shǒuyè>> wénxué>>ràng · · suō Jean-Jacques Rousseau
  zài shǐ shàng duō nán shù de zìzhuàn zuò pǐn zhōngzhēn zhèng yòu wén xué jià zhí de xiǎn rán bìng duōér chéng wéi wén xué míng zhù de gèng shǎozhì xiǎng shù fēng shàng de zhòng yào 'ér diàn dìng liǎo zhuàn xiě zhě de wén xué wèi héng héng shì tōng de wén xué wèiér shì cháng jiǔ shòu rén jǐng yǎng de chóng gāo wèi de zhǐ yòuchàn huǐ liǎoràng · suō zhè lùn zài shè huì zhèng zhì xiǎng shàngzài wén xué nèi róngfēng qíng diào shàng kāipì liǎo xīn de shí dài de rén zhù yào jiù shì tōng guò zhè zìzhuàn tuī dòng liǎo shí jiǔ shì de guó wén xuéshǐ héng héng yòng dāng shí hěn yòu quán wēi de wèi píng jiā de huà lái shuō héng héng huò zuì de jìn 、“ lái zuì de mìng”, zhè wèi píng jiā qiān chéng rèn:“ men shí jiǔ shì de rén jiù shì cóng zhè mìng chū lái de”。 
   xiě zìzhuàn zǒng shì zài wǎn nián bān dōushì zài gōng chéng míng jiùyōu huàn chéng guò de shí hòurán 'ér duì suō lái shuō zhè xiě zìzhuàn de wǎn nián shì zěn yàng de wǎn nián 'ā
   liù 'èr nián shí suìkān yìn de zhù zuò de shū shāngā dān de 'ěr xiè 'ěr · léi jiàn xiě zìzhuànháo wènxiàng zhè yàng píng mín chū shēnzǒu guò liǎo màn cháng de kǎn de dào tōng guò xué rén fèn dǒu rán chéng wéi zhī shí jiè de míng shēng chuán biàn zhěng guó de rén díquè zuì xiě zìzhuàn zuò pǐn liǎo kuàng zài de shēng huó jīng zhōng hái chōng mǎn liǎo guāng shí xìngdàn suō bìng méi yòu jiē shòu zhè jiàn xiǎn rán shì yīn wéi zìzhuàn jiāng huì qiān shè dào xiē dāng shí de rén shìér suō shì yuàn zhè yàng zuò deqíng kuàng dàoài 'érchū bǎn hòu yòu liǎo biàn huà yuàn xià lìng fén shāo zhè chù liǎo fēng jiàn tǒng zhì jiē de zuò pǐnbìng yào dài zuò zhěcóng bèi dāng zuòfēng ”、“ mán rénér zāo dào jǐn zhuī bùshě de hàikāi shǐ liǎo táo wáng de shēng huó táo dào ruì shìruì shì dāng xià lìng shāo de shū táo dào shì de shǔ jiào huì biǎo wén gào xuān shì shàng de rén méi dāi xià yòu liú wáng dào shèng dǎoduì lái shuōguān fāng de pàn jué jiào huì de qiǎn jīng shì gòu yán de liǎogèng chén zhòng de yòu jiē zhàng 'ér lái liù nián chū xiàn liǎo běn míng wéigōng mín men de gǎn qíngde xiǎo duì suō de rén shēng huó rén pǐn jìn xíng liǎo gōng lìng rén tòng xīn de shìzhè gōng bìng shì lái rén de yíng lěiér xiǎn rán shì yǒu jūn zhī suǒ wéi suō yǎn jiàn yòu bèi hēichéng wéi qiān zuì rén de wēi xiǎn qiē gǎn dào yòu wéi biàn de yào shì zài zhè niándāng liú wáng zài de shí hòu huái zhe bēi fèn de xīn qíng kāi shǐ xiě de zìzhuàn
   zhěng zìzhuàn shì zài diān pèi liú de táo wáng shēng huó zhōng duàn duàn wán chéng dezài 'āi 'āi 'ěr dǎo shí jǐn jǐn xiě liǎo zhāngtáo dào yīng guó de tōng hòu wán chéng liǎo zhāng dào zhāng qián bàn fēn zhāng dào liù zhāng shì huí dào guó hòu liù nián zhù zài bǎo shí wán chéng dezhè jiù shìchàn huǐ de jīng guò liǎng nián de zhōng duàn liù jiǔ nián yòu kāi shǐ xiě zìzhuàn de zhāng zhì shí 'èr zhāngchàn huǐ de 'èr zhōng fēn shì táo zài wài shěng de jiān xiě chū lái dezhǐ yòu wěi zhāng wán chéng huí dào liǎo zhī hòuzuì hòujùn gōngde shì nián shí yuè hòu zài xìng zhōng huó liǎo jiāng jìn nián xiě liǎo zìzhuàn de piān de sàn zhě de mèng xiǎng》。
  《 chàn huǐ jiù shì suō bēi cǎn de wǎn nián de chǎn guǒ yào chū xiē xìng suì yuè zhōng zuì zhòng yào deshèn zhì shì wéi de nèi róng jiù shì zhè càn zhe xīn suān de shū liǎozhè yàng zài cán hài xià xiě chéng de zìzhuàn zài miàn shòu de qíng kuàng xià wéi de cún zài biàn de zìzhuànzěn me huì chōng mǎn zhǒng rén de bēi fèn zhù míng de kāi piān xià jiù xiǎn chū liǎo zhè zhǒng bēi fèn suǒ yòu de zhèn hàn rén xīn de liàngzhè shì shì jiè shàng jué jǐn yòu yǒng yuǎn huì zài yòu de wán quán zhào běn lái miàn quán shì shí miáo huì chū lái de rén xiàng guǎn shì shuízhǐ yào de mìng yùn huò de xìn rèn shǐ chéng wéi zhè běn shū de cái pàn rén me jiāng wèile de nánzhàng zhe de yǐn zhī xīnbìng quán rén lèi de míng kěn qiú yào shā zhè yòu yòng de de zhù zuò zuò wéi guān rén de yán jiū héng héng zhè mén xué wèn shàng yòu dài chuàng jiàn héng héng de fèn cān kǎo cái liào yào wèile zhào shēn hòu de míng shēngmáimò zhè guān de bèi rén wāi de xìng de wéi kào jìzǎizuì hòu shǐ céng jīng shì de gòng dài tiān de rén qǐng duì de hái yào bào rèn yào de cán qíng de gōng zhèng xíng wéi jiān chí dào wǒdōu shēng cún de shí dàizhè yàng zhì shǎo néng gòu yòu gāo guì de biǎo xiàn dāng běn lái xiōng hěn jìn xíng bào shí què biǎo xiàn kuān hóng liàng guǒ shuōjiā hài cóng lái céng huò yuàn shāng hài bié rén de rén chēng zhī wéi bào de huà
  
   zuò zhě jiǎn jiè
   ràng · suō
   suō miàn duì zhe zhǒng zhǒng qiǎn mièzhòngshāng jiě xìn xiē hài gōng de rén xiān shēngzhèng rén jūn men lái gāo shàng chún jiéchéng shí rán kāi shǐ jiù xiàng de shí dài shè huì chū liǎo yǒng gǎn de tiǎo zhàn:“ guǎn shěn pàn de hào jiǎo shénme shí hòu chuī xiǎngwǒdōu gǎn zhe zhè běn shū zǒu dào zhì gāo shàng de shěn pàn zhě miàn qiánguǒ gǎn shēng shuō qǐng kànzhè jiù shì suǒ zuò guò dezhè jiù shì suǒ xiǎng guò de dāng shí jiù shì yàng de rén qǐng shù de zhòng shēng jiào dào gēn qián láiràng men tīng tīng de chàn huǐ…… rán hòuràng men měi rén zài nín de bǎo zuò qián miàntóng yàng zhēn chéng de xīn língkàn yòu shuí gǎn duì nín shuō zhè rén hǎo
   zhè dìng xià liǎo quán shū de lùn biàn duì kàng de diàozài zhè duì kàng de diào hòu miànxiǎn rán yòu zhe zhǒng liè de chōng suō shè huì de chōng zhè zhǒng chōng jué shì chǎn shēng 'ǒu rán de shì jiàn jiū ér shì yòu zhe shēn de shè huì jiē gēn yóu de
   suō zhè zhōng biǎo jiàng de 'ér cóng mín zhù zhèng de nèi zǒu dào fēng jiàn zhuān zhì zhù zhī cóng xià céng rén mín zhōng zǒu jìn liǎo lán xiǎng jièxiàng zhè yàng shēn shàng dài zhe chén jīng cháng shí zhe de liú làng hàn zhěng guì shàng liú shè huì dāng rán shì liǎng tóng de shì jiè shǐ tóng yíng lěi de méng xiǎng jiā mèng jiū 'ěr tài luó yòu hěn de tóngmèng jiū zuò wéi yōng yòu de zhuāng yuántóng shí jīng yíng gōng shāng de chuān páo guì shēng guò zhe 'ān de shēng huó 'ěr tài běn rén jiù shì chǎn zhějiā yòu wàn guàn zhī cái zhí shì zài shè huì shàng céng huó dòng luó shì chū shēn de jiā tíng suī rán guò guò qīng pín de jìng méi yòu suō zhǒng zhí jiē lái shè huì céng de jīng suō dāng guò xué rénhuǒ suí cóngxiàng gài yàng jìn guò shōu róng suǒzhǐ shì zài jīng guò cháng qín fèn de xué rén fèn dǒu zhī hòucái zhú jiàn tuō diào tīng chā de hào chéng liǎo yīnyuè jiào shī shūzhí zuò jiāzhè jiù shǐ yòu tiáo jiàn zhè jiē céng de qíng yuàn wàng jīng shén dài jìn shí shì de wén xué piān yǐn quán lán zhǔ mùdì lùn wénlùn xué shù》( 1750) zhōng zhǒng duì fēng jiàn wén míng fǒu dìng de yǒng zhǒng gǎn fǎn duìrén rén zūn jìng de shì de zhàn dǒu jīng shén 'ào shì chuán tǒng guān niàn de pàn tài zhèng fǎn yìng liǎo shè huì xià céng zhǒng liè de qíng diàn dìng liǎo zài zhěng 'ōu zhōu xiǎng shǐ shàng chóng gāo wèi delùn rén lèi píng děng de yuán chǔ》( 1775) mín yuē lùn》( 1762) duì shè huì píng děng de pànduì píng děng yóu de sòngduìzhù quán zài mínyuán de xuān chuán zhèng xiàn liǎo shí shì píng mín jiē céng zài zhèng zhì shàng de yào qiú xiǎng shǐ luò yáng zhǐ guìde xiǎo shuōxīn 'ài luò yòu tōng guò 'ài qíng bēi wéi yōu xiù de píng mín rén zhēng běn rén quánér dài gěi bēi cǎn mìng yùn deài 'ér píng mín láo dòng zhě dāng zuò rén de xiǎngyīn dāng suō dēng shàng liǎo shí shì xiǎng wén huà de shǐ tái de shí hòu jiù tián liǎo zài shǐ shàng cháng kōng zhe de píng mín xiǎng jiā de wèi
   dàn suō suǒ shēng huó de shí dài shè huìduì píng mín xiǎng jiā lái shuōshì wán quán duì decóng kāi shǐ biǎo piān lùn wén de shí nián dài dào wán chéngchàn huǐ de shí nián dàizhèng shì guó fēng jiàn zhuān zhì zhù zuì hòu zhēngzhá de shí shì shì hòu shí nián jiù bào liǎo chǎn jiē mìngzhè shí yòu bǎi nián shǐ de fēng jiàn zhù tǒng zhì jīng dào liǎo shān qióng shuǐ jìn de jìng cháng láifēng jiàn shēng chǎn guān suǒ yòu de máo dùnchén zhòng de fēng jiàn zhà jīng shǐ mín liáo shēngnóng shēng chǎn luòduì xīn jiào de zōng jiào hài shǐ liàng shú liàn gōng jiàng wài liúdǎo zhì liǎo gōng shāng de diāo shí wǎn nián lián chuàn duì wài zhàn zhēng gōng tíng shēng huó de shē chǐ làng fèi yòu shǐ guó kōng shí zuì shēng mèng de huāng yín gèng fēng jiàn guó jiā tuī dào liǎo quán miàn chǎn de biān yuán zhì dào shí liù de shí hòumǒu xiē gǎi liáng zhù de cháng shì wǎn jiù rán huǐ miè de mìng yùn liǎozhè zuì hòu de nián dài shì xiǔfēng kuáng de nián dàifēng jiàn guì tǒng zhì jiē shì jiāng miè dǐng shì wán yào wéi de quán tǒng zhì 'ěr guǒ dāng shàng cái zhèng zǒng jiān hòu chū liǎo xiē zhǐ zài wǎn jiù wēi de gǎi liáng zhù cuò shīyīn 'ér chù fàn liǎo guì quán jiē de hěn kuài jiù bèi gǎn xià liǎo tái de rèn zhě nèi jǐn jǐn gōng tíng páng de kāi zhī gōng zhī zhòngchù liǎo gōng tíng quán guì zāo dào miǎn zhí rán shàng 'ér xià de zhǐ zài wéi fēng jiàn tǒng zhì gēn běn de gǎi liáng zhù bùwèi quán jiē suǒ róng me xià 'ér shàng de fǎn duì duì kàng dāng rán gèng yào shòu dào zhèn fēng jiàn zhuān zhì zhù de dǐng shèng suī rán jīng fǎndàn zhuān zhì zhù de yín wēi zhè shí bìng shāo jiǎn 'ěr tài luó jìn guò jiān shòu guò hàizhè shì shí shì xiǎng jiā de mìng yùn biāo zhìděng dài zhe xiǎng jiā suō dejiù zhèng shì zhè zhǒng shè huì de jiē de rán xìng kuàng zhè lái mín jiān de rén xiǎng gèng wéi liètài gèng wéi 'ào rán jué guó wáng de jiē jiàn gěi nián jīn jìng rán biǎo shì yàn 'è de fán huá shàng liú shè huì de shē chǐ hái dǎn gǎn duìgāo guì de děng jìn xíng liè de zhǐ :“ guì zhè zài guó jiā zhǐ guò shì yòu hài 'ér yòng de quán men kuā yào de guì tóu xián yòu shénme lìng rén zūn jìng de men guì jiē duì guó de guāng róngrén lèi de xìng yòu shénme gòng xiàn men shì yóu de fán shì zài guì jiē xiǎn shì de guó jiāchú liǎo zhuān zhì de bào duì rén mín de wài hái yòu shénme?”
  
   zhù zuò nèi róng gěng gài qiǎn
  《 chàn hǎi jiù shì zhè yàng jìn de píng mín xiǎng jiā fǎn dòng tǒng zhì liè chōng de jiēguǒ shì píng mín zhī shí fènzǐ zài fēng jiàn zhuān zhì miàn qián wéi jǐn shì zuò wéi réngèng zhòng yào de shì zuò wéi tōng rén de rén quán zūn yán de zuò pǐnshì duì tǒng zhì jiē hài miè de fǎn shǒu xiān shǐ men gǎn dào guì de shì zhōng chōng mǎn liǎo píng mín de xìn zhòng jiāo 'àozǒng zhī zhǒng gāo 'áng de píng mín jīng shén
   yóu zuò zhě de jīng yòu tiáo jiàn zài zhè zìzhuàn zhǎn shì píng mín de shì jièshǐ men kàn dào shí shì de tīngchāinóng mínxiǎo diàn zhùxià céng zhī shí fènzǐ suō de píng mín jiā zhōng biǎo jiàng shīxiǎo chǎn jiē zhè yàng duō de píng mín xíng xiàng dài jìn shí shì wén xuézài suō zhī qián zhǐ yòu · dàn · zài 'ěr · zhōng wǎng wǎng zhǐ shì zhè xiē rén dāng zuò duàn màn yán de shì qíng jié de fēnxiàn miáo xiě men de wài xíng xiàng suō zàichàn huǐ zhōng wán quán tóng suǒ zhù zhòng de shì zhè xiē píng mín rén de xiǎng gǎn qíngpǐn zhìrén xìng diǎnsuī ránchàn huǐ duì zhè xiē rén de xíng mào de miáo xiě shì hěn chōng fēn dedàn què shǐ zhě liǎo jiě shí shì zhè jiē céng de jīng shén zhuàng kuàngdào shuǐ píngàihào xīng yuàn wàng zhuī qiúzài zhè suō zhì jué píng mín de jīng shén jìng jiè zhōng qiē yòu jià zhí de dōng rán chún de rén xìngzhí zàn měi de dào qíng cāochū de cōng míng cái zhì jiàn kāng de shēng huó wèi děng děng píng mín jiā tíng zhōng qīnqiè níng jìng de róu qíng miáo xiěde duō me dòng rén 'āshǐ zài bīng lěng qíng de shè huì hǎi de bèi jǐng shàngxiàng shì shǐ zhōng zhào huàn zhe de wēn qíng zhī dǎo xià de nóng mín dōushì xiē shí de xíng xiàng bié shì mào zhe bèi shuì jiàn hòu jiù huì bèi chǎn de chū fēng shèng shí kuǎn dài de nóng mínbiǎo xiàn liǎo duō me gāo guì de kāng kǎi dào de xiǎo diàn zhù shì me zhōng hòu yòu tóng qíng xīnjìng yǔn xiāng shí de liú làng zhě zài diàn piàn chī liǎo dùn fàn qīn de huǒ bànhuá lún rén de nán 'ā nài jǐn rén gāo shàngér qiě yòu guǎng de xué shí chū de cáigàn wàihái yòushàn liáng de xiǎo huǒ píng mín yuèshī · mài 'ěr de shàonián liú làng hàn péng yǒucōng míng de ”、 lián de shàncōng míng jué duì chéng shí de yǒng men zài 'è zhuó de shè huì huán jìng yědōu sàn chū liǎo qīng xīn de shǐ suō duì men zhí bǎo chí zhe měi hǎo de lìng fāng miàn suō yòu jiā yǎn shì de yàn 'è shì zhuī shù liǎo suǒ jiàn de tǒng zhì jiē shàng liú shè huì zhōng de zhǒng rén :“ gēng chíguì de hòu · péng wéi 'ěr xiān shēng shì yòu de rén”; shǒu guān méng xiān shēng shì duàn xiàng guì men xiàn yīn qín de xiǎo hóu ”; jiào huì rén jīhū dōuyòuwěi shàn huò hòu yán chǐ de chǒu tài”, zhōng hái yòu shǎo yín xié de qíng kuángguì rén de shì qīng guǎ lián xiān chǐyòu demíng shēng hěn huài”; zhì de quán guì dào lún sàngxìng qíng diāo zuànwěi shàn yīn xiǎnzài suō de yǎn píng mín de shì jiè yuǎn shàng liú shè huì lái gāo shàngyōu yuèzǎo zài piān lùn wén zhōng jiù jìn xíng guò zhè yàng de duì :“ zhǐ yòu zài zhuāng jià rén de xià miànér shì zài tíng chén de xiù jīn xià miàncái néng xiàn yòu de shēn zhuāng shì xíng shì deyīn wéi xíng shì líng hún de liàng。” zhè zhǒng duì de chóng shàngduì quán guì de biǎn zàichàn huǐ yòu yòu liǎo zài de huī zhè yàng zǒng jié shuō:“ wèishénme nián qīng de shí hòu dào liǎo zhè yàng duō de hǎo réndào nián liǎo de shí hòuhǎo rén jiù yàng shǎo liǎo shì hǎo rén jué zhǒng liǎo shì dezhè shì yóu jīn tiān yào zhǎo hǎo rén de shè huì jiē céng jīng zài shì dāng nián dào hǎo rén de shè huì jiē céng liǎozài bān píng mín zhōng jiānsuī rán zhǐ 'ǒu 'ěr liú qíngdàn rán qíng gǎn què shì suí shí jiàn dào dezài shàng liú shè huì zhōng lián zhè zhǒng rán qíng gǎn wán quán zhì liǎo men zài qíng gǎn de huǎng xiàzhǐ shòu huò róng xīn de zhī pèi。” suō zìzhuàn zhōng qiáng liè de píng mín jīng shénshǐ zài wén xué shǐ shàng huò liǎo suǒ yòu de guó rén shuō hǎo:“ méi yòu zuò jiā xiàng suō zhè yàng shàn qióng rén biǎo xiàn zhuó yuè fán。”
   dāng rán,《 chàn huǐ zhōng zhǒng píng mín de xìn jiāo 'àozhù yào hái shì biǎo xiàn zài suō duì xíng xiàng de miáo huì shàngjìn guǎn suō shòu dào liǎo zhǒng zhǒng zénàn gōng dàn shēn xìn zài de zhī xiàtíng chén de xiù jīn xià miàn gèng yòulíng hún liàng”。 zài men kàn láishí shàng díquè zài chōng mǎn liǎo róng de shè huì gǎn gōng kāi biǎo shì duì xià céngduì píng mín de shēn qíng jiànde chū shēn guò de pín hán kùn dùn wéi chǐér xuān shì de xìng nián dài chún rán shì wéi pín jiàn shēng huó zhōng zuì bǎo guì de cái jiāo 'ào zhǎn shì shēng huó zhōng xiē wéi gāo guì zhě de shēng huó suǒ yòu de jiàn kāng deshǎn guāng de dōng zài pín jiàn shēng huó zhōng suǒ huò suǒ bǎo chí zhe de zhǒng jīng shén shàngjié cāo shàng de fēng cǎi
   gào zhě cóng chōng mǎn zhēn zhì wēn qíng de píng mín jiā tíng zhōng huò liǎo duō qíng de xīn”, suī rán zhè shì wéi shēng xìng de gēn yuán”, dàn zhí wēn róu duō qíng”、 yòu zhēn qíng shí gǎn 'ér háo yòu cóngchún de nóng cūn shēng huózhōng dào liǎo gūliáng de hǎo chù”,“ xīn huò rán kāi lǎngdǒng liǎo yǒu qíng”, suī rán hòu lái zuò guò gòu péng yǒu de shìdàn gèng duō de shí hòu shì zài yǒu qíng gōng zhī jiān xuǎn liǎo qián zhěshèn zhì wèile liú làng shàonián de yǒu 'ér gāo chàng zhezài jiàn chéngzài jiàn gōng tíng xīn róng xīnzài jiàn ài qíng měi rén”, kāi liǎo wèitā gōngfēi huáng téng de de fēng jué
   guò zhe pín qióng de shēng huóquè yòu fēng de jīng shén shì jiè hěn zǎo jiù duì shūyòu zhǒng hǎn yòu de xīng ”, shǐ shì zài dāng xué de shí hòu gān mào shòu chéng de wēi xiǎn 'ér jiān chí shūshèn zhì wèile dào shū 'ér dāng diào liǎo de chèn shān lǐng dài lǎn qún shūcóng luó de jīng diǎn zhù zuò zhí dào dāng dài de méng lùn zhùcóng wén xué shǐ zhí dào rán xué cháng de shū shēng huó huàn liǎo gèng gāo shàng de gǎn qíng”, xíng chéng liǎo gāo chū shàng céng jiē de jīng shén jìng jiè
   'ài zhī shíyòu zhe lìng rén jìng pèi de hǎo xué jīng shén xué qín fèn biǎo xiàn chūnán zhì xìn de ”。 zài liú làng zhōng jiān chí xiè bìng chán shēn shí méi yòu zhōng duàn;“ wáng de jìn dàn méi yòu xuē ruò yán jiū xué wèn de xīng fǎn 'ér gèng shǐ xīng zhì yán jiū xué wèn lái”。 wéi huò gèng duō de zhī shízǒng shì zuì xiàn duódì yòng de shí jiānláo dòng de shí hòu bèi sòngsàn de shí hòu gòu jīng guò cháng de zài shù xuétiān wén xué shǐ zhé xué yīnyuè děng lǐng lěi liǎo guǎng de xué shíwéi chuàng zào liǎo zuò wéi xiǎng jiā wén huà rén suǒ bèi de tiáo jiàn yòu jìn jīng shénxué huì liǎo yīnyuè běn lùnyòu jìn cháng shì zuòqǔ liǎo 'ěr tài de zuò pǐnyòu chǎn shēng liǎoyào xué huì yòng yōu de fēng xiě wén zhāng de yuàn wàng”; zhè yàng jiān pān dēngzhōng dào dāng dài wén huà de gāo fēng
   shēng huó zài chōng mǎn róng shē chǐ de shè huì huán jìng zhōngquè bǎo chí liǎo qīng gāo de tài pín zhì zhī wài,“ shēng zhōng de rèn shí hòucóng méi yòu guò yīn wéi kǎo pín wèn 'ér lìng xīn huā fàng huò yōu xīn chōng zhòng。” xiē yōng rén gāo chū duō bèi 'ài róng huá guì zhuī qiú xiǎn wén ,“ zài shēng nán wàng de kǎn píng biàn huà cháng de zāo zhōng”, shǐ zhōng biàn”。 qiē zhēn zhèng táng huáng de qíng jǐngshǐ fǎn gǎn chéng míng zhī hòu yuàn zài zhè gèdōu shì cháng jiǔ zhù xià ”, zhī suǒ zài zhè zhù liǎo shí ,“ zhǐ guò shì yòng de dòu liú lái xún qiú zěn yàng néng gòu yuǎn 'ér shēng huó xià de shǒu duàn 'ér 。” zài 'è zhuó de shè huì huán jìng zhōngsuī néng wán quán zuò dào chū 'ér rǎndàn zài guān jiàn de shí zài zhòng de wèn shàngquè nán néng guì biǎo xiàn chū gāo shàng de jié cāo yīn wéi rén gāo shàngjué xiǎng yòng bēi shǒu duàn cái”, ér pāo diào liǎo dāng sòng gùn de qián chénggōng tíng yǎn chū de xiāng cūn shīshí yāo chū xiū biān shì dài mànxiǎn chū de běn guó wáng yào jiē jiàn bìng gěi nián jīn wèile jié shēn hǎobǎo chí rén 'ér jiē shòu
   chù fǎn dòng hēi 'àn de fēng jiàn tǒng zhì zhī xiàquè yòujuéjiàng háo mài kěn shòu shù shòu de xìng ”, gǎn zài chéng wéi zhuān zhì jūn zhù zhèng de fǎn duì zhě jiān dìng de gòng pài”。 yǎn jiàn xìng de rén mín zāo shòu tòng ”,“ duì men de rényòu chōng mǎn liǎo 'è zhì de tòng hèn”, chuī yóufǎn duì xuān chēng lùn zài shénme shì qíng shàngyuē shù cóng dōushì néng rěn shòu de”。 suī rán fǎn duì guó de fēng jiàn zhuān zhìbìng qiě zài zhè guó jiā shòu dào liǎozhèng guānzuò jiā lián zài de fēng kuáng gōng ”, dàn duì lán de shǐ wén huà shǐ zhōng huái zhe shēn hòu de gǎn qíngduì lán mín liǎo jiān qiáng de xìn niànshēn xìnyòu tiān men huì cóng nǎo de bàn zhōng jiě jiù chū lái”。
   shí shì guì shè huì shì piàn yín zhī fēng suō zhǒng guǎ lián xiān chǐdān ròu de xiǎng shēng huó huàqīng liǎo jiè xiàn dāng zuò zhǒng měi lái jiā zàn shǎngdāng zuò zhǒng shī wēn qíng de duì xiàngér shì wán nòng zhàn yòu de duì xiàng duì 'ài qíng biǎo shì liǎo quán xīn de jiě chóng shàng nán zhī jiān zhēn chéng shēn zhì de qíng gǎn bié zhòng shì gǎn qíng de gāo shàng chún jiérèn wéi zhī jiān de guān yīnggāi shì zhè yàng de:“ shì qíng xìng biénián língróng màoér shì rén zhī suǒ wéi rén de qiēchú fēi wángjiù jué néng sàng shī de qiē”, jiù shì shuōyīnggāi bāo hán zhe rén lèi qiē měi hǎo gāo shàng de dōng zài shēng huó zhōng zhuī qiú de shì zhǒng shēn zhìchí jiǔchāo gōng ròu de róu qíngyòu shí shèn zhì jìn tiān zhēn xiéchún jié tòu míng liàn 'ài de shí hòugǎn qíng fēng 'ér liètóng shí yòu duì duì fāng bǎo chí zhe 'ài zūn zhòng tiē huá lún rén cháng guò zhe zhǒng chún jìng de 'ài qíng shēng huó zhǒng chéng zhì de xìng zhì zài shí shì de shè huì shēng huó zhōng shì hěn nán jiàn dào de lāi fēn xiǎo jiě jiā lěi xiǎo jiě de duàn xiè hòushì duō me chōng mǎn zhì 'ér yòu sàn chū rén de qīng chūn de tài tài zhī jiān de duàn gǎn qíng yòu shì yàng wēn xīn 'ér yòu jié jìng xiá nián qīng niàn mài 'ěr sài lāi dào zuò liǎo cháng xíngshǐ zhōngzuò huái luàn”。 yòu shí chéng wéi qíng de 'ér féng chǎng zuò dàn jiǔ jiù chū dào gǎn 'ér pāo liǎo zhè zhǒng yóu
   fēng jiàn guì jiē duì shē chǐ háo huáfán wén jié de 'àihào wán quán xiāng fǎnbǎo chí zhe jiàn kāng deměi hǎo de shēng huó wèi 'ài yīnyuè huān chàng chāo shì móu shēng de shǒu duàn shì tuō jīng shén zhī suǒ zài bàn yīnyuè huìgèng shì shēng huó zhōng de duì yōu měi de qǔdiào shì me dòng xīntóng nián shí tīng dào de qǔdiào qīng xīn de mín jiān yáo zhí shǐ yōu rán shén wǎngdāng jīng shì bǎo shòu jiāo tòng zhé de lǎo rényòu shí háiyòng chàn wēi wēi de sǎng yīn hēng zhe zhè xiē xiǎo diào”,“ zěn me néng chàng dào 'ér bèi de yǎn lèi duàn”。 duì huì huà yòu liè de xīng ,“ zài huà qiān zhī jiān lián dāi shàng yuè chū mén”。 hái huān wèi yǎng fēng zhè xiē yòu de dòng qīnqiè xiāng chù huān zài táo shú liǎo de shí hòu dào tián yuán fēn xiǎng nóng rén shōu huò de kuài shì guó wén xué zhōng zuì zǎo duì rán biǎo shì shēn chén de 'ài de zuò jiā dào chù zhù xiàjiù guān xīn chuāng wài shì fǒu yòu piàn tián de ”; féng dào jǐng měi de míngjiù gǎn kuài páo dào wài guān kàn chū wèile dào luò sāng xīn shǎng měi de shuǐ rào dào 'ér xíng shǐ fèi duǎn quē shì zuì shàn gǎn shòu rán zhī měi de jiàn shǎng jiāyōu měi de jǐng jiù shǐ wàng diào cān fēng de kùn liǎo shì wén xué zhōng xíng de míng zhě huānzài tiān lǎng qīng de huāng máng zài jǐng rén de fāng xìn 'ér xíng”, zài zhè zhǒng xíng zhōng xiǎng shòu zhetián de fēng guāngjiē lián duàn de xiù jǐng qīng xīn de kōng yóu xíng 'ér dài lái de liáng hǎo shí bǎo mǎn jīng shén……”
  《 chàn huǐ jiù zhè yàng chéng xiàn chū chún ránfēng duō cǎizhāoqì péng de píng mín xíng xiàngzhèng yīn wéi zhè píng mín běn shēn shì dài biǎo rén gòu chéng liǎo shí shì xiǎng wén huà lǐng zhòng de shè huì xiàn xiàngsuǒ chàn huǐ shì shí shì shǐ zhōng wéi zhòng yào de xiǎng cái liào shǐ hòu rén kàn dào liǎo xiǎng jiā de chéngzhǎng zhǎn nèi xīn shì jièkàn dào zhàn zài zhèng miàn zhǐ dǎo shí dài cháo liú de shǐ rén suǒ yòu de qiáng yòu de fāng miàn jīng shén shàngdào shàng suǒ chū de mǒu zhǒng shī de guāng huīzhè zhǒng liàng guāng huī zuì zhōng dāng rán lái zhè xíng xiàng suǒ dài biǎo de xià céng rén mín suǒ xiàn de shǐ qián jìn de fāng xiàngzǒng zhīshì zhèng zhì shàng xiǎng shàngdào shàng de fǎn fēng jiàn xìng zhì jué dìng liǎochàn huǐ zhōng suō xíng xiàng de jué dìng liǎo men zài xiǎng zhǎn shǐ shàngwén xué shǐ shàng de zhòng yào jià zhí
   jiǎ suō duì xíng xiàng de miáo shù jǐn zhǐ shàng zhè xiēhòu rén duì mǎn liǎo quán chū gèng duō de yào qiú men zuò wéi shí shì fǎn fēng jiàn de xiǎng cái liào shì jīng xiāng dāng gòu liǎo shì jīng yòu shè huì jiē de bìng méng tián zàisuí gǎn zhōng duì de miáo xiě yòu tóng děng de jià zhí dàn shì suō zuòde zhè gèng duōzǒude gèng yuǎn yuǎn yuǎn chāo guò liǎo méng tián dechàn huǐ yòu zhe gèng wéi duō de nèi róng
   suō zàichàn huǐ de lìng gǎo běn zhōngcéng jīng píng liǎo guò xiě zìzhuàn de rénzǒng shì yào qiáo zhuāng bàn fānmíng wéi shùshí wéi zàn xiě chéng suǒ wàng de yàngér shì shí shàng de yàng”。 shí liù shì de sàn wén jiā méng tián zàisuí gǎn zhōng jiù shì zhè yàng suī rán jiǎng liǎo de quē diǎnquè men xiěde xiāng dāng 'ài jùn duì méng tián wéi rán zhēn fēng xiāng duì chū liǎo zhé xìng de jǐng :“ méi yòu zēng de quē diǎn de rén shì méi yòu de。” zhè shì duì rén de zhǒng kàn shì duì de zhǒng rèn shírèn shí zhè diǎn bìng tài kùn nándàn yào gōng kāi chéng rèn shìyòu zēng de quē diǎn”, bié shì gǎn zhè zhǒng zēng de quē diǎn chū láiquè yào jué de yǒng rén guì yòu zhī zhī míngyán jiě pōu zhì jīn réng shì zhǒng lìng rén jìng pèi de měi xiǎn ránzài suō zhī qiánwén xué shǐ shàng hái méi yòu chū xiàn guò zhè yàng yòu yǒng de zuò jiā shì suō miǎo shì qián rén de háozàichàn huǐ de duàn jiù zhè yàng xuān :“ xiàn zài yào zuò xiàng xiān jiāng lái huì yòu rén fǎng xiào de jiān gōng zuò yào rén de zhēn shí miàn chì luǒ luǒ jiē zài shì rén miàn qiánzhè rén jiù shì 。”
   suō shí jiàn liǎo de zhè nuò yán zàichàn huǐ zhōng de què zhēn chéng tǎn shuài de tài jiǎng shù liǎo de quán shēng huó xiǎng gǎn qíngxìng rén pǐn de fāng miàn,“ méi yòu yǐn mán háo huài shì méi yòu zēng tiān rèn hǎo shì…… dāng shí shì bēi chuò dejiù xiě de bēi chuòdāng shí shì shàn liáng zhōng hòudào gāo shàng dejiù xiě de shàn liáng zhōng hòu dào gāo shàng”。 dǎn néng jiàn rén de yǐn gōng zhī zhòng chéng rèn zài zhè zhǒng huò zhǒng qíng kuàng xià chǎn shēng guò xiē bēi liè de niàn tóushèn zhì yòu guò xià liú de xíng jìng shuō guò huǎngxíng guò piàntiáoxì guò tōu guò dōng shèn zhì yòu tōu qiè de guàn chén zhòng de xīn qíng chàn huǐ zài tōu qiè hòu zuì guò zhuǎn jià dào yǒng de tóu shàngzào chéng liǎo de xìngchàn huǐ zài guān jiàn shí bēi liè pāo liǎo zuì yào de péng yǒu · mài 'ěrchàn huǐ wèile hùn kǒu fàn chī 'ér bèi pàn liǎo de xīn jiào xìn yǎnggǎi fèng liǎo tiān zhù jiàoyīnggāi chéng rèn,《 chàn huǐ de tǎn shuài zhēn chéng dào liǎo lìng rén xiǎng xiàng dào de chéng zhè shǐ chéng liǎo wén xué shǐ shàng de shūzài zhè zuò zhě de xíng xiàng bìng zhǐ shì shè chū xiǎng de guāng huī zhǐ shì guǒ zài shí xíng tài de shī ér shì chéng xiàn chū liǎo jīng rén de zhēn shízài shēn shàng yòu chóng gāo yōu měi yòu bēi liè chǒu 'è yòu jiān qiáng liàng yòu ruǎn ruò qiè nuò yòu shí zhēn chéng yòu nòng zuò jiǎ yòu jīng shén dào de měi yòu mǒu zhǒng shì bìng lài de zǒng zhīzhè shì wèile yào xiǎng shòu shǐ de guāng róng 'ér huì zhì chū lái de mǎn liǎo yóu cǎi de huà xiàngér shì huó shēng shēng de de rénzhè xíng xiàng de xìng jiù shìchàn huǐ de xìngtóng shí shìchàn huǐ lìng zhǒng jià zhí de yuán yīnzhè zhǒng jià zhí jǐn zài xiě chū liǎo jīng rén de rén xìng de zhēn shíshì shǐ shàng zhè yàng zhēn shí de zìzhuàn gōng liǎo fēi cháng bǎo guì deyòng suō de huà lái shuō,“ zuò wéi guān rén de yán jiū héng héng zhè mén xué wèn shàng yòu dài chuàng jiàn héng héng de fèn cān kǎo cái liào;” ér qiě de jià zhí hái zài zuò zhě zhī suǒ zhè yàng zuòshì yòu zhe shēn de xiǎng dòng zhé zuò wéi zhǐ dǎo de
   suō zhuī qiú jué duì de zhēn shí de quē diǎn guò cuò wán quán bào chū láizuì zhí jiē de dòng xiǎn rán shì yào chǎn shù zhù míng de zhé rén xìng běn shàndàn zuì 'è de shè huì huán jìng què shǐ rén biàn huài xiàn shēn shuō jiǎng shù běn xìng shàn liáng”、 jiā tíng huán jìng chōng mǎn róu qíng dài shǐ rén yòu gěi liǎo chóng gāo de xiǎng,“ běn lái tīng cóng de xìng zài de zōng jiào de xiāng de jiā tíng de péng yǒu jiānzài suǒ 'ài de gōng zuò zhōngzài chènxīn de jiāo zhōngpíng píng jìng jìngān 'ān guò de shēng jiāng huì chéng wéi shàn liáng de jiào shàn liáng de gōng mínshàn liáng de jiāzhǎngshàn liáng de péng yǒushàn liáng de láo dòng zhě。” dàn shè huì huán jìng de 'è zhuórén rén zhī jiān guān de píng děngquè shǐ shòu dào liǎo zhān rǎn zhì zài zhè xiě zìzhuàn de wǎn nián hái yòu me duō jiū xīn de huǐ hèn bié zhǐ chū liǎo shè huì píng děng de wēi hàizài zhè yòu biǎo xiàn liǎo zàilùn rén lèi píng děng de yuán chǔzhōng de xiǎng shè huì shēng huó zhōng de píng děng shì wéi zhèng cháng rén xìng de duì miànbìng tōng guò de jīng jiē shì chū zhè zhǒng píng děng duì rén xìng de cuī cán wāi shì cóng chóng gāo de yīng xióng zhù duò luò wéi bēi de shì bìng làizhèng shì suǒ dào de píng děng gōng zhèng de dài zhèng shìqiáng zhědebào nüè zhuān héng”,“ cuī cán liǎo wēn róu duō qíngtiān zhēn huó de xìng ”, bìngshǐ rǎn shàng tòng hèn de xiē 'è zhū huǎngdài duòtōu qiè děng děng”。 tōu qiè 'ér yán jiù shì shè huì píng děng zài suō shēn shàng zào chéng de 'è guǒ suō chū wèn guǒ rén shì chǔyú zhǒngpíng děng yōu de zhuàng tàizhōng,“ suǒ wàng de yòu dào mǎn de huà”, me yòu zěn me huì yòu tōu qiè ránzuò 'è de qiáng zhě xiāo yáo wài de ruò zhě zāo yāng tiān xià jiē shì ”, me zěn me néng gòu zhì zhǐ tōu qiè de zuì xíng duì ruò zhě de chéng jǐn shìfǎn 'ér gèng fǎn kàng suō zài xiǎo tōu xiǎo bèi xiàn hòu jīng cháng 'áidǎ,“ jiàn jiàn duì 'áidǎ jiù zài liǎo”, shèn zhìjué zhè shì xiāo tōu qiè zuì xíng de zhǒng fāng shì dǎo yòu liǎo tōu qiè de quán liǎo…… xīn xiǎng rán 'àn xiǎo tōu lái zhì jiù děng rèn zuò xiǎo tōu”。 suō zài tōng guò de jīng lái fēn píng děng de hài shíyòu yòng tóng yàng de fāng lái jiē shì jīn qián de shí zuò yòng gào zhě:“ dàn cóng lái xiàng shì rén yàng kàn zhòng jīn qiánshèn zhì cóng lái céng jīn qián kàn zuò duō me fāng biàn de dōng ”, ér rèn dìng jīn qián shìfán nǎo de gēn yuán”。 rán 'érjīn qián de zuò yòng què yòu shǐ jīn qián kàn zuòshì bǎo chí yóu de zhǒng gōng ”, shǐ hài náng kōng ”, zhè jiù zài shēn shàng zào chéng liǎo zhè yàng zhǒng máo dùn de xìng:“ duì jīn qián de duān lìn shì jiān 'ér yòu zhī”。 yīn céngtōu guò 'ěr líng shí ”, bìng qiě zài qián cái fāng miàn shí guò xiē bēi liè de niàn tóu yǎn jiàn huá lún rén huī huò làng fèiyòu chǎn de wēi xiǎn jiù xiǎng tōu tōu jiàn dexiǎo jīn ”, dàn kàn shìjiù gǎi biàn zuò ,“ hǎo xiàng zhǐ cóng zǎi chǎng chū lái de gǒu rán bǎo zhù kuài ròujiù diāo zǒu de fēn。” cóng zhè xiē shù chú liǎo kàn dào diǎn xíng suō shì de yán qíng de pōu wàijiù shì fēi cháng chū de guān shè huì huán jìng rén xìng 'è de xiāng guān de biàn zhèng de xiǎng liǎozài zhè píng chàn huǐ dǎo xiàng liǎo duì shè huì de qiǎn kòng duì rén xìng 'è de jué zhuǎn huà chéng liǎo yán de shè huì pànzhèng yīn wéi zhè zhǒng pàn shì jié zhe suō tòngqiè de jīng yàn huìsuǒ jiù gèng wéi shēn yòu suō zàilùn rén lèi píng děng de yuán chǔzhōng duì cái chǎn píng děngshè huì zhèng zhì píng děng de pàn wán quán mài xiāng chéngzhè lùn zhù jié chū de xiǎng céng bèi 'ēn wéibiàn zhèng de jié zuò”。
  
   zhù zuò xiǎng
   suō yòng tǎn shuài de fēng xiě zìzhuàn huí shēn shàng de rén xìng 'ègèng wéi gēn běn de yuán yīn hái zài de xiǎng xiǎn rán bìng tǎn bāo kuò tǎn de quē diǎn guò cuò shì wéi zhǒng xíngdǎo shì wéi shēn xìn zhè shì chuàng 'ér zài kàn láirén yòu de běn xìngrén de běn xìng zhōng bāo kuò liǎo rén de qiē rán de yào qiú duì yóu de xiàng wǎngduì xìng de zhuī qiúduì jīng měi pǐn de 'àihàoděng děngzhèng chū mín de yuán shǐ chún de zhuàng tài dāng zuò rén lèi měi hǎo de huáng jīn shí dài yàng yòu rén shēn shàng qiē yuán shǐ de běn néng de yào qiú dāng zuò liǎo zhèng cháng de rán de dōng quán pán jiā kěn dìngshèn zhì zài yǎn zhè xiē rán de yào qiú yào xiē jīng guò jiáo shì de wén míng huà de xìng gèng wéi zhèng cháng zài suō de zhé xué rán rén zài jīng měi de pǐn miàn qián néng dòng zhōnggèng yīnggāi yòu zhǒng jiàn shǎng jiā de qíng mechū zhè zhǒng xún cháng de qíngyào yóu zhī pèi xiē xiǎo dōng ”, yòu suàn liǎo shénme guò cuò yīn zàichàn huǐ zhōng jīhū shì yòng chàn huǐjué yuán de píng jìng de tǎn rán de diào gào zhě:“ zhí dào xiàn zài yòu shí hái tōu diǎn suǒ xīn 'ài de xiǎo wán 'ér”, wán quán shì cóng yòu zhì chǎn shēng lái jiù chéng wéi dào zhēn yán de tōu qièzhè yuán zhè shì xiǎng zhōng de tiáo xiàn suǒlìng tiáo xiàn suǒ shì tiān zhù jiào shén xué xiāng fǎn shì rén kàn zuò shì shòu shén de duì xiàngér shì rén kàn chéng shì zhù de rén zhù xíng dòng de dòng shì gǎn qíng gǎn qíng dào liǎo zhòng yào de wèirèn wéixiān yòu gǎn juéhòu yòu kǎoshìrén lèi gòng tóng de mìng yùn”。 yīn gǎn qíng de zhēn zhì liú gǎn qíng yòng shì gǎn qíng fàng rènzài kàn lái jiù shì rén lèi běn xìng chún rán de biǎo xiàn liǎoqǐng kàn shì shēn qíng huí tóng nián shí qīn dào mexīng zhì yuè xiǎo shuōtōng xiāo dànzhí dào 'èr tiān qīng chén tīng dào liǎo yàn de nán shì duō me xīn shǎng qīn zhè zhǒnghái āzhè lèi gǎn qíng de rán liú fàng rèn jiù shì suō zhé xué zhōng de xìng yóu xìng jiě fàng suō shì shí shì zhōng xìng jiě fàng de hào jiǎo chuī zuì xiǎng de xiǎng jiā chàng jué duì de xìng yóufǎn duì zōng jiào xìn tiáo fēng jiàn dào guī de shù 'ào shì qiē xuān chēng shí dài de jiào piān jiàn dōubù zhí bìng miáo huì chéng zhè yàng diǎn xíngxuān yáng rén wéi zhōng xīn rén de gǎn qíngxīng zhì wéi chū diǎn rèn xīng zhī suǒ zhì de rén shēng tài zhè xiē jiù shì zàichàn huǐ zhōng de xiǎng de xīnzhè shì zài zìzhuàn zhōng qiú zhōng zhuāng jiǎ qiē de gēn běn yuán yīnér yóu suǒ yòu zhè qiē de zhè zìzhuàn rán jiù chéng wéi zuì huó shēng shēng de xìng jiě fàng de xuān yán shū liǎo
   suō suī rán chū shēn shè huì de xià céngdàn zài dāng shí de shǐ tiáo jiàn xià de xiǎng néng chāo chū chǎn jiē de fàn wéi zàichàn huǐ zhōng suǒ biǎo xiàn de xiǎng jiē xìng zhì shì men suǒ shú de jiù shì dāng shí fēng jiàn xiǎng xiāng duì de chǎn jiē rén dào zhù de xiǎng qiē shí jiān diǎntiáo jiàn wéi zhuǎn zhè zhǒng xiǎng zài shǐ zhǎn guò chéng zhōngzài dāng shí shí shì xiǎn rán yòu fēi cháng mìng de zōng jiào shì jiè guān wéi duì miànzhù zhāng rén wéi běnfǎn duì shén xué duì rén de jīng shén tǒng zhì cóng rén zhè běn chū yóupíng děng shì wéi rén de rán běn xìngfǎn duì fēng jiàn de zhàzài zhěng chǎn jiē fǎn fēng jiàn de shǐ shí zhe rén men de xiǎngcuī huǐ fēng jiàn zhù de shí xíng tàiwéi shǐ de zhǎn kāipì dào de zuò yòngrán 'érzhè zhǒng xiǎng jìng shì xuē jiē dài lìng xuē jiē zhǒng yòu zhì dài lìng zhǒng yòu zhì de shǐ jiē duàn de chǎn dài yòu shǐ de jiē de xiàn xìngyīn 'ér men zàichàn huǐ zhōng kàn dào suō zài zōng jiào deshén dàoduì jié tuī chóng shēn shàng derén xìng”、 kěn dìng zuò wéi rén de rán yào qiú de tóng shíyòu de mǒu xiē chǎn jiē xìng dāng zuò zhèng dāng derén xìngjiā kěn dìng zài fǎn duì zōng jiào duì rén de jīng shén kěn dìng huó dòng de zhù xìng gǎn qíng de tuī dòng zuò yòng de tóng shíyòu xiē liè de chōng dòng wèi měi huà wéi rén xìngde dōng suǒ chàng de xìng yóu xiǎn rán tài zhì gāo shàng liǎochōng mǎn liǎo nóng hòu de rén zhù de wèi dào zhòng shì tuī chóng rén de gǎn qíngxiǎn rán yòu zǒu xiàng liǎo duānér chéng wèile gǎn qíng fàng zòngzǒng zhīzhè de qiē biǎo xiàn liǎo fǎn fēng jiàn fǎn zōng jiào de yòu bào liǎo chǎn jiē shí xíng tài de běn zhì
   suō bìng shì zuì xiān chū chǎn jiē rén dào zhù xiǎng de xiǎng jiāzài zhè xiǎng zhǎn de guò chéng zhōng zhǐ shì huán jiézǎo zài wén xīng shí dàichǔyú méng jiē duàn de běn zhù guān jiù wéi zhè zhǒng shí xíng tài de chǎn shēng gōng liǎo rǎngzhè zhǒng xiǎng de zhù yào fāng miàn zhù yào yuán cóng shí jiù zhú jiàn zài shǐ de guò chéng zhōng bèi liè xiǎng jiāwén xué jiā chōng shí wán bèi lái liǎosuī rán suō zhǐ shì zhōng de jiē duànquè biāo zhì zhe xīn de jiē duàn de xīn gòng xiàn zài chǎn jiē rén dào zhù de běn yuán jìn huà wéi yóupíng děng de shè huì zhèng zhì yào qiúwéi tuī fān jīng guò shí de fēng jiàn zhù de tǒng zhì de dǒu zhēng gōng liǎo zuì xiǎng liàngzuì dòng rén xīn de xiǎng kǒu hào hái jiào duō fǎn yìng liǎo píng mín jiē jiù shì sān děng zhōng jiào wéi xià céng de qún zhòng de yào qiú chū liǎoshè huì yuēde xué shuōwéi chǎn jiē mìng hòu gòng zhù de zhèng zhì lán gōng liǎo lùn chǔzhè de gòng xiàn shǐ hòu zài guó mìng zhōng bèi mín zhù pài jìn pài děng fèng wéi jīng shén dǎo shī de xiǎng tuī dòng liǎo shǐ de qián jìnzhè shì zuò wéi xiǎng jiā de guāng róngzài wén xué zhōng de yǐng xiǎng bìng gèng xiǎo guǒ yào zài gěi guó wén xué suǒ dài lái de duō fāng miàn de xīn zhōng zhǐ chū zhù yào zhě de huà jiù yīnggāi shuō shì de zuò pǐn zhōng zhǒng chōng fēn de shí qiáng liè de xìng jiě fàng de jīng shén liǎo
  “ shí xìng jiě fàng shì chǎn jiē wén xué de yòu cái chǎn zài fēng jiàn guì jiē de wén xué shì méi yòu dezài fēng jiàn zhù zhī xià xìng wǎng wǎng xiāo róng zài jiā guó jiā de guān niàn běn zhù guān chǎn shēng hòusuí zhe yóu jìng zhēng 'ér lái deshì xìng yóu zhè yào qiú de chūrén zhú jiàn cóng fēng jiàn shù zhōng jiě tuō chū láicái yòu néng chū xìng jiě fàng zhè guān niàn shí zhè zhǒng gǎn shòuzhè xīn de zhù zài wén xué zhōng zhēn zhèng fēng láizài guó shì jīng guò liǎo liǎng bǎi niánshí liù shì de léi jǐn jǐn tōng guò tuō bāng de lián měi xiū dào yuànduì chū liǎo xiē dǒng jǐng yuàn wàngyuǎn yuǎn méi yòu xiàn shí jié láishí shì de zuò jiā gāo nǎi zài · gěi xìng 'ài qíng yóu de yào qiú liú xià liǎo dìng de wèidàn shì zài guó jiā de jiā de róng suǒ yǔn de fàn wéi zài 'āi de xià xiē zhuī qiú yóu shēng huó de nián qīng rén díquè dài lái liǎo xìng jiě fàng de huó dàn bìng cún de yòu zuò jiā guān zhōng cháng zhī dào de shuō jiàodào liǎo suō zhè shēng liǎo gēn běn de biàn huàshì xìng yóu de yuán dào gāo de wèishì yàng chōng de gǎn qíngbiǎo xiàn chū liǎo xìng jiě fàng dǎng de liàngbiǎo xiàn chū zhǒng gēn běn chuán tǒng guān niàndào guījià zhí biāo zhǔn fàng zài yǎn de yǒng shì tōng guò xiàn shí de rénér qiě jiù shì biǎo xiàn chū quán miàn xiàn liǎo chǎn jiē rén dào zhù jīng shén de chǎn jiē xìngshì yàng hài shì jīng de dǎn zhēn shí zhǎn shì liǎo zhè chǎn jiē xìngyòu shí xiàng tiān kōng yàng chún jìng gāo yuǎnyòu shí xiàng yīn gōu yàng 'āng zàng 'è zhuó de quán nèi xīn shēng huó shì me shēn jué liǎo zhè zhǒng chǎn jiē xìng shè huì xiàn shí de máo dùn zhǒng mǐn ruì 'ér tòng de gǎn shòuyóu suǒ yòu zhè xiē yóu shǐ men shuōchàn huǐ shì dòng liǎo yīcháng mìng”, zhì shǎo yìng gāi shuō shì dài lái liǎo zhòng de zhè zhǒng xiǎng nèi róng fēng qíng diào de chuàng xīnshì běn zhù de zhǎn zài wén xué zhōng de rán jiēguǒ guǒ shì yóu suō lái wán chéng de huà dìng huì yòu lìng rén lái wán chéng dewéi suō suǒ chuàng xīn de zhè qiēzài chǎn jiē fǎn fēng jiàn dǒu zhēng gāo zhǎng de shǐ jiē duànjiù chéng wèile zhǒng diǎn xíng de yòu biǎo zhēng de dōng 'ér duì hòu lái zhě chǎn shēng liǎo yǐn dǎo de zuò yòng men bèi xiào bèi fǎng shǐ hòu lái zhě bìng xiǎng shī suōdàn tiào chū suō suǒ kāipì de zhè piàn xìng jiě fàng”、“ shí”、“ gǎn qíng yángde xīn tiān liǎo guǒ zài jiā shàng suō yǐn wén xué de duì rán měi de 'ài xīn shǎngduì shì mín jiē jiā tíng shēng huó qīnqiè 'ér wēn róu de gǎn shòu mejīhū jiù shuō,《 chàn huǐ zài mǒu zhǒng chéng shàng shì shí jiǔ shì guó wén xué líng gǎn de yuán quán liǎo
  《 chàn huǐ qián liù zhāng gōng zhī shìshì niánhòu liù zhāng shì niánzhè shí suō jīng zài rén jiān nián hòuzài chǎn jiē mìng gāo cháo zhōng xíng liǎo lóng zhòng de shì zàng zài wěi rén gōng zhè jiù shìchàn huǐ zhōng de ”。 dāng niánzhè zài xiě zhè zìzhuàn de shí hòu lùn huì xiǎng dào yòu tiān huì huò zhè yàng de 'āi róngdāng xiē jiàn rén de fāng miàn xiě liǎo chū lái de shí hòu liú xià liǎo fèn hěn guāng cǎi de shǐ zào chéng liǎo xiāng dāng nán kàn de xíng xiàngfǒu dìng liǎo zuò wéi píng mín xiǎng jiā de guāng huīrán 'ér zhè yàng zuò běn shēn zhè yàng zuò de shí hòu suǒ yòu de zhǒng bēi fèn de liàng zhǒng zhōng zhé xué yuán de zhù guān zhēn chéng zhǒng xìng yóu de chōng dòngquè yòu zài gèng gāo de shàng wán chéng liǎo fǒu dìng zhī fǒu dìng”, fǒu dìng liǎo nán kàn de xíng xiàng 'ér xiǎn shì liǎo zhǒng tóng fán xiǎng de rén liàng bìng xiǎng bàn chéng shǐ wěi réndàn què chéng liǎo zhēn zhèng de shǐ wěi rén de zìzhuàn yīn wéi xiǎng bàn 'ér chéng liǎo hòu qiē zìzhuàn zuò pǐn zhōng zuì yòu jià zhí de guǒ shuō suō de lùn zhù shì biàn zhèng de jié zuò me de shì shì gèng xiǎn shì chū zhǒng huó shēng shēng deqiáng yòu de biàn zhèng


  Confessions is an autobiographical book by Jean-Jacques Rousseau. In modern times, it is often published with the title The Confessions of Jean-Jacques Rousseau in order to distinguish it from St. Augustine of Hippo's Confessions, the book from which Jean-Jacques Rousseau took the title for his own book. Covering the first fifty-three years of Rousseau's life, up to 1765, it was completed in 1769, but not published until 1782, four years after Rousseau's death - even though Rousseau did read excerpts of his manuscript publicly at various salons and other meeting places.
  
  The Confessions is divided into two parts, each consisting of six books. Rousseau alludes to a planned third part, but this was never completed. Though the book is somewhat flawed as an autobiography – particularly, Rousseau's dates are frequently off, and some events are out of order – Rousseau provides an account of the experiences that shaped his influential philosophy. For instance, the parts of his own education he liked best are clearly present in his account of ideal education, Emile: Or, On Education.
  
  Rousseau's work is notable as one of the first major autobiographies. Prior to his writing the Confessions, the two great autobiographies were Augustine's own Confessions and Saint Teresa's Life of Herself. Both of these works, however, focused on the religious experiences of their authors. The Confessions was one of the first autobiographies in which an individual wrote of his own life mainly in terms of his worldly experiences and personal feelings. Rousseau recognized the unique nature of his work; it opens with the famous words:
  
   I have resolved on an enterprise which has no precedent, and which, once complete, will have no imitator. My purpose is to display to my kind a portrait in every way true to nature, and the man I shall portray will be myself.
  
  Some scholars believe that his prediction was wide of the mark. Not long after publication many other writers (such as Goethe, Wordsworth and De Quincey) wrote their own similarly-styled autobiographies. However, Leo Damrosch argues that Rousseau meant that it would be impossible to imitate his book, as nobody else would be like Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
  
  The Confessions is also noted for its detailed account of Rousseau's more humiliating and shameful moments. For instance, Rousseau recounts an incident when, while a servant, he covered up his theft of a ribbon by framing a young girl - who was working in the house - for the crime. In addition, Rousseau explains the manner in which he disposes of his five illegitimate children, whom he had with his world-wide known companion, Therese Levasseur.
  ài luò shì guó shí 'èr shì rén de jiào shī 'ā bèi xiāng 'àizāo dào shū de fǎn duì bào gān liǎng rén suī wèi néng jié wéi juàn shǔdàn réng xiāng liànshū xìn wǎng háizhí dào 'ā bèi hòu wéi zhǐài luò 'ā bèi xiāng 'ài de shìāi yàn dòng rén dào liǎo suō de tóng qíngyīn xiǎo shuō zhōng de zhù rén gōng zhū zuò 'ài luò jiāng de xiǎo shuō míng wéizhū huò xīn 'ài luò 》, yòng xǐng mùdì biāo biǎo míng shū zhōng de zhù rén gōng zhū shí 'èr shì de 'ài luò zài 'ài qíng shàng yòu xiāng shìde xìng zāo quán shū de shìlìng rén bēi qiēzhū · dān zhì de jiā tíng jiào shī shèng xiāng 'ài dào qīn dān zhì nán jué de fǎn duì dān zhì nán jué de fēng jiàn shí shēn yuàn 'ér jià gěi píng mín shìzài zhū de biǎo mèi lāi 'ěr shèng de péng yǒuyīng guó rén 'ài huá · dùn de 'ān pái xiàshèng kāi zhū cóng ruì shì dào guózhī hòu yòu suí zhī yīng guó jiàn duì dào hǎi wài yuǎn yóu wàng diào zhū de gǎn qíngér zhū mìng zài nián líng zōng jiào xìn yǎng shàng yòu chā de 'é guó guì 'ěr jié hūnzhū shèng de 'ài qíng shì chún jié zhēn chéng de men suī bèi fēn néng jié zài dàn men shí yòu shū xìn wǎng háiqīng zhēn zhì de qíng men dòng rén de 'ài qíng shìjiù shì tōng guò men liǎng rén zhī jiān men lāi 'ěrài huá · dùn 'ěr zhī jiān wǎng lái de shū xìn zhǎn kāi decóng quán shū de jié gòujiù kàn chū zuò zhě duì cái de chǔlǐ jiàng xīnqián sān juàn zhù yào zhū shèng de 'ài qíng de zhǎnhòu sān juàn tōng guò men 'ài qíng shì de shùjìn qíng 'ōu měi hǎo de xíngzàn měi hūn yīn de shén shèngyín 'ò rán de fēng guāngzhēn biān shè huì de duì dāng shí de zōng jiàowén huàlún dào guó de fēng rénqíngjūn yòu zhì de miáo xiě tàn suǒquán shū de yán píng biàn zhīxíng yún liú shuǐ wén qīng xīn shí de měi dòng zhě de xīnzài suō de xià 'ài qíng shìshí shàng chéng liǎo sòng yáng shàn liáng fēng shàngkuāng zhèng mín fēng mín miáo huì rán de měi de sǎnwén shīshū zhōng zuì lìng rén tóng qíng zàn měi deshì zhù rén gōng zhū zài 'ài qíng shàng suǒ biǎo xiàn de měi zhū shèng dōushì duō qiàn derán 'érzhèng shèng zài zhì zhū de fēng xìn zhōng 'āi tàn yán de:“ duō qíng de xīnshì shàng tiān de wēi xiǎn de shuí jiē shòu liǎo zhè jiàn shuí jiù zhù dìng yào zài shì shàng zāo shòu nán zhé 。” shèng shǐ zhōng juàn liàn zhe zhū ér zhū méi yòu wàng de qíng tóng shízuò wéi yòu jiān zhēn zhōng shí de zhàng de zhàng 'ěr duì liǎng qīng nián rén zhī jiān guò de 'ài biǎo shì chōng fēn de jiěbìng duì men de měi wán quán xìn rèn shèng jiē dào de jiādài zhēn chéng de yǒu hòu láizhū yīn tiào zhōng jiù diē luò shuǐ zhōng de hái jìng zhì bìng zài lín zhōng qián gěi shèng de fēng xìn zhōng shuō:“ shǐ men liǎng rén zài shàng fēn de měi jiāng shǐ men zài yǒng shēng zhī jié 。” zhū shèng de 'ài qíng de xìng jié dào liǎo rén men de tóng qíngyīn ,《 xīn 'ài luò chū bǎnjiù yǐn liǎo guǎng zhě de gòng míng liǎo de chéng gōng
  《 xīn 'ài luò gòng fēn liù juàn bǎi liù shí sān fēng xìnyòu xiē xìn cháng shù shí zhī duōquándōu wéi rào xiān míng de zhù tōng guò chún jié de 'ài qíngjiàn měi hǎo de jiā tíngjìn 'ér jiàn liáng hǎo de shè huì。“ chū zào zhù zhī shǒu de dōng dōushì hǎo deér dào liǎo rén de shǒu jiù quán biàn huài liǎo。” zhè shì suō zài de lìng zhù míng xiǎo shuōài 'érzhōng kāi zōng míng de huà dài biǎo liǎo suō de quán xiǎngguàn chuān liǎo suǒ yòu de zhù zuò bié zàixīn 'ài luò zhōngtōng guò shū zhōng rén de zào shè huì fēng shàng de miáo huìzǎo fǎn jiā biǎo shù chū de jié lùn shìyào shǐ rén chéng wéi shàn liáng de rénjiù yào yòu liáng hǎo de shè huì zhì zhǐ yòu cóng 'ài měi kāi shǐshù liáng hǎo de xíngrén lèi shè huì cái néng chéng wéi rán zhì de shè huìwèile lùn zhèng zhè diǎn zàixīn 'ài luò zhōng zào liǎo xīn zhōng de diǎn xíng shuō 'ài qíng yǒu xīn zhōng de liǎng 'ǒu xiàngxiǎng xiàng chéng wéi zuì dòng rén de xíng xiàng yòng lái chóng bài de xìng suǒ yòu de zhǒng zhǒng měi lái zhuāng shì men shè xiǎng liǎng péng yǒu 'ér shè xiǎng liǎng nán péng yǒuyīn wéi liǎng rén zhī jiān yǒu 'ài de shì jiào shǎosuǒ jiù jiā 'ài men liǎng xiāng 'ér xiāng tóng de xìng liǎng suī shí quán shí měidàn què de quán hǎo de miàn róng kàn jiù zhī dào shì xīn rén tóng qíng xīn de rén ràng men liǎng rén shì zōng lìng shì jīn huó lìng wén jìng tóu nǎo línglìng xìng ruǎn ruòdàn ruǎn ruò chǔ chǔ dòng rén gèng xiǎn shì xián huì ràng 'èr rén zhī yòu qíng rénér lìng rén yòu shì zhè qíng rén de wēn róu duō qíng de péng yǒushèn zhì hái yòu xiē chāo chū péng yǒu de chéng dàn yòu ràng men zhī jiān shēng zhēng fèng chī chǎo nào zhī shìyīn wéi rèn lìng rén kuài de qíng gǎnwǒdōu nán xiǎng xiàngtóng shí yuàn rèn bài huài tiān xìng de dōng lái diàn zhè měi miào de huà 'ài shàng liǎo zhè liǎng mèi de 'ér jìn liàng xiǎng xiàng jiù shì qíng rén péng yǒu guò xiě chéng nián qīng de 'ài delìng wài zài jiā shàng jué yòu de měi quē diǎn


  Julie, or the New Heloise (French: Julie, ou la nouvelle Héloïse) is an epistolary novel by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, published in 1761 by Rey (Amsterdam). The original edition was entitled Lettres de deux amans habitans d'une petite ville au pied des Alpes ("Letters from two lovers living in a small town at the foot of the Alps").
  
  The novel’s subtitle points to the history of Heloise and Pierre Abélard, a medieval story of passion and Christian renunciation. The novel was put on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum.
  
  Although Rousseau wrote it as a novel, a philosophical theory about authenticity permeates through it. He explores autonomy and authenticity as moral values. A common interpretation is that Rousseau values the ethics of authenticity over rational moral principles. He also illustrates that you should only do what society asks of you when it's congruent with the "secret principles" and feelings which constitute your core identity. Acting inauthentically is self-destructive.
  《 shè huì yuē lùn》 - míng shū jiǎn jiè
  
   zuò zhě:( guó suō( 1712-1788 nián
   lèi xíngzhèng zhì lùn zhù zuò
   chéng shū shí jiān: 1762 nián
  《 shè huì yuē lùn》 - bèi jǐng sōu suǒ
  
   suō chū shēng ruì shì nèi zhōng biǎo jiàng jiā tíngcóng xiǎo shī qīnkào bié rén yǎng jiào zhǎngdàsuī rán shēng huó tiáo jiàn jiān dàn fèn qiáng xué chéng cái。 16 suì jiā wài chū liú làngdāng guò xué rén shūyuèpǔ chāo xiě yuánzài zhǎn xiàn liǎo de cái huá, 1750 nián suō zhēng wénlùn xué shùhuò tóu děng jiǎng 'ér chū míng dào liǎo duō shàng liú shè huì guì rén de 'ài zhè xiē yōng jīn bǎi wàn de guì wèitā gōng yìng shū shì de shēng huógěi jiè shào suǒ yào rèn shí de rén suō hěn kuài jiù jìn liǎo wán quán tóng de shēng huó juàn
  
   cóng 1762 nián suō yóu xiě zhèng lùn wén zhāng dāng shēng liǎo yán zhòng de jiū fēn de xiē tóng shì kāi shǐ shū yuǎn yuē jiù zài zhè shí huàn liǎo míng xiǎn de piān zhí kuáng zhèngsuī rán yòu xiē rén duì biǎo shì yǒu hǎodàn què cǎi huái shì de tài tóng men měi réndōu zhēng chǎo guò shēng de zuì hòu 20 nián běn shàng shì zài bēi cǎn tòng zhōng guò de, 1778 nián zài guó mài nóng wéi 'ěr shì
  
   tuī jiàn yuè bǎn běn zhào shāng yìn shū guǎn chū bǎn
  《 shè huì yuē lùn》 - nèi róng jīng yào
  
  《 shè huì yuē lùnquán shū gòng fēn 4 juàn juàn zhù yào lùn shù liǎo rén lèi shì zěn yàng yóu rán zhuàng tài guò dào zhèng zhì zhuàng tài de yuē de gēn běn tiáo jiàn shì shénme 'èr juàn zhù yào tǎo lùn guó jiā de wèn sān juàn lùn shù de shì zhèng zhì zhèng de xíng chéng juàn zài tǎo lùn zhèng zhì de tóng shí chǎn shù liǎo gǒng guó jiā zhì de fāng cóng luó shǐ chū lùn shù liǎo zhù quán zhě zhì shí xiàn de mǒu xiē jié
  
  “ rén shì shēng 'ér yóu dedàn què wǎng zài jiā suǒ zhī zhōng wéi shì qiē de zhù rénfǎn 'ér qiē gèng shì 。”《 shè huì yuē lùnde kāi piān huà jiù chū liǎo zhè zhèn lóng kuì de guān diǎn suō de zhè lùn duàn shì zài jūn zhù zhuān zhì zhì héng xíng 'ōu zhōu de shí dàizhēn duì yīng guó wáng quán zhuān zhì lùn dài biǎo rén fèi 'ěr guān méi yòu rén shì shēng 'ér yóu dezhè jué duì jūn zhù zhuān zhì zhì lài cún de lùn 'ér chū lái dezhè běn shū fǎn duì fēng jiàn zhuān zhìchàng yán mín zhù gòng zhù zhāng rén mín zhù quán wéi zhù zhōng xīn nèi róng chū liǎo mìng xìng de xiàn zhèng lùn
  
   suō rèn wéi yóu de rén men zuì chū shēng huó zài rán zhuàng tàirén men de xíng wéi shòu rán zhī pèi rán xìng wéi chǔ rén lèi liè biàn deyǒng héng de rán quán shēng cún yóupíng děngzhuī qiú xìng huò cái chǎn rén shēncái chǎn shòu qīn fàn de quán yóu rán zhuàng tài cún zài zhǒng zhǒng duān yóu de rén men píng děng de dìng yuēcóng rán zhuàng tài xià bǎi tuō chū láixún zhǎo chū zhǒng jié de xíng shìshǐ néng quán gòng tóng de liàng lái wèi bǎo zhàng měi jié zhě de rén shēn cái bìng qiě yóu zhè jié 'ér shǐ měi quán tǐxiàng lián de rén yòu zhǐ guò shì zài cóng běn rénbìng qiě réng rán xiàng wǎng yàng yóuzhè zhǒng jié de xíng shì jiù shì guó jiāyóu guó jiā shì yóu de rén men píng děng de dìng yuē chǎn shēng derén men zhǐ shì rán quán zhuǎn ràng gěi zhěng shè huì 'ér bìng shì fèng xiàn gěi rèn rényīn rén mín zài guó jiā zhōng réng shì yóu deguó jiā de zhù quán zhǐ néng shǔ rén mín
  
   rán hòu suō jìn chǎn shù liǎo rén mín zhù quán de yuán zhù quán shì zhuǎn ràng deyīn wéi guó jiā yóu zhù quán zhě gòu chéngzhǐ yòu zhù quán zhě cái néng xíng shǐ zhù quánzhù quán shì fēn deyīn wéi dài biǎo zhù quán de zhì shì zhěng zhù quán shì dài biǎo deyīn wéizhù quán zài běn zhì shàng shì yóu gōng suǒ gòu chéng deér zhì yòu shì jué dài biǎo de zhǐ néng shì tóng zhìhuò zhě shì lìng zhìér jué néng yòu shénme zhōng jiān de dōng yīn rén mín de yuán jiù shì néng shì rén mín de dài biǎo men zhǐ guò shì rén mín de bàn shì yuán liǎo men bìng néng zuò chū rèn kěn dìng de jué dìng”。 tóng shízhù quán shì jué duì dezhì gāo shàng qīn fàn deyīn wéi zhù quán shì gōng de xiànshì guó jiā de líng hún zhè yàng de lùn suō fǎn duì jūn zhù xiàn 'ér jiān jué zhù zhāng mín zhù gòng
  
  《 shè huì yuē lùnhái lùn shù liǎo liè běn lùnzài zhōng guàn chuānzhuó rén mín zhù quán wéi zhōng xīn nèi róng de chǎn jiē mín zhù zhù jīng shén suō zhǐ chū shì rén mín gōng gòng zhì de xiànshì rén mín zhì de quán rén mín wéi suǒ zuò de guī dìng de diǎn zài zhì de biàn xìng duì xiàng de biàn xìngqián zhě zhǐ shì rén mín gōng de xiànhòu zhě zhǐ kǎo de duì xiàng shì quán de xíng wéi 'ér fēi bié rén
  
   tóng shí chǎn shù liǎo yóu de guān shǒu xiān yóu shì zhì derén mín cóng jiù shì cóng de zhìjiù wèi zhe yóu shì yóu de bǎo zhàng fāng miànrén rén zūn shǒu cái néng gěi rén men xiǎng shòu yóu quán de 'ān quán bǎo zhànglìng fāng miàn qiǎngpò rén men yóu
  
   wài suō hái tǒng chū liǎo lùn rèn wéi yào zhì guó jiù yào yòu xiǎng de zài zhì dìng shí zūn xún xià liè yuán móu rén mín zuì xìng wéi yuán quán yóu rén mín zhǎng yóu xián míng zhě chéng dān de rèn yào zhù zhǒng rán de shè huì tiáo jiàn zhǐ guò shì bǎo zhàngzūn xún jiáo zhèng rán de guān 'ér yào bǎo chí de wěn dìng xìngyòu yào shì shí xiū gǎifèi chú hǎo de
  
  “ rén shì shēng 'ér yóu píng děng dezhè shì tiān de quán ”,《 shè huì yuē lùnzhōng de zhè lùnkāi chuàng liǎo 'ōu zhōu quán shì jiè mín zhù píng děng xiǎng zhī xiān derén quán tiān “, zhù quán zài mínde xīn xué shuō xiàngjūn quán shén shòude chuán tǒng guān niàn liǎo tiǎo zhàn suǒ jiē shì derén quán yóuquán píng děngde yuán zhì jīn réng zuò wéi fāng zhèng zhì de chǔ
  《 shè huì yuē lùn》 - zhuān jiā diǎn píng
  
   suō shì 18 shì guó méng yùn dòng jié chū de zhèng zhì xiǎng jiāwén xué jiā de cái wén zǎo fēngmǐ liǎo dāng shí de zhěng 'ōu zhōubìng wéi hòu rén liú xià liǎo liè huàshídài de zhùhěn shǎo yòu zhé xué jiā néng dài lái suō zhù zuò yàng de zhèn hàn de shù xué tánhuò guó róng jiǎngshǐ róng huò 'ōu zhōu zhé xué shī chēng hào de wén xué míng zhùxīn 'ài luò zài shì jiè wén xué shǐ shàng yòu zhe hěn gāo wèishǐ shēn méng shí zhù míng wén xué jiā de hángliè。《 shè huì yuē lùnyòu zuòmín yuē lùnshì zuì wéi jié chū de dài biǎo zuò zhī bèi wéirén lèi jiě fàng de shēngshì jiè mìng de shān dòng zhě”。 suō shì 'ōu zhōu méng yùn dòng zhōng zhòng yào de xiǎng jiā 'ěr tài míng de zhù yào zuò pǐn yòuchàn huǐ 》、《 ài 'ér》、《 shè huì yuē lùn》、《 xīn 'ài luò 》。 de zhù yào xiǎngtiān rén quán xué shuō chūrén mín zhù quánde kǒu hào xiǎng shì guó mìng zhōng bīn pài de zhìduì 'ōu měi guó de chǎn jiē mìng chǎn shēng liǎo shēn yǐng xiǎng
  
   deshè huì yuē lùnzhōng dezhù quán zài mín shuōjiù huàfēn liǎo shí dài
  
  《 shè huì yuē lùn suō jiāng huā sòng gěi wèi nǎi de qīn
  《 shè huì yuē lùn chū liǎotiān rén quán zhù quán zài mín de xiǎng”。 gāng wèn shì jiù zāo dào liǎo jìn zhǐ suō běn rén bèi liú wáng dào yīng guódànshè huì yuē lùnsuǒ chàng de mín zhù lùn què hěn kuài fēngmǐ quán shì jiè yǐn liǎo zhèn jīng shì jiè de guó mìng guó guó jiā yán yóupíng děng 'àibiàn lái shè huì yuē lùn》。 1789 nián guó guó mín dài biǎo huì tōng guò derén quán xuān yánzhōngshè huì de mùdì shì wéi zhòng móu de”、“ tǒng zhì quán shǔ rén mínděng nèi róng chōng fēn xiàn liǎoshè huì yuē lùnde jīng shén。《 shè huì yuē lùnhái duì měi guó de xuān yánchǎn shēng liǎo zhòng yào yǐng xiǎngcóng luó 'ěr dào liè níng céng yòngshè huì yuē lùnwéi de zhèng quán zuò jiě shì。 1978 niánzài niàn suō shì shì 200 zhōu nián de huó dòng zhōngzhuān mén zhào kāi liǎo guó yán tǎo huìyán jiū suō de xiǎngchū bǎn de xīn chuántuī chū wéi cái de diàn shì de hái bèi 'ān fàng zài guó de wěi rén nèi suō zàishè huì yuē lùnzhōng jiàn dexiāo fèi zhě de zhǒng xiàn jǐng chéng shì de sāo luàn huǐ miè xìng de jūn fèi dānděng děngdōuyǐ chéng wéi dāng dài shè huì de xiàn shí wèn qiándān zài guó jiù yòu 150 duō wèi xué zhě zài zhuān mén yán jiū suō de xiǎng
  
   yòu shuō suō de zhèng zhì lùn shēn shòu bólātú de xiǎng guóde yǐng xiǎng。《 xiǎng guóde gài niànjiàn rén xìng shàn de niàn chǔ shàngbólātú xià de shuō,“ zhǐ yòu zhèng zhí de rén cái huì xìng ”,“ shàn de zhìchéng wéi de xiǎng guó de chǔ suō xiāng xìn rén xìng shàn chàng kuān róng xìngjiān dìng fǎn duì rèn zhèng zhì bào tóng shì lùn shù xiǎng guó de yuán tóng bólātú suō jiāng lùn kuàng jià wán quán jiàn zàirén shēng 'ér yóude chǔ zhī shàng jiù shì shuō yóu zhì”。 zhè chǔ jiù shí zài duō liǎohěn zǎo qiánrén men yòu gèng hǎo de dàn wén yán de shuō :“ tiān rén quán。” yóu tiān rén quán zuò wéi yuán suǒ gòu zào de zài zhǐ shì xiǎngér shì xiàn dài gōng mín shè huì de běn yuán gōng mín shè huì zhōnggōng mín shī liǎo yóu rén suǒ bùwèi de yóuér dào gōng mín de zhèng zhì quán zhèng zhì yóu deshè huì yuē lùn》( yòu mín yuē lùn》) suǒ yào jiě jué de shì rén quán de yòu jié cóng xìng zhǐ néng lái rén mínchéng liǎo suō de chéng zhě bèi pàn zhě de gòng tóng de niànqián zhě chǎn shēng liǎo měi guó mìng mín zhù de jiàn hòu zhě rén mín zhī míng zhuān quán shā suōzuò wéizhù quán zài mínde gòu huà zhějiù shì zài 200 nián hòu hái chǔyú zhēng lùn de zhōng xīn de lùn dào shì zài chàng mín zhù yóuhái shì zài chàng quán bào zhèng
  
  《 shè huì yuē lùnzhé xué jiā suō tóu zhù zuò
   rén quán shì shǔ de shì shǔ guó jiā de yuē dìng 'ér chéng guó jiā de xìngshì yòu xiào xìng zhèng quán xìng de zhōng pàn duàn yóu shì lái duì rén de bǎo ér shì lái duì de chè cānyùzhè shì qièshí bǎo zhàng yóu de xiān jué tiáo jiànzài zhè guò chéng dejiāo ér fēibìng ”( wán quán shì shù xué shàng de zhǒngxíng chéng gōng mín zhì héng héng zhù quán zhě de zhì héng héng bān zhìér zhè zhǒng zhù quán zhě yīn wéi de duàn cānyù nèi róng shì cháng xīn de gòng róng decóng zhè diǎn chū duō shù rén shuō liǎo suàn de yuē sān zhāng rán chéng wéi zhù quán zài mín de dào de xiàn fāng shì
  
   suō zhèng quán míng bái fēn chéng liǎo xíng zhèng liǎng fēnqián zhě shǔ shè huì yuē de fàn chóuér hòu zhě shì yuē de nèi róngyīn shì biàn tuī fān de)。 zhè niàn duì hòu lái mín zhù zhèng zhì de zhǎn yòu zhe miè de gòng xiànzài suō zhī qiánmèng jiū delùn de jīng shénduì de jiě gèng jiā shēn wéi quē suō dezhù quán zài mínde dòng 。《 shè huì yuē lùn shǐ zhì zhōng zhǐ yáng liǎo zhǒng zhìzhuān zhì zhèng àn suō de huàzhè jiù shì zhǒng miè shì de quán gāo zhù quán zhě zhī shàng de zhì de zhì suō jǐn jǐn lùn shù liǎo men de rán cóng zhí jiē mín zhù zhìguì dài zhì dào jūn zhù xiàn zhìtǒng zhì de gēn shì rén mín zhù quán héng héng héng zhēn zhèng biǎo jiù shì suō bìng jìn 'ér rèn zhēn zhèng 'ér zhì de zhèng tǒng chēng wéi gòng zhèng zài suō kàn lái shí dài de zhèng zhì shè huì xíng tài shì xiǔ de yào dào shí dài cái néng zhǎo dào de huí guī
  
  《 shè huì yuē lùnshì shì jiè zhèng zhì xué shuō shǐ shàng zuì zhòng yào de jīng diǎn zhī shì zhèn hàn shì jiè de 1789 nián guó mìng de hào jiǎo yīn shū chǎn shù de duō yuán yuán jǐn zài mìng zhī chū bèi zài guórén quán xuān yánděng zhòng yào wén xiàn zhōngzài mìng hòu de cháng shí chéng wéi chǎn jiē de zhèng zhì zhì de shí suō de xiǎng duì hòu shì xiǎng jiā men lùn de xíng chéng yòu zhòng yǐng xiǎng
  
   suō de zhèng zhì zhù zuò zhōng yòu duō xiǎng xīn yíngyǐn rén shèngdàn shì zǒng shuō lái jiù shì zhǒng zhuī qiú píng děng de qiáng liè wàng zhǒng tóng yàng qiáng liè de gǎn shòuxiàn cún shè huì zhì de jīng dào liǎo lìng rén néng róng rěn de chéng rén shēng xià lái běn lái shì yóu dedàn shì lùn zǒu dào dōuyào dài shàng jiā suǒ suō néng bìng huān bào xíng wéidàn shì liǎo rén shí xíng bào mìngzhú gǎi shè huì zhì
  
   yòu rén píng suō shì shén jīng zhì de rénshì nán zhù zhěshì xiǎng bùqiè shí de de xiǎng jiāzhè yàng de píng shàng shì zhèng què dedàn shì yuǎn de quē diǎn gèng zhòng yào de shì de dòng chá jié chū de chuàng zào jīng shén suǒ shǎn xiàn chū lái de xiǎng huǒ huāliǎng duō shì lái duàn yǐng xiǎng zhe xiàn dài xiǎng
  《 shè huì yuē lùn》 - miào jiā
  
   kàn dào liǎo lìng shì jiè de quán qíng dōubèi duì zhēn duì yóuduì dào de 'ài zhì diào liǎo
   shuí kuài juàn lái bìng xiǎng dào zhè shì deér qiě bèi tóu nǎo jiǎn dān de rén suǒ xiāng xìn de huà jiù shì wén míng de diàn zhě


  Social contract describes a broad class of theories that try to explain the ways in which people form states to maintain social order. The notion of the social contract implies that the people give up sovereignty to a government or other authority in order to receive or maintain social order through the rule of law. It can also be thought of as an agreement by the governed on a set of rules by which they are governed.
  
  Social contract theory formed a central pillar in the historically important notion that legitimate state authority must be derived from the consent of the governed. The starting point for most of these theories is a heuristic examination of the human condition absent from any structured social order, usually termed the “state of nature”. In this condition, an individual’s actions are bound only by his or her personal power, constrained by conscience. From this common starting point, the various proponents of social contract theory attempt to explain, in different ways, why it is in an individual’s rational self-interest to voluntarily give up the freedom one has in the state of nature in order to obtain the benefits of political order.
  
  Thomas Hobbes (1651), John Locke (1689) and Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1762) are the most famous philosophers of contractarianism. However, they drew quite different conclusions from this starting-point. Hobbes advocated an authoritarian monarchy, Locke advocated a liberal monarchy, while Rousseau advocated liberal republicanism. Their work provided theoretical groundwork of constitutional monarchy, liberal democracy and republicanism. The Social Contract was used in the Declaration of Independence as a sign of enforcing Democracy, and more recently has been revived by thinkers such as John Rawls.
  
  Overview
  
  According to Thomas Hobbes, human life would be "nasty, brutish, and short" without political authority. In its absence, we would live in a state of nature, where we each have unlimited natural freedoms, including the "right to all things" and thus the freedom to harm all who threaten our own self-preservation; there would be an endless "war of all against all" (Bellum omnium contra omnes). To avoid this, free men establish political community i.e. civil society through a social contract in which each gain civil rights in return for subjecting himself to civil law or to political authority.
  
  Alternatively, some have argued that we gain civil rights in return for accepting the obligation to respect and defend the rights of others, giving up some freedoms to do so; this alternative formulation of the duty arising from the social contract is often identified with arguments about military service.
  Violations of the contract
  
  The social contract and the civil rights it gives us are neither "natural rights" nor permanently fixed. Rather, the contract itself is the means towards an end — the benefit of all — and (according to some philosophers such as Locke or Rousseau), is only legitimate to the extent that it meets the general interest ("general will" in Rousseau). Therefore, when failings are found in the contract, we renegotiate to change the terms, using methods such as elections and legislature. Locke theorized the right of rebellion in case of the contract leading to tyranny.
  
  Since civil rights come from agreeing to the contract, those who choose to violate their contractual obligations, such as by committing crimes, abdicate their rights, and the rest of society can be expected to protect itself against the actions of such outlaws. To be a member of society is to accept responsibility for following its rules, along with the threat of punishment for violating them. In this way, society works by "mutual coercion, mutually agreed upon" (Hardin 1968).
  History
  Classical thought
  
  Many have argued that Plato's dialog Crito expresses a Greek version of social contract theory. In this dialog, Socrates refuses to escape from jail to avoid being put to death. He argues that since he has willingly remained in Athens all of his life despite opportunities to go elsewhere, he has accepted the social contract i.e. the burden of the local laws, and he cannot violate these laws even when they are against his self-interest.
  
  Epicurus seems to have had a strong sense of social contract, with justice and law being rooted in mutual agreement and advantage, as evidenced by these lines, among others, from his Principal Doctrines:
  
   31. Natural justice is a pledge of reciprocal benefit, to prevent one man from harming or being harmed by another. 32. Those animals which are incapable of making binding agreements with one another not to inflict nor suffer harm are without either justice or injustice; and likewise for those peoples who either could not or would not form binding agreements not to inflict nor suffer harm. 33. There never was such a thing as absolute justice, but only agreements made in mutual dealings among men in whatever places at various times providing against the infliction or suffering of harm. 34. Injustice is not an evil in itself, but only in consequence of the fear which is associated with the apprehension of being discovered by those appointed to punish such actions.
  
  Also see Epicurean ethics
  Renaissance developments
  
  Quentin Skinner has argued that several critical modern innovations in contract theory are found in the writings from French Calvinists and Huguenots, whose work in turn was invoked by writers in the Low Countries who objected to their subjection to Spain and, later still, by Catholics in England. Among these, Francisco Suárez (1548–1617), from the School of Salamanca, might be considered as an early theorist of the social contract, theorizing natural law in an attempt to limit the divine right of absolute monarchy. All of these groups were led to articulate notions of popular sovereignty by means of a social covenant or contract: all of these arguments began with proto-“state of nature” arguments, to the effect that the basis of politics is that everyone is by nature free of subjection to any government.
  
  However, these arguments relied on a corporatist theory found in Roman Law, according to which "a populus" can exist as a distinct legal entity. Therefore these arguments held that a community of people can join a government because they have the capacity to exercise a single will and make decisions with a single voice in the absence of sovereign authority — a notion rejected by Hobbes and later contract theorists.
  Philosophers
  Hugo Grotius
  
  In the early 17th century, Grotius (1583–1645) introduced the modern idea of natural rights of individuals. Grotius says that we each have natural rights which we have in order to preserve ourselves. He uses this idea to try to establish a basis for moral consensus in the face of religious diversity and the rise of natural science and to find a minimal basis for a moral beginning for society, a kind of natural law that everyone could potentially accept. He goes so far as to say even if we were to concede what we cannot concede without the utmost wickedness, that there is no God, these laws would still hold. The idea was considered incendiary, since it suggests that power can ultimately go back to the individuals if the political society that they have set up forfeits the purpose for which it was originally established, which is to preserve themselves. In other words, the people i.e. the individual people, are sovereign. Grotius says that the people are sui juris - under their own jurisdiction. People have rights as human beings but there is a delineation of those rights because of what is possible for everyone to accept morally - everyone has to accept that each person is entitled to try to preserve themselves and therefore they shouldn't try to do harm to others or to interfere with them and they should punish any breach of someone else's rights that arises.
  Thomas Hobbes's Leviathan (1651)
  
  The first modern philosopher to articulate a detailed contract theory was Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679). According to Hobbes, the lives of individuals in the state of nature were "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short", a state where self-interest and the absence of rights and contracts prevented the 'social', or society. Life was 'anarchic' (without leadership/ the concept of sovereignty). Individuals in the state of nature were apolitical and asocial. This state of nature is followed by the social contract.
  
  The social contract was an 'occurrence' during which individuals came together and ceded some of their individual rights so that others would cede theirs (e.g. person A gives up his/her right to kill person B if person B does the same). This resulted in the establishment of society, and by extension, the state, a sovereign entity (like the individuals, now under its rule, used to be) which was to protect these new rights which were now to regulate societal interactions. Society was thus no longer anarchic.
  
  But the state system, which grew out of the social contract, was anarchic (without leadership). Just as the individuals in the state of nature had been sovereigns and thus guided by self-interest and the absence of rights, so states now acted in their self-interest in competition with each other. Just like the state of nature, states were thus bound to be in conflict because there was no sovereign over and above the state (i.e. more powerful) capable of imposing social-contract laws. Indeed, Hobbes' work helped to serve as a basis for the realism theories of international relations, advanced by E.H. Carr and Hans Morgenthau.
  John Locke's Second Treatise of Government (1689)
  
  John Locke's conception of the social contract differed from Hobbes' in several ways, but retained the central notion that persons in a state of nature would willingly come together to form a state. Locke believed that individuals in a state of nature would have stronger moral limits on their action than accepted by Hobbes, but recognized that people would still live in fear of one another. Locke argued that individuals would agree to form a state that would provide a "neutral judge", and that could therefore protect the lives, liberty, and property of those who lived within it. While Hobbes argued for near-absolute authority, Locke argued that laws could only be legitimate if they sought to achieve the common good. Locke also believed that people will do the right thing as a group, and that all people have natural rights.
  Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Du contrat social (1762)
  
  Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778), in his influential 1762 treatise The Social Contract, outlined a different version of social contract theory, based on popular sovereignty. Although Rousseau wrote that the British were perhaps at the time the freest people on earth, he did not approve of their representative government. Rousseau believed that liberty was possible only where there was direct rule by the people as a whole in lawmaking, where popular sovereignty was indivisible and inalienable. Citizens must, in at least some circumstances, be able to choose together the fundamental rules by which they would live, and be able to revise those rules on later occasions if they choose to do so - something the British people as a whole were unable to do.
  
  Rousseau's political theory has some points in common with Locke's individualism, but departs from it in his development of the "luminous conception" (which he credited to Diderot) of the general will. Rousseau argues a citizen can be an egoist and decide that his personal interest should override the collective interest. However, as part of a collective body, the individual citizen puts aside his egoism to create a "general will", which is popular sovereignty itself. Popular sovereignty (i.e., the rule of law), thus decides what is good for society as a whole, and the individual (including the administrative head of state, who could be a monarch) must bow to it, or be forced to bow to it:
  
   [The social contract] can be reduced to the following terms: Each of us puts his person and all his power in common under the supreme direction of the general will; and in a body we receive each member as an indivisible part of the whole.
  
  Rousseau's striking phrase that man must "be forced to be free" should be understood this way: since the indivisible and inalienable popular sovereignty decides what is good for the whole, then if an individual lapses back into his ordinary egoism and breaks the law, he will be forced to listen to what they decided as a member of the collectivity (i.e. as citizens). Thus, the law, inasmuch as it is voted by the people's representatives, is not a limitation of individual freedom, but its expression; and enforcement of law, including criminal law, is not a restriction on individual liberty, as the individual, as a citizen, explicitly agreed to be constrained if, as a private individual, he did not respect his own will as formulated in the general will. Because laws represent the restraints of civil freedom, they represent the leap made from humans in the state of nature into civil society. In this sense, the law is a civilizing force, and therefore Rousseau believed that the laws that govern a people helped to mold their character.
  Pierre-Joseph Proudhon's individualist social contract (1851)
  
  While Rousseau's social contract is based on popular sovereignty and not on individual sovereignty, there are other theories espoused by individualists, libertarians and anarchists, which do not involve agreeing to anything more than negative rights and creates only a limited state, if any.
  
  Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (1809–1865) advocated a conception of social contract which didn't involve an individual surrendering sovereignty to others. According to him, the social contract was not between individuals and the state, but rather between individuals themselves refraining from coercing or governing each other, each one maintaining complete sovereignty upon oneself:
  
   What really is the Social Contract? An agreement of the citizen with the government? No, that would mean but the continuation of [Rousseau’s] idea. The social contract is an agreement of man with man; an agreement from which must result what we call society. In this, the notion of commutative justice, first brought forward by the primitive fact of exchange, …is substituted for that of distributive justice … Translating these words, contract, commutative justice, which are the language of the law, into the language of business, and you have commerce, that is to say, in its highest significance, the act by which man and man declare themselves essentially producers, and abdicate all pretension to govern each other.
   —Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, General Idea of the Revolution in the Nineteenth Century (1851)
  
  John Rawls' Theory of Justice (1971)
  
  John Rawls (1921–2002) proposed a contractarian approach that has a decidedly Kantian flavour, in A Theory of Justice (1971), whereby rational people in a hypothetical "original position", setting aside their individual preferences and capacities under a "veil of ignorance", would agree to certain general principles of justice. This idea is also used as a game-theoretical formalization of the notion of fairness.
  Philip Pettit's Republicanism (1997)
  
  Philip Pettit (b. 1945) has argued, in Republicanism: A Theory of Freedom and Government (1997), that the theory of social contract, classically based on the consent of the governed (as it is assumed that the contract is valid as long as the people consent to being governed by its representatives, who exercise sovereignty), should be modified, in order to avoid dispute. Instead of arguing that an explicit consent, which can always be manufactured, should justify the validity of social contract, Philip Pettit argues that the absence of an effective rebellion against the contract is the only legitimacy of it.
  Criticism
  David Hume
  
  An early critic of social contract theory was Rousseau's friend, the philosopher David Hume, who in 1742 published an essay "On Civil Liberty", in whose second part, entitled, "Of the Original Contract ", he stressed that the concept of a "social contract" was a convenient fiction:
  
   AS no party, in the present age can well support itself without a philosophical or speculative system of principles annexed to its political or practical one; we accordingly find that each of the factions into which this nation is divided has reared up a fabric of the former kind, in order to protect and cover that scheme of actions which it pursues. . . . The one party [defenders of the absolute and divine right of kings, or Tories], by tracing up government to the DEITY, endeavor to render it so sacred and inviolate that it must be little less than sacrilege, however tyrannical it may become, to touch or invade it in the smallest article. The other party [the Whigs, or believers in constitutional monarchy], by founding government altogether on the consent of the PEOPLE suppose that there is a kind of original contract by which the subjects have tacitly reserved the power of resisting their sovereign, whenever they find themselves aggrieved by that authority with which they have for certain purposes voluntarily entrusted him. --David Hume, "On Civil Liberty" [II.XII.1]
  
  However, Hume did agree that, no matter how a government is founded, the consent of the governed is the only legitimate foundation on which a government can rest.
  
   My intention here is not to exclude the consent of the people from being one just foundation of government where it has place. It is surely the best and most sacred of any. I only pretend that it has very seldom had place in any degree and never almost in its full extent. And that therefore some other foundation of government must also be admitted. --Ibid II.XII.20
  
  Logic of contracting
  
  According to the will theory of contract, which was dominant in the 19th century and still exerts a strong influence, a contract is not presumed valid unless all parties agree to it voluntarily, either tacitly or explicitly, without coercion. Lysander Spooner, a 19th century lawyer and staunch supporter of a right of contract between individuals, in his essay No Treason, argues that a supposed social contract cannot be used to justify governmental actions such as taxation, because government will initiate force against anyone who does not wish to enter into such a contract. As a result, he maintains that such an agreement is not voluntary and therefore cannot be considered a legitimate contract at all.
  
  Modern Anglo-American law, like European civil law, is based on a will theory of contract, according to which all terms of a contract are binding on the parties because they chose those terms for themselves. This was less true when Hobbes wrote Leviathan; then, more importance was attached to consideration, meaning a mutual exchange of benefits necessary to the formation of a valid contract, and most contracts had implicit terms that arose from the nature of the contractual relationship rather than from the choices made by the parties. Accordingly, it has been argued that social contract theory is more consistent with the contract law of the time of Hobbes and Locke than with the contract law of our time, and that features in the social contract which seem anomalous to us, such as the belief that we are bound by a contract formulated by our distant ancestors, would not have seemed as strange to Hobbes' contemporaries as they do to us.
  Multiple contracts
  
  Legal scholar Randy Barnett has argued, that, while presence in the territory of a society may be necessary for consent, it is not consent to any rules the society might make regardless of their content. A second condition of consent is that the rules be consistent with underlying principles of justice and the protection of natural and social rights, and have procedures for effective protection of those rights (or liberties). This has also been discussed by O.A. Brownson, who argued that there are, in a sense, three "constitutions" involved: The first the constitution of nature that includes all of what the Founders called "natural law". The second would be the constitution of society, an unwritten and commonly understood set of rules for the society formed by a social contract before it establishes a government, by which it does establish the third, a constitution of government. To consent, a necessary condition is that the rules be constitutional in that sense.
  Tacit consent
  
  The theory of an implicit social contract holds that by remaining in the territory controlled by some government, people give consent to be governed. This consent is what gives legitimacy to the government. Philosopher Roderick Long argues that this is a case of question begging, because the argument has to presuppose its conclusion:
  
   I think that the person who makes this argument is already assuming that the government has some legitimate jurisdiction over this territory. And then they say, well, now, anyone who is in the territory is therefore agreeing to the prevailing rules. But they’re assuming the very thing they're trying to prove – namely that this jurisdiction over the territory is legitimate. If it's not, then the government is just one more group of people living in this broad general geographical territory. But I've got my property, and exactly what their arrangements are I don't know, but here I am in my property and they don't own it – at least they haven't given me any argument that they do – and so, the fact that I am living in "this country" means I am living in a certain geographical region that they have certain pretensions over – but the question is whether those pretensions are legitimate. You can’t assume it as a means to proving it.
  
  Criticisms of natural rights
  
  Contractualism is based on the notion that rights are agreed upon in order to further our interests: each individual subject is accorded individual rights, which may or may not be inalienable, and form the basis of civil rights, as in the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. It must be underlined, however, as Hannah Arendt did on her book on imperialism, that the 1789 Declarations, in this agreeing with the social contract theory, bases the natural rights of the human-being on the civil rights of the citizen, instead of the reverse as the contractualist theory does. This criticism derives from a long tradition going back to St. Augustine of Hippo, who in The City of God (book) envisioned a unified Christian society presided over by a king who was responsible for the welfare of his subjects. Political Augustinianism with its insistence on divine sovereignty and on the two separate spheres of a heavenly and an earthly community, has indeed been regarded as incompatible with social contract theories. This raises the question of whether social contractarianism, as a central plank of liberal thought, is reconcilable with the Christian religion, and particularly with Catholicism and Catholic social teaching. The individualist and liberal approach has also been criticized since the 19th century by thinkers such as Marx, Nietzsche & Freud, and afterward by structuralist and post-structuralist thinkers, such as Lacan, Althusser, Foucault, Deleuze or Derrida
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shǒuyè>> wénxué>>ràng · · suō Jean-Jacques Rousseau