《爱丽丝漫游奇境记》是英国数学家卡罗尔，兴之所致，给友人的女儿爱丽丝所讲的故事，写下后加上自己的插图送给了她。后来在朋友鼓励下，卡罗尔将手稿加以修订、扩充、润色后，于1865年正式出版。故事讲述了一个叫爱丽丝的小女孩，在梦中追逐一只兔子而掉进了兔子洞，开始了漫长而惊险的旅行，直到最后与扑克牌王后、国王发生顶撞，急得大叫一声，才大梦醒来。这部童话以神奇的幻想，风趣的幽默，昂然的诗情，突破了西欧传统儿童文学道德说教的刻板公式，此后被翻译成多种文字，走遍了全世界。
《爱丽丝漫游奇境记》-故事简介
《爱丽丝漫游奇境记》是英国童话作家刘易斯·卡洛尔的一部中篇童话。故事写一个名叫爱丽丝的女孩在打瞌睡时，突然看见一只穿衣服的白兔跑过去。爱丽丝跟着兔子跌进了一个黑洞，跌了好久才跌到了一堆枯树叶上。她走进一个大厅，四周有许多扇门。
大厅中央玻璃桌上放着一串金钥匙。她用其中一把打开了一扇最小的门，里面是一座美丽的花园。门太小，她钻不进，后来喝了桌上一瓶饮料，就变成了一个只有10英寸高的小人。她吃了桌下一块糕，一下长到9英尺，门又进不了。她急得大哭起来，泪水流成河。
白兔出现了，丢下一把扇子，她用来一扇，又缩成个小人。她失足落入自己的泪水池中，好容易才游到岸边。爱丽丝来到白兔家，看见柜子上有饮料，她才喝了半瓶，身体就变大，头顶天花板，胳膊伸出窗外，无法动弹。兔子捡石头砸她，石子落地全变成糕饼。她一吃，马上又缩小了，于是她夺门逃跑，逃到林子里，吃了点蘑菇才恢复了原来的形状。
爱丽丝走进一个公爵夫人家的花园，在这里她认识了朴克红心国王K和皇后Q。皇后脾气暴躁，动不动就砍掉人家的头。切舍猫惹皇后生气，被判砍头。但猫的身子消失了，刽子手不知怎样去砍没有身子的头，最后皇后又下令砍掉不肯对荒唐事作证的爱丽丝的头，爱丽丝在自卫中惊醒。
《爱丽丝漫游奇境记》-角色简介
《爱丽丝漫游奇境记》爱丽丝和穿衣服的兔子
爱丽丝：故事的主角，一个纯真可爱的小女孩，充满好奇心和求知欲，在她身上体现出了属于儿童的那种纯真。在人的成长过程中，这种儿童的纯真常常会遭到侵蚀。因而，纯真的爱丽丝对儿童、对成年人都极具魅力，且弥足珍贵。
兔子：一只穿着背心的白兔，在故事开场正要去给女王取东西的它喊着“天哪！天哪！要迟到了！”跑过爱丽丝面前，引起了她的注意，为了追它，爱丽丝才从兔子洞掉进了那个神秘的世界，后来爱丽丝在它的家里又误喝了一瓶魔药而变成巨人。
蜥蜴比尔：爱丽丝在兔子家里误喝魔药变成巨人，无法离开房屋，兔子以为屋里出现了怪物，派这只小蜥蜴从烟囱进去看看情况，结果不等进去就被爱丽丝踢了出来。
毛毛虫：一只坐在蘑菇上吸烟斗的古怪毛毛虫，态度有点目中无人，不过它教给了爱丽丝自由变大变小的方法。
公爵夫人：一个爱好说教的女人，口头语是“一切事皆能引申出一个教训”。爱丽丝去过她家，正是在那里她才认识了柴郡猫。
柴郡猫：一只总是咧着嘴笑的猫，来源于英谚“笑得像一只柴郡猫”。它帮了爱丽丝几次忙。
帽匠：疯狂茶会的参加者之一，来源于英谚“疯得像个帽匠”。
三月兔：疯狂茶会的参加者之一，来源于英谚“疯得像只三月的野兔”。
睡鼠：疯狂茶会的参加者之一，总是在睡觉。
红心女王：率领着一群扑克牌士兵的扑克牌女王，很容易生气，动辄要砍别人的头，不过其实并没有实行过。
红心国王：扑克牌国王，不像妻子那么爱动怒，相反给人以受妻子指使的老好人的感觉。
格里芬：希腊神话中的狮身鹰首怪兽，在女王的命令下带爱丽丝去见了假海龟。
假海龟：女王命令格里芬带爱丽丝去见的角色，它给爱丽丝讲了一个充满文字游戏的莫名其妙的故事。
《爱丽丝漫游奇境记》-作品评价
《爱丽丝漫游奇境》是一部被公认为世界儿童文学经典的童话，由于其中丰富的想象力和种种隐喻，不但深受各代儿童欢迎，也被视为一部严肃的文学作品。《爱丽丝漫游奇境记》到卡罗尔1898年去世之前，已经成为英国最畅销的儿童读物。
《爱丽丝漫游奇境》作品以梦幻的形式，将你带入一个离奇的故事中，情节扑朔迷离，变幻莫测。表面看来荒诞不经，实际上却富有严密的逻辑性和深刻的内涵，是智慧与幻想的完美结合。吃些东西就可以长大或变小；小老鼠可以和你一起游泳；毛毛虫和你一般高；小猪接见公爵夫人的孩子；还有龙跳舞……那里是一个奇异的世界。
《爱丽丝漫游奇境》中主人公爱丽丝是个十分可爱的小女孩。她天真活泼，充满好奇心和求知欲；她有同情心，懂得是非。在爱丽丝身上，充分体现了属于儿童的那种纯真。在人的成长过程中，这种儿童的纯真常常会遭到侵蚀。因而，纯真的爱丽丝对儿童、对成年人都极具魅力，且弥足珍贵。
《爱丽丝漫游奇境》中充满了有趣的文字游戏、双关语、谜语和巧智、因此有时是难以翻译的，比如第二章章名里的“Tale（故事）”因为被爱丽丝听成同音的“Tail（尾巴）”而闹出了笑话。由于开始时是一部给朋友的孩子讲的自娱之作，故事里的很多角色名都影射了作者身边的人，如第三章里的渡渡鸟（dodo）是作者自己（因为他有口吃的毛病，听起来像dodo这个词）、鸭子（duck）是朋友Duckworth、鹦鹉（Lory）是爱丽丝的姐姐Lorina，小鹰（Eaglet）是爱丽丝的妹妹Edith。
《爱丽丝漫游奇境记》-作者简介
刘易斯·卡罗尔的真名叫查尔斯·勒特威奇·道奇森（1832～1898），是一位数学家，长期在享有盛名的牛津大学任基督堂学院数学讲师，发表了好几本数学著作。他因有严重的口吃，故而不善与人交往，但他兴趣广泛，对小说、诗歌、逻辑都颇有造诣，还是一个优秀的儿童像摄影师。
1862年7月的一个下午，作家带着三个孩子，划着一只小船在泰晤士河上荡漾。在孩子们的再三央求下，他信口讲了一个梦游奇境的故事给他们听。后来经过其中一个叫艾丽丝的小女孩的请求，他将故事写成文字，送给了她。
这篇文字就是《爱丽丝漫游奇境》。后来在朋友鼓励下，卡罗尔将手稿加以修订、扩充、润色后，于1865 年正式出版。卡罗尔后来又写了一部姐妹篇，叫《爱丽丝镜中奇遇记》，并与《爱丽丝漫游奇境记》一起风行于世。
《爱丽丝漫游奇境记》-改编与仿作
刘易斯·卡罗尔的《爱丽丝漫游奇境》由于作品的广受欢迎，《爱丽丝漫游奇境》曾被改编成各种体裁，包括电影、舞台剧和动画，其中迪斯尼于1951年改编的 AliceinWonderland是比较著名的。此外还出现了各种仿作，比如沈从文的童话《阿丽思中国游记》便是假托爱丽丝续集的名义反映当时社会的黑暗。
另外，这个充满奇幻色彩的题材也不时被各种日本漫画套用，由贵香织里的《毒伯爵该隐》有一章就借用了爱丽丝的故事，只是在以颓废风格闻名的由贵笔下，故事也变得阴森恐怖了。
还有很多漫画家喜欢把自己笔下的角色套进爱丽丝的世界里，《樱兰高校男公关部》、山田南平的《红茶王子》都做过类似的事，看看同一个故事在不同的作者笔下各自呈现出怎样的新色彩，其实也是件有趣的事。
History
Facsimile page from Alice's Adventures Under Ground
Alice was published in 1865, three years after the Reverend Charles Lutwidge Dodgson and the Reverend Robinson Duckworth rowed in a boat, on 4 July 1862, up the River Thames with three young girls:
* Lorina Charlotte Liddell (aged 13, born 1849) ("Prima" in the book's prefatory verse)
* Alice Pleasance Liddell (aged 10, born 1852) ("Secunda" in the prefatory verse)
* Edith Mary Liddell (aged 8, born 1853) ("Tertia" in the prefatory verse).
The three girls were the daughters of Henry George Liddell, the Vice-Chancellor of Oxford University and Dean of Christ Church as well as headmaster of Westminster School.
The journey had started at Folly Bridge near Oxford and ended five miles away in the village of Godstow. To while away time the Reverend Dodgson told the girls a story that, not so coincidentally, featured a bored little girl named Alice who goes looking for an adventure.
The girls loved it, and Alice Liddell asked Dodgson to write it down for her. After a lengthy delay—over two years —he eventually did so and on 26 November 1864 gave Alice the handwritten manuscript of Alice's Adventures Under Ground, with illustrations by Dodgson himself. Some, including Martin Gardner, speculate there was an earlier version that was destroyed later by Dodgson himself when he printed a more elaborate copy by hand, but there is no known prima facie evidence to support this.
But before Alice received her copy, Dodgson was already preparing it for publication and expanding the 15,500-word original to 27,500 words, most notably adding the episodes about the Cheshire Cat and the Mad Tea-Party. In 1865, Dodgson's tale was published as Alice's Adventures in Wonderland by "Lewis Carroll" with illustrations by John Tenniel. The first print run of 2,000 was held back because Tenniel objected to the print quality. A new edition, released in December of the same year, but carrying an 1866 date, was quickly printed. As it turned out, the original edition was sold with Dodgson's permission to the New York publishing house of Appleton. The binding for the Appleton Alice was virtually identical to the 1866 Macmillan Alice, except for the publisher's name at the foot of the spine. The title page of the Appleton Alice was an insert cancelling the original Macmillan title page of 1865, and bearing the New York publisher's imprint and the date 1866.
The entire print run sold out quickly. Alice was a publishing sensation, beloved by children and adults alike. Among its first avid readers were Queen Victoria and the young Oscar Wilde. The book has never been out of print. Alice's Adventures in Wonderland has been translated into 125 languages[citation needed]. There have now been over a hundred editions of the book, as well as countless adaptations in other media, especially theatre and film.
The book is commonly referred to by the abbreviated title Alice in Wonderland, an alternative title popularized by the numerous stage, film and television adaptations of the story produced over the years. Some printings of this title contain both Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and its sequel Through the Looking-Glass, and, What Alice Found There.
Publishing highlights
cover of the 1898 edition
* 1865: First UK edition (the suppressed edition).
* 1865: First US edition.
* 1869: Alice's Abenteuer im Wunderland is published in German translation by Antonie Zimmermann.
* 1869: Aventures d'Alice au pays des merveilles is published in French translation by Henri Bué.
* 1870: Alice's Äfventyr i Sagolandet is published in Swedish translation by Emily Nonnen.
* 1871: Dodgson meets another Alice during his time in London, Alice Raikes, and talks with her about her reflection in a mirror, leading to another book Through the Looking-Glass and What Alice Found There, which sells even better.
* 1886: Carroll publishes a facsimile of the earlier Alice's Adventures Under Ground manuscript.
* 1890: Carroll publishes The Nursery "Alice", a special edition "to be read by Children aged from Nought to Five".
* 1905: Mrs J. C. Gorham publishes Alice's Adventures in Wonderland retold in words of one syllable in a series of such books published by A. L. Burt Company, aimed at young readers.
* 1908: Alice has its first translation into Japanese.
* 1910: La Aventuroj de Alicio en Mirlando is published in Esperanto translation by Elfric Leofwine Kearney.
* 1916: Publication of the first edition of the Windermere Series, Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. Illustrated by Milo Winter.
* 1928: The manuscript of Alice's Adventures Under Ground that Carroll wrote and illustrated and that he had given to Alice Liddell was sold at Sotheby's on April 3. It sold to Philip Rosenbach for ₤15,400, a world record for the sale of a manuscript at the time.
* 1960: American writer Martin Gardner publishes a special edition, The Annotated Alice, incorporating the text of both Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass. It has extensive annotations explaining the hidden allusions in the books, and includes full texts of the Victorian era poems parodied in them. Later editions expand on these annotations.
* 1961: The Folio Society publication with 42 illustrations by John Tenniel.
* 1964: Alicia in Terra Mirabili is published in Latin translation by Clive Harcourt Carruthers.
* 1998: Lewis Carroll's own copy of Alice, one of only six surviving copies of the 1865 first edition, is sold at an auction for US$1.54 million to an anonymous American buyer, becoming the most expensive children's book (or 19th-century work of literature) ever traded. (The former record was later eclipsed in 2007 when a limited-edition Harry Potter book by J.K. Rowling, The Tales of Beedle the Bard, was sold at auction for £1.95 million ($3.9 million).
* 2003: Eachtraí Eilíse i dTír na nIontas is published in Irish translation by Nicholas Williams.
* 2008: Folio Alice's Adventures Under Ground facsimile edition (limited to 3,750 copies, boxed with The Original Alice pamphlet).
* 2009: Alys in Pow an Anethow is published in Cornish translation by Nicholas Williams.
* 2009: Children’s book collector and former American football player Pat McInally reportedly sold Alice Liddell’s own copy at auction for $115,000.
Synopsis
The White Rabbit in a hurry
Chapter 1-Down the Rabbit Hole: Alice is bored sitting on the riverbank with her sister, when she sees a talking, clothed White Rabbit with a watch run past. She follows it down a rabbit hole when suddenly she falls a long way to a curious hall with many locked doors of all sizes. She finds a small key to a door too small for her to fit, but through which she sees an attractive garden. She then discovers a bottle labelled "DRINK ME", the contents of which cause her to shrink too small to reach the key. A cake with "EAT ME" on it causes her to grow to such a tremendous size her head hits the ceiling.
Chapter 2-The Pool of Tears: Alice is unhappy and cries and her tears flood the hallway. After shrinking down again due to a fan she had picked up, Alice swims through her own tears and meets a Mouse, who is swimming as well. She tries to make small talk with him but all she can think of talking about is her cat, which offends the mouse.
Chapter 3-The Caucus Race and a Long Tale: The sea of tears becomes crowded with other animals and birds that have been swept away. Alice and the other animals convene on the bank and the question among them is how to get dry again. The mouse gives them a very dry lecture on William the Conqueror. A Dodo decides that the best thing to dry them off would be a Caucus-Race, which consists of everyone running in a circle with no clear winner. Alice eventually frightens all the animals away, unwittingly, by talking about her cat.
Chapter 4-The Rabbit Sends a Little Bill: The White Rabbit appears again in search of the Duchess's gloves and fan. He orders Alice to go into the house and retrieve them, but once she gets inside she starts growing. The horrified Rabbit orders his gardener, Bill the Lizard, to climb on the roof and go down the chimney. Outside, Alice hears the voices of animals that have gathered to gawk at her giant arm. The crowd hurls pebbles at her, which turn into little cakes, which, when Alice eats them, reduce her again in size.
Chapter 5-Advice from a Caterpillar: Alice comes upon a mushroom and sitting on it is a blue Caterpillar smoking a hookah. The Caterpillar questions Alice and she admits to her current identity crisis, compounded by her inability to remember a poem. Before crawling away, the caterpillar tells Alice that one side of the mushroom will make her taller and the other side will make her shorter. She breaks off two pieces from the mushroom. One side makes her shrink smaller than ever, while another causes her neck to grow high into the trees, where a pigeon mistakes her for a serpent. With some effort, Alice brings herself back to her usual height. She stumbles upon a small estate and uses the mushroom to reach a more appropriate height.
Chapter 6-Pig and Pepper: A Fish-Footman has an invitation for the Duchess of the house, which he delivers to a Frog-Footman. Alice observes this transaction and, after a perplexing conversation with the frog, lets herself into the house. The Duchess's Cook is throwing dishes and making a soup that has too much pepper, which causes Alice, the Duchess and her baby (but not the cook or her grinning Cheshire Cat) to sneeze violently. Alice is given the baby by the Duchess and to her surprise, the baby turns into a pig.
Chapter 7-A Mad Tea Party: The Cheshire Cat appears in a tree, directing her to the March Hare's house. He disappears but his grin remains behind to float on its own in the air prompting Alice to remark that she has often seen a cat without a grin but never a grin without a cat. Alice becomes a guest at a "mad" tea party along with the Hatter (now more commonly known as the Mad Hatter), the March Hare, and a sleeping Dormouse who remains asleep for most of the chapter. The other characters give Alice many riddles and stories. The Mad Hatter reveals that they have tea all day because time has punished him by eternally standing still at 6 pm (tea time). Alice becomes insulted and tired of being bombarded with riddles and she leaves claiming that it was the stupidest tea party that she had ever been to.
Alice trying to play croquet with a flamingo
The grinning Cheshire Cat
Chapter 8-The Queen's Croquet Ground: Alice leaves the tea party and enters the garden where she comes upon three living playing cards painting the white roses on a rose tree red because the Queen of Hearts hates white roses. A procession of more cards, kings and queens and even the White Rabbit enters the garden. Alice then meets the King and Queen. The Queen, a figure difficult to please, introduces her trademark phrase "Off with his head!" which she utters at the slightest dissatisfaction with a subject.
Alice is invited (or some might say ordered) to play a game of croquet with the Queen and the rest of her subjects but the game quickly descends into chaos. Live flamingos are used as mallets and hedgehogs as balls and Alice once again meets the Cheshire Cat. The Queen of Hearts then orders the Cat to be beheaded, only to have her executioner complain that this is impossible since the head is all that can be seen of him. Because the cat belongs to the Duchess, the Queen is prompted to release the Duchess from prison to resolve the matter.
Chapter 9-The Mock Turtle's Story: The Duchess is brought to the croquet ground at Alice's request. She ruminates on finding morals in everything around her. The Queen of Hearts dismisses her on the threat of execution and she introduces Alice to the Gryphon, who takes her to the Mock Turtle. The Mock Turtle is very sad, even though he has no sorrow. He tries to tell his story about how he used to be a real turtle in school, which The Gryphon interrupts so they can play a game.
Chapter 10-Lobster Quadrille: The Mock Turtle and the Gryphon dance to the Lobster Quadrille, while Alice recites (rather incorrectly) "'Tis the Voice of the Lobster". The Mock Turtle sings them "Beautiful Soup" during which the Gryphon drags Alice away for an impending trial.
Chapter 11-Who Stole the Tarts?: Alice attends a trial whereby the Knave of Hearts is accused of stealing the Queen's tarts. The jury is composed of various animals, including Bill the Lizard, the White Rabbit is the court's trumpeter, and the judge is the King of Hearts. During the proceedings, Alice finds that she is steadily growing larger. The dormouse scolds Alice and tells her she has no right to grow at such a rapid pace and take up all the air. Alice scoffs and calls the dormouse's accusation ridiculous because everyone grows and she can't help it. Meanwhile witnesses at the trial include the Mad Hatter, who displeases and frustrates the King through his indirect answers to the questioning, and the Duchess's cook.
Chapter 12-Alice's Evidence: Alice is then called up as a witness. She accidentally knocks over the jury box with the animals inside them and the King orders the animals be placed back into their seats before the trial continues. The King and Queen order Alice to be gone, citing Rule 42 ("All persons more than a mile high to leave the court"), but Alice disputes their judgement and refuses to leave. She argues with the King and Queen of Hearts over the ridiculous proceedings, eventually refusing to hold her tongue. The Queen shouts her familiar "Off with her head!" but Alice is unafraid, calling them out as just a pack of cards. Alice's sister wakes her up for tea, brushing what turns out to be some leaves and not a shower of playing cards from Alice's face. Alice leaves her sister on the bank to imagine all the curious happenings for herself.
Characters
Peter Newell's illustration of Alice surrounded by the characters of Wonderland. (1890)
* Alice
* The White Rabbit
* The Mouse
* The Dodo
* The Lory
* The Eaglet
* The Duck
* Pat
* Bill the Lizard
* The Caterpillar
* The Duchess
* The Cheshire Cat
* The Hatter
* The March Hare
* The Dormouse
* The Queen of Hearts
* The Knave of Hearts
* The King of Hearts
* The Gryphon
* The Mock Turtle
Misconceptions about characters
Although the Jabberwock is often thought to be a character in Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, it actually only appears in the sequel, Through the Looking-Glass. It is, however, often included in film versions, which are usually simply called "Alice in Wonderland", causing the confusion. The Queen of Hearts is commonly mistaken for the Red Queen who appears in the story's sequel, Through the Looking-Glass, but shares none of her characteristics other than being a queen. The Queen of Hearts is part of the deck of card imagery present in the first book, while the Red Queen is representative of a red chess piece, as chess is the theme present in the sequel. Many adaptations have mixed the characters, causing much confusion.
Character allusions
The members of the boating party that first heard Carroll's tale all show up in Chapter 3 ("A Caucus-Race and a Long Tale") in one form or another. There is, of course, Alice Liddell herself, while Carroll, or Charles Dodgson, is caricatured as the Dodo. Carroll is known as the Dodo because Dodgson stuttered when he spoke, thus if he spoke his last name it would be Do-Do-Dodgson.[citation needed] The Duck refers to Canon Duckworth, the Lory to Lorina Liddell, and the Eaglet to Edith Liddell (Alice Liddell's sisters).
Bill the Lizard may be a play on the name of Benjamin Disraeli. One of Tenniel's illustrations in Through the Looking-Glass depicts the character referred to as the "Man in White Paper" (whom Alice meets as a fellow passenger riding on the train with her), as a caricature of Disraeli, wearing a paper hat. The illustrations of the Lion and the Unicorn also bear a striking resemblance to Tenniel's Punch illustrations of Gladstone and Disraeli.
The Hatter is most likely a reference to Theophilus Carter, a furniture dealer known in Oxford for his unorthodox inventions. Tenniel apparently drew the Hatter to resemble Carter, on a suggestion of Carroll's. The Dormouse tells a story about three little sisters named Elsie, Lacie, and Tillie. These are the Liddell sisters: Elsie is L.C. (Lorina Charlotte), Tillie is Edith (her family nickname is Matilda), and Lacie is an anagram of Alice.
The Mock Turtle speaks of a Drawling-master, "an old conger eel", that used to come once a week to teach "Drawling, Stretching, and Fainting in Coils". This is a reference to the art critic John Ruskin, who came once a week to the Liddell house to teach the children drawing, sketching, and painting in oils. (The children did, in fact, learn well; Alice Liddell, for one, produced a number of skilled watercolours.)
The Mock Turtle also sings "Beautiful Soup". This is a parody of a song called "Star of the Evening, Beautiful Star", which was performed as a trio by Lorina, Alice and Edith Liddell for Lewis Carroll in the Liddell home during the same summer in which he first told the story of Alice's Adventures Under Ground.
Contents
Poems and songs
* "All in the golden afternoon..." — the prefatory verse, an original poem by Carroll that recalls the rowing expedition on which he first told the story of Alice's adventures underground
* "How Doth the Little Crocodile" — a parody of Isaac Watts' nursery rhyme, "Against Idleness And Mischief"
* "The Mouse's Tale" — an example of concrete poetry
* "You Are Old, Father William" — a parody of Robert Southey's "The Old Man's Comforts and How He Gained Them"
* The Duchess's lullaby, "Speak roughly to your little boy..." — a parody of David Bates' "Speak Gently"
* "Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Bat" — a parody of "Twinkle twinkle little star"
* The Lobster Quadrille — a parody of Mary Botham Howitt's "The Spider and the Fly"
* "'Tis the Voice of the Lobster" — a parody of "The Sluggard"
* "Beautiful Soup" — a parody of James M. Sayles's "Star of the Evening, Beautiful Star"
* "The Queen of Hearts" — an actual nursery rhyme
* "They told me you had been to her..." — the White Rabbit's evidence
Tenniel's illustrations
John Tenniel's illustrations of Alice do not portray the real Alice Liddell, who had dark hair and a short fringe. There is a persistent legend that Carroll sent Tenniel a photograph of Mary Hilton Babcock, another child-friend, but no evidence for this has yet come to light, and whether Tenniel actually used Babcock as his model is open to dispute.
Famous lines and expressions
The term "Wonderland", from the title, has entered the language and refers to a marvelous imaginary place, or else a real-world place that one perceives to have dream-like qualities. It, like much of the Alice work, is widely referred to in popular culture.
Illustration of Alice with the White Rabbit by Arthur Rackham
"Down the Rabbit-Hole", the Chapter 1 title, has become a popular term for going on an adventure into the unknown. In drug culture, "going down the rabbit hole" is a metaphor for taking hallucinogenic drugs, as Carroll's novel appears similar in form to a drug trip.
In Chapter 6, the Cheshire Cat's disappearance prompts Alice to say one of her most memorable lines: "...a grin without a cat! It's the most curious thing I ever saw in all my life!"
In Chapter 7, the Hatter gives his famous riddle without an answer: "Why is a raven like a writing desk?" When asked by Alice what the answer was, he responds with, "I haven't the slightest idea." Although Carroll intended the riddle to have no solution, in a new preface to the 1896 edition of Alice, he proposes several answers: "Because it can produce a few notes, though they are very flat; and it is nevar put with the wrong end in front!" (Note the spelling of "never" as "nevar"—turning it into "raven" when inverted. This reverse spelling, however, was "corrected" in later editions to "never" and Carroll's pun was lost.) Puzzle expert Sam Loyd offered the following solutions:
* Because the notes for which they are noted are not noted for being musical notes
* Poe wrote on both
* They both have inky quills
* Bills and tales ("tails") are among their characteristics
* Because they both stand on their legs, conceal their steels ("steals"), and ought to be made to shut up.
* Occult: Marquis Andras, the raven from The Lesser Key of Solomon, riding a wolf with a sword.
Cyril Pearson proposed:
* Because they both slope with a flap.
Many other answers are listed in The Annotated Alice. In Frank Beddor's novel Seeing Redd, the main antagonist, Queen Redd (a megalomaniac parody of the Queen of Hearts) meets Lewis Carroll and declares that the answer to the riddle is "Because I say so". Carroll is too terrified to contradict her.
Other answers include “because there is a B in both and an N in neither,” (an answer which was meant to highlight the absurdity of the original question), "Neither one is made of cheese", and "it isn't."
Arguably the most famous quote is used when the Queen of Hearts screams "Off with her head!" at Alice (and everyone else she feels slightly annoyed with). Possibly Carroll here was echoing a scene in Shakespeare's Richard III (III, iv, 76) where Richard demands the execution of Lord Hastings, crying "Off with his head!"
When Alice is growing taller after eating the cake labeled "Eat me" she says, "curiouser and curiouser", a famous line that is still used today to describe an event with extraordinary wonder. The Cheshire Cat confirms to Alice "We're all mad here", a line that has been repeated for years as a result.
Symbolism in the text
Oxford Locations
Most of the book's adventures may have been based on and influenced by people, situations and buildings in Oxford and at Christ Church, e.g., the "Rabbit Hole," which symbolized the actual stairs in the back of the main hall in Christ Church. A carving of a griffon and rabbit, as seen in Ripon Cathedral, where Carroll's father was a canon, may have provided inspiration for the tale.
Mathematics
Since Carroll was a mathematician at Christ Church, it has been suggested that there are many references and mathematical concepts in both this story and also in Through the Looking-Glass; examples include:
* In chapter 1, "Down the Rabbit-Hole", in the midst of shrinking, Alice waxes philosophic concerning what final size she will end up as, perhaps "going out altogether, like a candle."; this pondering reflects the concept of a limit.
* In chapter 2, "The Pool of Tears", Alice tries to perform multiplication but produces some odd results: "Let me see: four times five is twelve, and four times six is thirteen, and four times seven is—oh dear! I shall never get to twenty at that rate!" This explores the representation of numbers using different bases and positional numeral systems: 4 x 5 = 12 in base 18 notation, 4 x 6 = 13 in base 21 notation, and 4 x 7 could be 14 in base 24 notation. Continuing this sequence, going up three bases each time, the result will continue to be less than 20 in the corresponding base notation. (After 19 the product would be 1A, then 1B, 1C, 1D, and so on.)
* In chapter 5, "Advice from a Caterpillar", the Pigeon asserts that little girls are some kind of serpent, for both little girls and serpents eat eggs. This general concept of abstraction occurs widely in many fields of science; an example in mathematics of employing this reasoning would be in the substitution of variables.
* In chapter 7, "A Mad Tea-Party", the March Hare, the Mad Hatter, and the Dormouse give several examples in which the semantic value of a sentence A is not the same value of the converse of A (for example, "Why, you might just as well say that 'I see what I eat' is the same thing as 'I eat what I see'!"); in logic and mathematics, this is discussing an inverse relationship.
* Also in chapter 7, Alice ponders what it means when the changing of seats around the circular table places them back at the beginning. This is an observation of addition on a ring of the integers modulo N.
* The Cheshire cat fades until it disappears entirely, leaving only its wide grin, suspended in the air, leading Alice to marvel and note that she has seen a cat without a grin, but never a grin without a cat. Deep abstraction of concepts (non-Euclidean geometry, abstract algebra, the beginnings of mathematical logic...) was taking over mathematics at the time Dodgson was writing. Dodgson's delineation of the relationship between cat and grin can be taken to represent the very concept of mathematics and number itself. For example, instead of considering two or three apples, one may easily consider the concept of 'apple', upon which the concepts of 'two' and 'three' may seem to depend. However, a far more sophisticated jump is to consider the concepts of 'two' and 'three' by themselves, just like a grin, originally seemingly dependent on the cat, separated conceptually from its physical object.
Mathematician Keith Devlin asserted in the journal of The Mathematical Association of America that Dodgson wrote Alice in Wonderland in its final form as a scathing satire on new modern mathematics that were emerging in the mid-1800s.
The French language
It has been suggested by several people, including Martin Gardner and Selwyn Goodacre, that Dodgson had an interest in the French language, choosing to make references and puns about it in the story. It is most likely that these are references to French lessons—a common feature of a Victorian middle-class girl's upbringing. For example, in the second chapter, Alice posits that the mouse may be French and chooses to speak the first sentence of her French lesson-book to it: "Où est ma chatte?" ("Where is my cat?"). In Henri Bué's French translation, Alice posits that the mouse may be Italian and speaks Italian to it.
Pat's "Digging for apples" could be a cross-language pun, as pomme de terre means potato and pomme means apple, which little English girls studying French would easily guess.
Classical languages
In the second chapter, Alice initially addresses the mouse as "O Mouse", based on her vague memory of the noun declensions in her brother's textbook: "A mouse (nominative)— of a mouse (genitive)— to a mouse (dative)— a mouse (accusative)— O mouse! (vocative)." This corresponds to the traditional order that was established by Byzantine grammarians (and is still in standard use, except in the United Kingdom and some countries in Western Europe) for the five cases of Classical Greek; because of the absence of the ablative case, which Greek does not have but is found in Latin, the reference is apparently not to the latter as some have supposed.
At the Mad Tea Party, Alice is astonished not to have jam served because the rule is: "Jam yesterday, jam tomorrow but never jam today." This is a reference to the rule in Latin that the word iam or jam meaning now in the sense of already or at that time cannot be used to describe now in the present, which is nunc in Latin. Jam is therefore never available today.
《爱丽丝漫游奇境记》-故事简介
《爱丽丝漫游奇境记》是英国童话作家刘易斯·卡洛尔的一部中篇童话。故事写一个名叫爱丽丝的女孩在打瞌睡时，突然看见一只穿衣服的白兔跑过去。爱丽丝跟着兔子跌进了一个黑洞，跌了好久才跌到了一堆枯树叶上。她走进一个大厅，四周有许多扇门。
大厅中央玻璃桌上放着一串金钥匙。她用其中一把打开了一扇最小的门，里面是一座美丽的花园。门太小，她钻不进，后来喝了桌上一瓶饮料，就变成了一个只有10英寸高的小人。她吃了桌下一块糕，一下长到9英尺，门又进不了。她急得大哭起来，泪水流成河。
白兔出现了，丢下一把扇子，她用来一扇，又缩成个小人。她失足落入自己的泪水池中，好容易才游到岸边。爱丽丝来到白兔家，看见柜子上有饮料，她才喝了半瓶，身体就变大，头顶天花板，胳膊伸出窗外，无法动弹。兔子捡石头砸她，石子落地全变成糕饼。她一吃，马上又缩小了，于是她夺门逃跑，逃到林子里，吃了点蘑菇才恢复了原来的形状。
爱丽丝走进一个公爵夫人家的花园，在这里她认识了朴克红心国王K和皇后Q。皇后脾气暴躁，动不动就砍掉人家的头。切舍猫惹皇后生气，被判砍头。但猫的身子消失了，刽子手不知怎样去砍没有身子的头，最后皇后又下令砍掉不肯对荒唐事作证的爱丽丝的头，爱丽丝在自卫中惊醒。
《爱丽丝漫游奇境记》-角色简介
《爱丽丝漫游奇境记》爱丽丝和穿衣服的兔子
爱丽丝：故事的主角，一个纯真可爱的小女孩，充满好奇心和求知欲，在她身上体现出了属于儿童的那种纯真。在人的成长过程中，这种儿童的纯真常常会遭到侵蚀。因而，纯真的爱丽丝对儿童、对成年人都极具魅力，且弥足珍贵。
兔子：一只穿着背心的白兔，在故事开场正要去给女王取东西的它喊着“天哪！天哪！要迟到了！”跑过爱丽丝面前，引起了她的注意，为了追它，爱丽丝才从兔子洞掉进了那个神秘的世界，后来爱丽丝在它的家里又误喝了一瓶魔药而变成巨人。
蜥蜴比尔：爱丽丝在兔子家里误喝魔药变成巨人，无法离开房屋，兔子以为屋里出现了怪物，派这只小蜥蜴从烟囱进去看看情况，结果不等进去就被爱丽丝踢了出来。
毛毛虫：一只坐在蘑菇上吸烟斗的古怪毛毛虫，态度有点目中无人，不过它教给了爱丽丝自由变大变小的方法。
公爵夫人：一个爱好说教的女人，口头语是“一切事皆能引申出一个教训”。爱丽丝去过她家，正是在那里她才认识了柴郡猫。
柴郡猫：一只总是咧着嘴笑的猫，来源于英谚“笑得像一只柴郡猫”。它帮了爱丽丝几次忙。
帽匠：疯狂茶会的参加者之一，来源于英谚“疯得像个帽匠”。
三月兔：疯狂茶会的参加者之一，来源于英谚“疯得像只三月的野兔”。
睡鼠：疯狂茶会的参加者之一，总是在睡觉。
红心女王：率领着一群扑克牌士兵的扑克牌女王，很容易生气，动辄要砍别人的头，不过其实并没有实行过。
红心国王：扑克牌国王，不像妻子那么爱动怒，相反给人以受妻子指使的老好人的感觉。
格里芬：希腊神话中的狮身鹰首怪兽，在女王的命令下带爱丽丝去见了假海龟。
假海龟：女王命令格里芬带爱丽丝去见的角色，它给爱丽丝讲了一个充满文字游戏的莫名其妙的故事。
《爱丽丝漫游奇境记》-作品评价
《爱丽丝漫游奇境》是一部被公认为世界儿童文学经典的童话，由于其中丰富的想象力和种种隐喻，不但深受各代儿童欢迎，也被视为一部严肃的文学作品。《爱丽丝漫游奇境记》到卡罗尔1898年去世之前，已经成为英国最畅销的儿童读物。
《爱丽丝漫游奇境》作品以梦幻的形式，将你带入一个离奇的故事中，情节扑朔迷离，变幻莫测。表面看来荒诞不经，实际上却富有严密的逻辑性和深刻的内涵，是智慧与幻想的完美结合。吃些东西就可以长大或变小；小老鼠可以和你一起游泳；毛毛虫和你一般高；小猪接见公爵夫人的孩子；还有龙跳舞……那里是一个奇异的世界。
《爱丽丝漫游奇境》中主人公爱丽丝是个十分可爱的小女孩。她天真活泼，充满好奇心和求知欲；她有同情心，懂得是非。在爱丽丝身上，充分体现了属于儿童的那种纯真。在人的成长过程中，这种儿童的纯真常常会遭到侵蚀。因而，纯真的爱丽丝对儿童、对成年人都极具魅力，且弥足珍贵。
《爱丽丝漫游奇境》中充满了有趣的文字游戏、双关语、谜语和巧智、因此有时是难以翻译的，比如第二章章名里的“Tale（故事）”因为被爱丽丝听成同音的“Tail（尾巴）”而闹出了笑话。由于开始时是一部给朋友的孩子讲的自娱之作，故事里的很多角色名都影射了作者身边的人，如第三章里的渡渡鸟（dodo）是作者自己（因为他有口吃的毛病，听起来像dodo这个词）、鸭子（duck）是朋友Duckworth、鹦鹉（Lory）是爱丽丝的姐姐Lorina，小鹰（Eaglet）是爱丽丝的妹妹Edith。
《爱丽丝漫游奇境记》-作者简介
刘易斯·卡罗尔的真名叫查尔斯·勒特威奇·道奇森（1832～1898），是一位数学家，长期在享有盛名的牛津大学任基督堂学院数学讲师，发表了好几本数学著作。他因有严重的口吃，故而不善与人交往，但他兴趣广泛，对小说、诗歌、逻辑都颇有造诣，还是一个优秀的儿童像摄影师。
1862年7月的一个下午，作家带着三个孩子，划着一只小船在泰晤士河上荡漾。在孩子们的再三央求下，他信口讲了一个梦游奇境的故事给他们听。后来经过其中一个叫艾丽丝的小女孩的请求，他将故事写成文字，送给了她。
这篇文字就是《爱丽丝漫游奇境》。后来在朋友鼓励下，卡罗尔将手稿加以修订、扩充、润色后，于1865 年正式出版。卡罗尔后来又写了一部姐妹篇，叫《爱丽丝镜中奇遇记》，并与《爱丽丝漫游奇境记》一起风行于世。
《爱丽丝漫游奇境记》-改编与仿作
刘易斯·卡罗尔的《爱丽丝漫游奇境》由于作品的广受欢迎，《爱丽丝漫游奇境》曾被改编成各种体裁，包括电影、舞台剧和动画，其中迪斯尼于1951年改编的 AliceinWonderland是比较著名的。此外还出现了各种仿作，比如沈从文的童话《阿丽思中国游记》便是假托爱丽丝续集的名义反映当时社会的黑暗。
另外，这个充满奇幻色彩的题材也不时被各种日本漫画套用，由贵香织里的《毒伯爵该隐》有一章就借用了爱丽丝的故事，只是在以颓废风格闻名的由贵笔下，故事也变得阴森恐怖了。
还有很多漫画家喜欢把自己笔下的角色套进爱丽丝的世界里，《樱兰高校男公关部》、山田南平的《红茶王子》都做过类似的事，看看同一个故事在不同的作者笔下各自呈现出怎样的新色彩，其实也是件有趣的事。
History
Facsimile page from Alice's Adventures Under Ground
Alice was published in 1865, three years after the Reverend Charles Lutwidge Dodgson and the Reverend Robinson Duckworth rowed in a boat, on 4 July 1862, up the River Thames with three young girls:
* Lorina Charlotte Liddell (aged 13, born 1849) ("Prima" in the book's prefatory verse)
* Alice Pleasance Liddell (aged 10, born 1852) ("Secunda" in the prefatory verse)
* Edith Mary Liddell (aged 8, born 1853) ("Tertia" in the prefatory verse).
The three girls were the daughters of Henry George Liddell, the Vice-Chancellor of Oxford University and Dean of Christ Church as well as headmaster of Westminster School.
The journey had started at Folly Bridge near Oxford and ended five miles away in the village of Godstow. To while away time the Reverend Dodgson told the girls a story that, not so coincidentally, featured a bored little girl named Alice who goes looking for an adventure.
The girls loved it, and Alice Liddell asked Dodgson to write it down for her. After a lengthy delay—over two years —he eventually did so and on 26 November 1864 gave Alice the handwritten manuscript of Alice's Adventures Under Ground, with illustrations by Dodgson himself. Some, including Martin Gardner, speculate there was an earlier version that was destroyed later by Dodgson himself when he printed a more elaborate copy by hand, but there is no known prima facie evidence to support this.
But before Alice received her copy, Dodgson was already preparing it for publication and expanding the 15,500-word original to 27,500 words, most notably adding the episodes about the Cheshire Cat and the Mad Tea-Party. In 1865, Dodgson's tale was published as Alice's Adventures in Wonderland by "Lewis Carroll" with illustrations by John Tenniel. The first print run of 2,000 was held back because Tenniel objected to the print quality. A new edition, released in December of the same year, but carrying an 1866 date, was quickly printed. As it turned out, the original edition was sold with Dodgson's permission to the New York publishing house of Appleton. The binding for the Appleton Alice was virtually identical to the 1866 Macmillan Alice, except for the publisher's name at the foot of the spine. The title page of the Appleton Alice was an insert cancelling the original Macmillan title page of 1865, and bearing the New York publisher's imprint and the date 1866.
The entire print run sold out quickly. Alice was a publishing sensation, beloved by children and adults alike. Among its first avid readers were Queen Victoria and the young Oscar Wilde. The book has never been out of print. Alice's Adventures in Wonderland has been translated into 125 languages[citation needed]. There have now been over a hundred editions of the book, as well as countless adaptations in other media, especially theatre and film.
The book is commonly referred to by the abbreviated title Alice in Wonderland, an alternative title popularized by the numerous stage, film and television adaptations of the story produced over the years. Some printings of this title contain both Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and its sequel Through the Looking-Glass, and, What Alice Found There.
Publishing highlights
cover of the 1898 edition
* 1865: First UK edition (the suppressed edition).
* 1865: First US edition.
* 1869: Alice's Abenteuer im Wunderland is published in German translation by Antonie Zimmermann.
* 1869: Aventures d'Alice au pays des merveilles is published in French translation by Henri Bué.
* 1870: Alice's Äfventyr i Sagolandet is published in Swedish translation by Emily Nonnen.
* 1871: Dodgson meets another Alice during his time in London, Alice Raikes, and talks with her about her reflection in a mirror, leading to another book Through the Looking-Glass and What Alice Found There, which sells even better.
* 1886: Carroll publishes a facsimile of the earlier Alice's Adventures Under Ground manuscript.
* 1890: Carroll publishes The Nursery "Alice", a special edition "to be read by Children aged from Nought to Five".
* 1905: Mrs J. C. Gorham publishes Alice's Adventures in Wonderland retold in words of one syllable in a series of such books published by A. L. Burt Company, aimed at young readers.
* 1908: Alice has its first translation into Japanese.
* 1910: La Aventuroj de Alicio en Mirlando is published in Esperanto translation by Elfric Leofwine Kearney.
* 1916: Publication of the first edition of the Windermere Series, Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. Illustrated by Milo Winter.
* 1928: The manuscript of Alice's Adventures Under Ground that Carroll wrote and illustrated and that he had given to Alice Liddell was sold at Sotheby's on April 3. It sold to Philip Rosenbach for ₤15,400, a world record for the sale of a manuscript at the time.
* 1960: American writer Martin Gardner publishes a special edition, The Annotated Alice, incorporating the text of both Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass. It has extensive annotations explaining the hidden allusions in the books, and includes full texts of the Victorian era poems parodied in them. Later editions expand on these annotations.
* 1961: The Folio Society publication with 42 illustrations by John Tenniel.
* 1964: Alicia in Terra Mirabili is published in Latin translation by Clive Harcourt Carruthers.
* 1998: Lewis Carroll's own copy of Alice, one of only six surviving copies of the 1865 first edition, is sold at an auction for US$1.54 million to an anonymous American buyer, becoming the most expensive children's book (or 19th-century work of literature) ever traded. (The former record was later eclipsed in 2007 when a limited-edition Harry Potter book by J.K. Rowling, The Tales of Beedle the Bard, was sold at auction for £1.95 million ($3.9 million).
* 2003: Eachtraí Eilíse i dTír na nIontas is published in Irish translation by Nicholas Williams.
* 2008: Folio Alice's Adventures Under Ground facsimile edition (limited to 3,750 copies, boxed with The Original Alice pamphlet).
* 2009: Alys in Pow an Anethow is published in Cornish translation by Nicholas Williams.
* 2009: Children’s book collector and former American football player Pat McInally reportedly sold Alice Liddell’s own copy at auction for $115,000.
Synopsis
The White Rabbit in a hurry
Chapter 1-Down the Rabbit Hole: Alice is bored sitting on the riverbank with her sister, when she sees a talking, clothed White Rabbit with a watch run past. She follows it down a rabbit hole when suddenly she falls a long way to a curious hall with many locked doors of all sizes. She finds a small key to a door too small for her to fit, but through which she sees an attractive garden. She then discovers a bottle labelled "DRINK ME", the contents of which cause her to shrink too small to reach the key. A cake with "EAT ME" on it causes her to grow to such a tremendous size her head hits the ceiling.
Chapter 2-The Pool of Tears: Alice is unhappy and cries and her tears flood the hallway. After shrinking down again due to a fan she had picked up, Alice swims through her own tears and meets a Mouse, who is swimming as well. She tries to make small talk with him but all she can think of talking about is her cat, which offends the mouse.
Chapter 3-The Caucus Race and a Long Tale: The sea of tears becomes crowded with other animals and birds that have been swept away. Alice and the other animals convene on the bank and the question among them is how to get dry again. The mouse gives them a very dry lecture on William the Conqueror. A Dodo decides that the best thing to dry them off would be a Caucus-Race, which consists of everyone running in a circle with no clear winner. Alice eventually frightens all the animals away, unwittingly, by talking about her cat.
Chapter 4-The Rabbit Sends a Little Bill: The White Rabbit appears again in search of the Duchess's gloves and fan. He orders Alice to go into the house and retrieve them, but once she gets inside she starts growing. The horrified Rabbit orders his gardener, Bill the Lizard, to climb on the roof and go down the chimney. Outside, Alice hears the voices of animals that have gathered to gawk at her giant arm. The crowd hurls pebbles at her, which turn into little cakes, which, when Alice eats them, reduce her again in size.
Chapter 5-Advice from a Caterpillar: Alice comes upon a mushroom and sitting on it is a blue Caterpillar smoking a hookah. The Caterpillar questions Alice and she admits to her current identity crisis, compounded by her inability to remember a poem. Before crawling away, the caterpillar tells Alice that one side of the mushroom will make her taller and the other side will make her shorter. She breaks off two pieces from the mushroom. One side makes her shrink smaller than ever, while another causes her neck to grow high into the trees, where a pigeon mistakes her for a serpent. With some effort, Alice brings herself back to her usual height. She stumbles upon a small estate and uses the mushroom to reach a more appropriate height.
Chapter 6-Pig and Pepper: A Fish-Footman has an invitation for the Duchess of the house, which he delivers to a Frog-Footman. Alice observes this transaction and, after a perplexing conversation with the frog, lets herself into the house. The Duchess's Cook is throwing dishes and making a soup that has too much pepper, which causes Alice, the Duchess and her baby (but not the cook or her grinning Cheshire Cat) to sneeze violently. Alice is given the baby by the Duchess and to her surprise, the baby turns into a pig.
Chapter 7-A Mad Tea Party: The Cheshire Cat appears in a tree, directing her to the March Hare's house. He disappears but his grin remains behind to float on its own in the air prompting Alice to remark that she has often seen a cat without a grin but never a grin without a cat. Alice becomes a guest at a "mad" tea party along with the Hatter (now more commonly known as the Mad Hatter), the March Hare, and a sleeping Dormouse who remains asleep for most of the chapter. The other characters give Alice many riddles and stories. The Mad Hatter reveals that they have tea all day because time has punished him by eternally standing still at 6 pm (tea time). Alice becomes insulted and tired of being bombarded with riddles and she leaves claiming that it was the stupidest tea party that she had ever been to.
Alice trying to play croquet with a flamingo
The grinning Cheshire Cat
Chapter 8-The Queen's Croquet Ground: Alice leaves the tea party and enters the garden where she comes upon three living playing cards painting the white roses on a rose tree red because the Queen of Hearts hates white roses. A procession of more cards, kings and queens and even the White Rabbit enters the garden. Alice then meets the King and Queen. The Queen, a figure difficult to please, introduces her trademark phrase "Off with his head!" which she utters at the slightest dissatisfaction with a subject.
Alice is invited (or some might say ordered) to play a game of croquet with the Queen and the rest of her subjects but the game quickly descends into chaos. Live flamingos are used as mallets and hedgehogs as balls and Alice once again meets the Cheshire Cat. The Queen of Hearts then orders the Cat to be beheaded, only to have her executioner complain that this is impossible since the head is all that can be seen of him. Because the cat belongs to the Duchess, the Queen is prompted to release the Duchess from prison to resolve the matter.
Chapter 9-The Mock Turtle's Story: The Duchess is brought to the croquet ground at Alice's request. She ruminates on finding morals in everything around her. The Queen of Hearts dismisses her on the threat of execution and she introduces Alice to the Gryphon, who takes her to the Mock Turtle. The Mock Turtle is very sad, even though he has no sorrow. He tries to tell his story about how he used to be a real turtle in school, which The Gryphon interrupts so they can play a game.
Chapter 10-Lobster Quadrille: The Mock Turtle and the Gryphon dance to the Lobster Quadrille, while Alice recites (rather incorrectly) "'Tis the Voice of the Lobster". The Mock Turtle sings them "Beautiful Soup" during which the Gryphon drags Alice away for an impending trial.
Chapter 11-Who Stole the Tarts?: Alice attends a trial whereby the Knave of Hearts is accused of stealing the Queen's tarts. The jury is composed of various animals, including Bill the Lizard, the White Rabbit is the court's trumpeter, and the judge is the King of Hearts. During the proceedings, Alice finds that she is steadily growing larger. The dormouse scolds Alice and tells her she has no right to grow at such a rapid pace and take up all the air. Alice scoffs and calls the dormouse's accusation ridiculous because everyone grows and she can't help it. Meanwhile witnesses at the trial include the Mad Hatter, who displeases and frustrates the King through his indirect answers to the questioning, and the Duchess's cook.
Chapter 12-Alice's Evidence: Alice is then called up as a witness. She accidentally knocks over the jury box with the animals inside them and the King orders the animals be placed back into their seats before the trial continues. The King and Queen order Alice to be gone, citing Rule 42 ("All persons more than a mile high to leave the court"), but Alice disputes their judgement and refuses to leave. She argues with the King and Queen of Hearts over the ridiculous proceedings, eventually refusing to hold her tongue. The Queen shouts her familiar "Off with her head!" but Alice is unafraid, calling them out as just a pack of cards. Alice's sister wakes her up for tea, brushing what turns out to be some leaves and not a shower of playing cards from Alice's face. Alice leaves her sister on the bank to imagine all the curious happenings for herself.
Characters
Peter Newell's illustration of Alice surrounded by the characters of Wonderland. (1890)
* Alice
* The White Rabbit
* The Mouse
* The Dodo
* The Lory
* The Eaglet
* The Duck
* Pat
* Bill the Lizard
* The Caterpillar
* The Duchess
* The Cheshire Cat
* The Hatter
* The March Hare
* The Dormouse
* The Queen of Hearts
* The Knave of Hearts
* The King of Hearts
* The Gryphon
* The Mock Turtle
Misconceptions about characters
Although the Jabberwock is often thought to be a character in Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, it actually only appears in the sequel, Through the Looking-Glass. It is, however, often included in film versions, which are usually simply called "Alice in Wonderland", causing the confusion. The Queen of Hearts is commonly mistaken for the Red Queen who appears in the story's sequel, Through the Looking-Glass, but shares none of her characteristics other than being a queen. The Queen of Hearts is part of the deck of card imagery present in the first book, while the Red Queen is representative of a red chess piece, as chess is the theme present in the sequel. Many adaptations have mixed the characters, causing much confusion.
Character allusions
The members of the boating party that first heard Carroll's tale all show up in Chapter 3 ("A Caucus-Race and a Long Tale") in one form or another. There is, of course, Alice Liddell herself, while Carroll, or Charles Dodgson, is caricatured as the Dodo. Carroll is known as the Dodo because Dodgson stuttered when he spoke, thus if he spoke his last name it would be Do-Do-Dodgson.[citation needed] The Duck refers to Canon Duckworth, the Lory to Lorina Liddell, and the Eaglet to Edith Liddell (Alice Liddell's sisters).
Bill the Lizard may be a play on the name of Benjamin Disraeli. One of Tenniel's illustrations in Through the Looking-Glass depicts the character referred to as the "Man in White Paper" (whom Alice meets as a fellow passenger riding on the train with her), as a caricature of Disraeli, wearing a paper hat. The illustrations of the Lion and the Unicorn also bear a striking resemblance to Tenniel's Punch illustrations of Gladstone and Disraeli.
The Hatter is most likely a reference to Theophilus Carter, a furniture dealer known in Oxford for his unorthodox inventions. Tenniel apparently drew the Hatter to resemble Carter, on a suggestion of Carroll's. The Dormouse tells a story about three little sisters named Elsie, Lacie, and Tillie. These are the Liddell sisters: Elsie is L.C. (Lorina Charlotte), Tillie is Edith (her family nickname is Matilda), and Lacie is an anagram of Alice.
The Mock Turtle speaks of a Drawling-master, "an old conger eel", that used to come once a week to teach "Drawling, Stretching, and Fainting in Coils". This is a reference to the art critic John Ruskin, who came once a week to the Liddell house to teach the children drawing, sketching, and painting in oils. (The children did, in fact, learn well; Alice Liddell, for one, produced a number of skilled watercolours.)
The Mock Turtle also sings "Beautiful Soup". This is a parody of a song called "Star of the Evening, Beautiful Star", which was performed as a trio by Lorina, Alice and Edith Liddell for Lewis Carroll in the Liddell home during the same summer in which he first told the story of Alice's Adventures Under Ground.
Contents
Poems and songs
* "All in the golden afternoon..." — the prefatory verse, an original poem by Carroll that recalls the rowing expedition on which he first told the story of Alice's adventures underground
* "How Doth the Little Crocodile" — a parody of Isaac Watts' nursery rhyme, "Against Idleness And Mischief"
* "The Mouse's Tale" — an example of concrete poetry
* "You Are Old, Father William" — a parody of Robert Southey's "The Old Man's Comforts and How He Gained Them"
* The Duchess's lullaby, "Speak roughly to your little boy..." — a parody of David Bates' "Speak Gently"
* "Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Bat" — a parody of "Twinkle twinkle little star"
* The Lobster Quadrille — a parody of Mary Botham Howitt's "The Spider and the Fly"
* "'Tis the Voice of the Lobster" — a parody of "The Sluggard"
* "Beautiful Soup" — a parody of James M. Sayles's "Star of the Evening, Beautiful Star"
* "The Queen of Hearts" — an actual nursery rhyme
* "They told me you had been to her..." — the White Rabbit's evidence
Tenniel's illustrations
John Tenniel's illustrations of Alice do not portray the real Alice Liddell, who had dark hair and a short fringe. There is a persistent legend that Carroll sent Tenniel a photograph of Mary Hilton Babcock, another child-friend, but no evidence for this has yet come to light, and whether Tenniel actually used Babcock as his model is open to dispute.
Famous lines and expressions
The term "Wonderland", from the title, has entered the language and refers to a marvelous imaginary place, or else a real-world place that one perceives to have dream-like qualities. It, like much of the Alice work, is widely referred to in popular culture.
Illustration of Alice with the White Rabbit by Arthur Rackham
"Down the Rabbit-Hole", the Chapter 1 title, has become a popular term for going on an adventure into the unknown. In drug culture, "going down the rabbit hole" is a metaphor for taking hallucinogenic drugs, as Carroll's novel appears similar in form to a drug trip.
In Chapter 6, the Cheshire Cat's disappearance prompts Alice to say one of her most memorable lines: "...a grin without a cat! It's the most curious thing I ever saw in all my life!"
In Chapter 7, the Hatter gives his famous riddle without an answer: "Why is a raven like a writing desk?" When asked by Alice what the answer was, he responds with, "I haven't the slightest idea." Although Carroll intended the riddle to have no solution, in a new preface to the 1896 edition of Alice, he proposes several answers: "Because it can produce a few notes, though they are very flat; and it is nevar put with the wrong end in front!" (Note the spelling of "never" as "nevar"—turning it into "raven" when inverted. This reverse spelling, however, was "corrected" in later editions to "never" and Carroll's pun was lost.) Puzzle expert Sam Loyd offered the following solutions:
* Because the notes for which they are noted are not noted for being musical notes
* Poe wrote on both
* They both have inky quills
* Bills and tales ("tails") are among their characteristics
* Because they both stand on their legs, conceal their steels ("steals"), and ought to be made to shut up.
* Occult: Marquis Andras, the raven from The Lesser Key of Solomon, riding a wolf with a sword.
Cyril Pearson proposed:
* Because they both slope with a flap.
Many other answers are listed in The Annotated Alice. In Frank Beddor's novel Seeing Redd, the main antagonist, Queen Redd (a megalomaniac parody of the Queen of Hearts) meets Lewis Carroll and declares that the answer to the riddle is "Because I say so". Carroll is too terrified to contradict her.
Other answers include “because there is a B in both and an N in neither,” (an answer which was meant to highlight the absurdity of the original question), "Neither one is made of cheese", and "it isn't."
Arguably the most famous quote is used when the Queen of Hearts screams "Off with her head!" at Alice (and everyone else she feels slightly annoyed with). Possibly Carroll here was echoing a scene in Shakespeare's Richard III (III, iv, 76) where Richard demands the execution of Lord Hastings, crying "Off with his head!"
When Alice is growing taller after eating the cake labeled "Eat me" she says, "curiouser and curiouser", a famous line that is still used today to describe an event with extraordinary wonder. The Cheshire Cat confirms to Alice "We're all mad here", a line that has been repeated for years as a result.
Symbolism in the text
Oxford Locations
Most of the book's adventures may have been based on and influenced by people, situations and buildings in Oxford and at Christ Church, e.g., the "Rabbit Hole," which symbolized the actual stairs in the back of the main hall in Christ Church. A carving of a griffon and rabbit, as seen in Ripon Cathedral, where Carroll's father was a canon, may have provided inspiration for the tale.
Mathematics
Since Carroll was a mathematician at Christ Church, it has been suggested that there are many references and mathematical concepts in both this story and also in Through the Looking-Glass; examples include:
* In chapter 1, "Down the Rabbit-Hole", in the midst of shrinking, Alice waxes philosophic concerning what final size she will end up as, perhaps "going out altogether, like a candle."; this pondering reflects the concept of a limit.
* In chapter 2, "The Pool of Tears", Alice tries to perform multiplication but produces some odd results: "Let me see: four times five is twelve, and four times six is thirteen, and four times seven is—oh dear! I shall never get to twenty at that rate!" This explores the representation of numbers using different bases and positional numeral systems: 4 x 5 = 12 in base 18 notation, 4 x 6 = 13 in base 21 notation, and 4 x 7 could be 14 in base 24 notation. Continuing this sequence, going up three bases each time, the result will continue to be less than 20 in the corresponding base notation. (After 19 the product would be 1A, then 1B, 1C, 1D, and so on.)
* In chapter 5, "Advice from a Caterpillar", the Pigeon asserts that little girls are some kind of serpent, for both little girls and serpents eat eggs. This general concept of abstraction occurs widely in many fields of science; an example in mathematics of employing this reasoning would be in the substitution of variables.
* In chapter 7, "A Mad Tea-Party", the March Hare, the Mad Hatter, and the Dormouse give several examples in which the semantic value of a sentence A is not the same value of the converse of A (for example, "Why, you might just as well say that 'I see what I eat' is the same thing as 'I eat what I see'!"); in logic and mathematics, this is discussing an inverse relationship.
* Also in chapter 7, Alice ponders what it means when the changing of seats around the circular table places them back at the beginning. This is an observation of addition on a ring of the integers modulo N.
* The Cheshire cat fades until it disappears entirely, leaving only its wide grin, suspended in the air, leading Alice to marvel and note that she has seen a cat without a grin, but never a grin without a cat. Deep abstraction of concepts (non-Euclidean geometry, abstract algebra, the beginnings of mathematical logic...) was taking over mathematics at the time Dodgson was writing. Dodgson's delineation of the relationship between cat and grin can be taken to represent the very concept of mathematics and number itself. For example, instead of considering two or three apples, one may easily consider the concept of 'apple', upon which the concepts of 'two' and 'three' may seem to depend. However, a far more sophisticated jump is to consider the concepts of 'two' and 'three' by themselves, just like a grin, originally seemingly dependent on the cat, separated conceptually from its physical object.
Mathematician Keith Devlin asserted in the journal of The Mathematical Association of America that Dodgson wrote Alice in Wonderland in its final form as a scathing satire on new modern mathematics that were emerging in the mid-1800s.
The French language
It has been suggested by several people, including Martin Gardner and Selwyn Goodacre, that Dodgson had an interest in the French language, choosing to make references and puns about it in the story. It is most likely that these are references to French lessons—a common feature of a Victorian middle-class girl's upbringing. For example, in the second chapter, Alice posits that the mouse may be French and chooses to speak the first sentence of her French lesson-book to it: "Où est ma chatte?" ("Where is my cat?"). In Henri Bué's French translation, Alice posits that the mouse may be Italian and speaks Italian to it.
Pat's "Digging for apples" could be a cross-language pun, as pomme de terre means potato and pomme means apple, which little English girls studying French would easily guess.
Classical languages
In the second chapter, Alice initially addresses the mouse as "O Mouse", based on her vague memory of the noun declensions in her brother's textbook: "A mouse (nominative)— of a mouse (genitive)— to a mouse (dative)— a mouse (accusative)— O mouse! (vocative)." This corresponds to the traditional order that was established by Byzantine grammarians (and is still in standard use, except in the United Kingdom and some countries in Western Europe) for the five cases of Classical Greek; because of the absence of the ablative case, which Greek does not have but is found in Latin, the reference is apparently not to the latter as some have supposed.
At the Mad Tea Party, Alice is astonished not to have jam served because the rule is: "Jam yesterday, jam tomorrow but never jam today." This is a reference to the rule in Latin that the word iam or jam meaning now in the sense of already or at that time cannot be used to describe now in the present, which is nunc in Latin. Jam is therefore never available today.