn jiē jí mín zhù zhù yì jīng shén。 lú suō zhǐ chū fǎ lǜ shì rén mín gōng gòng yì zhì de tǐ xiàn, shì rén mín zì jǐ yì zhì de jì lù hé quán tǐ rén mín wéi zì jǐ suǒ zuò de guī dìng。 fǎ lǜ de tè diǎn zài yú yì zhì de pǔ biàn xìng hé duì xiàng de pǔ biàn xìng, qián zhě zhǐ fǎ lǜ shì rén mín gōng yì de tǐ xiàn, hòu zhě zhǐ fǎ lǜ kǎo lǜ de duì xiàng shì quán tǐ de xíng wéi 'ér fēi gè bié rén。
tóng shí, tā chǎn shù liǎo fǎ lǜ yǔ zì yóu de guān xì: shǒu xiān, fǎ lǜ yǔ zì yóu shì yī zhì de, rén mín fú cóng fǎ lǜ jiù shì fú cóng zì jǐ de yì zhì, jiù yì wèi zhe zì yóu。 qí cì, fǎ lǜ shì zì yóu de bǎo zhàng。 yī fāng miàn, rén rén zūn shǒu fǎ lǜ, cái néng gěi rén men yǐ xiǎng shòu zì yóu quán lì de 'ān quán bǎo zhàng; lìng yī fāng miàn, fǎ lǜ kě yǐ qiǎngpò rén men zì yóu。
cǐ wài, lú suō hái xì tǒng dì tí chū liǎo lì fǎ lǐ lùn。 tā rèn wéi yào yǐ fǎ zhì guó jiù yào yòu lǐ xiǎng de fǎ lǜ, zài zhì dìng fǎ lǜ shí bì xū zūn xún xià liè yuán zé: lì fǎ bì xū yǐ móu qǔ rén mín zuì dà xìng fú wéi yuán zé; lì fǎ quán bì xū yóu rén mín zhǎng wò; yóu xián míng zhě jù tǐ chéng dān lì fǎ de zé rèn; lì fǎ yào zhù yì gè zhǒng zì rán de shè huì tiáo jiàn, fǎ lǜ zhǐ bù guò shì bǎo zhàng、 zūn xún hé jiáo zhèng zì rán de guān xì 'ér yǐ; jì yào bǎo chí fǎ lǜ de wěn dìng xìng, yòu yào shì shí xiū gǎi、 fèi chú bù hǎo de fǎ lǜ。
“ rén shì shēng 'ér zì yóu píng děng de, zhè shì tiān fù de quán lì”,《 shè huì qì yuē lùn》 zhōng de zhè yī lǐ lùn, kāi chuàng liǎo 'ōu zhōu jí quán shì jiè mín zhù píng děng sī xiǎng zhī xiān hé, tā de“ rén quán tiān fù“, zhù quán zài mín” de xīn xué shuō xiàng“ jūn quán shén shòu” de chuán tǒng guān niàn fā qǐ liǎo tiǎo zhàn。 tā suǒ jiē shì de“ rén quán zì yóu、 quán lì píng děng” de yuán zé, zhì jīn réng zuò wéi xī fāng zhèng zhì de jī chǔ。
《 shè huì qì yuē lùn》 - zhuān jiā diǎn píng
lú suō shì 18 shì jì fǎ guó qǐ méng yùn dòng jié chū de zhèng zhì sī xiǎng jiā、 wén xué jiā。 tā de cái sī wén zǎo fēngmǐ liǎo dāng shí de zhěng gè 'ōu zhōu, bìng wéi hòu rén liú xià liǎo yī xì liè huàshídài de jù zhù。 hěn shǎo yòu jǐ gè zhé xué jiā néng dài lái lú suō zhù zuò nà yàng de zhèn hàn。 tā de《 yì shù yǔ kē xué tán》 huò fǎ guó dì róng jiǎng, shǐ tā róng huò 'ōu zhōu zhé xué dà shī chēng hào。 tā de wén xué míng zhù《 xīn 'ài luò yī sī》 zài shì jiè wén xué shǐ shàng yòu zhe hěn gāo dì wèi, shǐ tā jī shēn yú qǐ méng shí qī zhù míng wén xué jiā de hángliè。《 shè huì qì yuē lùn》 yòu yì zuò《 mín yuē lùn》 shì tā zuì wéi jié chū de dài biǎo zuò zhī yī, bèi yù wéi“ rén lèi jiě fàng de dì yī gè hū shēng, shì jiè dà gé mìng de dì yī gè shān dòng zhě”。 lú suō shì 'ōu zhōu qǐ méng yùn dòng zhōng zhòng yào de sī xiǎng jiā, yǔ fú 'ěr tài qí míng。 tā de zhù yào zuò pǐn yòu《 chàn huǐ lù》、《 ài mí 'ér》、《 shè huì qì yuē lùn》、《 xīn 'ài luò yī sī》。 tā de zhù yào sī xiǎng: tiān fù rén quán xué shuō, tí chū“ rén mín zhù quán” de kǒu hào。 qí sī xiǎng shì fǎ guó dà gé mìng zhōng yǎ gè bīn pài de qí zhì, duì 'ōu měi gè guó de zī chǎn jiē jí gé mìng chǎn shēng liǎo shēn kè yǐng xiǎng。
tā de《 shè huì qì yuē lùn》 zhōng de“ zhù quán zài mín” yī shuō, jiù huàfēn liǎo yī gè shí dài。
《 shè huì qì yuē lùn》 lú suō jiāng yě huā sòng gěi wèi nǎi de mǔ qīn
《 shè huì qì yuē lùn》 dì yī cì tí chū liǎo“ tiān fù rén quán hé zhù quán zài mín de sī xiǎng”。 tā gāng yī wèn shì jiù zāo dào liǎo jìn zhǐ。 lú suō běn rén yě bèi pò liú wáng dào yīng guó。 dàn《 shè huì qì yuē lùn》 suǒ tí chàng de mín zhù lǐ lùn què hěn kuài fēngmǐ quán shì jiè。 tā yǐn fā liǎo zhèn jīng shì jiè de fǎ guó dà gé mìng。 fǎ guó guó jiā gé yán“ zì yóu、 píng děng、 bó 'ài” biàn lái zì《 shè huì qì yuē lùn》。 1789 nián fǎ guó guó mín dài biǎo dà huì tōng guò de《 rén quán xuān yán》 zhōng“ shè huì de mùdì shì wéi dà zhòng móu fú lì de”、“ tǒng zhì quán shǔ yú rén mín” děng nèi róng chōng fēn tǐ xiàn liǎo《 shè huì qì yuē lùn》 de jīng shén。《 shè huì qì yuē lùn》 hái duì měi guó de《 dú lì xuān yán》 chǎn shēng liǎo zhòng yào yǐng xiǎng, cóng luó bó sī bì 'ěr dào liè níng dū céng yòng《 shè huì qì yuē lùn》 wéi zì jǐ de zhèng quán zuò jiě shì。 1978 nián, zài jì niàn lú suō shì shì 200 zhōu nián de huó dòng zhōng, zhuān mén zhào kāi liǎo guó jì yán tǎo huì, yán jiū lú suō de sī xiǎng, chū bǎn tā de xīn chuán, tuī chū yǐ tā wéi tí cái de diàn shì jù。 tā de yí hái bèi 'ān fàng zài fǎ guó de wěi rén cí nèi。 lú suō zài《 shè huì qì yuē lùn》 zhōng yù jiàn de“ xiāo fèi zhě de gè zhǒng xiàn jǐng, dà chéng shì de sāo luàn yǐ jí huǐ miè xìng de jūn fèi fù dān” děng děng, dōuyǐ chéng wéi dāng dài shè huì de xiàn shí wèn tí。 mù qián, dān zài fǎ guó jiù yòu 150 duō wèi xué zhě zài zhuān mén yán jiū lú suō de sī xiǎng。
yòu shuō lú suō de zhèng zhì lǐ lùn shēn shòu bólātú de《 lǐ xiǎng guó》 de yǐng xiǎng。《 lǐ xiǎng guó》 de gài niàn, jiàn lì yú rén xìng shàn de lǐ niàn jī chǔ shàng, bólātú bǐ xià de sū gé lā dǐ shuō,“ zhǐ yòu zhèng zhí de rén cái huì xìng fú”,“ shàn de yì zhì” chéng wéi tā de lǐ xiǎng guó de jī chǔ。 lú suō yě xiāng xìn rén xìng shàn, tā tí chàng kuān róng lǐ xìng, jiān dìng dì fǎn duì rèn hé zhèng zhì bào lì。 tóng shì lùn shù lǐ xiǎng guó de yuán zé, bù tóng yú bólātú, lú suō jiāng qí lǐ lùn kuàng jià wán quán jiàn lì zài“ rén shēng 'ér zì yóu” de jī chǔ zhī shàng, yě jiù shì shuō“ zì yóu yì zhì”。 zhè gè jī chǔ jiù shí zài duō liǎo。 hěn zǎo yǐ qián, rén men yòu yī gè gèng hǎo de dàn wén yán de shuō fǎ:“ tiān fù rén quán。” yóu tiān fù rén quán zuò wéi dì yī yuán lǐ, tā suǒ gòu zào de bù zài zhǐ shì lǐ xiǎng, ér shì xiàn dài gōng mín shè huì de jī běn yuán zé。 gōng mín shè huì zhōng, gōng mín shī qù liǎo zì yóu rén wú suǒ bùwèi de zì yóu, ér dé dào gōng mín de zhèng zhì quán lì、 zhèng zhì zì yóu。 tā de《 shè huì qì yuē lùn》( yòu yì《 mín yuē lùn》) suǒ yào jiě jué de shì rén quán hé fǎ lǜ de yòu jī jié hé。 cóng cǐ, hé fǎ xìng zhǐ néng lái zì rén mín, chéng liǎo lú suō de jì chéng zhě hé bèi pàn zhě de gòng tóng de lǐ niàn。 qián zhě chǎn shēng liǎo měi guó gé mìng hé mín zhù de jiàn lì, hòu zhě yǐ rén mín zhī míng zhuān quán tú shā。 lú suō, zuò wéi“ zhù quán zài mín” de gòu huà zhě, jiù shì zài 200 nián hòu hái chǔyú zhēng lùn de zhōng xīn: tā de lǐ lùn dào dǐ shì zài tí chàng mín zhù zì yóu, hái shì zài tí chàng jí quán bào zhèng?
《 shè huì qì yuē lùn》 zhé xué jiā lú suō dà bù tóu zhù zuò
rén quán shì shǔ yú gè tǐ de, fǎ lǜ shì shǔ yú guó jiā de。 gè tǐ yuē dìng 'ér chéng guó jiā de hé lǐ xìng, shì fǎ lǜ yòu xiào xìng hé zhèng quán hé fǎ xìng de zhōng jí pàn duàn。 zì yóu, bù shì lái zì fǎ lǜ duì gè rén de bǎo hù, ér shì lái zì gè tǐ duì lì fǎ de chè dǐ cānyù。 zhè shì qièshí bǎo zhàng gè tǐ zì yóu de xiān jué tiáo jiàn。 zài zhè yī guò chéng lǐ, gè tǐ lì yì de“ jiāo jí” ér fēi“ bìng jí”( bù wán quán shì shù xué shàng de nà zhǒng) xíng chéng gōng mín yì zhì héng héng zhù quán zhě de yì zhì héng héng yī bān yì zhì, ér zhè zhǒng zhù quán zhě yīn wéi gè tǐ de bù duàn cānyù, qí nèi róng shì cháng xīn de, qí lì yì yǔ gè tǐ lì yì gòng róng de。 cóng zhè yī diǎn chū fā, duō shù rén shuō liǎo suàn de yuē fǎ sān zhāng bì rán chéng wéi zhù quán zài mín de dào dé de tǐ xiàn fāng shì。
lú suō bǎ zhèng quán míng bái dì fēn chéng liǎo lì fǎ hé xíng zhèng liǎng gè bù fēn, qián zhě shǔ yú shè huì qì yuē de fàn chóu, ér hòu zhě bù shì qì yuē de nèi róng( yīn cǐ shì kě biàn kě tuī fān de)。 zhè gè lǐ niàn duì hòu lái mín zhù zhèng zhì de fā zhǎn yòu zhe bù kě mó miè de gòng xiàn。 zài lú suō zhī qián, mèng dé sī jiū de《 lùn fǎ de jīng shén》 duì fǎ lǜ de lǐ jiě gèng jiā shēn kè, wéi quē lú suō de“ zhù quán zài mín” de dòng lì。《 shè huì qì yuē lùn》 zì shǐ zhì zhōng zhǐ yáng qì liǎo yī zhǒng tǐ zhì: zhuān zhì zhèng fǔ。 àn lú suō de huà, zhè jiù shì nà zhǒng miè shì fǎ lǜ bǎ gè tǐ de quán lì gāo yú zhù quán zhě zhī shàng de tǐ zhì。 qí tā de tǐ zhì, lú suō jǐn jǐn lùn shù liǎo tā men hé fǎ de zì rán yǐ jù。 cóng zhí jiē mín zhù zhì、 guì zú dài yì zhì dào jūn zhù lì xiàn zhì, tǒng zhì de gēn jù bì xū shì rén mín zhù quán héng héng héng qí zhēn zhèng biǎo dá jiù shì fǎ lǜ。 lú suō bìng jìn 'ér bǎ rèn hé zhēn zhèng yǐ fǎ 'ér zhì de zhèng tǐ tǒng chēng wéi gòng hé zhèng tǐ。 zài lú suō kàn lái, tā nà gè shí dài de zhèng zhì shè huì xíng tài shì fǔ xiǔ de, tā yào dào gǔ xī là shí dài cái néng zhǎo dào hé lǐ de huí guī。
《 shè huì qì yuē lùn》 shì shì jiè zhèng zhì fǎ lǜ xué shuō shǐ shàng zuì zhòng yào de jīng diǎn zhī yī, shì zhèn hàn shì jiè de 1789 nián fǎ guó dà gé mìng de hào jiǎo hé fú yīn shū。 tā chǎn shù de xǔ duō yuán zé yuán lǐ bù jǐn zài gé mìng zhī chū bèi zài rù fǎ guó《 rén quán xuān yán》 děng zhòng yào wén xiàn zhōng, zài gé mìng hòu de cháng shí qī lǐ chéng wéi zī chǎn jiē jí de zhèng zhì fǎ lǜ zhì dù de jī shí。 lú suō de sī xiǎng duì hòu shì sī xiǎng jiā men lǐ lùn de xíng chéng yòu zhòng dà yǐng xiǎng。
lú suō de zhèng zhì zhù zuò zhōng yòu xǔ duō sī xiǎng dú tè xīn yíng, yǐn rén rù shèng。 dàn shì zǒng tǐ shuō lái jiù shì yī zhǒng zhuī qiú píng děng de qiáng liè yù wàng hé yī zhǒng tóng yàng qiáng liè de gǎn shòu: xiàn cún shè huì zhì dù de bù hé lǐ yǐ jīng dá dào liǎo lìng rén bù néng róng rěn de chéng dù, rén shēng xià lái běn lái shì zì yóu de, dàn shì wú lùn zǒu dào nǎ lǐ dōuyào dài shàng jiā suǒ。 lú suō zì jǐ kě néng bìng bù xǐ huān bào lì xíng wéi, dàn shì tā wú yí jī lì liǎo qí tā rén shí xíng bào lì gé mìng, zhú bù gǎi gé shè huì zhì dù。
yòu rén pī píng lú suō shì yī gè jí qí shén jīng zhì de rén, shì yī gè dà nán zǐ zhù yì zhě, shì yī gè sī xiǎng bùqiè shí jì de、 hú tú de sī xiǎng jiā, zhè yàng de pī píng dà tǐ shàng shì zhèng què de。 dàn shì yuǎn bǐ tā de quē diǎn gèng zhòng yào de shì tā de dòng chá lì hé jié chū de chuàng zào jīng shén suǒ shǎn xiàn chū lái de sī xiǎng huǒ huā, liǎng gè duō shì jì yǐ lái, bù duàn dì yǐng xiǎng zhe xiàn dài sī xiǎng。
《 shè huì qì yuē lùn》 - miào yǔ jiā jù
wǒ kàn dào liǎo lìng yī gè shì jiè, wǒ de quán bù jī qíng dōubèi duì zhēn lǐ、 duì zì yóu、 duì dào dé de rè 'ài zhì xī diào liǎo。
shuí dì yī gè bǎ yī kuài tǔ dì juàn qǐ lái bìng xiǎng dào zhè shì zì jǐ de, ér qiě bèi tóu nǎo jiǎn dān de rén suǒ xiāng xìn de huà, nà tā jiù shì wén míng de diàn jī zhě。
Social contract theory formed a central pillar in the historically important notion that legitimate state authority must be derived from the consent of the governed. The starting point for most of these theories is a heuristic examination of the human condition absent from any structured social order, usually termed the “state of nature”. In this condition, an individual’s actions are bound only by his or her personal power, constrained by conscience. From this common starting point, the various proponents of social contract theory attempt to explain, in different ways, why it is in an individual’s rational self-interest to voluntarily give up the freedom one has in the state of nature in order to obtain the benefits of political order.
Thomas Hobbes (1651), John Locke (1689) and Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1762) are the most famous philosophers of contractarianism. However, they drew quite different conclusions from this starting-point. Hobbes advocated an authoritarian monarchy, Locke advocated a liberal monarchy, while Rousseau advocated liberal republicanism. Their work provided theoretical groundwork of constitutional monarchy, liberal democracy and republicanism. The Social Contract was used in the Declaration of Independence as a sign of enforcing Democracy, and more recently has been revived by thinkers such as John Rawls.
Overview
According to Thomas Hobbes, human life would be "nasty, brutish, and short" without political authority. In its absence, we would live in a state of nature, where we each have unlimited natural freedoms, including the "right to all things" and thus the freedom to harm all who threaten our own self-preservation; there would be an endless "war of all against all" (Bellum omnium contra omnes). To avoid this, free men establish political community i.e. civil society through a social contract in which each gain civil rights in return for subjecting himself to civil law or to political authority.
Alternatively, some have argued that we gain civil rights in return for accepting the obligation to respect and defend the rights of others, giving up some freedoms to do so; this alternative formulation of the duty arising from the social contract is often identified with arguments about military service.
Violations of the contract
The social contract and the civil rights it gives us are neither "natural rights" nor permanently fixed. Rather, the contract itself is the means towards an end — the benefit of all — and (according to some philosophers such as Locke or Rousseau), is only legitimate to the extent that it meets the general interest ("general will" in Rousseau). Therefore, when failings are found in the contract, we renegotiate to change the terms, using methods such as elections and legislature. Locke theorized the right of rebellion in case of the contract leading to tyranny.
Since civil rights come from agreeing to the contract, those who choose to violate their contractual obligations, such as by committing crimes, abdicate their rights, and the rest of society can be expected to protect itself against the actions of such outlaws. To be a member of society is to accept responsibility for following its rules, along with the threat of punishment for violating them. In this way, society works by "mutual coercion, mutually agreed upon" (Hardin 1968).
History
Classical thought
Many have argued that Plato's dialog Crito expresses a Greek version of social contract theory. In this dialog, Socrates refuses to escape from jail to avoid being put to death. He argues that since he has willingly remained in Athens all of his life despite opportunities to go elsewhere, he has accepted the social contract i.e. the burden of the local laws, and he cannot violate these laws even when they are against his self-interest.
Epicurus seems to have had a strong sense of social contract, with justice and law being rooted in mutual agreement and advantage, as evidenced by these lines, among others, from his Principal Doctrines:
31. Natural justice is a pledge of reciprocal benefit, to prevent one man from harming or being harmed by another. 32. Those animals which are incapable of making binding agreements with one another not to inflict nor suffer harm are without either justice or injustice; and likewise for those peoples who either could not or would not form binding agreements not to inflict nor suffer harm. 33. There never was such a thing as absolute justice, but only agreements made in mutual dealings among men in whatever places at various times providing against the infliction or suffering of harm. 34. Injustice is not an evil in itself, but only in consequence of the fear which is associated with the apprehension of being discovered by those appointed to punish such actions.
Also see Epicurean ethics
Renaissance developments
Quentin Skinner has argued that several critical modern innovations in contract theory are found in the writings from French Calvinists and Huguenots, whose work in turn was invoked by writers in the Low Countries who objected to their subjection to Spain and, later still, by Catholics in England. Among these, Francisco Suárez (1548–1617), from the School of Salamanca, might be considered as an early theorist of the social contract, theorizing natural law in an attempt to limit the divine right of absolute monarchy. All of these groups were led to articulate notions of popular sovereignty by means of a social covenant or contract: all of these arguments began with proto-“state of nature” arguments, to the effect that the basis of politics is that everyone is by nature free of subjection to any government.
However, these arguments relied on a corporatist theory found in Roman Law, according to which "a populus" can exist as a distinct legal entity. Therefore these arguments held that a community of people can join a government because they have the capacity to exercise a single will and make decisions with a single voice in the absence of sovereign authority — a notion rejected by Hobbes and later contract theorists.
Philosophers
Hugo Grotius
In the early 17th century, Grotius (1583–1645) introduced the modern idea of natural rights of individuals. Grotius says that we each have natural rights which we have in order to preserve ourselves. He uses this idea to try to establish a basis for moral consensus in the face of religious diversity and the rise of natural science and to find a minimal basis for a moral beginning for society, a kind of natural law that everyone could potentially accept. He goes so far as to say even if we were to concede what we cannot concede without the utmost wickedness, that there is no God, these laws would still hold. The idea was considered incendiary, since it suggests that power can ultimately go back to the individuals if the political society that they have set up forfeits the purpose for which it was originally established, which is to preserve themselves. In other words, the people i.e. the individual people, are sovereign. Grotius says that the people are sui juris - under their own jurisdiction. People have rights as human beings but there is a delineation of those rights because of what is possible for everyone to accept morally - everyone has to accept that each person is entitled to try to preserve themselves and therefore they shouldn't try to do harm to others or to interfere with them and they should punish any breach of someone else's rights that arises.
Thomas Hobbes's Leviathan (1651)
The first modern philosopher to articulate a detailed contract theory was Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679). According to Hobbes, the lives of individuals in the state of nature were "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short", a state where self-interest and the absence of rights and contracts prevented the 'social', or society. Life was 'anarchic' (without leadership/ the concept of sovereignty). Individuals in the state of nature were apolitical and asocial. This state of nature is followed by the social contract.
The social contract was an 'occurrence' during which individuals came together and ceded some of their individual rights so that others would cede theirs (e.g. person A gives up his/her right to kill person B if person B does the same). This resulted in the establishment of society, and by extension, the state, a sovereign entity (like the individuals, now under its rule, used to be) which was to protect these new rights which were now to regulate societal interactions. Society was thus no longer anarchic.
But the state system, which grew out of the social contract, was anarchic (without leadership). Just as the individuals in the state of nature had been sovereigns and thus guided by self-interest and the absence of rights, so states now acted in their self-interest in competition with each other. Just like the state of nature, states were thus bound to be in conflict because there was no sovereign over and above the state (i.e. more powerful) capable of imposing social-contract laws. Indeed, Hobbes' work helped to serve as a basis for the realism theories of international relations, advanced by E.H. Carr and Hans Morgenthau.
John Locke's Second Treatise of Government (1689)
John Locke's conception of the social contract differed from Hobbes' in several ways, but retained the central notion that persons in a state of nature would willingly come together to form a state. Locke believed that individuals in a state of nature would have stronger moral limits on their action than accepted by Hobbes, but recognized that people would still live in fear of one another. Locke argued that individuals would agree to form a state that would provide a "neutral judge", and that could therefore protect the lives, liberty, and property of those who lived within it. While Hobbes argued for near-absolute authority, Locke argued that laws could only be legitimate if they sought to achieve the common good. Locke also believed that people will do the right thing as a group, and that all people have natural rights.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Du contrat social (1762)
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778), in his influential 1762 treatise The Social Contract, outlined a different version of social contract theory, based on popular sovereignty. Although Rousseau wrote that the British were perhaps at the time the freest people on earth, he did not approve of their representative government. Rousseau believed that liberty was possible only where there was direct rule by the people as a whole in lawmaking, where popular sovereignty was indivisible and inalienable. Citizens must, in at least some circumstances, be able to choose together the fundamental rules by which they would live, and be able to revise those rules on later occasions if they choose to do so - something the British people as a whole were unable to do.
Rousseau's political theory has some points in common with Locke's individualism, but departs from it in his development of the "luminous conception" (which he credited to Diderot) of the general will. Rousseau argues a citizen can be an egoist and decide that his personal interest should override the collective interest. However, as part of a collective body, the individual citizen puts aside his egoism to create a "general will", which is popular sovereignty itself. Popular sovereignty (i.e., the rule of law), thus decides what is good for society as a whole, and the individual (including the administrative head of state, who could be a monarch) must bow to it, or be forced to bow to it:
[The social contract] can be reduced to the following terms: Each of us puts his person and all his power in common under the supreme direction of the general will; and in a body we receive each member as an indivisible part of the whole.
Rousseau's striking phrase that man must "be forced to be free" should be understood this way: since the indivisible and inalienable popular sovereignty decides what is good for the whole, then if an individual lapses back into his ordinary egoism and breaks the law, he will be forced to listen to what they decided as a member of the collectivity (i.e. as citizens). Thus, the law, inasmuch as it is voted by the people's representatives, is not a limitation of individual freedom, but its expression; and enforcement of law, including criminal law, is not a restriction on individual liberty, as the individual, as a citizen, explicitly agreed to be constrained if, as a private individual, he did not respect his own will as formulated in the general will. Because laws represent the restraints of civil freedom, they represent the leap made from humans in the state of nature into civil society. In this sense, the law is a civilizing force, and therefore Rousseau believed that the laws that govern a people helped to mold their character.
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon's individualist social contract (1851)
While Rousseau's social contract is based on popular sovereignty and not on individual sovereignty, there are other theories espoused by individualists, libertarians and anarchists, which do not involve agreeing to anything more than negative rights and creates only a limited state, if any.
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (1809–1865) advocated a conception of social contract which didn't involve an individual surrendering sovereignty to others. According to him, the social contract was not between individuals and the state, but rather between individuals themselves refraining from coercing or governing each other, each one maintaining complete sovereignty upon oneself:
What really is the Social Contract? An agreement of the citizen with the government? No, that would mean but the continuation of [Rousseau’s] idea. The social contract is an agreement of man with man; an agreement from which must result what we call society. In this, the notion of commutative justice, first brought forward by the primitive fact of exchange, …is substituted for that of distributive justice … Translating these words, contract, commutative justice, which are the language of the law, into the language of business, and you have commerce, that is to say, in its highest significance, the act by which man and man declare themselves essentially producers, and abdicate all pretension to govern each other.
—Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, General Idea of the Revolution in the Nineteenth Century (1851)
John Rawls' Theory of Justice (1971)
John Rawls (1921–2002) proposed a contractarian approach that has a decidedly Kantian flavour, in A Theory of Justice (1971), whereby rational people in a hypothetical "original position", setting aside their individual preferences and capacities under a "veil of ignorance", would agree to certain general principles of justice. This idea is also used as a game-theoretical formalization of the notion of fairness.
Philip Pettit's Republicanism (1997)
Philip Pettit (b. 1945) has argued, in Republicanism: A Theory of Freedom and Government (1997), that the theory of social contract, classically based on the consent of the governed (as it is assumed that the contract is valid as long as the people consent to being governed by its representatives, who exercise sovereignty), should be modified, in order to avoid dispute. Instead of arguing that an explicit consent, which can always be manufactured, should justify the validity of social contract, Philip Pettit argues that the absence of an effective rebellion against the contract is the only legitimacy of it.
Criticism
David Hume
An early critic of social contract theory was Rousseau's friend, the philosopher David Hume, who in 1742 published an essay "On Civil Liberty", in whose second part, entitled, "Of the Original Contract ", he stressed that the concept of a "social contract" was a convenient fiction:
AS no party, in the present age can well support itself without a philosophical or speculative system of principles annexed to its political or practical one; we accordingly find that each of the factions into which this nation is divided has reared up a fabric of the former kind, in order to protect and cover that scheme of actions which it pursues. . . . The one party [defenders of the absolute and divine right of kings, or Tories], by tracing up government to the DEITY, endeavor to render it so sacred and inviolate that it must be little less than sacrilege, however tyrannical it may become, to touch or invade it in the smallest article. The other party [the Whigs, or believers in constitutional monarchy], by founding government altogether on the consent of the PEOPLE suppose that there is a kind of original contract by which the subjects have tacitly reserved the power of resisting their sovereign, whenever they find themselves aggrieved by that authority with which they have for certain purposes voluntarily entrusted him. --David Hume, "On Civil Liberty" [II.XII.1]
However, Hume did agree that, no matter how a government is founded, the consent of the governed is the only legitimate foundation on which a government can rest.
My intention here is not to exclude the consent of the people from being one just foundation of government where it has place. It is surely the best and most sacred of any. I only pretend that it has very seldom had place in any degree and never almost in its full extent. And that therefore some other foundation of government must also be admitted. --Ibid II.XII.20
Logic of contracting
According to the will theory of contract, which was dominant in the 19th century and still exerts a strong influence, a contract is not presumed valid unless all parties agree to it voluntarily, either tacitly or explicitly, without coercion. Lysander Spooner, a 19th century lawyer and staunch supporter of a right of contract between individuals, in his essay No Treason, argues that a supposed social contract cannot be used to justify governmental actions such as taxation, because government will initiate force against anyone who does not wish to enter into such a contract. As a result, he maintains that such an agreement is not voluntary and therefore cannot be considered a legitimate contract at all.
Modern Anglo-American law, like European civil law, is based on a will theory of contract, according to which all terms of a contract are binding on the parties because they chose those terms for themselves. This was less true when Hobbes wrote Leviathan; then, more importance was attached to consideration, meaning a mutual exchange of benefits necessary to the formation of a valid contract, and most contracts had implicit terms that arose from the nature of the contractual relationship rather than from the choices made by the parties. Accordingly, it has been argued that social contract theory is more consistent with the contract law of the time of Hobbes and Locke than with the contract law of our time, and that features in the social contract which seem anomalous to us, such as the belief that we are bound by a contract formulated by our distant ancestors, would not have seemed as strange to Hobbes' contemporaries as they do to us.
Multiple contracts
Legal scholar Randy Barnett has argued, that, while presence in the territory of a society may be necessary for consent, it is not consent to any rules the society might make regardless of their content. A second condition of consent is that the rules be consistent with underlying principles of justice and the protection of natural and social rights, and have procedures for effective protection of those rights (or liberties). This has also been discussed by O.A. Brownson, who argued that there are, in a sense, three "constitutions" involved: The first the constitution of nature that includes all of what the Founders called "natural law". The second would be the constitution of society, an unwritten and commonly understood set of rules for the society formed by a social contract before it establishes a government, by which it does establish the third, a constitution of government. To consent, a necessary condition is that the rules be constitutional in that sense.
Tacit consent
The theory of an implicit social contract holds that by remaining in the territory controlled by some government, people give consent to be governed. This consent is what gives legitimacy to the government. Philosopher Roderick Long argues that this is a case of question begging, because the argument has to presuppose its conclusion:
I think that the person who makes this argument is already assuming that the government has some legitimate jurisdiction over this territory. And then they say, well, now, anyone who is in the territory is therefore agreeing to the prevailing rules. But they’re assuming the very thing they're trying to prove – namely that this jurisdiction over the territory is legitimate. If it's not, then the government is just one more group of people living in this broad general geographical territory. But I've got my property, and exactly what their arrangements are I don't know, but here I am in my property and they don't own it – at least they haven't given me any argument that they do – and so, the fact that I am living in "this country" means I am living in a certain geographical region that they have certain pretensions over – but the question is whether those pretensions are legitimate. You can’t assume it as a means to proving it.
Criticisms of natural rights
Contractualism is based on the notion that rights are agreed upon in order to further our interests: each individual subject is accorded individual rights, which may or may not be inalienable, and form the basis of civil rights, as in the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. It must be underlined, however, as Hannah Arendt did on her book on imperialism, that the 1789 Declarations, in this agreeing with the social contract theory, bases the natural rights of the human-being on the civil rights of the citizen, instead of the reverse as the contractualist theory does. This criticism derives from a long tradition going back to St. Augustine of Hippo, who in The City of God (book) envisioned a unified Christian society presided over by a king who was responsible for the welfare of his subjects. Political Augustinianism with its insistence on divine sovereignty and on the two separate spheres of a heavenly and an earthly community, has indeed been regarded as incompatible with social contract theories. This raises the question of whether social contractarianism, as a central plank of liberal thought, is reconcilable with the Christian religion, and particularly with Catholicism and Catholic social teaching. The individualist and liberal approach has also been criticized since the 19th century by thinkers such as Marx, Nietzsche & Freud, and afterward by structuralist and post-structuralist thinkers, such as Lacan, Althusser, Foucault, Deleuze or Derrida
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zuò zhě: lú suō 〔 fǎ 〕
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yuán xù
dì yī juàn
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dì 'èr jié
dì sān jié
dì sì jié
dì wǔ jié
dì liù jié
dì qī jié
dì bā jié
dì liù juàn
dì yī jié
dì 'èr jié
dì sān jié
dì sì jié
dì wǔ jié
dì liù jié
dì qī jié
dì bā jié
dì jiǔ jié
dì shí jié
dì shí yī jié
fù lù
zhāi lù