《易传》是一部战国时期解说和发挥《易经》的论文集，其学说本于孔子，具体成于孔子后学之手。《易传》共７种１０篇，它们是《彖传》上下篇、《象传》上下篇、《文言传》、《系辞传》上下角、《说卦传》、《序卦传》和《杂卦传》。自汉代起，它们又被称为“十翼”。
《系辞》是今本《易传》的第４种，它总论《易经》大义，是今本《易传》７种中思想水平最高的作品。《系辞》解释了卦爻辞的意义及卦象爻位，所用的方法有取义说、取象说、爻位说；又论述了揲著求卦的过程，用数学方法解释了《周易》筮法和卦画的产生和形成。《系辞》认为《周易》是一部讲圣人之道的典籍，它有４种圣人之道：一是察言，二是观变，三是制器，四才是卜占。《周易》是忧患之书，是道德教训之书，读《易》要于优患中提高道德境界，以此作为化凶为吉的手段。
对《易经》的基本原理，《系辞》进行了创造性的阐述和发挥，他认为“一阴一阳之谓道”，奇偶二数、阴阳二爻、乾坤两卦、八经卦、六十四卦，都由一阴一阳构成，没有阴阳对立，就没有《周易》。它把中国古代早已有之的阴阳观念，发展成为一个系统的世界观，用阴阳、乾坤、刚柔的对立统一来解释宇宙万物和人类社会的一切变化。它特别强调了宇宙变化生生不已的性质，说“天地之大德曰生”，“生生之谓易”。又提出“穷则变，变则通，通则久”，发挥了“物极必反”的思想，强调提出了“居安思危”的忧患意识。它认为“汤武革命，顺乎天而应乎人”，肯定了变革的重要意义，主张自强不息，通过变革以完成功业。同时，它又以 “保合太和”为最高的理想目标，继承了中国传统的重视和谐的思想。《系辞》肯定了“《易》与天地准”，以为《周易》及其筮法出于对自然现象的模写，其根源在于自然界；同时也含有夸大《周易》筮法功能的成分，认为易卦包罗万象，囊括了一切变化法则。它说“《易》有太极，是生两仪，两仪生四家，四家生八卦，八卦定吉凶，吉凶生大业”将以箸求卦的过程理论化，实际涵含着宇宙生成论，对后来的思想家产生了很大的影响。
读《易传》，较好的古注本是孔颖达的《周易正义》，收在《十三经注疏》中，今人徐志锐《周易大传新注》齐鲁书社，１９８６年版，黄寿祺、张善文《周易译注》上海古籍出版社，１９８９年，都是较好的参考书。重点读《系辞》上下篇。
《系辞》是今本《易传》的第４种，它总论《易经》大义，是今本《易传》７种中思想水平最高的作品。《系辞》解释了卦爻辞的意义及卦象爻位，所用的方法有取义说、取象说、爻位说；又论述了揲著求卦的过程，用数学方法解释了《周易》筮法和卦画的产生和形成。《系辞》认为《周易》是一部讲圣人之道的典籍，它有４种圣人之道：一是察言，二是观变，三是制器，四才是卜占。《周易》是忧患之书，是道德教训之书，读《易》要于优患中提高道德境界，以此作为化凶为吉的手段。
对《易经》的基本原理，《系辞》进行了创造性的阐述和发挥，他认为“一阴一阳之谓道”，奇偶二数、阴阳二爻、乾坤两卦、八经卦、六十四卦，都由一阴一阳构成，没有阴阳对立，就没有《周易》。它把中国古代早已有之的阴阳观念，发展成为一个系统的世界观，用阴阳、乾坤、刚柔的对立统一来解释宇宙万物和人类社会的一切变化。它特别强调了宇宙变化生生不已的性质，说“天地之大德曰生”，“生生之谓易”。又提出“穷则变，变则通，通则久”，发挥了“物极必反”的思想，强调提出了“居安思危”的忧患意识。它认为“汤武革命，顺乎天而应乎人”，肯定了变革的重要意义，主张自强不息，通过变革以完成功业。同时，它又以 “保合太和”为最高的理想目标，继承了中国传统的重视和谐的思想。《系辞》肯定了“《易》与天地准”，以为《周易》及其筮法出于对自然现象的模写，其根源在于自然界；同时也含有夸大《周易》筮法功能的成分，认为易卦包罗万象，囊括了一切变化法则。它说“《易》有太极，是生两仪，两仪生四家，四家生八卦，八卦定吉凶，吉凶生大业”将以箸求卦的过程理论化，实际涵含着宇宙生成论，对后来的思想家产生了很大的影响。
读《易传》，较好的古注本是孔颖达的《周易正义》，收在《十三经注疏》中，今人徐志锐《周易大传新注》齐鲁书社，１９８６年版，黄寿祺、张善文《周易译注》上海古籍出版社，１９８９年，都是较好的参考书。重点读《系辞》上下篇。
《尚书》是儒家经典之一
原称《书》，到汉代改称《尚书》，意为上代之书。这是我国第一部上古历史文件和部分追述古代事迹著作的汇编，它保存了商周特别是西周初期的一些重要史料。《尚书》相传由孔子编撰而成，但有些篇是后来儒家补充进去的。西汉初存28篇，因用汉代通行的文字隶书抄写，称《今文尚书》。另有相传在汉武帝时从孔子住宅壁中发现的《古文尚书》（现只存篇目和少量佚文）和东晋梅赜所献的伪《古文尚书》（较《今文尚书》多16篇）。现在通行的《十三经注疏》本《尚书》，就是《今文尚书》和伪《古文尚书》的和编本。
上古历史文献集。《左传》等引《尚书》文字，分别称《虞书》、《夏书》、《商书》、《周书》，战国时总称为《书》，汉人改称《尚书》，意即“上古帝王之书”（《论衡·正说篇》）。
《尚书》的真伪、聚散，极其复杂曲折。汉人传说先秦时《书》有100篇,其中《虞夏书》20篇，《商书》、《周书》各40篇，每篇有序，题孔子所编。《史记·孔子世家》也说到孔子修《书》。但近代学者多以为《尚书》编定于战国时期。秦始皇焚书之后，《书》多残缺。今存《书序》，为《史记》所引，约出于战国儒生之手。汉初，《尚书》存29篇，为秦博士伏生所传，用汉时隶书抄写，被称为《今文尚书》。又，西汉前期，相传鲁恭王拆孔子故宅一段墙壁，发现另一部《尚书》，是用先秦六国时字体书写的,所以称《古文尚书》,它比《今文尚书》多16篇，孔安国读后献于皇家。因未列于学官，《古文尚书》未能流布。东晋元帝时，梅颐献伪《古文尚书》及孔安国《尚书传》。这部《古文尚书》比《今文尚书》多出25篇，又从《今文尚书》中多分出5篇,而当时今文本中的《秦誓》篇已佚，所以伪古文与今文合共58篇。唐太宗时,孔颖达奉诏撰《尚书正义》,就是用古今文真伪混合的本子。南宋吴□以后，对其中真伪颇有疑议。明代梅□作《尚书考异》,清代阎若璩著《古文尚书疏证》等，才将《古文尚书》和孔安国《尚书传》乃属伪造的性质断实。
《尚书》所录，为虞、夏、商、周各代典、谟、训、诰、誓、命等文献。其中虞、夏及商代部分文献是据传闻而写成，不尽可靠。“典”是重要史实或专题史实的记载；“谟”是记君臣谋略的；“训” 是臣开导君主的话;“诰”是勉励的文告;“誓”是君主训诫士众的誓词；“命”是君主的命令。还有以人名标题的，如《盘庚》、《微子》;有以事为标题的,如《高宗肜日》、《西伯戡黎》;有以内容为标题的,如《洪范》、《无逸》。这些都属于记言散文。也有叙事较多的，如《顾命》、《尧典》。其中的《禹贡》，托言夏禹治水的记录，实为古地理志，与全书体例不一，当为后人的著述。自汉以来，《尚书》一直被视为中国封建社会的政治哲学经典，既是帝王的教科书，又是贵族子弟及士大夫必遵的“大经大法”，在历史上很有影响。宋代刻本《尚书》
就文学而言，《尚书》是中国古代散文已经形成的标志。据《左传》等书记载，在《尚书》之前，有《三坟》、《五典》、《八索》、《九丘》，但这些书都没有传下来，《汉书·艺文志》已不见著录。叙先秦散文当从《尚书》始。书中文章，结构渐趋完整，有一定的层次，已注意在命意谋篇上用功夫。后来春秋战国时期散文的勃兴，是对它的继承和发展。秦汉以后，各个朝代的制诰、诏令、章奏之文，都明显地受它的影响。刘勰《文心雕龙》在论述“诏策”、“檄移”、“章表”、“ 奏启”、“议对”、“书记”等文体时，也都溯源到《尚书》。《尚书》中部分篇章有一定的文采，带有某些情态。如《盘庚》3篇，是盘庚动员臣民迁殷的训词，语气坚定、果断，显示了盘庚的目光远大。其中用“若火之燎于原，不可向迩”比喻煽动群众的“浮言”，用“若乘舟，汝弗济，臭厥载”比喻群臣坐观国家的衰败，都比较形象。《无逸》篇中周公劝告成王：“呜乎！君子所其无逸，先知稼穑之艰难乃逸，则知小人之依。”《秦誓》篇写秦穆公打了败仗后，检讨自己没有接受蹇叔的意见时说：“古人有言曰：‘民讫自若是多盘，责人斯无难，惟受责俾如流，是惟艰哉！’我心之忧，日月逾迈,若弗云来!”话语中流露出诚恳真切的态度。此外,《尧典》、《皋陶谟》等篇中，还带有神话色彩,或篇末缀以诗歌。因此，《尚书》在语言方面虽被后人认为“佶屈聱牙”（韩愈《进学解》），古奥难读，而实际上历代散文家都从中取得一定借鉴。
历来注释和研究《尚书》的著作很多，有唐孔颖达的《尚书正义》,宋蔡沈的《书集传》,清孙星衍的《尚书今古文注疏》。宋两浙东路茶盐司刻本《尚书正义》20卷，现存北京图书馆。
《尚书》的文字内容特点：《尚书》所记基本是誓、命、训、诰一类的言辞。文字古奥迂涩，所谓“周诰殷盘，诘屈聱牙”，就是指这个特点。但也有少数文字比较形象、朗畅。
原称《书》，到汉代改称《尚书》，意为上代之书。这是我国第一部上古历史文件和部分追述古代事迹著作的汇编，它保存了商周特别是西周初期的一些重要史料。《尚书》相传由孔子编撰而成，但有些篇是后来儒家补充进去的。西汉初存28篇，因用汉代通行的文字隶书抄写，称《今文尚书》。另有相传在汉武帝时从孔子住宅壁中发现的《古文尚书》（现只存篇目和少量佚文）和东晋梅赜所献的伪《古文尚书》（较《今文尚书》多16篇）。现在通行的《十三经注疏》本《尚书》，就是《今文尚书》和伪《古文尚书》的和编本。
上古历史文献集。《左传》等引《尚书》文字，分别称《虞书》、《夏书》、《商书》、《周书》，战国时总称为《书》，汉人改称《尚书》，意即“上古帝王之书”（《论衡·正说篇》）。
《尚书》的真伪、聚散，极其复杂曲折。汉人传说先秦时《书》有100篇,其中《虞夏书》20篇，《商书》、《周书》各40篇，每篇有序，题孔子所编。《史记·孔子世家》也说到孔子修《书》。但近代学者多以为《尚书》编定于战国时期。秦始皇焚书之后，《书》多残缺。今存《书序》，为《史记》所引，约出于战国儒生之手。汉初，《尚书》存29篇，为秦博士伏生所传，用汉时隶书抄写，被称为《今文尚书》。又，西汉前期，相传鲁恭王拆孔子故宅一段墙壁，发现另一部《尚书》，是用先秦六国时字体书写的,所以称《古文尚书》,它比《今文尚书》多16篇，孔安国读后献于皇家。因未列于学官，《古文尚书》未能流布。东晋元帝时，梅颐献伪《古文尚书》及孔安国《尚书传》。这部《古文尚书》比《今文尚书》多出25篇，又从《今文尚书》中多分出5篇,而当时今文本中的《秦誓》篇已佚，所以伪古文与今文合共58篇。唐太宗时,孔颖达奉诏撰《尚书正义》,就是用古今文真伪混合的本子。南宋吴□以后，对其中真伪颇有疑议。明代梅□作《尚书考异》,清代阎若璩著《古文尚书疏证》等，才将《古文尚书》和孔安国《尚书传》乃属伪造的性质断实。
《尚书》所录，为虞、夏、商、周各代典、谟、训、诰、誓、命等文献。其中虞、夏及商代部分文献是据传闻而写成，不尽可靠。“典”是重要史实或专题史实的记载；“谟”是记君臣谋略的；“训” 是臣开导君主的话;“诰”是勉励的文告;“誓”是君主训诫士众的誓词；“命”是君主的命令。还有以人名标题的，如《盘庚》、《微子》;有以事为标题的,如《高宗肜日》、《西伯戡黎》;有以内容为标题的,如《洪范》、《无逸》。这些都属于记言散文。也有叙事较多的，如《顾命》、《尧典》。其中的《禹贡》，托言夏禹治水的记录，实为古地理志，与全书体例不一，当为后人的著述。自汉以来，《尚书》一直被视为中国封建社会的政治哲学经典，既是帝王的教科书，又是贵族子弟及士大夫必遵的“大经大法”，在历史上很有影响。宋代刻本《尚书》
就文学而言，《尚书》是中国古代散文已经形成的标志。据《左传》等书记载，在《尚书》之前，有《三坟》、《五典》、《八索》、《九丘》，但这些书都没有传下来，《汉书·艺文志》已不见著录。叙先秦散文当从《尚书》始。书中文章，结构渐趋完整，有一定的层次，已注意在命意谋篇上用功夫。后来春秋战国时期散文的勃兴，是对它的继承和发展。秦汉以后，各个朝代的制诰、诏令、章奏之文，都明显地受它的影响。刘勰《文心雕龙》在论述“诏策”、“檄移”、“章表”、“ 奏启”、“议对”、“书记”等文体时，也都溯源到《尚书》。《尚书》中部分篇章有一定的文采，带有某些情态。如《盘庚》3篇，是盘庚动员臣民迁殷的训词，语气坚定、果断，显示了盘庚的目光远大。其中用“若火之燎于原，不可向迩”比喻煽动群众的“浮言”，用“若乘舟，汝弗济，臭厥载”比喻群臣坐观国家的衰败，都比较形象。《无逸》篇中周公劝告成王：“呜乎！君子所其无逸，先知稼穑之艰难乃逸，则知小人之依。”《秦誓》篇写秦穆公打了败仗后，检讨自己没有接受蹇叔的意见时说：“古人有言曰：‘民讫自若是多盘，责人斯无难，惟受责俾如流，是惟艰哉！’我心之忧，日月逾迈,若弗云来!”话语中流露出诚恳真切的态度。此外,《尧典》、《皋陶谟》等篇中，还带有神话色彩,或篇末缀以诗歌。因此，《尚书》在语言方面虽被后人认为“佶屈聱牙”（韩愈《进学解》），古奥难读，而实际上历代散文家都从中取得一定借鉴。
历来注释和研究《尚书》的著作很多，有唐孔颖达的《尚书正义》,宋蔡沈的《书集传》,清孙星衍的《尚书今古文注疏》。宋两浙东路茶盐司刻本《尚书正义》20卷，现存北京图书馆。
《尚书》的文字内容特点：《尚书》所记基本是誓、命、训、诰一类的言辞。文字古奥迂涩，所谓“周诰殷盘，诘屈聱牙”，就是指这个特点。但也有少数文字比较形象、朗畅。
《孝经》中国古代儒家的伦理学著作。有人说是孔子自作，但南宋时已有人怀疑是出于后人附会。清代纪昀在《四库全书总目》中指出，该书是孔子“七十子之徒之遗言”，成书于秦汉之际。
相传为曾子弟子所作，十八章。是儒家讲孝道之书，阐发明王以孝治天下之大经大法。书分古今文二本，今文本为郑玄注，古文本为孔安国注。自唐玄宗李隆基注本颁行天下，孔、郑两注并废。清严可均有郑注辑本，宋邢昺疏。全书共分18章。
该书以孝为中心，比较集中地阐发了儒家的伦理思想。它肯定“孝”是上天所定的规范，“夫孝，天之经也，地之义也，人之行也。”书中指出，孝是诸德之本，“ 人之行，莫大于孝”，国君可以用孝治理国家，臣民能够用孝立身理家，保持爵禄。《孝经》在中国伦理思想中，首次将孝亲与忠君联系起来，认为“忠”是“孝” 的发展和扩大，并把“孝”的社会作用绝对化神秘化，认为“孝悌之至”就能够“通于神明，光于四海，无所不通”。
《孝经》对实行“孝”的要求和方法也作了系统而烦琐的规定。它主张把“孝”贯串于人的一切行为之中，“身体发肤，受之父母，不敢毁伤”，是孝之始；“立身行道，扬名于后世，以显父母”，是孝之终。它把维护宗法等级关系与为封建专制君主服务联系起来，主张“孝”要“始于事亲，中于事君，终于立身”，并按照父亲的生老病死等生命过程，提出“孝”的具体要求：“居则致其敬，养则致其乐，病则致其忧，丧则致其哀，祭则致其严”。该书还根据不同人的等级差别规定了行 “孝”的不同内容：天子之“孝”要求“爱敬尽于其事亲，而德教加于百姓，刑于四海”；诸侯之“孝”要求“在上不骄，高而不危，制节谨度，满而不溢”；卿大夫之“孝”则在“上不骄，高而不危，制节谨度，满而不溢”；卿大夫之“孝”则一切按先王之道而行，“非法不言，非道不行，口无择言，身无择行”；士阶层的 “孝”是忠顺事上，保禄位，守祭祀；庶人之“孝”应“用天之道，分地之利，谨身节用，以养父母”。
《孝经》还把封建道德规范与封建法律联系起来，认为“五刑之属三千，而罪莫大于不孝”；提出要借用国家法律的权威，维护封建的宗法等级关系和道德秩序。
《孝经》在唐代被尊为经书，南宋以后被列为《十三经》之一。在长期的封建社会中它被看作是“孔子述作，垂范将来”的经典，对传播和维护封建纲常起了很大作用。
相传为曾子弟子所作，十八章。是儒家讲孝道之书，阐发明王以孝治天下之大经大法。书分古今文二本，今文本为郑玄注，古文本为孔安国注。自唐玄宗李隆基注本颁行天下，孔、郑两注并废。清严可均有郑注辑本，宋邢昺疏。全书共分18章。
该书以孝为中心，比较集中地阐发了儒家的伦理思想。它肯定“孝”是上天所定的规范，“夫孝，天之经也，地之义也，人之行也。”书中指出，孝是诸德之本，“ 人之行，莫大于孝”，国君可以用孝治理国家，臣民能够用孝立身理家，保持爵禄。《孝经》在中国伦理思想中，首次将孝亲与忠君联系起来，认为“忠”是“孝” 的发展和扩大，并把“孝”的社会作用绝对化神秘化，认为“孝悌之至”就能够“通于神明，光于四海，无所不通”。
《孝经》对实行“孝”的要求和方法也作了系统而烦琐的规定。它主张把“孝”贯串于人的一切行为之中，“身体发肤，受之父母，不敢毁伤”，是孝之始；“立身行道，扬名于后世，以显父母”，是孝之终。它把维护宗法等级关系与为封建专制君主服务联系起来，主张“孝”要“始于事亲，中于事君，终于立身”，并按照父亲的生老病死等生命过程，提出“孝”的具体要求：“居则致其敬，养则致其乐，病则致其忧，丧则致其哀，祭则致其严”。该书还根据不同人的等级差别规定了行 “孝”的不同内容：天子之“孝”要求“爱敬尽于其事亲，而德教加于百姓，刑于四海”；诸侯之“孝”要求“在上不骄，高而不危，制节谨度，满而不溢”；卿大夫之“孝”则在“上不骄，高而不危，制节谨度，满而不溢”；卿大夫之“孝”则一切按先王之道而行，“非法不言，非道不行，口无择言，身无择行”；士阶层的 “孝”是忠顺事上，保禄位，守祭祀；庶人之“孝”应“用天之道，分地之利，谨身节用，以养父母”。
《孝经》还把封建道德规范与封建法律联系起来，认为“五刑之属三千，而罪莫大于不孝”；提出要借用国家法律的权威，维护封建的宗法等级关系和道德秩序。
《孝经》在唐代被尊为经书，南宋以后被列为《十三经》之一。在长期的封建社会中它被看作是“孔子述作，垂范将来”的经典，对传播和维护封建纲常起了很大作用。
"The Analects" is the classics of Confucianism, the disciples of Confucius and his disciples re-transmission of a compilation. It quotations and dialogue style, recorded words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples to focus reflects the political views of Confucius, ethics, moral values and educational principles. Tongxing Ben "The Analects" a total of twenty. Simple and concise language of the Analects, profound meaning, many of which statements as to the reason still being the world.
"The Analects" first quotation of the body. Chinese is also an example of the article originated. "Analects," a book comparing the faithful account of the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples, but also reflect the more concentrated the ideas of Confucius. Political thought of Confucius, founder of Confucianism is the core of "benevolence", "li", "justice."
"The Analects of Confucius" to record the main words, "theory" is the meaning of compilation in the "language" is words, the classic statement, motto, "The Analects" is on the Compilation (first Confucius) language. "The Analects" as in the public hand account of those disciples of Confucius, a disciple of Confucius, the re-transmission, but also a person other than Confucius, but the main disciples of Confucius.
As a fine collection of essays, quotations from the body, it concise, Embodiment of language, described the remarks of Confucius. "The Analects" of Confucius in mind in the words of the teachings of motherhood, or simple answer, a superficial; or inspired debate, eloquent; full of change, sounds and moving.
"The Analects" and at the description of voice through the expression, display characters. Confucius "The Analects" to describe the center, "Master style, overflow in the motto" ("Wenxindiaolong • sign St"); book about his manners not only a static description of behavior, but also on the temperament of his personality vivid characterization. In addition, the central focus of Confucius, "The Analects" has successfully depicts the image of some disciples of Confucius. Zi Lu's straightforward, such as reckless, Yan Yuan's Wenya Xian Liang, Zi Gong's intelligent eloquent, refined, and so was cool sages, are regarded as distinctive, can leave a deep impression. Confucius individualized for different objects, considering their different qualities, strengths and weaknesses, virtue and duration of the specific situation, given different teachings. Performance of the indefatigable spirit valuable. According to "Yan Yuan" contains, the same disciples asked about benevolence, Confucius had a different answer, A. Yan Yuan "Kejifuli for Humanity", A. Zhong Gong "Do unto others, do not impose on others," Sima answer of "benevolent to his words also Ren. " Yan Yuan cultured with profound, so answer "benevolence" study program, on the Zhong Gong and Sima in the answer to breakdown. Again, the same question, "Zhu Wen Si line?" Zi Lu Confucius replied: "and parents, Ruzhi He Adams line of the smell!" Because "too and by the people, so back to." A Ranyou: "Sri Lanka News line of. "because" demand is also back, so into it. "This is not only individualized education methodology, which is also full of disciples of Confucius on the high sense of responsibility.
After the May Fourth Movement, "The Analects of Confucius" as a symbol of feudal culture was negative as the object of criticism, although later research and initiation of Neo-Confucianism, the Chinese democratic revolution, but in the context of Confucian culture in China do not form a new climate . Development of the times and social progress, can not but make people re-_select_ the new ideas and culture, which is the spread of Marxism in China, and the birth and development of socialist culture.
However, the harsh truth is that a new type of society, especially when it when into the track of normal development, can not but own national spirit and to reflect on traditional culture, which is any social development process in its own can not ignore the important part. The essence of national culture in particular is more worthy people to rediscover and re-exploration. This makes me think of common humanity and individuality, and cultural commonality and individuality, national culture, the nature of dialectical negation. It also makes me feel Mao Zedong "historical, foreign," thought the value lies.
In fact, when we get rid of the metaphysical way of thinking, truly establish the dialectical materialist way of thinking, and use it to analyze traditional Chinese culture and they will discover the essence of "The Analects" is one of them. Admittedly, "The Analects" has its own dross or negative aspects, but two thousand years ago, it reflected the essence of social life, the famous philosophical maxim, the history of the Chinese nation shows the degree of civilization. Even today in reform and opening up, economic growth, cultural development trend of the times, the "Analects" of many of the ideas still have certain significance and value of the times.
About Confucius
Confucius (551 - 479) were Qiu, styled Zhong Ni, in English: Confucius. Brothers, ranked second, it was also known as the second hole, the State of Lu Spring and Autumn Period, the Han. 551 BC September 28 (lunar calendar August 27) was born in Lu Yi Zou, Changping Town (now southeast of Qufu City, Shandong Province, Lu Yuen Estate); 479 BC, April 11 (Lunar New Year in February on the 11th), died aged 72, was buried in Surabaya on the north of Qufu, which today Konglin location.
"The Analects" Zatan
(A) "The Analects" and the reason behind the significance of naming
"The Analects" is a book so that it records the words of Confucius, to act, but also records the words of Confucius, the famous acting students. Ban Gu's "Han Yi Wen," said:
"" The Analects "by Confucius response disciples and the disciples phase when people hear the words, and then Master of the language also. Then his disciples in mind, Master only death, the disciples in terms of phase and series compiled, so that the" Analects of Confucius "."
"_Select_ed Works of Life Debate Notes" primer "Fuzi" also said:
"Neither Xi Zhong Ni, Zhong Gong Master of the believers to recover the words, that the" Analects of Confucius "."
From these two passages, we we have two concepts: (1) "The Analects of Confucius" and "theory" is "On Compiling" means, "The Analects" and "language" is the "language" means. "The Analects" is to "pick the language heard in the Master," "On Compiling up" means. (2) "The Analects" is the name of that time, some, not others to it later.
On "The Analects" The reason behind the name, there are different versions. Wang Chong in the "Lun Heng is that chapter," he said: "At first, Confucius taught Sun Lu Kong Anguo people to help Emily, the official Jingzhou provincial governor, said the beginning of" The Analects "." Seem to "The Analects of Confucius" in the name to go to Emperor God only by the Kongan Guo, Fu Qing to it. This statement is not only and Liu Xin, Ban Gu's saying different things, but not necessarily coincide with the facts. "Book of Rites Square in mind" has this to say:
"Son says: relaxation gentleman had the respect of their parents of their beauty." Analects of Confucius ", saying: 'Father of three years of no change in the way, can be described as filial piety carry on'."
"Fang Ji" Although the writings of the age we are not sure, but not later in the Han Dynasty, is the assertion. Consequent, "On balance" of this statement may not be reliable.
It can be concluded that: "The Analects" The title is a compilation of the day who give it a name, the meaning of the language on the compile.
(B) "The Analects" and edited the age of
"The Analects" is collection of several fragments of the chapter. The arrangement of these chapters may not have any reason; is between before and after the two chapters do not necessarily have any association. And these fragments of the chapter is by no means a person's handwriting. "Analects," a book, the size of small, but there have been many times repeated in the chapter. Which has exactly the same words such as "trying to be clever little carry Ren" chapter, first seen in "learning the first chapter", and heavy for "Yang Huo chapter XVII"; "learned in the text," a chapter, first seen in "Yong articles Sixth, "and heavy for" Yan Yuan chapter XII. " There is basically a repeat of different levels of detail only, such as the "gentlemen do not re-" chapter, "Learning the chapter of the first" eleven more words, "Zaihan the ninth chapter," contained only "main faithful" The following fourteen words; "Father in view of its records," chapter, "Learning the chapter of the first" cross more, "Liren the fourth chapter," contained only "three years" the following twelve words. There is also a mean, there all kinds of records, such as "Liren the fourth chapter," said: "Do not suffer from the known, seeking for the people." "Chapter XIV of the Constitution asked," said: "No person suffering from is not known, it can not also suffer. "" Duke Ling of Wei chapter XV, "said:" The gentleman incapable Yan disease, not patients are not known. "If the words" school and the first chapter "and" people do not know instead of resentment, it not gentlemanly, "is repeated four times. This phenomenon can only make a reasonable inference: Confucius remarks, when the disciples have recorded together into a book later. Therefore, the "Analects," a book must not be viewed as an individual works.
So, "The Analects" of some people anyway? Of course, the students of Confucius. Today you can get two chapters look into the depths. A chapter in "the ninth chapter Zaihan":
"Prison, saying: 'Son says: I do not try, so Art'."
"Prison" is the name, according to legend his surname Qin, word sub-open, and the word sub-sheets (the claim was originally found in the pseudo-Su "Analects of Confucius," and therefore lead of the King "by Yi Shu Wen" and Liu Baonan's " The Analects of Confucius just "have it suspected that the prison and Qin Qin Zhang are two different people). Whether the legend is reliable, but there were no known last name, said only that this account of ways and "The Analects" style is not generally coincide. Therefore, we can make such an inference, this chapter is the piano of my prison record, edit the "Analects" of people, "the record straight while the whichever _set_ of ears" (Japanese scholar Xuan Yasui interest "Analects of Confucius _set_ that" the language .) Another chapter is "the fourteenth chapter constitutional question," the first chapter:
"Asked the shame of the Constitution. Confucius said: 'state tactics, Valley; state is no way, valley, shame also.'"
"Constitution" is the original constitution, the word Zisi, that is, "Yong sixth chapter," the "original thinking of the slaughter," the original thinking. There is also said to name names, do not say the word, obviously, and "The Analects" the general style or not, and therefore can infer that this is the original constitution own ink.
"The Analects" of Confucius chapter not only from the hands of different students, but also from different mursal his hand. Shen, which many of the students inside the record. As "the eighth chapter Tabor," the first chapter:
"Zeng was sick, called Disciples, saying: 'start to the full! Start to the hand!" Poem "cloud, trembling, standing on the edge into the abyss, such as ice cover. Now and then, I know that our husband free! Kid!'"
Shen, the door can not be said to be disciples of the records. Another example is the "sub-chapter XIX Zhang":
"Commentaries on the door asked to pay child sheets. Zi Zhang said: 'Zixia Yunhe?' He replied: 'Zi Xia said: those relating to its non-rejection of those.' Zi Zhang said: 'egregious Wusuo News: The capacity of the public Zūn Xián gentleman, Jiashan and boast not. I Yin tonight's great, others are not what? I of tonight's not-yin, who will refuse me, Ruzhi He is also the rejection? '"
This sub-section of another like sheets or records of students Commentaries. Another example is the "advanced chapter XI," the fifth chapter XIII:
"Confucius said: 'Xiao Zai Zi Qian, people do not ask their parents Kundi words'."
"Min son paternity side, models and options, such as models and options are; Zi Lu, trekking as also; Ranyou, Zigong, regaling as well. Tsz Lok."
"Analects," a book with pen and ink disciples of Confucius, but also re-transmission of the disciples of Confucius, pen and ink, then there's work has had. This, also from the use of meaning as reflected appropriately, such as "Master," the term generally refers to an earlier era of the third party, the equivalent of "His Holiness", until the Warring States Period, was generally used as the second person honorific pronouns, the equivalent of "you old people." "Analects," the general usage is the equivalent of "His Holiness", and Confucius, Confucius said students face a "child", behind only the "Master", others are on the back before Confucius said, "Master," Confucius said that only the back of other people also referred to as "Master." Only "Yang Huo chapter XVII," there are two exceptions, the words of Confucius Yan said, "Formerly, Master, Yan Zhu also heard"; Zi Lu Confucius also said, "Formerly, also heard from the various in the Master", the capital is face to face "the Master", "Master," with such as "you old people," the State of the use of war, "Master," meaning the end of the term. Cui Shu in the "Si-soo recorded letter" under which concluded that "The Analects" a few chapters of the "heterogeneous" is of course a bit arbitrary; but the "Analects" of the book, pen, after prior, during or beyond the distance of three to five years, seems to get this look into the depths.
"Analects," a book, since as in the hands of many people, and these of stray or beyond the age of three to five years, then, after the scheduled here Who is it? Liu from the Chinese since, many scholars are suspicious of the students by Shen, scheduled, and I think makes sense. First "The Analects" Shen, not only do not call no one "child", and recorded his words and actions, and other disciples of Confucius in comparison to most. In addition to opening and Confucius Q words other than a single record Shen, words and deeds, as well as "learning the chapter" two chapters, "Taber chapter" chapters, "Yan Yuan chapter" chapter, "constitutional question papers" and the words of Confucius merger chapter "Zi Zhang chapter," four chapters, a total of thirteen chapters. Second, Shen, a disciple of Confucius, not only the youngest, and also recorded a chapter Shen, Meng Jingzi before the death of a paragraph. Dr. Lu Meng Jingzi Mengwu Bo is the son of the posthumous title of Zhong Sun Jie. Shen, Lu Yuangong assumed dead in the first year (Zhou Dynasty king five years, the era of the first four in 2036. This is according to the "Que Cited in test," "Zeng Ercu seventy years the phrase" presumption), then the death of Meng Jingzi more in the following, then, must be the narrator of this matter until after the death of the Meng Jingzi Zhaobi's. Meng Jingzi difficult to test the age we have _set_, but the "Tan Gong," recorded when the death of Lu Dao Gong, Meng Jingzi son of Zhao's remarks quarter, showing that nearly seventy years, when Zeng when is Lu Meng Jingzi one of the country's ruling ministers. Is recorded in this period is written as a disciple Zeng, no doubt. "The Analects" by Syria and deeds of the characters than this, that much later, then, "The Analects" are scheduled, or is this class Zeng Shen students. Therefore, we say "The Analects" book pen when starting in the late Spring and Autumn, and compiled a book in the early Warring States Period, probably close to the historical facts.
(C) "The Analects of Confucius" version and the authenticity
"The Analects" to the Han Dynasty, there are three different book: (1) "Lu Analects of Confucius" twenty; (2) "Qi Analects of Confucius" twenty-two many of which twenty of the Chapters and the "Lu Analects of Confucius," the same, but more, "asked the king" and "know" two; (3) "classical Analects of Confucius" twenty-one, no "asked the king" and "know" two, but the "Yao said articles" and "Zi Zhang asked "The other is divided into a, so with the two" sub-Zhang chapter. " Pianci also, and "Come On", "Lu on the" not the same, word count more than four different words.
"Lu theory" and "Come On" was originally passed each division, to the Western Han Dynasty, Zhang Yu Cheong designate the first study of the "Lu" theory, and later workshop "Let's theory", then the two merge into one book, but table of contents of "Lu theory" as the basis for "the safety and harvest," No. "Zhang waiting on." Chang Yu is the EMPEROR of the master, the time is very honorable, so he's a book that scholars will be enshrined in the general at that time, after the Han Lingdi moment when the "Ka Ping Shi Jing" is to use the "Zhang waiting on."
"Classical Analects of Confucius" by the emperor in the Han Dynasty Prince Gong of Lu Yu Liu old house in the wall of Confucius, found, did not pass. He Yan, "The Analects of Confucius Annals order", said: "" ancient theory ", the only solution, Dr Kong Anguo whom training, but the world does not pass." "The Analects of Confucius Annals" and often quoted Kong Anguo the "Note." But Kong Anguo whether he used "The Analects of Confucius" as a training solution, "Annals" of Kong Anguo say whether the forgeries, Chen Zhan's "Preface to The Analects of Confucius old saying," have been suspected, Shen Tao's "The Analects of Confucius note Discrimination hole" that is, He Yan own fakes, Zheng Yan of "The Analects of Confucius Kong Note Falsification" by Su that out of the hands. Let us leave it in this case. Until the Eastern Han Dynasty, scholar Zheng Xuan, "The Analects of Confucius note" to "Zhang waiting on the" basis, with reference to "Come On", "ancient theory", made "The Analects of Confucius note." In the remaining Xuan "The Analects of Confucius note" we can also get a glimpse of Lu, Qi, the ancient three "Analects of Confucius" book of the similarities and differences, however, we used the "Analects," the book is basically "Zhang waiting on." So doubt "The Analects" people will grab it for themselves laughing stocks here. Zhang Yu is not enough for this person actually said is a "by the teacher", just a shameless politician, will be attached to Wang, the preservation of wealth, when they were dismissed as "eloquent minister," so Cui Shu in the "Analects of Confucius origin with test" in actually said: "" Public Mountain, "" Buddha strew "know that the non-two chapters of its intention to adopt into the" Lu theory "for himself and almost laugh at?" However, Cui Shu, then even if not unreasonable, and "The Analects" chapter still can not say that there is something invented by later generations, including, at most, only that there mixed with Confucian disciples and the disciples among the different re-transmission of legend.
If we want to study Confucius, is still only in "The Analects" is the most reliable materials. In any case, "The Analects" a book in "Zuo Zhuan", I agree with Liu Baonan in the "Analects of justice" ("Public Mountain Chapter"), the idea that we should trust to supplement the Analects of Confucius, "Zuo Zhuan" should not be based on " Zuo "to suspect" Analects of Confucius. " As for the future generations of feudal morality Cui Shu as a standard, in order to scope of Confucius, to measure the "Analects" of authenticity, pure split, it is unfair and not objective.
(D) slightly Tan Gujin "The Analects" Book Notes
"The Analects" since the Han dynasty, there are a lot of people comment it. "The Analects" and "Obedience" is a must read for beginners Han dynasty, be sure to read these two books, only then learning "Five Classics", "Five Classics" is today's "Book of Songs," "Book" (remove the pseudo-classical ), "Book of Changes," "ritual" and "Spring." View, "Analects" is a Han Chinese Primer. Han people commented, "The Analects of Confucius", basically all of Wang Yi, remaining today to Zheng Xuan (127-200, "Han" There are rumors) Note for the more, as Japan found a number of Dunhuang manuscripts Tang Fragments. Estimated to save six or ten; other schools, in He Yan (190-249) of "The Analects of Confucius Annals" the future, they probably only keep in "The Analects of Confucius Annals" in the. Now "Commentaries on the Thirteen Classics Analects of Confucius" He Yan to use the "Annals", Song Xing Bing (932-1010 years, "History of the Song" has passed) and "Persuasion." As for Yan, Bing Xing, there are many focused around the "Analects", the book can be found in Zhu Yizun Qing Dynasty (1629-1709 years, "History of Qing Dynasty" has passed), "The meaning of test," Ji Xian (1724-1805 years), etc. "Si Ku Quan Shu feed" and Tanglu De Ming (about -630 550 years. "New Book of Tang" on his birth and death records are not clear, this from "Ce Fu Yuan Gui" Juanjiu seventh to push the estimates) "Annotation of Classics Preface" and Miss Frederick Lent (Cheng Shi) division "commented."
On the "Analects of Confucius", which is really voluminous, and list goes on. If readers think that reading "The Analects of Confucius Annotation" There are further study is necessary, you can look at the following types of books:
(1) "Commentaries on the Analects," - that is, He Yan Ji Jie, Xing Bing Shu, in the "Thirteen Classics", in addition to Wu Yingdian this, the other followed the Ruanyuan Nan-chang of the multi-edition, because it has "Collation" can refer to the basic text of the text appears in the "Collation", and will be in that sentence, the right words for identification with a small circle, easy to trace.
(2) "Annotations of the Analects" - Song Zhu Xi (1130-1200 years) from the "Book of Rites" taken out "university" and "moderate" and collectively "The Analects" and "Mencius" for the "Four Books", his great skill with do "Annotations." While many of the feudal moral pedantry of Zhu Xi himself was an objective idealist. However, since the Ming dynasty and even a late Qing Dynasty Imperial Examination, the title is from the "Four Books" in out, Henry did the article, nor contrary to Zhu Xi's opinion, this is called "the sacred Li Yan" significant influence. Two Xi for the "Analects of Confucius", not only talk about "moral principles", but also pay attention to exegetical. So see nothing wrong with this book.
(3) Liu Baonan (1791-1855) of "The Analects of justice" - most of the Qing dynasty scholars are not satisfied with the Tang, Song of the commentaries, so Chen Huan (1786-1863 years) for "Mao Chuan Shu", Jiao Xun (1763-1820 years) for "Mencius." By Jiao Xun Liu Baonan it as "Mencius" of the law, as "The Analects of Confucius just" stopped writing due to illness, by his son Liu Christine Moore (1821-1880 year) continue to write the _set_. So this book is actually shared by father and son Liu Baonan book. Extensive citations, a compromise generally appropriate. Progress in learning more because, on the books, memo may be noted that today many shortcomings, but still a lot of reference value.
(4) Cheng Shude "The Analects of Confucius _set_ of release." Book in the "Preface" have been addressed in the not repeat.
(5) Yang Shuda (1885-1956), the "Analects of Confucius sparse certificate." This book put all three previous citations "Analects" or and "The Analects" all relevant information according to the "Analects of Confucius" thinning out the original, and sometimes out of their own pleasure, plus the case of language. Worth considering.
(6) Yang Bojun "The Analects of Confucius Annotation." Mr. Yang Bojun is a linguist, syntax and function words in the ancient Chinese study made many achievements. Mr. Yang Bojun's academic background and family history, so his comments, "The Analects of Confucius" and "Mencius" and "Annals of Zuo" and other classics when trying to cope. His "Analects of Confucius Annotation" meaning pay attention to pronunciation, grammar rules, rules of rhetoric and name of material systems, customs and other textual research, demonstration detailed, verbal fluency, expressed clearly and accurately, not only has high academic value, it is an ordinary reader to understand the "Analects of Confucius "A Primer reference. Of course, "The Analects of Confucius Annotation" In today's terms is also been mixed.
The Analects of Confucius Thought
1, "The Analects of Confucius" in the book of "spirits" Thought
Ghosts of human thought is fear of the mysterious natural phenomenon of the performance, but also the destiny of human life is an illusion sustenance. Today is the scientific development of contemporary thought from time to time people have now spirits, and even man-made phenomenon of God have repeatedly occurred. So, the phenomenon of the existence of ghosts? Scientific conclusions are negative. So why are ghosts contemporary concepts, and even some people believe in it? This is a social being and the complexity of human psychology and the quality of people due to defective. However, as more than two thousand years ago the ancients, the witch ghost forces strong, highly developed era of natural science, Confucius is how ghosts look for? Confucius "without a word: strange, strength, disorder, God" ("above and".) Advocate "with spirits, but far" ("Yong"). Confucius on the spirits that take a very cautious attitude. The existence of spirits, Confucius did not comment on more, not against other people believe in ghosts, but rather to arm's length approach. This was the historical conditions is amazing. At the same time, Confucius does not usually talk about weird, violence, rebellion, spirits, he believes these are not good for things. On one occasion, Confucius illness, Zi prayer request on behalf of the teacher. Confucius said: "There is this true?" Zi Lu replied: "Yes." Dirge, "Wen said: 'for you to only pray to the gods'." Confucius said: "If so, I would have prayed a, why would get sick? "On another occasion, to ask how to serve the spirits quarter way, Confucius said:" I can not serve the living, how can to serve the spirits? "Confucius did not oppose other people believe in ghosts, but As he himself is skeptical of ghosts and spirits, although he can not prove the existence of ghosts, but he did not believe in ghosts and spirits. This shows that the idea of Confucius is a budding atheist, the idea reflects the naive materialism. This view of the world as Confucius, his thought has important implications.
2, about how a man of thought and value
"The Analects of Confucius" as a human life involved in many aspects of the Confucian classics, and many chapters about life issues, which have a contemporary reference.
First, to be honest and upright man. Confucius said: "man is born until the neglect of the students are also fortunate to avoid." ("Yong") in the Confucian view, a person of integrity, only righteous to open and aboveboard. However, our lives devious people survive, but only rely on luck to avoid a disaster. Logical reasoning by the development of things, to avoid the disaster that people rely on luck to fall sooner or later, Gendou.
Of course, in order to fully meet the benevolence of Confucius appears to be extremely difficult to. So he taught the method pursued by Rende, that is "learned in the text, the rites, the banks can carry on her husband Vladimir!" ("Yan Yuan") that a wide learning culture, books, bound her with the ritual acts, so can not deviate from the right path. Must also attach importance to the benevolence of the people to learn, people to help with training Rende Rende. The benevolence of the people should be able to stand himself, but also allow others to be able to stand, his hope to also help others to achieve, always people who can appreciate others. Namely: "who has Yuli standing, he seeks also to enlarge others, Energy and Analogy can be described as the party has also been Ren." ("Yong")
Third, the man should pay attention to the overall development of self-cultivation. Has Master said: "I three times daily: man seeking the infidelity Down? Been trustworthy with friends to pay? Transfer was not a peace?" ("Learning") that: I have to repeatedly reflect on his day: to help others work whether the dedication it? With friends is a betrayal? Does the teacher teach the academic study of it? Starting from the cultivation of moral character emphasizes the importance of their own. On this basis, Confucius stressed the importance but also comprehensive development of man. Confucius said: "Aspire to the Tao, virtue, abide by benevolence, swim in the arts." ("Above and") that: ambition is the road, according to that moral, virtue is benevolence, activities that the six arts (ritual, music, archery, riding, writing, arithmetic), the only way to truly man. So why the emphasis on Confucian life to fully develop? This reflects the Confucian social nature of human knowledge and the role of personal cultivation of mutual restraint, he said: "give the poem, stand ceremony, as in music." ("Tabor"), namely: Poetry can inspire people the spirit of courtesy to a firm's sentiments, the music can promote people to the cause of success. So, for personal cultivation, the overall development is extremely important.
3, on the gentleman's Personality
"The Analects" gentleman talking about a lot of space, but here the gentleman is a broad concept, focusing on emphasis on the pursuit of character, teach people to make a person different from the ordinary. To achieve this purpose, "The Analects" gentleman's words and actions proposed standards and moral training requirements.
First, "One should not be." Confucius, as a gentleman must have multiple skills, not just the same as the apparatus, but should be "meaning that the quality, courtesy to the line of the Sun to the of the letter in order to become it." ("Duke Ling of Wei"), that is, gentleman as a man should be the fundamental moral, according to etiquette to practice, to express it with humility, loyalty to complete it, otherwise it would not be a gentleman.
Second, the gentleman should pay attention to self-cultivation. Confucius said: "rich and expensive, is the people is the voice can not be of its road, not be held. Poor and cheap, is the evil person can not be of its road, do not have. Gentleman to Yan, Bi fame? gentleman no breach between the end of fresh kernels, will be so rash, Dianpei will result. "" (IV ") in the Confucian view, as a gentleman must pay attention to Rende cultivation, irrespective of the conditions, Rende can not leave. Zeng also believe that the gentleman must also attach importance to cultivation of benevolence norms attention to three aspects: First, "moving face, the Sri Lankan slow carry much violence"; second, "is color, Sri Lanka in recent letters carry"; Third, "the diction Slovakia rustic times carry away "(" Tabor "). In other words, the gentleman to his face serious, his face straight, pay attention to his words. The only way to make you respect, trust, and mild. At the same time, Confucius also believed that "gentlemen Thailand without arrogance" ("Zi Lu"); "gentlemen boast not fight, the group instead of the party" ("Duke Ling of Wei"); "gentlemen's disease Yan incompetence, not the patient is not known to have died." "Gentlemen disease was not known as Yan Shi and name." "gentleman upon himself, seeking Morohito villain." ("Duke Ling of Wei") that peace of mind and not as a gentleman should be proud, dignified manner and not quarrel with others, can not clique, gregarious; gentleman to the importance of improving yourself, make more contributions to society in their lifetime. Only this way can be called a gentleman's accomplishment.
Fifth, the gentleman is not the party. Confucius, a gentleman to see exchanges should be "weeks rather than the"; "Analects": The Master said: Gentlemen weeks and not more than, than the two ill-villain. While also "and different"; "Analects, XIII": "Gentleman and different, without and with the villain." Is not a simple sum, but a harmonious symbiotic relationship; Master said: "Gentlemen boast not fight, the group instead of the party. "
4, on the learning attitude, methods and purpose
"The Analects" thinking about learning in the ancient and modern history of education has an important place, it is worth drawing people today. These ideas can be summarized as the following:
First, about the attitude of learning. Confucius believed that the pursuit of knowledge is the first love of science, music school, which is the key. Confucius said: "Those who know better than the good, good of the person not the music." ("Yong") or true love its people, happy people for it to really learn it. Confucius praised Yan Yuan had such energies studious optimism, "a food basket for cooked rice, poured drinks, in the alley, who bear the sorrow, did not allow his music." ("Yong") Second, to "silence, insight, insatiable in learning. " ("Above and") that have a sense of the spirit of learning in silence to remember the knowledge learned to study hard and not satisfied. Third, concentrate, despite the difficulties. Confucius said: "Shi Chi in the Road, the shame of those bad clothes bad food, not enough and the proposal also." "(IV"), the person reading should be determined in the pursuit of moral truth, we should concentrate, not to secular tired. Meanwhile, he also believed that the pursuit of knowledge is a difficult process, must dare to overcome difficulties, "force is insufficient, the middle and waste, this woman painting." ("Yong") for the Ran Qiu problems in learning that their skills not enough thought, Confucius, the so-called lack of capacity that the person is walking in the middle to stop, you are not competent enough to place limits, in fact, did not insist in the end the reason. Ran Qiu here Confucius encouraged to overcome difficulties, the only way to enlightenment. Confucius himself is in fact "Gassy forgot to eat, music to the lotus, I wonder if old age is coming" ("the state and"). Fourth, we must humbly ask for advice, help in the field. Confucius said: "Three-line, must be my teacher. Choosing the good from it, instead of their bad." ("Above and") This shows that the division of impermanence, as a person should pay attention to others anytime, anywhere study, take people long to make up our own weaknesses. At the same time, Confucius advocated and praised the "sensitive and eager to learn, help in the field," the spirit of learning, "seeing someone who is not virtuous, self-reflection also." "(IV") embodies the rigorous academic attitude of Confucius.
Second, with regard to learning. Confucius and his disciples in the numerous references in conversation to learn methods, most notably "to learn with it, is it not." ("Learning"), "Reviewing the Old, to be a teacher. "(" the government ") At the same time, Confucius also emphasized that learning thinking combined with the courage to practice. He said: "Learning without thought is labor lost, thought without learning is perilous." ("The government") will only read and not confused thinking, but the spirit of fantasy instead of reading will be exhausted perilous. Asking people to study the accumulation and study the combination of thinking, can not be neglected. In addition, Confucius also attaches great importance to excellence, "such as cutting, such as consultations, such as cut, such as grinding" against the little knowledge, a little.
Fourth, with regard to learning. Confucius believed that learning must have a clear purpose, the focus is "Learning." Confucius said: "reciting" poetry "Three hundred, to teach him to political, not reached; to the Quartet, not specifically on; though many, are Xi that?" ("Zi Lu"), that is, familiar with the "Book of Songs" three hundred, to his political mission, but can not accomplish; sent his envoy to a foreign country, can not independently decide response; Thus, while the read too much, what use it? Said: "virtue or revision, learn the do not speak, smell sense can not migration, poor can not be changed, is I should be worried." ("State while") that is, not moral cultivation, learning not to workshops, listening can not be the right thing to do, there is an error not corrected, that is, theory and practice can not be combined, this is our concern. Thus, the purpose of study, not to memorize books, but in the application, is to practice, is "giving top priority" to flexible use of knowledge. On this idea, the thought of Confucius's students Zixia also shown. Zi Xia said: "Shi talents were learning, learning and talents were official." ("Zi Lu") that an officer should learn when there is spare capacity, spare capacity after learning can become an official. This idea also reflects the fact the relationship between learning and use, officials must learn to want to be a good learning should aim to better government officials, and reflects the relationship between learning and application, but also reflects the purpose of Confucius to do private school, both ability and integrity through education and training personnel to enable them to direct the political arena or for teachers to nurture political talents, of course, Confucius seems, lies in learning but also the moral purpose, the pursuit of truth, "Shi Chi in the Road," " hear the Tao, Xi die without regret "" (IV ")
5, "The Analects of Confucius" in the book Thoughts on Education
Confucius, a famous educator in ancient China as a lifetime career in education, to teach many talented students in the educational experience gained in practice, "Analects," a book which has more general.
First, the guiding ideology on education. Confucius advocated "No Child" ("Duke Ling of Wei"), that the educated should not be divided and poor, Xian Yu, should be equality of opportunity. The idea to break the boundaries of education level, and expand the educational object of education extends to the majority of the civilian population, which was undoubtedly of great progressive significance.
Second, the basic method of education. Confucius advocated "individualized," Master said: "more than human, you can also language; human following, not language, also." That is for people over the medium intelligence, and he can talk about profound truth; to the Medium wisdom below, can not talk to him about profound truth. To implement this idea, Confucius very careful observation of the students understanding of their own, such as "the is also fruit," "give up too," "ask, Art" ("Yong"), on this basis to take a different approach to education, such as Ran Qiu act timid, so to encourage him; Zi Lu and extraordinary daring, self-righteous, so he deliberately suppressed. Namely: "Please also back, so into it; also and by the people, so back to." ("Advanced") Confucius also attach importance to education, inspired by induction, death does not require students to read, and your in the analogy, the so-called: " to all those who report to the conceivable "(" learning "). Commentaries about poetry, "Qiao Xiaoqian points, eyes hope Xi, Xi Xuan Su thought" so understand the "gift" should be faithful Benevolence reason, Confucius praised him thus: "The business is also starting to who! Before with the letter "poem" are gone. "(" Eight-yi ") to inspire me was Zi Xia ah! Now I can talk with you, "Book of Songs" was. Yan Yuan, after listening to the teacher lecture, "is sufficient to send" ("for the government"), Zi Gong said he "heard a ten to know" ("Gongye Chang"), so a special tribute to Confucius, Yan Yuan's smart, studious. This is what inspired the inevitable result of induction of Education. Confucius emphasized "no anger does not start, do not but can not speak no hair, do not give a corner with three anti-corner, not too complex." ("Above and") that is: less than he pondered and puzzled, I do not inspire He, less than he wanted to talk about and do not understand, I do not enlighten him. Examples of a class of truth and he could not release the three token, I no longer taught him. Confucius also emphasized the introduction of inspiration based on the induction, we must note that step by step, that is: "Master, through natural goodness through attractive, Bo, I text, about me courtesy, let them go, I was both exhausted and, if the legislature Chelsea. Suiyu from it, has by the end! "(" Zi Han "), which enable students to strive to study," unable to stop "of situation, it is the portrayal of motherhood inspired education in the history of education in China has an important position.
Third, the basic content of education. Confucius long been engaged in educational work, education has a very wide range of materials used, he followed the Zhou Dynasty more than used in the six arts school, that is poetry, books, ritual, music, easy, Spring and Autumn. "Ya Yan Son," Poems "," book ", the Executive ceremony." ("Above and") "Xing in poetry, stand ceremony, as in music." ("Tabor") "do not study poetry, no the words "and" Miller, not to stand. "(" Jishi ") Thus, Confucius is poetry, books, ritual, music teaching for general education students. As for the "easy, Spring and Autumn" is only late in life in the study of Confucius and put the content of teaching, so that Confucius said: "Fifty to learn the" easy "" ("above and".) May also be because the "easy", "Spring" is a more profound subjects, only a few top students to learn, so that "the body through the six arts were seven Shiyou Er" ("Confucius family"). Then, the content in these teaching of Confucius is the most important what is it? From "The Analects" many ideas can be seen, "Poetry", "li" is the teaching of Confucius, the main course. Confucius said: "No theory of" poetry "beyond words." ("Jishi") "recited" Poetry "Three hundred, teach him to government." ("Zi Lu"), "" Poetry "Three hundred, one word cover it, said, 'Thought to'。"(" for the government ") Again, he said:" summer ceremony, I can speak of, Qi deficiency symptoms also; Yin Li, I can speak of the Song is also less than sign. literature Enough also. foot, then I can sign the carry on. "(" Eight-yi ")," Yin because in the summer ceremony, the profit and loss, we can see him; weeks due to Yin Li, the profit and loss, we can see also. "(" the government ") These thought that, not only the importance of Confucius, "Poems" and "ceremony" of education, and attention to a summary of the content excavation and research, its wealth of ancient China and improve the educational content played an important role in promoting.
6, on the ideological and political value of service
"The Analects" is thinking about the business affairs of "Learning" a concrete manifestation of thought, which, "The Analects" of the business affairs of the standard had a specific instructions.
First, about the business affairs of objects. Confucius understood that as long as the ceremony, hence the saying, integrity, and to have a certain politician who can service the government. Ji Kang asked: "Zhong also politicians from the can?" Confucius said: "the fruit also, in almost any politician have?" Q: "thanks also enable politicians also?" Said: "give up too, in politics He almost had? "Q:" Please also give politicians also? "said:" ask, arts, in politics there is almost what? "In other words, politics as long as people have a certain quality, such as decisive, of science, and more Art can politics.
Third, we should practice what they preach and agreeable manners. Confucius said: "Words faithful, line Piety, though very silent of the state, line carry on. Words are not faithful, the line does not Piety, though states, the line off? Legislation is reflected in its participation in the former also, in the opinion then see its reliance on the value also, the husband and then the line. "(" Duke Ling of Wei ") that is advocated in order to make their thoughts for others to accept, you must mind sincere, dignified behavior, so you can claim works out.
7, on the country and bringing peace to the truth
Confucius as a great thinker in ancient China, the country the truth about the "Analects," also has an important position. Summed up includes the following aspects:
First, the fundamental rule is that "human relations Tsunatsune." Qi Jinggong asked how the rule of Confucius, Confucius said: "Jun-Jun, Chen Chen, the father father, son son." ("Yan Yuan"), that is, to govern the State, the monarch must be like a king, courtiers like courtiers to be the father to Like father, like son, son. Although this idea reflects the patriarchal Confucian ethics, but in the historical conditions of feudal society, this ethical Tsunatsune indeed played an important role in governing the country. In fact, in a class society, no matter at what age will need all in their place, their duties. State will not state otherwise, the government will not be political and social will be chaotic. So why the emphasis of Confucius, "human relations Tsunatsune" rule it? When answering the question of Confucius explained Zi Lu, Zi Lu asked Confucius: "Patriotic to be the Son, and for the government, the child will be the first XI?" The Master said: "must also name the peace!" "Name is not correct then the words will not ring true, the words ring true then nothing will be accomplished. "Confucius of course, also believes that the emphasis on the role of ethics can not be divorced Tsunatsune comity. Confucius said: "the comity for the country to peace, where there? Not to give way for the country, such as the gift that?" "(IV") that govern the country with the spirit of comity, the state would not have any problems, the gift of human relations Tsunatsune can be guaranteed. Here courteous as to maintain the spiritual bond of human relations Tsunatsune.
Of course, Confucius also believes that in addition to act dignified and sovereign country, should also attach importance to the relationship between intelligence etiquette Rende, these are the conditions governing the country can be neglected. Confucius said: "Knowing and the, Jen can not keep it, though was it, will lose it. Knowledge and the, Union to keep it, no village to hand it, then the people disrespect. To know and the, Union to keep the Zhuang to hand the , move not with propriety, not good people. "(" Duke Ling of Wei ") is made by the smart status can not be used to keep it Rende, though has been the status, they will certainly lose. Achieved by the smart status, Rende can keep it, if not a serious approach to the management people, then people will not respect him. Achieved by the smart status, Rende can protect it, can seriously control the people, educate people instead of propriety, it would improve the lot of money. Good governance can be seen the request of the sovereign state should be the full range of multi-faceted. In addition, Confucius also summarizes the reasons the rule of successive monarchs Holy Spirit, focusing on generosity, integrity, diligence and sensitivity, the fair. Namely: "The re: people, food, funeral, festival. Width is too public, believing the people Yan Ren, Min active, the public is saying." ("Yao Yue")
Third, the basic method of governing the country, "before the election, the rich, educating people, legislation." Confucius believed that the sovereign administration of state affairs, to everywhere from the overall situation in mind, attention to the _select_ion of talents. Confucius said: "First Yousi, pardon small too, give talented people." ("Zi Lu"), while rich countries should pay attention to educate the public. On one occasion, Confucius to defend the country to go, Ran You give him a car, Confucius said: defending the population so much ah! Ran You said: "Shu both men, and how adding Yan?" Said: "the rich." Said: "both the rich men, and how adding Yan?" Said: "teach." Confucius emphasized here, such a large number of the Great Patriotic population of the country, to govern it, let them get rich first, and then make them longer education and improve their quality. In addition, Confucius also pay special attention the role of the legal system of governance of the country. Once Yan Yuan to ask the teacher how to govern the country, Confucius said: "The line of summer, when, by Yin chariot, services Zhou Mian, music is the" Shao "," Dance ", put Zheng sound, far Ningren. Lascivious Zheng, Ning Ren perilous. "Seeing the Xia, Shang and Chou dynasties of the Good, essence, homes of its dross. Here Confucius not only stressed the important role of the legal system of the country, and his past serve the present way of thinking is also worth studying modern people.
Fourth, the basic principles of governing the country, pay attention to credit, protect the people. Confucius believed that good governance countries, the sovereign must pay attention to character, morals, to pay attention to credit, love the people, this is the basic principle governing the country. Confucius said: "Road Qian Cheng of the country, Keiji and letters, prudence and love, so that people in time." ("Learning") that has one thousand soldiers governance of a state car, we must take seriously the conduct of public affairs, and pay attention to credit, gain public trust. Roy, while also saving and caring for people, servitude or else the people against the farming season. The only way to deal with the relationship between monarch and people.
"The Analects" famous
1, the Master said: "While Learning, is it not pleasure? Have friends from afar? People do not know instead of resentment, it not gentlemanly?"
2, the Master said: trying to be clever, fresh carry benevolence.
Lesson of Confucius, said: "rhetoric, smiles, this is a little benevolent people."
3, was Master said: I three times daily, for others seeking the infidelity or Down? Trustworthy in contacts with friends? Communication was not a Down?
Lesson Zeng said: "I reflect on their own several times a day: ideas for others to do things, whether the faithful? Friends are trustworthy? Teachers to teach the knowledge, whether the review of the case?"
4, the Master said: Gentlemen without seeking fresh bread, home without seeking security, sensitive to things and slow to speak, there is a positive Yan Road, described as eager to learn also.
Lesson of Confucius, said: "Gentlemen do not eat the pursuit of satiety, not the pursuit of easy living, things sensitive, cautious speech, from time to time to correct their mistakes, even learned it."
5, the Master said: "No person not known suffering, suffering people do not know."
Lesson Confucius said: "No Pa Moren understand themselves, afraid of their people do not understand."
6, the Master said: "" poem "Three hundred, in a word, saying: 'Thought to Be'."
Lesson of Confucius, said: "" The Book of Songs "Three hundred (Lingwu) first, can be summed up in one sentence, namely: 'ideological purity, no evil.'"
7, the Master said: ", I have been on learning, Sanshierli, aged and middle age, fifty to know your destiny, but the ear sixty, seventy and I act, not breaking the rules."
Lesson of Confucius, said: "Fifteen-year-old determined to learn, three-year-old to accomplish something, not failing to four-year-old puzzle, fifty understand what is destiny, and sixty right from wrong, seventy arbitrary, no more than rules."
8, the Master said: "Reviewing the Old, you can be a teacher."
Lesson of Confucius, said: "study the old knowledge, to have the new harvest, a teacher can do."
9, Confucius said: "weeks rather than a gentleman, not weeks than villain."
Lesson of Confucius, said: "Gentlemen unite the masses and not colluding with each other instead of uniting the masses collusion villain."
10, Master said: "Learning without thought is labor lost, thought without learning is perilous."
Lesson of Confucius, said: "Reading is not deep thinking, the more study, the more confused; thinking do not study to danger."
11, Master said: "To know know it, I do not know as I do not know, that is knowledge."
Lesson of Confucius, said: "I know is that know, do not know just do not know, this attitude is wise."
12, Master said: "People without faith, I wonder if the can also."
Lesson of Confucius, said: "no credibility, I do not know can you do?
13, Confucius said that Jishi: "Eight Yiwu on the court, is also can be tolerated, what can not they?"
Lesson Jishi Confucius said: "He's dancing with the emperor in his own ancestral line in the dance, can tolerate such a thing, what can not tolerate?"
14, Master said: "" Guan Ju ", music and not obscene, sadness and without injury."
Lesson of Confucius, said: "" Guan Ju "This poem, the theme is not dissipated happy, sad but not sad."
15, Master said: "be done not say, then do not bridge, and let bygones be bygones."
Lesson of Confucius, said: "Do not comment on things in the past, and done things not to talk, and passed to blame for not catching."
16, Master said: "hear the Tao, Xi die without regret."
Lesson Confucius said: "Good morning to understand the truth, is worth at death."
17, Master said: "The superior man justice, small man profits."
Lesson Confucius said: "The gentleman through Xiaodao Yi, the villain who know self-interest."
18, Master said: "seeing someone who is not virtuous, self-reflection also."
Lesson of Confucius, said: "Seeing the sage, he would like to par; see is not virtuous people, to reflect on their own."
19, Master said: "朽木不可雕也, not masonry wall of dirt also, and what was to punish?"
Lesson of Confucius, said: "can not carve rotten wood, dung, can not paint the walls, I can take him?"
20, Master said: "sensitive and eager to learn, help in the field, is that the 'Man' also."
Lesson of Confucius, said: "sensitive and eager to learn, learning to poor people than they ask, do not think there is no face, so called 'culture'."
21, Wen-son to think twice. Confucius said: "No, Sri Lanka can be."
22, Master said: "Ningwu Zi, the state proper way the wisdom, the state is no way stupid. The wisdom can be and also, the stupid people."
Lesson of Confucius, said: "Ning Wuzi this man, when the national peace, to smart, national confusion, to stupid. He's smart to catch up, keep up with his stupid people."
23, Master said: "quality wins wen, Ye, Wen-Sheng quality is history. Gentle, and gentleman."
Lesson of Confucius, said: "A person outside the inner literary talent will be better than plain rude, literary talent will be better than simple vanity. Only with the proper literary grace and simplicity, is a gentleman."
24, Master said: "Those who know better than the good, good of the person not the music."
Lesson of Confucius, said: "I know better than learning like learning, like learning to learning as fun."
25, Master said: "The wise enjoy manpower and special equipment; wise move, benevolent static; wise are joyful, benevolent life."
Lesson Confucius said: "wisdom like water, kind people like mountains; wise man restless, quiet, kind man; wisdom happy, kind people live longer."
26, Master said: "silent and knowledge of, insatiable in learning, tireless in teaching, what are my holy?"
Lesson of Confucius, said: "memorization of knowledge in mind, study, do not feel satisfied; teach people, do not feel tired, these three aspects which I do it?"
27, Master said: "No, anger does not start, do not but can not speak no hair, do not give a corner with three anti-corner, not too complex."
Lesson Confucius said: "He tried to think less when not inspired; not want to say silent when not to enlighten. Can not give an example to understand the three similar problems, would not have to teach him repeatedly."
28, the child in Qi Wen, "Shao," I do not know meat in March. Said: "The picture shows the music of The Sri Lanka does not have."
Lesson of Confucius in Qi listen "Shao music", a long time to feel the taste of meat. He said: "I did not expect good music this beautiful."
29, Ye Zi Lu asked Confucius on, Zi wrong. Confucius said: "Ru Xi does not say: the man is also excited, forgot to eat, music to the lotus, I wonder if old age is coming on?"
Lesson Ye Zi Lu asked: Confucius is the kind of person, Zi did not answer. Confucius said: "how can you not say: He is, ah, forget to eat when energies, was happy and forget the sorrow, not even his aged and do not know, so and carry on."
30, Master said: "When three rows, there must be my teacher. Choosing the good from it, instead of their bad."
Lesson of Confucius, said: "Three to walk, there must be people as my teachers. Choose his advantage to learn from him, learn to self-correct his shortcomings."
31, son of four teaching: text, line, loyalty and faith.
Lesson of Confucius teaching four components: literature, conduct, loyalty, faithfulness.
32, Master said: "The gentleman is open and at ease."
Lesson of Confucius, said: "broad-minded gentleman, villain sorrow sorrow."
33, Zeng Yan Yue: "The bird will die, the Ming also the sorrow; person will die, his words good."
Lesson Zeng said: "The birds will be dead, the sounds are very sad; people dying, the words are very kind."
34, was Master said: "who can not not Hony, long way to go. Benevolence to their responsibility, not a heavy or Down? Dying, not a long?"
Lesson Zeng said: "who are not Hong Dagang not strong and perseverance, he was a heavy responsibility because the road far away. The realization of jen as their own responsibility, are not significant it? Struggle for life, dying, do not walk also not far away? "
35, Master said: "not in its place, did not do their government."
Lesson of Confucius, said: "not in that position, do not want to do on that position."
36, Master said: "Houshengkewei, how can we know to those of today are not?"
Lesson of Confucius, said: "Young people are awesome, how to know better than the previous generation after generation it?"
37, Master said: "army may have won the handsome, not every man wins chih."
Lesson of Confucius, said: "Armed Forces to deprive coach, every citizen the inalienable ambition."
38, Master said: "The wise are free from perplexities, the virtuous from anxiety, fear the brave."
Lesson Confucius said: "The wise man does not confuse, caring people do not sorrow, not fear a brave man."
39, Master said: "cold of winter, and then withered after the known pine also."
Lesson Confucius said: "to the cold season, to know pine is the last fading."
40, Master said: "Gentlemen oblige, not bad qualities. Villain does the opposite."
Lesson Confucius said: "The gentleman helping people get results, do not make people into failure. Villain opposite."
"The Analects" first quotation of the body. Chinese is also an example of the article originated. "Analects," a book comparing the faithful account of the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples, but also reflect the more concentrated the ideas of Confucius. Political thought of Confucius, founder of Confucianism is the core of "benevolence", "li", "justice."
"The Analects of Confucius" to record the main words, "theory" is the meaning of compilation in the "language" is words, the classic statement, motto, "The Analects" is on the Compilation (first Confucius) language. "The Analects" as in the public hand account of those disciples of Confucius, a disciple of Confucius, the re-transmission, but also a person other than Confucius, but the main disciples of Confucius.
As a fine collection of essays, quotations from the body, it concise, Embodiment of language, described the remarks of Confucius. "The Analects" of Confucius in mind in the words of the teachings of motherhood, or simple answer, a superficial; or inspired debate, eloquent; full of change, sounds and moving.
"The Analects" and at the description of voice through the expression, display characters. Confucius "The Analects" to describe the center, "Master style, overflow in the motto" ("Wenxindiaolong • sign St"); book about his manners not only a static description of behavior, but also on the temperament of his personality vivid characterization. In addition, the central focus of Confucius, "The Analects" has successfully depicts the image of some disciples of Confucius. Zi Lu's straightforward, such as reckless, Yan Yuan's Wenya Xian Liang, Zi Gong's intelligent eloquent, refined, and so was cool sages, are regarded as distinctive, can leave a deep impression. Confucius individualized for different objects, considering their different qualities, strengths and weaknesses, virtue and duration of the specific situation, given different teachings. Performance of the indefatigable spirit valuable. According to "Yan Yuan" contains, the same disciples asked about benevolence, Confucius had a different answer, A. Yan Yuan "Kejifuli for Humanity", A. Zhong Gong "Do unto others, do not impose on others," Sima answer of "benevolent to his words also Ren. " Yan Yuan cultured with profound, so answer "benevolence" study program, on the Zhong Gong and Sima in the answer to breakdown. Again, the same question, "Zhu Wen Si line?" Zi Lu Confucius replied: "and parents, Ruzhi He Adams line of the smell!" Because "too and by the people, so back to." A Ranyou: "Sri Lanka News line of. "because" demand is also back, so into it. "This is not only individualized education methodology, which is also full of disciples of Confucius on the high sense of responsibility.
After the May Fourth Movement, "The Analects of Confucius" as a symbol of feudal culture was negative as the object of criticism, although later research and initiation of Neo-Confucianism, the Chinese democratic revolution, but in the context of Confucian culture in China do not form a new climate . Development of the times and social progress, can not but make people re-_select_ the new ideas and culture, which is the spread of Marxism in China, and the birth and development of socialist culture.
However, the harsh truth is that a new type of society, especially when it when into the track of normal development, can not but own national spirit and to reflect on traditional culture, which is any social development process in its own can not ignore the important part. The essence of national culture in particular is more worthy people to rediscover and re-exploration. This makes me think of common humanity and individuality, and cultural commonality and individuality, national culture, the nature of dialectical negation. It also makes me feel Mao Zedong "historical, foreign," thought the value lies.
In fact, when we get rid of the metaphysical way of thinking, truly establish the dialectical materialist way of thinking, and use it to analyze traditional Chinese culture and they will discover the essence of "The Analects" is one of them. Admittedly, "The Analects" has its own dross or negative aspects, but two thousand years ago, it reflected the essence of social life, the famous philosophical maxim, the history of the Chinese nation shows the degree of civilization. Even today in reform and opening up, economic growth, cultural development trend of the times, the "Analects" of many of the ideas still have certain significance and value of the times.
About Confucius
Confucius (551 - 479) were Qiu, styled Zhong Ni, in English: Confucius. Brothers, ranked second, it was also known as the second hole, the State of Lu Spring and Autumn Period, the Han. 551 BC September 28 (lunar calendar August 27) was born in Lu Yi Zou, Changping Town (now southeast of Qufu City, Shandong Province, Lu Yuen Estate); 479 BC, April 11 (Lunar New Year in February on the 11th), died aged 72, was buried in Surabaya on the north of Qufu, which today Konglin location.
"The Analects" Zatan
(A) "The Analects" and the reason behind the significance of naming
"The Analects" is a book so that it records the words of Confucius, to act, but also records the words of Confucius, the famous acting students. Ban Gu's "Han Yi Wen," said:
"" The Analects "by Confucius response disciples and the disciples phase when people hear the words, and then Master of the language also. Then his disciples in mind, Master only death, the disciples in terms of phase and series compiled, so that the" Analects of Confucius "."
"_Select_ed Works of Life Debate Notes" primer "Fuzi" also said:
"Neither Xi Zhong Ni, Zhong Gong Master of the believers to recover the words, that the" Analects of Confucius "."
From these two passages, we we have two concepts: (1) "The Analects of Confucius" and "theory" is "On Compiling" means, "The Analects" and "language" is the "language" means. "The Analects" is to "pick the language heard in the Master," "On Compiling up" means. (2) "The Analects" is the name of that time, some, not others to it later.
On "The Analects" The reason behind the name, there are different versions. Wang Chong in the "Lun Heng is that chapter," he said: "At first, Confucius taught Sun Lu Kong Anguo people to help Emily, the official Jingzhou provincial governor, said the beginning of" The Analects "." Seem to "The Analects of Confucius" in the name to go to Emperor God only by the Kongan Guo, Fu Qing to it. This statement is not only and Liu Xin, Ban Gu's saying different things, but not necessarily coincide with the facts. "Book of Rites Square in mind" has this to say:
"Son says: relaxation gentleman had the respect of their parents of their beauty." Analects of Confucius ", saying: 'Father of three years of no change in the way, can be described as filial piety carry on'."
"Fang Ji" Although the writings of the age we are not sure, but not later in the Han Dynasty, is the assertion. Consequent, "On balance" of this statement may not be reliable.
It can be concluded that: "The Analects" The title is a compilation of the day who give it a name, the meaning of the language on the compile.
(B) "The Analects" and edited the age of
"The Analects" is collection of several fragments of the chapter. The arrangement of these chapters may not have any reason; is between before and after the two chapters do not necessarily have any association. And these fragments of the chapter is by no means a person's handwriting. "Analects," a book, the size of small, but there have been many times repeated in the chapter. Which has exactly the same words such as "trying to be clever little carry Ren" chapter, first seen in "learning the first chapter", and heavy for "Yang Huo chapter XVII"; "learned in the text," a chapter, first seen in "Yong articles Sixth, "and heavy for" Yan Yuan chapter XII. " There is basically a repeat of different levels of detail only, such as the "gentlemen do not re-" chapter, "Learning the chapter of the first" eleven more words, "Zaihan the ninth chapter," contained only "main faithful" The following fourteen words; "Father in view of its records," chapter, "Learning the chapter of the first" cross more, "Liren the fourth chapter," contained only "three years" the following twelve words. There is also a mean, there all kinds of records, such as "Liren the fourth chapter," said: "Do not suffer from the known, seeking for the people." "Chapter XIV of the Constitution asked," said: "No person suffering from is not known, it can not also suffer. "" Duke Ling of Wei chapter XV, "said:" The gentleman incapable Yan disease, not patients are not known. "If the words" school and the first chapter "and" people do not know instead of resentment, it not gentlemanly, "is repeated four times. This phenomenon can only make a reasonable inference: Confucius remarks, when the disciples have recorded together into a book later. Therefore, the "Analects," a book must not be viewed as an individual works.
So, "The Analects" of some people anyway? Of course, the students of Confucius. Today you can get two chapters look into the depths. A chapter in "the ninth chapter Zaihan":
"Prison, saying: 'Son says: I do not try, so Art'."
"Prison" is the name, according to legend his surname Qin, word sub-open, and the word sub-sheets (the claim was originally found in the pseudo-Su "Analects of Confucius," and therefore lead of the King "by Yi Shu Wen" and Liu Baonan's " The Analects of Confucius just "have it suspected that the prison and Qin Qin Zhang are two different people). Whether the legend is reliable, but there were no known last name, said only that this account of ways and "The Analects" style is not generally coincide. Therefore, we can make such an inference, this chapter is the piano of my prison record, edit the "Analects" of people, "the record straight while the whichever _set_ of ears" (Japanese scholar Xuan Yasui interest "Analects of Confucius _set_ that" the language .) Another chapter is "the fourteenth chapter constitutional question," the first chapter:
"Asked the shame of the Constitution. Confucius said: 'state tactics, Valley; state is no way, valley, shame also.'"
"Constitution" is the original constitution, the word Zisi, that is, "Yong sixth chapter," the "original thinking of the slaughter," the original thinking. There is also said to name names, do not say the word, obviously, and "The Analects" the general style or not, and therefore can infer that this is the original constitution own ink.
"The Analects" of Confucius chapter not only from the hands of different students, but also from different mursal his hand. Shen, which many of the students inside the record. As "the eighth chapter Tabor," the first chapter:
"Zeng was sick, called Disciples, saying: 'start to the full! Start to the hand!" Poem "cloud, trembling, standing on the edge into the abyss, such as ice cover. Now and then, I know that our husband free! Kid!'"
Shen, the door can not be said to be disciples of the records. Another example is the "sub-chapter XIX Zhang":
"Commentaries on the door asked to pay child sheets. Zi Zhang said: 'Zixia Yunhe?' He replied: 'Zi Xia said: those relating to its non-rejection of those.' Zi Zhang said: 'egregious Wusuo News: The capacity of the public Zūn Xián gentleman, Jiashan and boast not. I Yin tonight's great, others are not what? I of tonight's not-yin, who will refuse me, Ruzhi He is also the rejection? '"
This sub-section of another like sheets or records of students Commentaries. Another example is the "advanced chapter XI," the fifth chapter XIII:
"Confucius said: 'Xiao Zai Zi Qian, people do not ask their parents Kundi words'."
"Min son paternity side, models and options, such as models and options are; Zi Lu, trekking as also; Ranyou, Zigong, regaling as well. Tsz Lok."
"Analects," a book with pen and ink disciples of Confucius, but also re-transmission of the disciples of Confucius, pen and ink, then there's work has had. This, also from the use of meaning as reflected appropriately, such as "Master," the term generally refers to an earlier era of the third party, the equivalent of "His Holiness", until the Warring States Period, was generally used as the second person honorific pronouns, the equivalent of "you old people." "Analects," the general usage is the equivalent of "His Holiness", and Confucius, Confucius said students face a "child", behind only the "Master", others are on the back before Confucius said, "Master," Confucius said that only the back of other people also referred to as "Master." Only "Yang Huo chapter XVII," there are two exceptions, the words of Confucius Yan said, "Formerly, Master, Yan Zhu also heard"; Zi Lu Confucius also said, "Formerly, also heard from the various in the Master", the capital is face to face "the Master", "Master," with such as "you old people," the State of the use of war, "Master," meaning the end of the term. Cui Shu in the "Si-soo recorded letter" under which concluded that "The Analects" a few chapters of the "heterogeneous" is of course a bit arbitrary; but the "Analects" of the book, pen, after prior, during or beyond the distance of three to five years, seems to get this look into the depths.
"Analects," a book, since as in the hands of many people, and these of stray or beyond the age of three to five years, then, after the scheduled here Who is it? Liu from the Chinese since, many scholars are suspicious of the students by Shen, scheduled, and I think makes sense. First "The Analects" Shen, not only do not call no one "child", and recorded his words and actions, and other disciples of Confucius in comparison to most. In addition to opening and Confucius Q words other than a single record Shen, words and deeds, as well as "learning the chapter" two chapters, "Taber chapter" chapters, "Yan Yuan chapter" chapter, "constitutional question papers" and the words of Confucius merger chapter "Zi Zhang chapter," four chapters, a total of thirteen chapters. Second, Shen, a disciple of Confucius, not only the youngest, and also recorded a chapter Shen, Meng Jingzi before the death of a paragraph. Dr. Lu Meng Jingzi Mengwu Bo is the son of the posthumous title of Zhong Sun Jie. Shen, Lu Yuangong assumed dead in the first year (Zhou Dynasty king five years, the era of the first four in 2036. This is according to the "Que Cited in test," "Zeng Ercu seventy years the phrase" presumption), then the death of Meng Jingzi more in the following, then, must be the narrator of this matter until after the death of the Meng Jingzi Zhaobi's. Meng Jingzi difficult to test the age we have _set_, but the "Tan Gong," recorded when the death of Lu Dao Gong, Meng Jingzi son of Zhao's remarks quarter, showing that nearly seventy years, when Zeng when is Lu Meng Jingzi one of the country's ruling ministers. Is recorded in this period is written as a disciple Zeng, no doubt. "The Analects" by Syria and deeds of the characters than this, that much later, then, "The Analects" are scheduled, or is this class Zeng Shen students. Therefore, we say "The Analects" book pen when starting in the late Spring and Autumn, and compiled a book in the early Warring States Period, probably close to the historical facts.
(C) "The Analects of Confucius" version and the authenticity
"The Analects" to the Han Dynasty, there are three different book: (1) "Lu Analects of Confucius" twenty; (2) "Qi Analects of Confucius" twenty-two many of which twenty of the Chapters and the "Lu Analects of Confucius," the same, but more, "asked the king" and "know" two; (3) "classical Analects of Confucius" twenty-one, no "asked the king" and "know" two, but the "Yao said articles" and "Zi Zhang asked "The other is divided into a, so with the two" sub-Zhang chapter. " Pianci also, and "Come On", "Lu on the" not the same, word count more than four different words.
"Lu theory" and "Come On" was originally passed each division, to the Western Han Dynasty, Zhang Yu Cheong designate the first study of the "Lu" theory, and later workshop "Let's theory", then the two merge into one book, but table of contents of "Lu theory" as the basis for "the safety and harvest," No. "Zhang waiting on." Chang Yu is the EMPEROR of the master, the time is very honorable, so he's a book that scholars will be enshrined in the general at that time, after the Han Lingdi moment when the "Ka Ping Shi Jing" is to use the "Zhang waiting on."
"Classical Analects of Confucius" by the emperor in the Han Dynasty Prince Gong of Lu Yu Liu old house in the wall of Confucius, found, did not pass. He Yan, "The Analects of Confucius Annals order", said: "" ancient theory ", the only solution, Dr Kong Anguo whom training, but the world does not pass." "The Analects of Confucius Annals" and often quoted Kong Anguo the "Note." But Kong Anguo whether he used "The Analects of Confucius" as a training solution, "Annals" of Kong Anguo say whether the forgeries, Chen Zhan's "Preface to The Analects of Confucius old saying," have been suspected, Shen Tao's "The Analects of Confucius note Discrimination hole" that is, He Yan own fakes, Zheng Yan of "The Analects of Confucius Kong Note Falsification" by Su that out of the hands. Let us leave it in this case. Until the Eastern Han Dynasty, scholar Zheng Xuan, "The Analects of Confucius note" to "Zhang waiting on the" basis, with reference to "Come On", "ancient theory", made "The Analects of Confucius note." In the remaining Xuan "The Analects of Confucius note" we can also get a glimpse of Lu, Qi, the ancient three "Analects of Confucius" book of the similarities and differences, however, we used the "Analects," the book is basically "Zhang waiting on." So doubt "The Analects" people will grab it for themselves laughing stocks here. Zhang Yu is not enough for this person actually said is a "by the teacher", just a shameless politician, will be attached to Wang, the preservation of wealth, when they were dismissed as "eloquent minister," so Cui Shu in the "Analects of Confucius origin with test" in actually said: "" Public Mountain, "" Buddha strew "know that the non-two chapters of its intention to adopt into the" Lu theory "for himself and almost laugh at?" However, Cui Shu, then even if not unreasonable, and "The Analects" chapter still can not say that there is something invented by later generations, including, at most, only that there mixed with Confucian disciples and the disciples among the different re-transmission of legend.
If we want to study Confucius, is still only in "The Analects" is the most reliable materials. In any case, "The Analects" a book in "Zuo Zhuan", I agree with Liu Baonan in the "Analects of justice" ("Public Mountain Chapter"), the idea that we should trust to supplement the Analects of Confucius, "Zuo Zhuan" should not be based on " Zuo "to suspect" Analects of Confucius. " As for the future generations of feudal morality Cui Shu as a standard, in order to scope of Confucius, to measure the "Analects" of authenticity, pure split, it is unfair and not objective.
(D) slightly Tan Gujin "The Analects" Book Notes
"The Analects" since the Han dynasty, there are a lot of people comment it. "The Analects" and "Obedience" is a must read for beginners Han dynasty, be sure to read these two books, only then learning "Five Classics", "Five Classics" is today's "Book of Songs," "Book" (remove the pseudo-classical ), "Book of Changes," "ritual" and "Spring." View, "Analects" is a Han Chinese Primer. Han people commented, "The Analects of Confucius", basically all of Wang Yi, remaining today to Zheng Xuan (127-200, "Han" There are rumors) Note for the more, as Japan found a number of Dunhuang manuscripts Tang Fragments. Estimated to save six or ten; other schools, in He Yan (190-249) of "The Analects of Confucius Annals" the future, they probably only keep in "The Analects of Confucius Annals" in the. Now "Commentaries on the Thirteen Classics Analects of Confucius" He Yan to use the "Annals", Song Xing Bing (932-1010 years, "History of the Song" has passed) and "Persuasion." As for Yan, Bing Xing, there are many focused around the "Analects", the book can be found in Zhu Yizun Qing Dynasty (1629-1709 years, "History of Qing Dynasty" has passed), "The meaning of test," Ji Xian (1724-1805 years), etc. "Si Ku Quan Shu feed" and Tanglu De Ming (about -630 550 years. "New Book of Tang" on his birth and death records are not clear, this from "Ce Fu Yuan Gui" Juanjiu seventh to push the estimates) "Annotation of Classics Preface" and Miss Frederick Lent (Cheng Shi) division "commented."
On the "Analects of Confucius", which is really voluminous, and list goes on. If readers think that reading "The Analects of Confucius Annotation" There are further study is necessary, you can look at the following types of books:
(1) "Commentaries on the Analects," - that is, He Yan Ji Jie, Xing Bing Shu, in the "Thirteen Classics", in addition to Wu Yingdian this, the other followed the Ruanyuan Nan-chang of the multi-edition, because it has "Collation" can refer to the basic text of the text appears in the "Collation", and will be in that sentence, the right words for identification with a small circle, easy to trace.
(2) "Annotations of the Analects" - Song Zhu Xi (1130-1200 years) from the "Book of Rites" taken out "university" and "moderate" and collectively "The Analects" and "Mencius" for the "Four Books", his great skill with do "Annotations." While many of the feudal moral pedantry of Zhu Xi himself was an objective idealist. However, since the Ming dynasty and even a late Qing Dynasty Imperial Examination, the title is from the "Four Books" in out, Henry did the article, nor contrary to Zhu Xi's opinion, this is called "the sacred Li Yan" significant influence. Two Xi for the "Analects of Confucius", not only talk about "moral principles", but also pay attention to exegetical. So see nothing wrong with this book.
(3) Liu Baonan (1791-1855) of "The Analects of justice" - most of the Qing dynasty scholars are not satisfied with the Tang, Song of the commentaries, so Chen Huan (1786-1863 years) for "Mao Chuan Shu", Jiao Xun (1763-1820 years) for "Mencius." By Jiao Xun Liu Baonan it as "Mencius" of the law, as "The Analects of Confucius just" stopped writing due to illness, by his son Liu Christine Moore (1821-1880 year) continue to write the _set_. So this book is actually shared by father and son Liu Baonan book. Extensive citations, a compromise generally appropriate. Progress in learning more because, on the books, memo may be noted that today many shortcomings, but still a lot of reference value.
(4) Cheng Shude "The Analects of Confucius _set_ of release." Book in the "Preface" have been addressed in the not repeat.
(5) Yang Shuda (1885-1956), the "Analects of Confucius sparse certificate." This book put all three previous citations "Analects" or and "The Analects" all relevant information according to the "Analects of Confucius" thinning out the original, and sometimes out of their own pleasure, plus the case of language. Worth considering.
(6) Yang Bojun "The Analects of Confucius Annotation." Mr. Yang Bojun is a linguist, syntax and function words in the ancient Chinese study made many achievements. Mr. Yang Bojun's academic background and family history, so his comments, "The Analects of Confucius" and "Mencius" and "Annals of Zuo" and other classics when trying to cope. His "Analects of Confucius Annotation" meaning pay attention to pronunciation, grammar rules, rules of rhetoric and name of material systems, customs and other textual research, demonstration detailed, verbal fluency, expressed clearly and accurately, not only has high academic value, it is an ordinary reader to understand the "Analects of Confucius "A Primer reference. Of course, "The Analects of Confucius Annotation" In today's terms is also been mixed.
The Analects of Confucius Thought
1, "The Analects of Confucius" in the book of "spirits" Thought
Ghosts of human thought is fear of the mysterious natural phenomenon of the performance, but also the destiny of human life is an illusion sustenance. Today is the scientific development of contemporary thought from time to time people have now spirits, and even man-made phenomenon of God have repeatedly occurred. So, the phenomenon of the existence of ghosts? Scientific conclusions are negative. So why are ghosts contemporary concepts, and even some people believe in it? This is a social being and the complexity of human psychology and the quality of people due to defective. However, as more than two thousand years ago the ancients, the witch ghost forces strong, highly developed era of natural science, Confucius is how ghosts look for? Confucius "without a word: strange, strength, disorder, God" ("above and".) Advocate "with spirits, but far" ("Yong"). Confucius on the spirits that take a very cautious attitude. The existence of spirits, Confucius did not comment on more, not against other people believe in ghosts, but rather to arm's length approach. This was the historical conditions is amazing. At the same time, Confucius does not usually talk about weird, violence, rebellion, spirits, he believes these are not good for things. On one occasion, Confucius illness, Zi prayer request on behalf of the teacher. Confucius said: "There is this true?" Zi Lu replied: "Yes." Dirge, "Wen said: 'for you to only pray to the gods'." Confucius said: "If so, I would have prayed a, why would get sick? "On another occasion, to ask how to serve the spirits quarter way, Confucius said:" I can not serve the living, how can to serve the spirits? "Confucius did not oppose other people believe in ghosts, but As he himself is skeptical of ghosts and spirits, although he can not prove the existence of ghosts, but he did not believe in ghosts and spirits. This shows that the idea of Confucius is a budding atheist, the idea reflects the naive materialism. This view of the world as Confucius, his thought has important implications.
2, about how a man of thought and value
"The Analects of Confucius" as a human life involved in many aspects of the Confucian classics, and many chapters about life issues, which have a contemporary reference.
First, to be honest and upright man. Confucius said: "man is born until the neglect of the students are also fortunate to avoid." ("Yong") in the Confucian view, a person of integrity, only righteous to open and aboveboard. However, our lives devious people survive, but only rely on luck to avoid a disaster. Logical reasoning by the development of things, to avoid the disaster that people rely on luck to fall sooner or later, Gendou.
Of course, in order to fully meet the benevolence of Confucius appears to be extremely difficult to. So he taught the method pursued by Rende, that is "learned in the text, the rites, the banks can carry on her husband Vladimir!" ("Yan Yuan") that a wide learning culture, books, bound her with the ritual acts, so can not deviate from the right path. Must also attach importance to the benevolence of the people to learn, people to help with training Rende Rende. The benevolence of the people should be able to stand himself, but also allow others to be able to stand, his hope to also help others to achieve, always people who can appreciate others. Namely: "who has Yuli standing, he seeks also to enlarge others, Energy and Analogy can be described as the party has also been Ren." ("Yong")
Third, the man should pay attention to the overall development of self-cultivation. Has Master said: "I three times daily: man seeking the infidelity Down? Been trustworthy with friends to pay? Transfer was not a peace?" ("Learning") that: I have to repeatedly reflect on his day: to help others work whether the dedication it? With friends is a betrayal? Does the teacher teach the academic study of it? Starting from the cultivation of moral character emphasizes the importance of their own. On this basis, Confucius stressed the importance but also comprehensive development of man. Confucius said: "Aspire to the Tao, virtue, abide by benevolence, swim in the arts." ("Above and") that: ambition is the road, according to that moral, virtue is benevolence, activities that the six arts (ritual, music, archery, riding, writing, arithmetic), the only way to truly man. So why the emphasis on Confucian life to fully develop? This reflects the Confucian social nature of human knowledge and the role of personal cultivation of mutual restraint, he said: "give the poem, stand ceremony, as in music." ("Tabor"), namely: Poetry can inspire people the spirit of courtesy to a firm's sentiments, the music can promote people to the cause of success. So, for personal cultivation, the overall development is extremely important.
3, on the gentleman's Personality
"The Analects" gentleman talking about a lot of space, but here the gentleman is a broad concept, focusing on emphasis on the pursuit of character, teach people to make a person different from the ordinary. To achieve this purpose, "The Analects" gentleman's words and actions proposed standards and moral training requirements.
First, "One should not be." Confucius, as a gentleman must have multiple skills, not just the same as the apparatus, but should be "meaning that the quality, courtesy to the line of the Sun to the of the letter in order to become it." ("Duke Ling of Wei"), that is, gentleman as a man should be the fundamental moral, according to etiquette to practice, to express it with humility, loyalty to complete it, otherwise it would not be a gentleman.
Second, the gentleman should pay attention to self-cultivation. Confucius said: "rich and expensive, is the people is the voice can not be of its road, not be held. Poor and cheap, is the evil person can not be of its road, do not have. Gentleman to Yan, Bi fame? gentleman no breach between the end of fresh kernels, will be so rash, Dianpei will result. "" (IV ") in the Confucian view, as a gentleman must pay attention to Rende cultivation, irrespective of the conditions, Rende can not leave. Zeng also believe that the gentleman must also attach importance to cultivation of benevolence norms attention to three aspects: First, "moving face, the Sri Lankan slow carry much violence"; second, "is color, Sri Lanka in recent letters carry"; Third, "the diction Slovakia rustic times carry away "(" Tabor "). In other words, the gentleman to his face serious, his face straight, pay attention to his words. The only way to make you respect, trust, and mild. At the same time, Confucius also believed that "gentlemen Thailand without arrogance" ("Zi Lu"); "gentlemen boast not fight, the group instead of the party" ("Duke Ling of Wei"); "gentlemen's disease Yan incompetence, not the patient is not known to have died." "Gentlemen disease was not known as Yan Shi and name." "gentleman upon himself, seeking Morohito villain." ("Duke Ling of Wei") that peace of mind and not as a gentleman should be proud, dignified manner and not quarrel with others, can not clique, gregarious; gentleman to the importance of improving yourself, make more contributions to society in their lifetime. Only this way can be called a gentleman's accomplishment.
Fifth, the gentleman is not the party. Confucius, a gentleman to see exchanges should be "weeks rather than the"; "Analects": The Master said: Gentlemen weeks and not more than, than the two ill-villain. While also "and different"; "Analects, XIII": "Gentleman and different, without and with the villain." Is not a simple sum, but a harmonious symbiotic relationship; Master said: "Gentlemen boast not fight, the group instead of the party. "
4, on the learning attitude, methods and purpose
"The Analects" thinking about learning in the ancient and modern history of education has an important place, it is worth drawing people today. These ideas can be summarized as the following:
First, about the attitude of learning. Confucius believed that the pursuit of knowledge is the first love of science, music school, which is the key. Confucius said: "Those who know better than the good, good of the person not the music." ("Yong") or true love its people, happy people for it to really learn it. Confucius praised Yan Yuan had such energies studious optimism, "a food basket for cooked rice, poured drinks, in the alley, who bear the sorrow, did not allow his music." ("Yong") Second, to "silence, insight, insatiable in learning. " ("Above and") that have a sense of the spirit of learning in silence to remember the knowledge learned to study hard and not satisfied. Third, concentrate, despite the difficulties. Confucius said: "Shi Chi in the Road, the shame of those bad clothes bad food, not enough and the proposal also." "(IV"), the person reading should be determined in the pursuit of moral truth, we should concentrate, not to secular tired. Meanwhile, he also believed that the pursuit of knowledge is a difficult process, must dare to overcome difficulties, "force is insufficient, the middle and waste, this woman painting." ("Yong") for the Ran Qiu problems in learning that their skills not enough thought, Confucius, the so-called lack of capacity that the person is walking in the middle to stop, you are not competent enough to place limits, in fact, did not insist in the end the reason. Ran Qiu here Confucius encouraged to overcome difficulties, the only way to enlightenment. Confucius himself is in fact "Gassy forgot to eat, music to the lotus, I wonder if old age is coming" ("the state and"). Fourth, we must humbly ask for advice, help in the field. Confucius said: "Three-line, must be my teacher. Choosing the good from it, instead of their bad." ("Above and") This shows that the division of impermanence, as a person should pay attention to others anytime, anywhere study, take people long to make up our own weaknesses. At the same time, Confucius advocated and praised the "sensitive and eager to learn, help in the field," the spirit of learning, "seeing someone who is not virtuous, self-reflection also." "(IV") embodies the rigorous academic attitude of Confucius.
Second, with regard to learning. Confucius and his disciples in the numerous references in conversation to learn methods, most notably "to learn with it, is it not." ("Learning"), "Reviewing the Old, to be a teacher. "(" the government ") At the same time, Confucius also emphasized that learning thinking combined with the courage to practice. He said: "Learning without thought is labor lost, thought without learning is perilous." ("The government") will only read and not confused thinking, but the spirit of fantasy instead of reading will be exhausted perilous. Asking people to study the accumulation and study the combination of thinking, can not be neglected. In addition, Confucius also attaches great importance to excellence, "such as cutting, such as consultations, such as cut, such as grinding" against the little knowledge, a little.
Fourth, with regard to learning. Confucius believed that learning must have a clear purpose, the focus is "Learning." Confucius said: "reciting" poetry "Three hundred, to teach him to political, not reached; to the Quartet, not specifically on; though many, are Xi that?" ("Zi Lu"), that is, familiar with the "Book of Songs" three hundred, to his political mission, but can not accomplish; sent his envoy to a foreign country, can not independently decide response; Thus, while the read too much, what use it? Said: "virtue or revision, learn the do not speak, smell sense can not migration, poor can not be changed, is I should be worried." ("State while") that is, not moral cultivation, learning not to workshops, listening can not be the right thing to do, there is an error not corrected, that is, theory and practice can not be combined, this is our concern. Thus, the purpose of study, not to memorize books, but in the application, is to practice, is "giving top priority" to flexible use of knowledge. On this idea, the thought of Confucius's students Zixia also shown. Zi Xia said: "Shi talents were learning, learning and talents were official." ("Zi Lu") that an officer should learn when there is spare capacity, spare capacity after learning can become an official. This idea also reflects the fact the relationship between learning and use, officials must learn to want to be a good learning should aim to better government officials, and reflects the relationship between learning and application, but also reflects the purpose of Confucius to do private school, both ability and integrity through education and training personnel to enable them to direct the political arena or for teachers to nurture political talents, of course, Confucius seems, lies in learning but also the moral purpose, the pursuit of truth, "Shi Chi in the Road," " hear the Tao, Xi die without regret "" (IV ")
5, "The Analects of Confucius" in the book Thoughts on Education
Confucius, a famous educator in ancient China as a lifetime career in education, to teach many talented students in the educational experience gained in practice, "Analects," a book which has more general.
First, the guiding ideology on education. Confucius advocated "No Child" ("Duke Ling of Wei"), that the educated should not be divided and poor, Xian Yu, should be equality of opportunity. The idea to break the boundaries of education level, and expand the educational object of education extends to the majority of the civilian population, which was undoubtedly of great progressive significance.
Second, the basic method of education. Confucius advocated "individualized," Master said: "more than human, you can also language; human following, not language, also." That is for people over the medium intelligence, and he can talk about profound truth; to the Medium wisdom below, can not talk to him about profound truth. To implement this idea, Confucius very careful observation of the students understanding of their own, such as "the is also fruit," "give up too," "ask, Art" ("Yong"), on this basis to take a different approach to education, such as Ran Qiu act timid, so to encourage him; Zi Lu and extraordinary daring, self-righteous, so he deliberately suppressed. Namely: "Please also back, so into it; also and by the people, so back to." ("Advanced") Confucius also attach importance to education, inspired by induction, death does not require students to read, and your in the analogy, the so-called: " to all those who report to the conceivable "(" learning "). Commentaries about poetry, "Qiao Xiaoqian points, eyes hope Xi, Xi Xuan Su thought" so understand the "gift" should be faithful Benevolence reason, Confucius praised him thus: "The business is also starting to who! Before with the letter "poem" are gone. "(" Eight-yi ") to inspire me was Zi Xia ah! Now I can talk with you, "Book of Songs" was. Yan Yuan, after listening to the teacher lecture, "is sufficient to send" ("for the government"), Zi Gong said he "heard a ten to know" ("Gongye Chang"), so a special tribute to Confucius, Yan Yuan's smart, studious. This is what inspired the inevitable result of induction of Education. Confucius emphasized "no anger does not start, do not but can not speak no hair, do not give a corner with three anti-corner, not too complex." ("Above and") that is: less than he pondered and puzzled, I do not inspire He, less than he wanted to talk about and do not understand, I do not enlighten him. Examples of a class of truth and he could not release the three token, I no longer taught him. Confucius also emphasized the introduction of inspiration based on the induction, we must note that step by step, that is: "Master, through natural goodness through attractive, Bo, I text, about me courtesy, let them go, I was both exhausted and, if the legislature Chelsea. Suiyu from it, has by the end! "(" Zi Han "), which enable students to strive to study," unable to stop "of situation, it is the portrayal of motherhood inspired education in the history of education in China has an important position.
Third, the basic content of education. Confucius long been engaged in educational work, education has a very wide range of materials used, he followed the Zhou Dynasty more than used in the six arts school, that is poetry, books, ritual, music, easy, Spring and Autumn. "Ya Yan Son," Poems "," book ", the Executive ceremony." ("Above and") "Xing in poetry, stand ceremony, as in music." ("Tabor") "do not study poetry, no the words "and" Miller, not to stand. "(" Jishi ") Thus, Confucius is poetry, books, ritual, music teaching for general education students. As for the "easy, Spring and Autumn" is only late in life in the study of Confucius and put the content of teaching, so that Confucius said: "Fifty to learn the" easy "" ("above and".) May also be because the "easy", "Spring" is a more profound subjects, only a few top students to learn, so that "the body through the six arts were seven Shiyou Er" ("Confucius family"). Then, the content in these teaching of Confucius is the most important what is it? From "The Analects" many ideas can be seen, "Poetry", "li" is the teaching of Confucius, the main course. Confucius said: "No theory of" poetry "beyond words." ("Jishi") "recited" Poetry "Three hundred, teach him to government." ("Zi Lu"), "" Poetry "Three hundred, one word cover it, said, 'Thought to'。"(" for the government ") Again, he said:" summer ceremony, I can speak of, Qi deficiency symptoms also; Yin Li, I can speak of the Song is also less than sign. literature Enough also. foot, then I can sign the carry on. "(" Eight-yi ")," Yin because in the summer ceremony, the profit and loss, we can see him; weeks due to Yin Li, the profit and loss, we can see also. "(" the government ") These thought that, not only the importance of Confucius, "Poems" and "ceremony" of education, and attention to a summary of the content excavation and research, its wealth of ancient China and improve the educational content played an important role in promoting.
6, on the ideological and political value of service
"The Analects" is thinking about the business affairs of "Learning" a concrete manifestation of thought, which, "The Analects" of the business affairs of the standard had a specific instructions.
First, about the business affairs of objects. Confucius understood that as long as the ceremony, hence the saying, integrity, and to have a certain politician who can service the government. Ji Kang asked: "Zhong also politicians from the can?" Confucius said: "the fruit also, in almost any politician have?" Q: "thanks also enable politicians also?" Said: "give up too, in politics He almost had? "Q:" Please also give politicians also? "said:" ask, arts, in politics there is almost what? "In other words, politics as long as people have a certain quality, such as decisive, of science, and more Art can politics.
Third, we should practice what they preach and agreeable manners. Confucius said: "Words faithful, line Piety, though very silent of the state, line carry on. Words are not faithful, the line does not Piety, though states, the line off? Legislation is reflected in its participation in the former also, in the opinion then see its reliance on the value also, the husband and then the line. "(" Duke Ling of Wei ") that is advocated in order to make their thoughts for others to accept, you must mind sincere, dignified behavior, so you can claim works out.
7, on the country and bringing peace to the truth
Confucius as a great thinker in ancient China, the country the truth about the "Analects," also has an important position. Summed up includes the following aspects:
First, the fundamental rule is that "human relations Tsunatsune." Qi Jinggong asked how the rule of Confucius, Confucius said: "Jun-Jun, Chen Chen, the father father, son son." ("Yan Yuan"), that is, to govern the State, the monarch must be like a king, courtiers like courtiers to be the father to Like father, like son, son. Although this idea reflects the patriarchal Confucian ethics, but in the historical conditions of feudal society, this ethical Tsunatsune indeed played an important role in governing the country. In fact, in a class society, no matter at what age will need all in their place, their duties. State will not state otherwise, the government will not be political and social will be chaotic. So why the emphasis of Confucius, "human relations Tsunatsune" rule it? When answering the question of Confucius explained Zi Lu, Zi Lu asked Confucius: "Patriotic to be the Son, and for the government, the child will be the first XI?" The Master said: "must also name the peace!" "Name is not correct then the words will not ring true, the words ring true then nothing will be accomplished. "Confucius of course, also believes that the emphasis on the role of ethics can not be divorced Tsunatsune comity. Confucius said: "the comity for the country to peace, where there? Not to give way for the country, such as the gift that?" "(IV") that govern the country with the spirit of comity, the state would not have any problems, the gift of human relations Tsunatsune can be guaranteed. Here courteous as to maintain the spiritual bond of human relations Tsunatsune.
Of course, Confucius also believes that in addition to act dignified and sovereign country, should also attach importance to the relationship between intelligence etiquette Rende, these are the conditions governing the country can be neglected. Confucius said: "Knowing and the, Jen can not keep it, though was it, will lose it. Knowledge and the, Union to keep it, no village to hand it, then the people disrespect. To know and the, Union to keep the Zhuang to hand the , move not with propriety, not good people. "(" Duke Ling of Wei ") is made by the smart status can not be used to keep it Rende, though has been the status, they will certainly lose. Achieved by the smart status, Rende can keep it, if not a serious approach to the management people, then people will not respect him. Achieved by the smart status, Rende can protect it, can seriously control the people, educate people instead of propriety, it would improve the lot of money. Good governance can be seen the request of the sovereign state should be the full range of multi-faceted. In addition, Confucius also summarizes the reasons the rule of successive monarchs Holy Spirit, focusing on generosity, integrity, diligence and sensitivity, the fair. Namely: "The re: people, food, funeral, festival. Width is too public, believing the people Yan Ren, Min active, the public is saying." ("Yao Yue")
Third, the basic method of governing the country, "before the election, the rich, educating people, legislation." Confucius believed that the sovereign administration of state affairs, to everywhere from the overall situation in mind, attention to the _select_ion of talents. Confucius said: "First Yousi, pardon small too, give talented people." ("Zi Lu"), while rich countries should pay attention to educate the public. On one occasion, Confucius to defend the country to go, Ran You give him a car, Confucius said: defending the population so much ah! Ran You said: "Shu both men, and how adding Yan?" Said: "the rich." Said: "both the rich men, and how adding Yan?" Said: "teach." Confucius emphasized here, such a large number of the Great Patriotic population of the country, to govern it, let them get rich first, and then make them longer education and improve their quality. In addition, Confucius also pay special attention the role of the legal system of governance of the country. Once Yan Yuan to ask the teacher how to govern the country, Confucius said: "The line of summer, when, by Yin chariot, services Zhou Mian, music is the" Shao "," Dance ", put Zheng sound, far Ningren. Lascivious Zheng, Ning Ren perilous. "Seeing the Xia, Shang and Chou dynasties of the Good, essence, homes of its dross. Here Confucius not only stressed the important role of the legal system of the country, and his past serve the present way of thinking is also worth studying modern people.
Fourth, the basic principles of governing the country, pay attention to credit, protect the people. Confucius believed that good governance countries, the sovereign must pay attention to character, morals, to pay attention to credit, love the people, this is the basic principle governing the country. Confucius said: "Road Qian Cheng of the country, Keiji and letters, prudence and love, so that people in time." ("Learning") that has one thousand soldiers governance of a state car, we must take seriously the conduct of public affairs, and pay attention to credit, gain public trust. Roy, while also saving and caring for people, servitude or else the people against the farming season. The only way to deal with the relationship between monarch and people.
"The Analects" famous
1, the Master said: "While Learning, is it not pleasure? Have friends from afar? People do not know instead of resentment, it not gentlemanly?"
2, the Master said: trying to be clever, fresh carry benevolence.
Lesson of Confucius, said: "rhetoric, smiles, this is a little benevolent people."
3, was Master said: I three times daily, for others seeking the infidelity or Down? Trustworthy in contacts with friends? Communication was not a Down?
Lesson Zeng said: "I reflect on their own several times a day: ideas for others to do things, whether the faithful? Friends are trustworthy? Teachers to teach the knowledge, whether the review of the case?"
4, the Master said: Gentlemen without seeking fresh bread, home without seeking security, sensitive to things and slow to speak, there is a positive Yan Road, described as eager to learn also.
Lesson of Confucius, said: "Gentlemen do not eat the pursuit of satiety, not the pursuit of easy living, things sensitive, cautious speech, from time to time to correct their mistakes, even learned it."
5, the Master said: "No person not known suffering, suffering people do not know."
Lesson Confucius said: "No Pa Moren understand themselves, afraid of their people do not understand."
6, the Master said: "" poem "Three hundred, in a word, saying: 'Thought to Be'."
Lesson of Confucius, said: "" The Book of Songs "Three hundred (Lingwu) first, can be summed up in one sentence, namely: 'ideological purity, no evil.'"
7, the Master said: ", I have been on learning, Sanshierli, aged and middle age, fifty to know your destiny, but the ear sixty, seventy and I act, not breaking the rules."
Lesson of Confucius, said: "Fifteen-year-old determined to learn, three-year-old to accomplish something, not failing to four-year-old puzzle, fifty understand what is destiny, and sixty right from wrong, seventy arbitrary, no more than rules."
8, the Master said: "Reviewing the Old, you can be a teacher."
Lesson of Confucius, said: "study the old knowledge, to have the new harvest, a teacher can do."
9, Confucius said: "weeks rather than a gentleman, not weeks than villain."
Lesson of Confucius, said: "Gentlemen unite the masses and not colluding with each other instead of uniting the masses collusion villain."
10, Master said: "Learning without thought is labor lost, thought without learning is perilous."
Lesson of Confucius, said: "Reading is not deep thinking, the more study, the more confused; thinking do not study to danger."
11, Master said: "To know know it, I do not know as I do not know, that is knowledge."
Lesson of Confucius, said: "I know is that know, do not know just do not know, this attitude is wise."
12, Master said: "People without faith, I wonder if the can also."
Lesson of Confucius, said: "no credibility, I do not know can you do?
13, Confucius said that Jishi: "Eight Yiwu on the court, is also can be tolerated, what can not they?"
Lesson Jishi Confucius said: "He's dancing with the emperor in his own ancestral line in the dance, can tolerate such a thing, what can not tolerate?"
14, Master said: "" Guan Ju ", music and not obscene, sadness and without injury."
Lesson of Confucius, said: "" Guan Ju "This poem, the theme is not dissipated happy, sad but not sad."
15, Master said: "be done not say, then do not bridge, and let bygones be bygones."
Lesson of Confucius, said: "Do not comment on things in the past, and done things not to talk, and passed to blame for not catching."
16, Master said: "hear the Tao, Xi die without regret."
Lesson Confucius said: "Good morning to understand the truth, is worth at death."
17, Master said: "The superior man justice, small man profits."
Lesson Confucius said: "The gentleman through Xiaodao Yi, the villain who know self-interest."
18, Master said: "seeing someone who is not virtuous, self-reflection also."
Lesson of Confucius, said: "Seeing the sage, he would like to par; see is not virtuous people, to reflect on their own."
19, Master said: "朽木不可雕也, not masonry wall of dirt also, and what was to punish?"
Lesson of Confucius, said: "can not carve rotten wood, dung, can not paint the walls, I can take him?"
20, Master said: "sensitive and eager to learn, help in the field, is that the 'Man' also."
Lesson of Confucius, said: "sensitive and eager to learn, learning to poor people than they ask, do not think there is no face, so called 'culture'."
21, Wen-son to think twice. Confucius said: "No, Sri Lanka can be."
22, Master said: "Ningwu Zi, the state proper way the wisdom, the state is no way stupid. The wisdom can be and also, the stupid people."
Lesson of Confucius, said: "Ning Wuzi this man, when the national peace, to smart, national confusion, to stupid. He's smart to catch up, keep up with his stupid people."
23, Master said: "quality wins wen, Ye, Wen-Sheng quality is history. Gentle, and gentleman."
Lesson of Confucius, said: "A person outside the inner literary talent will be better than plain rude, literary talent will be better than simple vanity. Only with the proper literary grace and simplicity, is a gentleman."
24, Master said: "Those who know better than the good, good of the person not the music."
Lesson of Confucius, said: "I know better than learning like learning, like learning to learning as fun."
25, Master said: "The wise enjoy manpower and special equipment; wise move, benevolent static; wise are joyful, benevolent life."
Lesson Confucius said: "wisdom like water, kind people like mountains; wise man restless, quiet, kind man; wisdom happy, kind people live longer."
26, Master said: "silent and knowledge of, insatiable in learning, tireless in teaching, what are my holy?"
Lesson of Confucius, said: "memorization of knowledge in mind, study, do not feel satisfied; teach people, do not feel tired, these three aspects which I do it?"
27, Master said: "No, anger does not start, do not but can not speak no hair, do not give a corner with three anti-corner, not too complex."
Lesson Confucius said: "He tried to think less when not inspired; not want to say silent when not to enlighten. Can not give an example to understand the three similar problems, would not have to teach him repeatedly."
28, the child in Qi Wen, "Shao," I do not know meat in March. Said: "The picture shows the music of The Sri Lanka does not have."
Lesson of Confucius in Qi listen "Shao music", a long time to feel the taste of meat. He said: "I did not expect good music this beautiful."
29, Ye Zi Lu asked Confucius on, Zi wrong. Confucius said: "Ru Xi does not say: the man is also excited, forgot to eat, music to the lotus, I wonder if old age is coming on?"
Lesson Ye Zi Lu asked: Confucius is the kind of person, Zi did not answer. Confucius said: "how can you not say: He is, ah, forget to eat when energies, was happy and forget the sorrow, not even his aged and do not know, so and carry on."
30, Master said: "When three rows, there must be my teacher. Choosing the good from it, instead of their bad."
Lesson of Confucius, said: "Three to walk, there must be people as my teachers. Choose his advantage to learn from him, learn to self-correct his shortcomings."
31, son of four teaching: text, line, loyalty and faith.
Lesson of Confucius teaching four components: literature, conduct, loyalty, faithfulness.
32, Master said: "The gentleman is open and at ease."
Lesson of Confucius, said: "broad-minded gentleman, villain sorrow sorrow."
33, Zeng Yan Yue: "The bird will die, the Ming also the sorrow; person will die, his words good."
Lesson Zeng said: "The birds will be dead, the sounds are very sad; people dying, the words are very kind."
34, was Master said: "who can not not Hony, long way to go. Benevolence to their responsibility, not a heavy or Down? Dying, not a long?"
Lesson Zeng said: "who are not Hong Dagang not strong and perseverance, he was a heavy responsibility because the road far away. The realization of jen as their own responsibility, are not significant it? Struggle for life, dying, do not walk also not far away? "
35, Master said: "not in its place, did not do their government."
Lesson of Confucius, said: "not in that position, do not want to do on that position."
36, Master said: "Houshengkewei, how can we know to those of today are not?"
Lesson of Confucius, said: "Young people are awesome, how to know better than the previous generation after generation it?"
37, Master said: "army may have won the handsome, not every man wins chih."
Lesson of Confucius, said: "Armed Forces to deprive coach, every citizen the inalienable ambition."
38, Master said: "The wise are free from perplexities, the virtuous from anxiety, fear the brave."
Lesson Confucius said: "The wise man does not confuse, caring people do not sorrow, not fear a brave man."
39, Master said: "cold of winter, and then withered after the known pine also."
Lesson Confucius said: "to the cold season, to know pine is the last fading."
40, Master said: "Gentlemen oblige, not bad qualities. Villain does the opposite."
Lesson Confucius said: "The gentleman helping people get results, do not make people into failure. Villain opposite."
Translated by Google