shǒuyè>> wénxué>>ā 'ěr bèi · jiā miù Albert Camus
  《 wài rénzhè běn shū shuō shì cún zài zhù wén xué de dài biǎo zuò pǐntóng shí shì běn dāng dài qīng nián de jīng diǎn míng zhù
  
  《 wài rén jīn tiān liǎo shì zuó tiān zhī dào kāi shǐ hái wàng chǔjué de tiān yòu hěn duō rén lái kànduì chū chóu hèn de hǎn jiào shēngjié shùxiǎo shuō zhè zhǒng dòng shēng 'ér yòu yùn hán nèi zài liàng de píng jìng diào wèiwǒ men zào liǎo jīng shì hài dehuāng miù de rén”: duì qiēdōu rán zhì zhī de 'ěr suǒ
  
   quán shū fēn wéi liǎng fēn fēn cóng 'ěr suǒ de qīn shì kāi shǐdào zài hǎi tān shàng shā 'ā rén wéi zhǐshì 'àn shí jiān shùn shù de shì
  
   'ěr suǒ jǐn zài jiē dào tōng zhī qīn shì de diàn bào shí méi yòu ér qiě zài qīn xià zàng shí méi yòu méi yòu yào qiú kāi guān cái zài kàn qīn zuì hòu yǎnfǎn 'ér zài qīn de guān cái miàn qián chōu yān fēirén men jìn yào fèn rán liǎo rén zài qīn xià zàng shí hái suàn shì rén gèng yòu shèn zhě jìng zài hòu de 'èr tiānjiù hǎi bīn yóu yǒng yǒu kàn huá yǐngpiānbìng qiě huí dào de zhù chù 'ěr suǒ de xíng wéi yuè lái yuè ràng rén jīng 'ě ránmíng shēng hǎo de lín yào chéng de qíng qiú bāng zhù xiě fēng xìn jìng dāyìng liǎojué méi yòu yóu ràng mǎn ”。 lǎo bǎn jiàn kāi shè bàn shì chù jìng méi yòu biǎo shì shénme qíngsuī rán bìng yuàn shǐ kuài”。 duì rén rén xiàng wǎng de jìng yòu zhè yàng de píng jià:“ hěn zàngyòu yòu hēi de yuàn 。” yào gēn jié hūn shuō suí biàn zěn me yàng xíng jiān chí wèn 'ěr suǒ shì fǒu zhēn de 'ài yuán lái zhǐ wàng tīng dào kěn dìng de huí shì jìng shuō gài shì 'ài ”。
  
  《 wài rényuǎn tiào kǎi xuán mén
   zhè zhǒng shù háo shū qíng de wèiér zhǐ shì 'ěr suǒ nèi xīn shí de liú yīn 'ér shù de jiē 'èr lián sān de shì jiànduì huà shì gǎn jué zhī jiān méi yòu rán de lián gěi rén zhǒng lián guàn de huāng miù zhī gǎnyīn wéi bié rén de shì yán zài kàn láidōu shì méi yòu deshì jiě dewéi què shí de cún zài biàn shì hǎiyáng guāngér rán què dǎo liǎo shǐ míng miào shā liǎo rén:“ zhǐ jué náo shìde tài yáng kòu zài de tóu shàng gǎn dào tiān xuán zhuǎnhǎi shàng fàn zhèn mèn de kuáng fēng jué tiān mén dòng kāixiàng xià qīng xiè huǒ quán shēn bēng jǐn liǎoshǒu jǐn jǐn zhù qiāngqiāng bān dòng liǎo
  
   zài 'èr fēn láo fáng dài liǎo hǎishè huì de shí dài liǎo 'ěr suǒ de shí gòu yòu de luó ji yòng bèi gào guò 'ǒu rán shēng de xiē shì jiàn bèi gào gòu chéng zhǒng rèn chū lái de xíng xiàng shǐ zhōng rèn wéi zuìduì qiēdōu háo zài de 'ěr suǒ yìng shuō chéng lěng qíng shā rén de guǐyīn wéi shěn xùn jīhū cóng diào chá shā rén 'àn jiànér shì qiān fāng bǎi shā rén qīn zhī de guān lián zài
  
  《 wài rén fēi guǎn
   shā liǎo rén de 'ěr suǒduì tíng shàng de biàn lùn rán zhì zhīquè fēi cháng yòu xīng duàn dìng biàn shī de cái huá jiǎn chá guānjiù zài lín xíng de qián jué xǐng liǎo:“ miàn duì zhe chōng mǎn xìn xīng dǒu de ”, xiàng zhè shì jiè de dòng rén de lěng chǎng kāi liǎo xīn fēi”。 rán gǎn dào guò céng jīng shì xìng de”,“ xiàn zài réng rán shì xìng de”。 hái xián rén men jīng gòujiē zhe yòu shuō:“ wèile shǐ gǎn dào me hái wàng chǔjué de tiān yòu hěn duō rén lái guān kàn wàng men duì bào chóu hèn de hǎn jiào shēng。”
  
   'ěr suǒ yīn wéi gǎn shòu dào zhè xiàn dài shè huì rén guān de lěng ér háo chí yuǎn shè huìpāo shè huì shì shè huì pāo liǎo zuì zhōng chéng wéi liǎo pái chú shēng huó zhōng xīn de wài rén
  《 wài rén》 - zhuān jiā diǎn píng
  
  《 wài rénā 'ěr · jiā miù
   jiā miù céng jīng wài rénde zhù gài kuò wéi huà:“ zài men de shè huì rèn zài qīn xià zàng shí de réndōu yòu bèi pàn xíng de wēi xiǎn。” zhè zhǒng jìn xiào de shuō yǐn cáng zhe shí fēn yán de luó jirèn wéi fǎn shè huì de běn de rén jiāng shòu dào shè huì de chéng zhè shè huì yào zhì de rénbèi huò fǎn kàng de réndōu zài chéng chù zhī lièdōuyòu néng ràng jiǎn chá guān xiān shēng shuō:“ xiàng men yào zhè rén de nǎo dài。” 'ěr suǒ de nǎo dài jīng bèi jiǎn chá guān shè huì de míng yào liǎo shè huì pāo liǎo 'ěr suǒrán 'ér 'ěr suǒ xuān :“ guò céng jīng shì xìng de xiàn zài réng rán shì xìng de。” shuí huì xiǎng dào 'ěr suǒ huì yòu zhè yàng de xuān gào tōng guò de xuān gào pāo liǎo shè huìrán 'ér zhè zhèng shì de jué xǐng rèn shí dào liǎo rén shì jiè de fēn liè wán chéng liǎo huāng dàn de chéng de jiē duàn
  
   tán wài rénér tán huāng dànjiù tóng tán deěxīnér tán cún zài zhù jiā miù zài zhè běn shū zhōng liè liǎo huāng dàn de zhǒng zhǒng biǎo xiàn rén shēng huó de fēn yǎn yuán jǐng de fēn huái yòu wàng de jīng shén shǐ zhī shī wàng de shì jiè zhī jiān de fēn lièròu de yào duì shǐ zhī wáng de shí jiān de fǎn kàngshì jiè běn shēn suǒ yòu deshǐ rén de jiě chéng wéi néng de zhǒng hòu shēng xìngrén duì rén běn shēn suǒ sàn chū de fēi rén xìng gǎn dào de shì duò luòděng děngyóu xiàn liǎohuāng dàn”, 'ěr suǒ de xiāo lěng dòng zhōngzhí zhù shùn jiān de rén shēng děng děng dùn shí yòu liǎo zhǒng xiàng zhēng de xiǎo shuō shì cóng zhé xué shàng dào liǎo chǎn míngyīn wéi rén shì jiè de fēn shì jiè rén shì huāng dàn derén duì shì jiè néng wéi yīn bào rèn wàngduì qiē shì dōuwú dòng zhōngjiā miù zhǐ chū:“ huāng dànjiù shì què rèn de jiè xiàn de qīng xǐng de xìng。”“ huāng dàn de rénjiù shì fǒu rèn yǒng héngdàn bùwèi yǒng héng zuò rèn shì qíng de rén”。 yóu shì dāng jiā miù zhǐ chū néng yòng wāi lái jiě shì de shì jièhái shì shú de shì jièdàn shì zài rán bèi duó liǎo huàn jué guāng míng de zhòu zhōngrén jiù gǎn dào shì wài rénde shí hòu men gèng huì xià xiǎng dào 'ěr suǒ de。“ huāng dàn de rénjiù shì wài rén”,“ wài rénjiù shì yòuqīng xǐng de xìng de rén”。
  
  《 wài rénā 'ěr · jiā miù
   xiǎo shuō jiā jiā miù tóng shí hái yòu lìng yīchóng shēn fèn jiù shì zuò wéi cún zài zhù dài biǎo rén zhī de zhé xué jiā jiā miùcóng mǒu zhǒng shàng lái shuōzhè liǎng zhǒng shēn fèn de hùn xiáo wǎng wǎng róng zài xiǎo shuō chuàng zuò zhōng dài lái zhè yàng wèn jiù shì xiǎng xíng xiàngcóng lìng jiǎo lái shuōduì zhè lèi xiǎo shuō píng jià wǎng wǎng zhuózhòng xiǎng xìngtōng shuō jiù shì jiā miù de xiǎo shuō,《 wài rén hǎo,《 shǔ hǎochéng bài fǒu yóu zhōng xīn xiǎng jué dìng。《 niǔ yuē shí bào shū píngduì wài rén xiǎng xíng shì de guān shì zhè yàng fēn de:“ zhōng xīn xiǎng bìng shì chuàng zào xìng shù de zuì gāo xíng shìdàn shì què yòu néng zhòng yào dào zhè guǒ wèile shù pàn de yuán 'ér pāo jiāng huì xiè dòu rén lèi jīng shén。” yuè zhè xiǎo shuō jiù ràng rén míng bái,《 wài rénbìng shì zhé xué guān niàn de jiǎn dān jiěér shì chéng gōng de xiǎo shuō 'ér yòu xīn yíng de diào zào liǎo xiǎn rán zhòng tóng de rén xiǎng bié rén yòu rèn lián zhǐ xiǎng bǎo chí xìng shòu gān rǎo de rén 。《 wài rénde zhě zhī dào 'ěr suǒ shénme múyàngshì gāo hái shì 'ǎishì pàng hái shì shòudàn men néng zhù néng zài duō chǎng xiǎng dào xiǎo shuō shēn de de cún zài zhǎn shì liǎo rén shì jiè de guān shǐ men xiàng chū zhè yàng de wèn shì jiè shì huì dehái shì qīng deshì xìng dehái shì derén zài zhè shì jiè shàng shì xìng dehái shì tòng derén zhè shì jiè de guān shì xié zhì dehái shì fēn liè máo dùn de
  
   jiā miù de xiǎo shuō fēng jiè chuán tǒng xiǎo shuō xīn xiǎo shuō zhī jiān fāng miàncún zài zhù wén xué shì fǎn chuán tǒng dezuò zhě cóng jiè xiǎo shuōcóng gān zhù rén gōng de mìng yùncóng lái biǎo de lùnlìng fāng miànxiǎo shuō de yán yòu jiǎn dān míng shuō yòu diǎn zhù de sǎnwén fēng yòu qiáng de biǎo xiàn gǎn rǎn 。《 wài rénchéng wéi běn píng dàn zhōng jiàn shēn cóng zhōng chū zhé de hěn píng cháng de shū
  
  《 wài rénā 'ěr · jiā miù
   jiā miù hái xiě guò lùn huāng dàn wéi zhù zhǐ de cháng piān zhé xué suí shén huà》。 shì shí shàngrén men díquè shì cháng cháng yòng shén huàlái jiě shì wài rén》, ér kāi xiān de zhèng shì zuì zǎo zhè liǎng běn shū lián zài rèn dìng wài rénshìhuāng dàn de zhèng míng”, shì běnguān huāng dàn fǎn duì huāng dàn de shū”。 shuō shén huàzhèng shì wài rénde zhù jiǎojiā miù zài 1941 nián 2 yuè 21 de shǒu zhōng xiě dào:“ wán chéngshén huà》。 sān huāng dàn dào jié shù。” zhè sān huāng dànzhǐ de jiù shìzhé xué suí shén huà》, xiǎo shuō wài rén běn 》。
  
   dāng jiā miù yīn chē huò shì hòu,《 niǔ yuē shí bàozhè yàng gài kuò de xiǎng:“ jiā miù zài huāng dàn de chē huò zhōng sàng shēnshí shǔ xīn de zhé xué fěng yīn wéi xiǎng de zhōng xīn shì duì rén lèi chǔjìng zuò chū xiǎng shēn rén shì de zhèng què huí rén men háo gǎn dào wài men de shí dài jiē shòu liǎo jiā miù de guān diǎnxuè xīng de 'èr shì jiè zhàn de qīng dàn wēi xiézhè qiē shǐ xiàn dài shè huì néng gòu jiē shòu jiā miù yán de zhé xuébìng shǐ zhī cháng cún rén men de xīn zhōng。”
  
   jīn 40 duō nián guò liǎorén men méi yòu wàng rén men huì wàng yuè lái yuè duō de rén zài yán jiū de zhù zuò xiǎng。《 wài rén zài chóngbǎnyìn shù qiān wàn jiā miù zài shì de shí hòu yóu shì zài pín qióng tōng de jiā tíng zhǎngdà de hái yīn 'ér cháng bèi tòng hèn de rén biǎn zhī shí zǒng duì de zhī shuō:“ dàn yuàn men liǎo jiě zhēn zhèng de 。”
  
   shì wén xué shā lóngwén xué míng rénróng xūn zhāng bǎo chí de wài rén”, dàn de kǎo què shēn dào liǎo xiàn dài shè huì de
  《 wài rén》 - miào jiā
  
   jiādōu hěn xìng yùnzhè shì jiè shàng zhǐ yòu xìng yùn de rén
   zài suǒ yòu zhì jiàn quán de réndōu huò duō huò shǎo wàng men suǒ 'ài de rén
西西弗的神话
  zhū shén chǔfá tíng kuài shí tuī shàng shān dǐngér shí tóu yóu shēn de zhòng liàng yòu gǔn xià shān zhū shén rèn wéi zài méi yòu jìn xíng zhè zhǒng xiào wàng de láo dòng gèng wéi yán de chéng liǎo
  
   shuō shì zuì zhōng yào de rén zhōng zuì cōng míng zuì jǐn shèn de réndàn lìng yòu chuán shuō shuō cóng qiáng dào shēng kàn chū zhōng yòu shénme máo dùn zhǒng shuō de fēn zài shì fǒu yào zhè zhōng de xiào láo dòng zhě de xíng wéi dòng jià zhírén men shǒu xiān shì mǒu zhǒng qīng shuài de tài zhū shén fàng zài jìn xíng qiǎn bìng lìshǔ men de yǐn ā suǒ de 'ér 'āi guǐ bèi zhū jié zǒu qīn duì 'ér de shī zōng wéi zhèn jīng bìng qiě guài zuì shēn zhī nèi qíng de duì 'ā suǒ shuō gào 'ér de xiāo dàn gěi lán chéng bǎo gōng shuǐ wéi tiáo jiàn nìngyuàn dào shuǐ de shèng ér shì tiān huǒ léi diàn yīn bèi xià gào men céng jīng 'ě wǎng guò shén de hóu lóng luò tuō rěn shòu liǎo wáng guó de huāng liáng cuī zhàn shén shén cóng zhàn shèng zhě shǒu zhōng jiě fàng chū lái
  
   hái yòu rén shuō zài lín qián mào shī yào jiǎn yàn duì de 'ài qíng mìng lìng de shī rēng zài guǎng chǎng zhōng yāng xíng rèn shì shì zhòng duò zài duì jiàn rén lèi zhī 'ài de xíng jìng shí fēn fèn kǎi huò luò tuō de yǔn nuò chóngfǎn rén jiān chéng de dàn dāng yòu kàn dào zhè de miàn màochóngxīn lǐng lüè liú shuǐyáng guāng de 'àichóngxīn chù huǒ de shí tóukuān kuò de hǎi de shí hòu jiù zài yuàn huí dào yīn sēn de zhōng liǎomíng wáng de zhào lìng fèn jǐng gào dōuwú shì yòu zài qiú shàng shēng huó liǎo duō niánmiàn duì de shān luánbēn téng de hǎi de wēi xiào yòu shēng huó liǎo duō niánzhū shén shì jìn xíng gān shè qiū páo lái jiū zhù zhè mào fàn zhě de lǐng cóng huān de shēng huó zhōng liǎo chū láiqiáng xíng chóngxīn tóu zài wéi chéng 'ér shè de shí zhǔn bèi jiù
  
   men jīng míng bái shì huāng miù de yīng xióng zhī suǒ shì huāng miù de yīng xiónghái yīn wéi de suǒ jīng shòu de nán miǎo shì shén míngchóu hèn wángduì shēng huó chōng mǎnzhè rán shǐ shòu dào nán yòng yán jìn shù de fēi rén zhé de zhěng shēn xīn zhì zhǒng méi yòu xiào guǒ de shì ér zhè shì wèile duì de xiàn 'ài chū de dài jiàrén men bìng méi yòu tán dào zài de qíng kuàngchuàng zào zhè xiē shén huà shì wéi liǎo ràng rén de xiǎng xiàng shǐ de xíng xiàng shēngzài shēn shàng men zhǐ néng kàn dào zhè yàng huà jǐn zhāng de shēn qiān bǎi zhòng dòng zuòbān dòng shígǔn dòng bìng tuī zhì shān dǐng men kàn dào de shì zhāng tòng niǔ de liǎnkàn dào de shì jǐn tiē zài shí shàng de miàn jiá luò mǎn shìdǒu dòng de jiān bǎngzhān mǎn shì de shuāng jiǎowán quán jiāng zhí de gēbo jiān shí de mǎn shì shì de rén de shuāng shǒujīng guò bèi miǎo miǎo kōng jiān yǒng héng de shí jiān zhe de zhī hòumùdì jiù dào liǎo shì kàn dào shí zài miǎo zhōng nèi yòu xiàng zhe xià miàn de shì jiè gǔn xiàér zhè shí chóngxīn tuī xiàng shān dǐng shì yòu xiàng shān xià zǒu
  
   zhèng shì yīn wéi zhè zhǒng huí tíng xiē duì chǎn shēng liǎo xīng zhè zhāng bǎo jīng nán jìn shí tóu bān jiān yìng de miàn kǒng jīng huà chéng liǎo shí tóu kàn dào zhè rén chén zhòng 'ér jūn yún de jiǎo zǒu xiàng jìn de nánzhè shí jiù xiàng yàng duǎn de dào lái de xìng yàng shì què dìng dezhè shí jiù shì shí de shí zài měi zhè yàng de shí zhōng kāi shān dǐng bìng qiě zhú jiàn shēn dào zhū shén de cháo xué zhōng chāo chū liǎo de mìng yùn bān dòng de shí hái yào jiān yìng
  
   guǒ shuōzhè shén huà shì bēi de shì yīn wéi de zhù rén gōng shì yòu shí deruò xíng de měi kào chéng gōng de wàng suǒ zhī chí de tòng shí shàng yòu zài jīn tiān de gōng rén zhōng shēng dōuzài láo dòngzhōng wán chéng de shì tóng yàng de gōng zuòzhè yàng de mìng yùn bìng fēi de mìng yùn huāng miùdàn shìzhè zhǒng mìng yùn zhǐ yòu zài gōng rén biàn yòu shí de 'ǒu rán shí cái shì bēi xìng de zhè zhū shén zhōng de chǎn zhězhè jìn xíng xiào láo 'ér yòu jìn xíng fǎn pàn de chǎn zhě wán quán qīng chǔ suǒ chù de bēi cǎn jìng zài xià shān shí xiǎng dào de zhèng shì zhè bēi cǎn de jìng zào chéng tòng de qīng xǐng shí tóng shí jiù zào jiù liǎo de shèng cún zài tōng guò miè shì 'ér chāo yuè de mìng yùn
  
   guǒ xià shān tuī shí zài mǒu xiē tiān shì tòng jìn xíng zhe de me zhè gōng zuò zài huān zhōng jìn xíngzhè bìng shì yán guò shí hái xiǎng xiàng yòu huí tóu zǒu xiàng de shítòng yòu chóngxīn kāi shǐdāng duì de xiǎng xiàng guò zhuózhòng huí dāng duì xìng de chōng jǐng guò jíqiè tòng jiù zài rén de xīn líng shēn chù shēng zhè jiù shì shí de shèng zhè jiù shì shí běn shēn de bēi tòng shì nán chéng dān de zhòng zhè jiù shì men de zhī dàn shìxióng biàn de zhēn dàn bèi rèn shí jiù huì shuāi jiéyīn é zhī jué shǒu xiān cóng mìng yùnér dàn míng bái liǎo qiē de bēi jiù kāi shǐ liǎo tóng shíliǎng yǎn shī míng 'ér yòu sàng shī wàng de 'é rèn shí dào shì jiè zhī jiān de wéi lián jiù shì nián qīng niàn xiān rùn de shǒu shì háo chū zhè yàng zhèn hàn rén xīn de shēng yīn:“ jìn guǎn jìn jiān nán kùn dàn nián huò de líng hún shēn suì wěi yīn 'ér rèn wéi shì xìng de。” suǒ de 'é tuó tuǒ de luò chū liǎo huāng miù shèng de xiān xián de zhì huì xiàn dài yīng xióng zhù huì liǎo
  
   rén men yào xiàn huāng miùjiù néng xiǎng dào yào xiě mǒu zhǒng yòu guān xìng de jiào cái。“ āishénmejiù píng zhè xiē xiá zhǎi de dào …?” dàn shìshì jiè zhǐ yòu xìng huāng miù shì tóng de liǎng chǎn 'érruò shuō xìng dìng shì cóng huāng miù de xiàn zhōng chǎn shēng de néng shì cuò deyīn wéi huāng miù de gǎn qíng hái hěn néng chǎn shēng xìng 。“ rèn wéi shì xìng de”, é shuōér zhè zhǒng shuō shì shén shèng de huí xiǎng zài rén de fēng kuáng 'ér yòu yòu xiàn de shì jiè zhī zhōng gào jiè rén men qiēdōu hái méi yòu cóng méi yòu bèi qióng jìn guò shàng cóng shì jiè zhōng zhú chū zhè shàng shì huái zhe mǎn de xīn duì xiào tòng de piān hǎo 'ér jìn rén jiān de hái mìng yùn gǎi zào chéng wéi jiàn yīnggāi zài rén men zhī zhōng dào 'ān pái de rén de shì qíng
  
   shēng de quán kuài jiù zài de mìng yùn shì shǔ de de yán shí shì de shì qíngtóng yàngdāng huāng miù de rén shēn de tòng shí jiù shǐ qiē 'ǒu xiàng rán shī shēngzài zhè rán zhòng yòu chén de shì jiè zhōng shēng qiān wàn měi miào xiǎo de shēng yīn shí de de zhào huàn qiē miàn mào chū de yào qiúzhè xiē dōushì shèng shǎo de duì miàn hèyìng de dài jià cún zài yīn yǐng de tài yángér qiě rèn shí hēi huāng miù de rén shuōshì”, dàn de yǒng tíng guǒ yòu zhǒng rén de mìng yùnjiù huì yòu gèng gāo de mìng yùnhuò zhì shǎo shuōzhǐ yòu zhǒng bèi rén kàn zuò shì mìng de hèyìng shòu dào miè shì de mìng yùn wàihuāng miù de rén zhī dào shì shēng huó de zhù rénzài zhè wēi miào de shí rén huí guī dào de shēng huó zhī zhōng huí shēn zǒu xiàng shí jìng guān zhè liè méi yòu guān lián 'ér yòu biàn chéng mìng yùn de xíng dòng de mìng yùn shì chuàng zào deshì zài de de zhù shì xià 'ér yòu shàng huì bèi de wáng dìng de mìng yùnyīn máng rén cóng kāi shǐ jiù jiān xìn qiē rén de dōng yuán rén dào zhù jiù xiàng máng rén wàng kàn jiàn 'ér yòu zhī dào hēi shì qióng jìn de yàng yǒng yuǎn xíng jìnér shí réng zài gǔn dòng zhe
  
   liú zài shān jiǎo xià men zǒng shì kàn dào shēn shàng de zhòng ér gào menzuì gāo de qián chéng shì fǒu rèn zhū shén bìng qiě bān diào shí tóu rèn wéi shì xìng dezhè cóng méi yòu zhù zǎi de shì jiè duì lái jiǎng shì huāng shì shìzhè kuài shí shàng de měi zhè hēi yǒu yǒu de gāo shān shàng de měi kuàng shā wéi yòu duì cái xíng chéng shì jiè shàng shān dǐng suǒ yào jìn xíng de dǒu zhēng běn shēn jiù shǐ rén xīn gǎn dào chōng shíyīnggāi rèn wéi shì xìng de


  The Myth of Sisyphus is a philosophical essay by Albert Camus. It comprises about 120 pages and was published originally in 1942 in French as Le Mythe de Sisyphe; the English translation by Justin O'Brien followed in 1955.
  
  In the essay, Camus introduces his philosophy of the absurd: man's futile search for meaning, unity and clarity in the face of an unintelligible world devoid of God and eternal truths or values. Does the realization of the absurd require suicide? Camus answers: "No. It requires revolt." He then outlines several approaches to the absurd life. The final chapter compares the absurdity of man's life with the situation of Sisyphus, a figure of Greek mythology who was condemned to repeat forever the same meaningless task of pushing a boulder up a mountain, only to see it roll down again. The essay concludes, "The struggle itself...is enough to fill a man's heart. One must imagine Sisyphus happy."
  
  The work can be seen in relation to other works by Camus: the novel The Stranger (1942), the play Caligula (1945), and especially the essay The Rebel (1951).
  
  Summary
  
  The essay is dedicated to Pascal Pia and is organized in three chapters and one appendix.
  Chapter 1: An Absurd Reasoning
  
  Camus undertakes to answer what he considers to be the only question of philosophy that matters: Does the realization of the meaninglessness and absurdity of life necessarily require suicide?
  
  He begins by describing the absurd condition: much of our life is built on the hope for tomorrow yet tomorrow brings us closer to death and is the ultimate enemy; people live as if they didn't know about the certainty of death; once stripped of its common romanticisms, the world is a foreign, strange and inhuman place; true knowledge is impossible and rationality and science cannot explain the world: their stories ultimately end in meaningless abstractions, in metaphors. "From the moment absurdity is recognized, it becomes a passion, the most harrowing of all."
  
  It is not the world that is absurd, nor human thought: the absurd arises when the human need to understand meets the unreasonableness of the world, when "my appetite for the absolute and for unity" meets "the impossibility of reducing this world to a rational and reasonable principle."
  
  He then characterizes a number of philosophies that describe and attempt to deal with this feeling of the absurd, by Heidegger, Jaspers, Shestov, Kierkegaard and Husserl. All of these, he claims, commit "philosophical suicide" by reaching conclusions that contradict the original absurd position, either by abandoning reason and turning to God, as in the case of Kierkegaard and Shestov, or by elevating reason and ultimately arriving at ubiquitous Platonic forms and an abstract god, as in the case of Husserl.
  
  For Camus, who sets out to take the absurd seriously and follow it to its final conclusions, these "leaps" cannot convince. Taking the absurd seriously means acknowledging the contradiction between the desire of human reason and the unreasonable world. Suicide, then, also must be rejected: without man, the absurd cannot exist. The contradiction must be lived; reason and its limits must be acknowledged, without false hope. However, the absurd can never be accepted: it requires constant confrontation, constant revolt.
  
  While the question of human freedom in the metaphysical sense loses interest to the absurd man, he gains freedom in a very concrete sense: no longer bound by hope for a better future or eternity, without a need to pursue life's purpose or to create meaning, "he enjoys a freedom with regard to common rules".
  
  To embrace the absurd implies embracing all that the unreasonable world has to offer. Without a meaning in life, there is no scale of values. "What counts is not the best living but the most living."
  
  Thus, Camus arrives at three consequences from the full acknowledging of the absurd: revolt, freedom and passion.
  Chapter 2: The Absurd Man
  
  How should the absurd man live? Clearly, no ethical rules apply, as they are all based on higher powers or on justification. "Integrity has no need of rules." 'Everything is permitted' "is not an outburst of relief or of joy, but rather a bitter acknowledgment of a fact."
  
  Camus then goes on to present examples of the absurd life. He begins with Don Juan, the serial seducer who lives the passionate life to the fullest. "There is no noble love but that which recognizes itself to be both short-lived and exceptional."
  
  The next example is the actor, who depicts ephemeral lives for ephemeral fame. "He demonstrates to what degree appearing creates being." "In those three hours he travels the whole course of the dead-end path that the man in the audience takes a lifetime to cover."
  
  Camus' third example of the absurd man is the conqueror, the warrior who forgoes all promises of eternity to affect and engage fully in human history. He chooses action over contemplation, aware of the fact that nothing can last and no victory is final.
  Chapter 3: The Myth of Sisyphus
  
  In the last chapter, Camus outlines the legend of Sisyphus who defied the gods and put Death in chains so that no human needed to die. When Death was eventually liberated and it came time for Sisyphus himself to die, he concocted a deceit which let him escape from the underworld. Finally captured, the gods decided on his punishment: for all eternity, he would have to push a rock up a mountain; on the top, the rock rolls down again and Sisyphus has to start over. Camus sees Sisyphus as the absurd hero who lives life to the fullest, hates death and is condemned to a meaningless task.
  
  Camus presents Sisyphus's ceaseless and pointless toil as a metaphor for modern lives spent working at futile jobs in factories and offices. "The workman of today works every day in his life at the same tasks, and this fate is no less absurd. But it is tragic only at the rare moments when it becomes conscious."
  
  Camus is interested in Sisyphus' thoughts when marching down the mountain, to start anew. This is the truly tragic moment, when the hero becomes conscious of his wretched condition. He does not have hope, but "[t]here is no fate that cannot be surmounted by scorn." Acknowledging the truth will conquer it; Sisyphus, just like the absurd man, keeps pushing. Camus claims that when Sisyphus acknowledges the futility of his task and the certainty of his fate, he is freed to realize the absurdity of his situation and to reach a state of contented acceptance. With a nod to the similarly cursed Greek hero Oedipus, Camus concludes that "all is well," indeed, that "One must imagine Sisyphus happy."
  Appendix
  
  The essay contains an appendix titled "Hope and the Absurd in the work of Franz Kafka". While Camus acknowledges that Kafka's work represents an exquisite description of the absurd condition, he maintains that Kafka fails as an absurd writer because his work retains a glimmer of hope.
  cháng piān xiǎo shuōshǔ de zuò zhě 'ā 'ěr bèi · jiā miù shì guó xiàn dài zhù míng cún zài zhù wén xué jiā, 1957 nián nuò bèi 'ěr wén xué jiǎng jīn de huò zhě zài 1913 nián chū shēng 'ā 'ěr de méng duō wéi de qīn shēng 'ā 'ěr cóng xiǎo shī céng duō táo yǎng de 'ér yuànzhǎngdà hòu zài 'ā 'ěr dāng nóng gōng rén shì jiè zhàn kāi shǐ hòu jiǔzài duì zuò zhàn zhōng shòu shāng shēn wángdāng shí jiā miù hái mǎn suìjiā miù shǔ zhī hòucéng jìhuà zài lìng cháng piān xiǎo shuō rénzhōng miáo xiě de qīn de shēng de qīn shì dài 'ā 'ěr de bān rén hòu zài de yǎng xiàjiā miù zài pín kùn de 'ā mín zhōng jiān
    
   zhǎngdàduì men de chǔjìng shǐ zhōng huái yòu shēnqiè de tóng qíngjiā miù zài 'ā 'ěr 'ěr xué zhé xué gōng shíyīn huàn fèi bìng 'ér zhōng chuò xuéhòu lái xiē qīng nián zhì liǎo láo dòng tuán”, hòu yīn zhǔn bèi shàng yǎn chū bān kuàng gōng gōng zāo dào zhèn wéi zhù de bèi zhí mín dāng jìn yǎn tuán yīn 'ér jiě sàn shí jiā miù kāi shǐ wéi dāng bào zhǐ xiě wén zhānghòu lái zài 'ā 'ěr de 'ào lán zhèng shì cóng shì xīn wén gōng zuò。 1934 nián cān jiā liǎo 'ā 'ěr de guó gòng chǎn dǎng zhī nián tuō dǎng 'èr shì jiè zhàn jiān suī rán yòu duàn shí jiān fèi bìng dàn réng cān jiā liǎo guó kàng yùn dòng wéi fǎn duì zhuàn xiě wén zhāng。 1944 nián jiě fàng hòujiā miù dān rèn dài gāo pài dezhàn dǒu bàozhù biān, 1947 niánshǔ chū bǎn qián xīng jiā miù zhèng shì xuān gào tuō zhè fèn bào zhǐhòu lái chú liǎo cóng shì shēng píng xiàng wǎng de huó dòng xiě zuò wàicháng wéi chū bǎn shāng xiē 'ěr · tiǎo xuǎn wén zuò pǐnzhàn hòu chū dāng shí zài fāng xiǎng jiè wén xué jiè yǐng xiǎng de cún zài zhù zuò jiā ràng · bǎo luó · céng guò cóng shèn dàn jiā miù shǐ zhōng fǒu rèn shǔ zhè pàirèn wéi duì qiē wèn yòu de jiàn jiě shǔ rèn pài bié 。 1946 nián biǎo liǎo lùn zhùfǎn kàng zhě hòushòu dào de píngliǎng rén zhī jiān zhǎn kāi liǎo yīcháng lùn zhàncéng hōng dòng shí。 1960 nián chūnjiā miù chéng zuò jià shǐ de chē chū yóu shífān chē shēn wángshí nián shí suì
    
  《 shǔ zhè xiàng zhēng shǒu xiě chū de zhé xiǎo shuō zuò zhě de zhōng piān xiǎo shuō wài rén》( 1942 nián biǎowèn shì jiā miù zuì zhòng yào de dài biǎo zuòjūn bèi liè wéi xiàn dài shì jiè wén xué míng zhù。《 shǔ chuàng zuò xiǎng kāi shǐ yùn niàng de shí shì zài 1940 nián bèi guó zhàn lǐng hòujiā miù dāng shí suàn yòng yán de xíng shì huá chū xiàng shǔ bìng jūn yàng tūn shì zhe qiān wàn rén shēng mìng dekǒng shí dài”, xiàng shí jiǔ shì měi guó zuò jiā mài 'ěr wéi 'ěr de xiǎo shuōbái jīng yàngtōng guò tiáo jīng de xiōng 'èxiě chū shí dài de zāinàn。 1942 nián jiā miù yīn fèi bìng cóng yán de 'ào lán zhuǎn dào guó nán shān 'āihòu lái zuò zhě zài shǔ zhōng zuò wéi wèi tiān zhù jiào shén de xìng míngliáo yǎng jiǔ yīng měi méng jūn zài 'ā 'ěr dēng jūn jìn zhàn guó nán fāngjiā miù shí jiā rén yīn xùn duàn juéjiāo 'ān dān zhè zhǒng qièshēn de huì shǐ zàishǔ zhōng miáo xiě xīn wén zhě lǎng bèi 'ěr de chǔjìng shí bié zhēn dòng rénzài jiā miù kàn láidāng shí chǔyú zhuān zhì qiáng quán tǒng zhì xià de guó rén mín -- chú liǎo fēn cóng shì kàng yùn dòng zhě wài -- jiù xiàng 'ōu zhōu zhōng shì shǔ liú xíng jiān yàngcháng guò zhe wài jiè jué de qiú jìn shēng huó men zàishǔ chéng zhōng dàn suí shí miàn lín shén de wēi xiéér qiě rěn shòu zhe shēng bié tòng kān de zhé jiā miù zài 1942 nián 11 yuè 11 de zhōngcéng dāng shí héng xíng de jūn wéixiàng lǎo shǔ yàng”; zài lìng piān zhōng zhè yàng xià dāng shí de qíng kuàng:“ quán guó rén mín zài rěn shòu zhe zhǒng chǔyú jué wàng zhī zhōng de chén de shēng huó shì réng rán zài dài……” zhí zhù de shìjiā miù zài xiǎo shuō zhōng yòng zhì de chù xiě chū liǎo de tóng dài rén zài miàn lín yīcháng shā shí de kǒng jiāo tòng zhēngzhá dǒu zhēng zhī bié shì huá liǎo guó chǎn jiē zài jīng 'èr shì jiè zhàn zhè chǎng hào jié de guò chéng zhōngzài xiǎng shàng gǎn qíng shàng shēng de 'ér shēnqiè de zhèn hànjìn guǎn jiā
    
   miù 'àn zhào guàn miǎn zhí jiē miáo xiě guó shè huìjiǎ jiè běi fēi zhōng hǎi bīn hǎi chéng shì 'ào lán zuò wéi shēng shǔ de diǎndàn men cóng zhè zuò shāng chāng shèng zhì wén míng dàn shì mín jīng shén kōng xún huān zuò lái xiāo rén shēng de chéng shì nán kàn chū zhè shì guó shè huì de suō yǐng
    
   cóng wài réndàoshǔ 》, jiā miù biǎo xiàn liǎo xiē cún zài zhù zhé xué de běn guān diǎnshì jiè shì huāng miù dexiàn shí běn shēn shì rèn shí derén de cún zài quē xìngrén shēng huó zhe méi yòu yīn jiā miù suī rán zài sān fǒu rèn shì cún zài zhù zhě fāng wén xué shǐ jiā réng rán liè wéi zhè liú pài de zuò jiājiā miù céng zhè yàng shuō:“《 wài rénxiě de shì rén zài huāng miù de shì jiè zhōng yuánshēn yóu ;《 shǔ xiě de shì miàn lín tóng yàng de huāng táng de shēng cún shíjìn guǎn měi rén de guān diǎn tóngdàn cóng shēn chù kàn láiquè yòu děng tóng de fāng。” zàishǔ zhè hòu dài biǎo zuò zhōngbiǎo xiàn liǎo zuò zhě de xiǎng yòu dìng de gǎi biàn。《 wài rénde zhù rén gōng 'ěr suǒ shǔ zhōng de zhù rén gōng 'è shēng miàn duì zhe tóng yàng huāng miù de shì jiè shítài jiù wán quán tóng 'ěr suǒ lěng dàn rán rénlián duì qīn de shì shì zhì shēn de wáng bào zhe wài rén de tài 'è shēng zài zhī cóng 'ér lái de wēn shísuī rán yòu shí gǎn dào dān jué wàngdàn qīng rèn shí dào de rèn jiù shì gēn tūn shì qiān wàn zhě de jūn zuò dǒu zhēngér qiě zài jiān de dǒu zhōng kàn dào 'ài qíngyǒu 'ài gěi rén shēng dài lái xìng 'è shēng shì jūn zuò zhàn zuì hòu rèn shí dào zhǐ yòu tōng guò xiē dào gāo shàng shēng jīng shén de rén gòng tóng cái néng fǎn kàng de wēn shénrén lèi shè huì cái yòu xiàn wàng
    
   jiā miù jiān chí rén zhù de chǎngrèn wéi rén yìng zhì qiē de shǒu wèidàn zài xiàn qiáng diào rén jué duì yóude cún zài zhù bìng néng jiě jué chǎn jiē shè huì shēng cún de máo dùn shíjiā miù zhōng huí dào chuán tǒng de chǎn jiē rén dào zhù zhōng xún qiú jiě zhí zài míng xiǎng derén lèi de chū zài chùde wèn 。 《 shǔ xíng xiàng fǎn yìng shí dài de rén xiē shēn de máo dùnzhè xiǎo shuō zài shù fēng shàng yòu dào zhī chùér qiě quán piān jié gòu yán jǐnshēng huó nóng rén xìng xiān míng
    
   duì tóng chǔjìng zhōng rén xīn gǎn qíng de biàn huà huá shēn zhìxiǎo shuō zhōng guàn chuānzhuó rén wēn shén dǒu de shǐ shī bān de piān zhāngshēng bié de dòng rén 'āi yǒu 'ài qíng de měi shī piān zhōng hǎi hǎi bīn cǎi huàn de huà miànshǐ zhè zuò pǐn yòu qiáng liè de shù mèi


  The Plague (Fr. La Peste) is a novel by Albert Camus, published in 1947, that tells the story of medical workers finding solidarity in their labour as the Algerian city of Oran is swept by a plague epidemic. It asks a number of questions relating to the nature of destiny and the human condition. The characters in the book, ranging from doctors to vacationers to fugitives, all help to show the effects the plague has on a populace.
  
  The novel is believed to be based on the cholera epidemic that killed a large percentage of Oran's population in 1849 following French colonization, but the novel is placed in the 1940s.[1] Oran and its environs were struck by disease multiple times before Camus published this novel. According to a research report by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Oran was decimated by the plague in 1556 and 1678, but outbreaks after European colonization, in 1921 (185 cases), 1931 (76 cases), and 1944 (95 cases), were very far from the scale of the epidemic described in the novel.
  
  The Plague is considered an existentialist classic despite Camus' objection to the label.[2][3] The narrative tone is similar to Kafka's, especially in The Trial, where individual sentences potentially have multiple meanings, the material often pointedly resonating as stark allegory of phenomenal consciousness and the human condition. Camus included a dim-witted character misreading The Trial as a mystery novel as an oblique homage. The novel has been read as a metaphorical treatment of the French resistance to Nazi occupation during World War II.
  
  Although Camus's approach in the book is severe, his narrator emphasizes the ideas that we ultimately have no control, irrationality of life is inevitable, and he further illustrates the human reaction towards the ‘absurd’. The Plague represents how the world deals with the philosophical notion of the Absurd, a theory which Camus himself helped to define.
shǒuyè>> wénxué>>ā 'ěr bèi · jiā miù Albert Camus