(又譯:無所不知先生 )
一
我在見到凱蘭達之前就有點不喜歡他。
第一次世界大戰剛剛結束,橫渡太平洋的航綫非常繁忙,客艙是很難預訂到的。我很高興,弄到一個雙人客艙,但當聽到同伴的名字時,我就有點灰心了。“凱蘭達”,這使我有一種在空氣窒息不流通的房間裏的感覺。想起在這14天的旅途中(我從聖弗蘭西斯科到橫濱),將和這個凱蘭達共用一間房,我就感到不舒服。我討厭他的名字,要是他叫史密斯或者布朗什麽的也好一點。
上船後,我來到客艙,發現凱蘭達已經來過。一隻又大又難看的衣箱和一個貼滿標簽的手提箱放在他的床下,臉盆架上擺着他的香水,洗發精和潤發油,檀木做的牙刷上鍍金印着他的名字縮寫。
我不喜歡凱蘭達。
在吸煙室裏,我要了一副單人玩的紙牌,正準備開始玩的時候,一個人走了過來嚮我問好。
“我是凱蘭達。”他在我面前坐下,笑着露出一排雪白的牙齒。
“哦,我們好像住在一個房間。”
“聽說你是英國人,我感到很高興。在海外遇到自己的同胞,確實讓人激動。”
“你是英國人?”
“當然,我是一個地地道道的英國人。”說着他拿出他的護照遞給我。
“想喝點什麽嗎?”他問道。
我疑惑起來。美國正在實行禁酒令,船上是找不到一滴酒的,但是凱蘭達狡黠地朝我笑了笑。
“威士忌,蘇打還是雞尾酒,你衹要說一聲就可以。”說着,他從後褲袋裏摸出兩個瓶子,放在我面前的桌子上,我興奮起來,找服務員要了兩個玻璃杯和一些冰塊。
“嗯,不錯”我說。
“是的,我這裏還有好多這樣的酒,船上如果還有你的朋友的話,你可以把他們都叫來。”我沒有說什麽。
接着他跟我講起紐約、聖弗蘭西斯科,談到戲劇、給畫和。他很健談,好長時間都是他一個人在那裏滔滔不絶地說着。
我有點厭煩了,重新拿起我的牌。
“你喜歡紙牌魔術嗎?”
“不喜歡。”我又開始討厭他了。
“我來給你表演一個。”他抽出三張牌遞給我。但我沒有理他,說我要去餐廳找個座位。
“哦,很好,我已經為我們倆訂了座位,我想我們應該坐在一塊兒。”
我不喜歡凱蘭達。
他不但和我住在一個房間,而且一天三餐都非要和我擠在一張桌子上吃飯。不論我在什麽地方,都無法擺脫他。要是在我傢裏的話,我一定會在他面前“砰”的把門關上,讓他明白自己是一個不受歡迎的人。
凱蘭達擅長交際,在船上的第三天,就差不多認識了所有的人。他什麽事都幹:主持拍賣,籌集體育資金,組織高爾夫球賽,安排音樂會,舉辦化裝舞會。我想大傢一定有點討厭他。我們都叫他“萬事通”先生,甚至在他面前也是這樣。他對此並不在乎,把這當作我們對他的恭維。
二
凱蘭達非常健談,並且喜好同別人爭論,特別是在吃飯的時候。我們簡直難以忍受,但又無法讓他停下來。他好像比誰都懂得多,錯誤似乎也不會發生在他身上。在他講話時,若有人反對他,他就會同他爭個沒完。在說服你之前,他絶不會放棄一個話題,不管它是多麽的不重要。
一天晚上,我們坐在醫生的桌旁,凱蘭達仍像以往一樣在滔滔不絶地說着。在座的還有在神戶的美國領事館工作的拉姆齊和他的夫人。
拉姆齊是一個很結實的傢夥,皮膚綳得緊緊的,略顯肥胖的肚子使衣服凸起。這次他是帶着妻子重返神戶的。他的妻子已獨自一人在紐約呆了一年。拉姆齊夫人的樣子十分可愛。雖然她丈夫的工資不怎麽高,她穿得也很簡樸,但她知道怎樣穿她的衣服,使她具有超過一般女人的迷人之處。這是一種端莊淑靜的美。
看得出拉姆齊很討厭凱蘭達。他們時時爭論一番,這種爭論是長時間的,激烈的。
這時,話題談到精明的日本人正在進行的人工養殖珍珠。凱蘭達給我們講了許多關於珍珠的事。我相信拉姆齊對此知道的不會很多,但他絶不會放過任何反駁凱蘭達的機會。不一會兒,我們就被捲入了一場充滿火藥味的爭吵。剛開始,凱蘭達還是情緒激昂,滔滔不絶,但不久,他自己也有點厭煩了。最後,他顯然是被拉姆齊的一句話刺痛了,敲着桌子叫道:
“我可以告訴你,在這方面我是最有發言權的。我這次到日本就是去洽談珍珠生意的。沒有哪一個懂這一行的人不會認為我剛纔所說的都是千真萬確的。”他得意洋洋地看着周圍的人。“我知道所有珍珠的行情,沒有哪一種珍珠我不能馬上辨認出。”他指着拉姆齊夫人戴的項鏈,“夫人,你的這串珍珠項鏈就非常值錢,並且它的價格還在上漲。”
拉姆齊夫人的臉紅了,她把那項鏈輕輕塞進她的衣服。
“你說這是天然珍珠嗎?”拉姆齊好像已經抓住了凱蘭達的什麽把柄。
“是的,這種珍珠非常精緻。”凱蘭達答道。
“好。雖然這不是我買的,但我想知道,你認為它值多少錢?”
“在一般的市場要1.5萬美元,但在美國最繁華的第五街,1.3萬美元也能買得到。”拉姆齊冷笑起來。
“這是我夫人離開紐約前在一傢百貨商店裏買的,衹花了18美元。”
凱蘭達的臉一下子漲得通紅。
“鬍說,這珍珠不但是真的,而且是我所知道的幾種中最好的一種。”
“你敢打賭嗎?我要用100美元和你打賭這是仿製品。”拉姆齊慫恿道。
“可以。”
“不,拉姆齊,你怎麽能拿一件事實和人打賭呢?”拉姆齊夫人勸阻道。
“為什麽不呢?如果放棄這樣一個輕易能弄到錢的機會,那纔是一個傻瓜。”
“但你也不能證明它是仿製品呀?”
“把它拿給我看一看,我就知道它的真假。”凱蘭達說道。
“親愛的,把它拿給這位先生看看。”
拉姆齊夫人猶豫着,她的兩手緊握在一起,好像還在考慮着什麽。
拉姆齊等得不耐煩了,他走過來親手把項鏈解了下來,遞給了凱蘭達。
我預感到一件不幸的事要發生了。
凱蘭達拿出一個放大鏡,仔細地觀察起來。不一會,一絲勝利的微笑閃現在他的臉上。當他把項鏈遞給拉姆齊正準備開口說話時,忽然看見拉姆齊夫人的臉是那樣的白,好像她馬上就會暈過去。她的眼睛看着凱蘭達,那是一種絶望的哀求。我很奇怪,拉姆齊沒有看到這些。
凱蘭達半張着嘴,半天都沒有說出話。我看得出他在努力改變着什麽。
“我錯了,”最後他說道,“這是一個非常好的仿製品,18美元正合適。”
他從錢包裏拿出100美元遞給拉姆齊,沒有再說一句話。
“也許這能教會你以後不要太自以為是了。”拉姆齊得意洋洋。
我註意到凱蘭達的手在發抖。
這件事很快在全船傳開了,凱蘭達不得不忍受着別人的戲弄和嘲笑。對“萬事通”先生來說,這確實是一個笑話。但是,拉姆齊夫人再也沒有出來過,據說她有點頭痛。
三
第二天早上,我起來正在颳臉,凱蘭達躺在床上抽雪茄。忽然一陣嘟嘟嘟嘟的聲音,一封信從門下塞了進來。我打開門,外面沒有任何人。我撿起信封,上面用印刷字體寫着“給凱蘭達”。
我把信遞給了他:
“哪裏來的?”
他打開信封。“哦?”拿出的不是信,而是一張100美元的鈔票。
他看了我一眼,然後把信封撕成碎片從艙口扔了出去。
“沒有誰願意被別人看成是一個傻瓜。”他說。
“那珍珠是真的嗎?”我問道。
“如果我有一個漂亮的妻子的話,我絶不會讓她一個人在紐約呆一年。”他拿出錢包,把100美元放了進去。
這時,我覺得我不是那麽不喜歡凱蘭達了。
一
我在見到凱蘭達之前就有點不喜歡他。
第一次世界大戰剛剛結束,橫渡太平洋的航綫非常繁忙,客艙是很難預訂到的。我很高興,弄到一個雙人客艙,但當聽到同伴的名字時,我就有點灰心了。“凱蘭達”,這使我有一種在空氣窒息不流通的房間裏的感覺。想起在這14天的旅途中(我從聖弗蘭西斯科到橫濱),將和這個凱蘭達共用一間房,我就感到不舒服。我討厭他的名字,要是他叫史密斯或者布朗什麽的也好一點。
上船後,我來到客艙,發現凱蘭達已經來過。一隻又大又難看的衣箱和一個貼滿標簽的手提箱放在他的床下,臉盆架上擺着他的香水,洗發精和潤發油,檀木做的牙刷上鍍金印着他的名字縮寫。
我不喜歡凱蘭達。
在吸煙室裏,我要了一副單人玩的紙牌,正準備開始玩的時候,一個人走了過來嚮我問好。
“我是凱蘭達。”他在我面前坐下,笑着露出一排雪白的牙齒。
“哦,我們好像住在一個房間。”
“聽說你是英國人,我感到很高興。在海外遇到自己的同胞,確實讓人激動。”
“你是英國人?”
“當然,我是一個地地道道的英國人。”說着他拿出他的護照遞給我。
“想喝點什麽嗎?”他問道。
我疑惑起來。美國正在實行禁酒令,船上是找不到一滴酒的,但是凱蘭達狡黠地朝我笑了笑。
“威士忌,蘇打還是雞尾酒,你衹要說一聲就可以。”說着,他從後褲袋裏摸出兩個瓶子,放在我面前的桌子上,我興奮起來,找服務員要了兩個玻璃杯和一些冰塊。
“嗯,不錯”我說。
“是的,我這裏還有好多這樣的酒,船上如果還有你的朋友的話,你可以把他們都叫來。”我沒有說什麽。
接着他跟我講起紐約、聖弗蘭西斯科,談到戲劇、給畫和。他很健談,好長時間都是他一個人在那裏滔滔不絶地說着。
我有點厭煩了,重新拿起我的牌。
“你喜歡紙牌魔術嗎?”
“不喜歡。”我又開始討厭他了。
“我來給你表演一個。”他抽出三張牌遞給我。但我沒有理他,說我要去餐廳找個座位。
“哦,很好,我已經為我們倆訂了座位,我想我們應該坐在一塊兒。”
我不喜歡凱蘭達。
他不但和我住在一個房間,而且一天三餐都非要和我擠在一張桌子上吃飯。不論我在什麽地方,都無法擺脫他。要是在我傢裏的話,我一定會在他面前“砰”的把門關上,讓他明白自己是一個不受歡迎的人。
凱蘭達擅長交際,在船上的第三天,就差不多認識了所有的人。他什麽事都幹:主持拍賣,籌集體育資金,組織高爾夫球賽,安排音樂會,舉辦化裝舞會。我想大傢一定有點討厭他。我們都叫他“萬事通”先生,甚至在他面前也是這樣。他對此並不在乎,把這當作我們對他的恭維。
二
凱蘭達非常健談,並且喜好同別人爭論,特別是在吃飯的時候。我們簡直難以忍受,但又無法讓他停下來。他好像比誰都懂得多,錯誤似乎也不會發生在他身上。在他講話時,若有人反對他,他就會同他爭個沒完。在說服你之前,他絶不會放棄一個話題,不管它是多麽的不重要。
一天晚上,我們坐在醫生的桌旁,凱蘭達仍像以往一樣在滔滔不絶地說着。在座的還有在神戶的美國領事館工作的拉姆齊和他的夫人。
拉姆齊是一個很結實的傢夥,皮膚綳得緊緊的,略顯肥胖的肚子使衣服凸起。這次他是帶着妻子重返神戶的。他的妻子已獨自一人在紐約呆了一年。拉姆齊夫人的樣子十分可愛。雖然她丈夫的工資不怎麽高,她穿得也很簡樸,但她知道怎樣穿她的衣服,使她具有超過一般女人的迷人之處。這是一種端莊淑靜的美。
看得出拉姆齊很討厭凱蘭達。他們時時爭論一番,這種爭論是長時間的,激烈的。
這時,話題談到精明的日本人正在進行的人工養殖珍珠。凱蘭達給我們講了許多關於珍珠的事。我相信拉姆齊對此知道的不會很多,但他絶不會放過任何反駁凱蘭達的機會。不一會兒,我們就被捲入了一場充滿火藥味的爭吵。剛開始,凱蘭達還是情緒激昂,滔滔不絶,但不久,他自己也有點厭煩了。最後,他顯然是被拉姆齊的一句話刺痛了,敲着桌子叫道:
“我可以告訴你,在這方面我是最有發言權的。我這次到日本就是去洽談珍珠生意的。沒有哪一個懂這一行的人不會認為我剛纔所說的都是千真萬確的。”他得意洋洋地看着周圍的人。“我知道所有珍珠的行情,沒有哪一種珍珠我不能馬上辨認出。”他指着拉姆齊夫人戴的項鏈,“夫人,你的這串珍珠項鏈就非常值錢,並且它的價格還在上漲。”
拉姆齊夫人的臉紅了,她把那項鏈輕輕塞進她的衣服。
“你說這是天然珍珠嗎?”拉姆齊好像已經抓住了凱蘭達的什麽把柄。
“是的,這種珍珠非常精緻。”凱蘭達答道。
“好。雖然這不是我買的,但我想知道,你認為它值多少錢?”
“在一般的市場要1.5萬美元,但在美國最繁華的第五街,1.3萬美元也能買得到。”拉姆齊冷笑起來。
“這是我夫人離開紐約前在一傢百貨商店裏買的,衹花了18美元。”
凱蘭達的臉一下子漲得通紅。
“鬍說,這珍珠不但是真的,而且是我所知道的幾種中最好的一種。”
“你敢打賭嗎?我要用100美元和你打賭這是仿製品。”拉姆齊慫恿道。
“可以。”
“不,拉姆齊,你怎麽能拿一件事實和人打賭呢?”拉姆齊夫人勸阻道。
“為什麽不呢?如果放棄這樣一個輕易能弄到錢的機會,那纔是一個傻瓜。”
“但你也不能證明它是仿製品呀?”
“把它拿給我看一看,我就知道它的真假。”凱蘭達說道。
“親愛的,把它拿給這位先生看看。”
拉姆齊夫人猶豫着,她的兩手緊握在一起,好像還在考慮着什麽。
拉姆齊等得不耐煩了,他走過來親手把項鏈解了下來,遞給了凱蘭達。
我預感到一件不幸的事要發生了。
凱蘭達拿出一個放大鏡,仔細地觀察起來。不一會,一絲勝利的微笑閃現在他的臉上。當他把項鏈遞給拉姆齊正準備開口說話時,忽然看見拉姆齊夫人的臉是那樣的白,好像她馬上就會暈過去。她的眼睛看着凱蘭達,那是一種絶望的哀求。我很奇怪,拉姆齊沒有看到這些。
凱蘭達半張着嘴,半天都沒有說出話。我看得出他在努力改變着什麽。
“我錯了,”最後他說道,“這是一個非常好的仿製品,18美元正合適。”
他從錢包裏拿出100美元遞給拉姆齊,沒有再說一句話。
“也許這能教會你以後不要太自以為是了。”拉姆齊得意洋洋。
我註意到凱蘭達的手在發抖。
這件事很快在全船傳開了,凱蘭達不得不忍受着別人的戲弄和嘲笑。對“萬事通”先生來說,這確實是一個笑話。但是,拉姆齊夫人再也沒有出來過,據說她有點頭痛。
三
第二天早上,我起來正在颳臉,凱蘭達躺在床上抽雪茄。忽然一陣嘟嘟嘟嘟的聲音,一封信從門下塞了進來。我打開門,外面沒有任何人。我撿起信封,上面用印刷字體寫着“給凱蘭達”。
我把信遞給了他:
“哪裏來的?”
他打開信封。“哦?”拿出的不是信,而是一張100美元的鈔票。
他看了我一眼,然後把信封撕成碎片從艙口扔了出去。
“沒有誰願意被別人看成是一個傻瓜。”他說。
“那珍珠是真的嗎?”我問道。
“如果我有一個漂亮的妻子的話,我絶不會讓她一個人在紐約呆一年。”他拿出錢包,把100美元放了進去。
這時,我覺得我不是那麽不喜歡凱蘭達了。
《書與你》 (1940年)隨筆
毛姆的作品容易讀,每一行文字都無比清晰.創意獨具,善造趨勢卻冷漠旁觀的天才.他無意成為道德領袖或預言專傢,僅自許為提供高尚娛樂的職業作傢.「人性的枷鎖」關照青年的啓蒙,人生意義的探尋,作者采自傳型式,似有意以寫這本書作為心靈救贖的儀式,因此行文間盈溢著作者不能自己的情緒.他也十分善於把自己的形象分植在角色上,化作他本人的精神力量化身.但在人生的追求上,它始終保持著堅貞的統一,人性的弱點纔沒有形成太大的阻礙.它還有一個性格特徵:鄙視金錢,鄙視浮華,並把純樸至於至高無上.是值得一讀的好書.
菲利浦患有先天性跛足,更不幸的是在他九歲的時候父母相繼去世,使得他衹好到伯父傢住,這些災難無情的奪走了他享受正常生活的權利.由於先天性的跛腳,使他從小就被周遭的朋友嘲笑,排斥,他衹好在深夜或旁邊沒有人的時候默默哭泣.但是偶爾的溫存頓使他覺得那些與他不相幹的外界還有一些魅力,他在極端的痛苦與微弱的光芒間躊躇.於是他虔誠的嚮上帝祈禱,真摯的禱告,卻沒有得到任何的幫助,於是他决定放棄信仰.由於母親的早逝,他始終缺乏關愛,憂鬱使他變的敏感,沉默,終日與陰暗的角落為伴,甚至絶望到覺得生命是毫無意義的.後來,他終於得到善良人的救助,心理纔豁然有了一綫光明,伯父的恰好病故也使他理所當然的繼承了一筆財産.在生命輾轉至三十歲的時候,菲力浦走出了𠔌底.他已溫柔的心與態度去對待每一個人,無論是病人或是女人,他都付出關懷,甚至是梅露德蕾,他無條件的搖尾乞憐,卑躬屈膝,最後,他不再對她有所依戀,擺脫不堪的前塵往事.故事的最後,他遇見了健康,自然,沉靜的女孩——莎利,和病態,淺俗的梅露德蕾有著強烈的對比,雖然他不是菲利浦的最愛,卻撫慰菲利浦長久以來受傷的心靈.
菲力浦的伯父在書中教育腳色上的扮演,其實是有所缺失的,尤其是在宗教觀念上,最後靜導致菲力浦對上帝的不信任,對宗教的不虔誠.
菲力浦的學習路上,因為肢體殘障導致內心自卑,這樣特殊的孩子,應該要多給予愛與關懷,而不是瞧不起他獲心存諷刺.其實他們跟一般的孩子依樣,都需要別人的關懷,我們何不妨真誠坦然面對不足,以更包容的愛心幫助身心障礙的兒童走入人群.
菲力浦的愛情故事為何如此豐富 ?我想它在尋求一份愛,一份慰藉感.出場愛情的菲力浦是如此的矛盾與不安,這種復雜的心境,他自己也無法解釋,直到脫離梅露德蕾,宛如掙脫鎖鏈般自由.人類由於先天遺傳的不同,再加上後天生活與教育環境的差異,形成種種不同的個性.所謂人性的不同,各如其面,嚴格來說,沒有兩個人的個性是完全一樣的,男女關係表現更為深刻,愛的過程中,往往會使人盲目的燙上一副枷鎖而不自知,人不但不以為苦,反而認為是一種快樂.難怪有人說:「愛情事盲目的」,「愛會讓你無法自拔」!
菲力浦在質疑,面對生命的存在與苦悶,探索「人生的意義為何」時,我有很大的啓示,書中的一段話:「如果沒有煩惱,人生活著就沒有意思.」人時時刻刻要去反省,探尋自己心中高層次的成長,藉以洞悉人性的各種盲點和弱點,並因瞭解而醒悟,從充滿錯覺與幻象的人性枷鎖中掙脫出來,我深信每個人都將找到屬於他自己的天地與理想.
現毛姆的書談到了人性的枷鎖,誠如婚姻有人想進去也有人想出來,枷鎖的進出衹有自己去思鎖了.所以:「一粒米養百樣人,一枝草一點露.」其實每個人基本上都主觀的多.以為世界似乎衹有人類,而忘了與人類共存的,有無數種的其他生物.它們正和人類競爭生存.人活著就有競爭,就有問題.人為什麼活著,答案很簡單,就是『探索未知』.人世間有滄海桑田,海枯石爛的諾言,卻沒有人等到那一天.
人的一生中,往往身負許多的枷鎖,無論是精神上,生理上或心靈上.從出生,成長,謀生,戀愛,疾病等,我們都有所想不透,看不開的事務,遭遇許許多多不如己願的事,有時甚至身陷痛苦的深淵,無法自拔;為了尋求一條解脫的途徑,有的人選擇輕生,有的人繼續墮落,有人卻從中得到成長.總是到了白發蒼蒼時,纔發現過去種種堅持是多麼的無謂;歷經了風花雪月之後,纔恍然大悟,一切都是虛幻空無,纔瞭解滄海桑田的道理.
人應該把握當下,堅持自己的目標,自己所想要的璀璨人生.但一定要衡量清楚,怎樣的人生纔是自己所追求的.如果你懂得放下,懂得珍惜,一切苦難惠頓如夢幻泡影,過眼雲煙.痛苦的當下,你懂得了幻,學會了覺,悟出了人生的真理,學習如何去做,便能讓自己逐漸地從痛苦忠解開枷鎖與束縛,我們才能獲得真正的快樂.這樣說,聽起來很容易,要實行卻有一定的睏難度,畢竟不是每個人都能掌握自己的人生,擺脫一切的枷鎖和險阻,更要具備勇往直前,冒險犯難的力量.
Plot summary
The book begins with the death of the mother of the nine-year-old protagonist, Philip Carey. Philip's father had already died a few months before, and the orphan Philip is sent to live with his aunt and uncle. His uncle is vicar of Blackstable, a small village in East Anglia. Philip inherits a small fortune but the money is held in custody by his uncle until he is twenty-one, giving his uncle a great deal of power over him until he reaches his maturity.
Early chapters relate Philip's experience at the vicarage. His aunt tries to be a mother to Philip, but she is herself childless and unsure of how to behave, whereas his uncle takes a cold disposition towards him. Philip's uncle has an eclectic collection of books, and in reading Philip finds a way to escape his mundane existence and experience fascinating worlds of fiction.
Less than a year later, Philip is sent to a boarding school. His uncle and aunt would like for him to eventually go to Oxford to study to become a clergyman. Philip's shyness and his club foot make it difficult for him to fit in with the boys at the school, and he does not make many friends. Philip goes through an episode of deep religious belief, and believes that through true faith he can get God to heal his club foot; but as this does not happen, his belief falters. He becomes close friends with one boy; but the friendship breaks up, and he becomes miserable. Philip shows considerable academic talent and could have gotten himself a scholarship for Oxford, but instead he wishes to leave the school and go to Germany. Philip's uncle and the school's headmaster oppose Philip's desire to go to Germany, but eventually they give in and they allow him to go to Heidelberg for a year.
In Heidelberg, Philip lives at a boarding house with other foreigners and studies German, among other subjects. Philip enjoys his stay in Germany. At the boarding house he acquaints a fellow Englishman, Hayward, who has an interest in literature and who considers himself a poet. Philip also meets an unorthodox American named Weeks, who has a mutual dislike for Hayward and who thinks the man is superficial. Philip is intrigued by his long discourses with Hayward and Weeks and eventually becomes convinced that he need not believe in the Church of England. This is a heretofore unheard of idea to him as he has been brought up with staunch Christian values.
Philip returns to his uncle's house and meets a middle-aged family friend of his aunt and uncle named Miss Wilkinson, who is very flirtatious toward Philip. He is not particularly attracted to her and is uncomfortable about her age; but he likes the idea of having an affair with someone, so he pursues her. She says that she is in love with Philip and becomes very attached to him, and he pretends to be passionate about her; but he is relieved when she must return to Berlin. Miss Wilkinson writes letters to Philip from Berlin, to which he eventually stops responding.
Philip's guardians decide to take his matters into their own hands and convince him to move to London and take up an apprenticeship to become a chartered accountant. He does not fare well there as his coworkers resent him because they believe he is above them and is a "gentleman." Philip is desperately lonely in London and is humiliated by his lack of aptitude for the work. He begins thinking about studying art in Paris. He goes on a business trip with one of his managers to Paris and is inspired by this trip. Miss Wilkinson convinces Philip that he draws well enough to become a professional, and he moves to Paris to study art.
In Paris Philip attends art classes, makes a few friends among fellow art students and meets Miss Price, a poor talentless art student who does not get along well with people. Miss Price falls in love with Philip, but he does not return her feelings. After her funds run out, she commits suicide, leaving Philip to tend after her affairs.
Davis and Howard in the 1934 film version
Philip realizes that he will never be more than a mediocre artist; at the same time, he receives word that his aunt has died. He returns to his uncle's house, and eventually decides to go to London to pursue medicine, his late father's field. He struggles at medical school and comes across Mildred, a tawdry waitress at a local café. He falls desperately in love with her, although she does not show any emotion for him. Mildred tells Philip she is getting married, leaving him heartbroken; he subsequently enters into an affair with Norah Nesbitt, a kind and sensitive author of penny romance novels. Later, Mildred returns, pregnant, and confesses that the man for whom she had abandoned Philip had never married her. Philip breaks off his relationship with Norah and supports Mildred financially though he can ill afford to do so, but later she falls in love with a friend of Philip's and disappears.
Philip runs into Mildred again when she is so poor she has resorted to prostitution and, feeling sympathy for her, takes her in to do his housework, though he no longer loves her. When he rejects her advances, she becomes angry at him, leaves, and destroys his possessions, causing Philip to abandon that residence and move into cheaper housing. When Philip meets Mildred next, she is ill and prostituting herself again, and the baby has died.
While working at the hospital, Philip befriends family man Thorpe Athelny and is invited to his house every Sunday. Meanwhile, a stockbroker acquaintance of Philip advises him to invest in South African mines, and Philip is left with no money when the stock market crashes due to the vicissitudes of the Boer War. He wanders the streets aimlessly for a few days before the Athelnys take him in and find him a job at a retail store, which he hates. Eventually, his uncle's death leaves him enough money to go back to medical school, and he finishes his studies and becomes qualified. He takes on a temporary placement at a Dorsetshire fishing village with Dr South, an old, rancorous physician whose wife is dead and whose daughter has broken off contact with him. However, he takes a shine to Philip's humour and personableness, eventually making him an outstanding offer of a stake in his medical practice. Although flattered, Philip refuses as he is still eager to travel and returns to London.
He soon goes on a small summer vacation with the Athelnys at a village in the Kent countryside. There he finds that one of Athelny's daughters, Sally, likes him. They have an affair, and when she thinks she is pregnant, Philip decides to give up his long-cherished plans to travel to exotic lands, to accept Dr South's offer, and to propose to Sally instead. On learning that it was a false alarm, Philip is disappointed but proposes to her anyway; she accepts. Philip puts aside his lofty, complex artistic and philosophical ideals, coming to the conclusion that "the simplest pattern, that in which a man was born, worked, married, had children, and died, was likewise the most perfect".
Film versions
* Of Human Bondage (1934) – Leslie Howard as Philip, and Bette Davis as Mildred, the role that established her as a star.
* Of Human Bondage (1946) – Directed by Edmund Goulding, with Paul Henreid and Eleanor Parker in the lead roles.
* Of Human Bondage (1964) – Laurence Harvey and Kim Novak in the lead roles.
菲利浦患有先天性跛足,更不幸的是在他九歲的時候父母相繼去世,使得他衹好到伯父傢住,這些災難無情的奪走了他享受正常生活的權利.由於先天性的跛腳,使他從小就被周遭的朋友嘲笑,排斥,他衹好在深夜或旁邊沒有人的時候默默哭泣.但是偶爾的溫存頓使他覺得那些與他不相幹的外界還有一些魅力,他在極端的痛苦與微弱的光芒間躊躇.於是他虔誠的嚮上帝祈禱,真摯的禱告,卻沒有得到任何的幫助,於是他决定放棄信仰.由於母親的早逝,他始終缺乏關愛,憂鬱使他變的敏感,沉默,終日與陰暗的角落為伴,甚至絶望到覺得生命是毫無意義的.後來,他終於得到善良人的救助,心理纔豁然有了一綫光明,伯父的恰好病故也使他理所當然的繼承了一筆財産.在生命輾轉至三十歲的時候,菲力浦走出了𠔌底.他已溫柔的心與態度去對待每一個人,無論是病人或是女人,他都付出關懷,甚至是梅露德蕾,他無條件的搖尾乞憐,卑躬屈膝,最後,他不再對她有所依戀,擺脫不堪的前塵往事.故事的最後,他遇見了健康,自然,沉靜的女孩——莎利,和病態,淺俗的梅露德蕾有著強烈的對比,雖然他不是菲利浦的最愛,卻撫慰菲利浦長久以來受傷的心靈.
菲力浦的伯父在書中教育腳色上的扮演,其實是有所缺失的,尤其是在宗教觀念上,最後靜導致菲力浦對上帝的不信任,對宗教的不虔誠.
菲力浦的學習路上,因為肢體殘障導致內心自卑,這樣特殊的孩子,應該要多給予愛與關懷,而不是瞧不起他獲心存諷刺.其實他們跟一般的孩子依樣,都需要別人的關懷,我們何不妨真誠坦然面對不足,以更包容的愛心幫助身心障礙的兒童走入人群.
菲力浦的愛情故事為何如此豐富 ?我想它在尋求一份愛,一份慰藉感.出場愛情的菲力浦是如此的矛盾與不安,這種復雜的心境,他自己也無法解釋,直到脫離梅露德蕾,宛如掙脫鎖鏈般自由.人類由於先天遺傳的不同,再加上後天生活與教育環境的差異,形成種種不同的個性.所謂人性的不同,各如其面,嚴格來說,沒有兩個人的個性是完全一樣的,男女關係表現更為深刻,愛的過程中,往往會使人盲目的燙上一副枷鎖而不自知,人不但不以為苦,反而認為是一種快樂.難怪有人說:「愛情事盲目的」,「愛會讓你無法自拔」!
菲力浦在質疑,面對生命的存在與苦悶,探索「人生的意義為何」時,我有很大的啓示,書中的一段話:「如果沒有煩惱,人生活著就沒有意思.」人時時刻刻要去反省,探尋自己心中高層次的成長,藉以洞悉人性的各種盲點和弱點,並因瞭解而醒悟,從充滿錯覺與幻象的人性枷鎖中掙脫出來,我深信每個人都將找到屬於他自己的天地與理想.
現毛姆的書談到了人性的枷鎖,誠如婚姻有人想進去也有人想出來,枷鎖的進出衹有自己去思鎖了.所以:「一粒米養百樣人,一枝草一點露.」其實每個人基本上都主觀的多.以為世界似乎衹有人類,而忘了與人類共存的,有無數種的其他生物.它們正和人類競爭生存.人活著就有競爭,就有問題.人為什麼活著,答案很簡單,就是『探索未知』.人世間有滄海桑田,海枯石爛的諾言,卻沒有人等到那一天.
人的一生中,往往身負許多的枷鎖,無論是精神上,生理上或心靈上.從出生,成長,謀生,戀愛,疾病等,我們都有所想不透,看不開的事務,遭遇許許多多不如己願的事,有時甚至身陷痛苦的深淵,無法自拔;為了尋求一條解脫的途徑,有的人選擇輕生,有的人繼續墮落,有人卻從中得到成長.總是到了白發蒼蒼時,纔發現過去種種堅持是多麼的無謂;歷經了風花雪月之後,纔恍然大悟,一切都是虛幻空無,纔瞭解滄海桑田的道理.
人應該把握當下,堅持自己的目標,自己所想要的璀璨人生.但一定要衡量清楚,怎樣的人生纔是自己所追求的.如果你懂得放下,懂得珍惜,一切苦難惠頓如夢幻泡影,過眼雲煙.痛苦的當下,你懂得了幻,學會了覺,悟出了人生的真理,學習如何去做,便能讓自己逐漸地從痛苦忠解開枷鎖與束縛,我們才能獲得真正的快樂.這樣說,聽起來很容易,要實行卻有一定的睏難度,畢竟不是每個人都能掌握自己的人生,擺脫一切的枷鎖和險阻,更要具備勇往直前,冒險犯難的力量.
Plot summary
The book begins with the death of the mother of the nine-year-old protagonist, Philip Carey. Philip's father had already died a few months before, and the orphan Philip is sent to live with his aunt and uncle. His uncle is vicar of Blackstable, a small village in East Anglia. Philip inherits a small fortune but the money is held in custody by his uncle until he is twenty-one, giving his uncle a great deal of power over him until he reaches his maturity.
Early chapters relate Philip's experience at the vicarage. His aunt tries to be a mother to Philip, but she is herself childless and unsure of how to behave, whereas his uncle takes a cold disposition towards him. Philip's uncle has an eclectic collection of books, and in reading Philip finds a way to escape his mundane existence and experience fascinating worlds of fiction.
Less than a year later, Philip is sent to a boarding school. His uncle and aunt would like for him to eventually go to Oxford to study to become a clergyman. Philip's shyness and his club foot make it difficult for him to fit in with the boys at the school, and he does not make many friends. Philip goes through an episode of deep religious belief, and believes that through true faith he can get God to heal his club foot; but as this does not happen, his belief falters. He becomes close friends with one boy; but the friendship breaks up, and he becomes miserable. Philip shows considerable academic talent and could have gotten himself a scholarship for Oxford, but instead he wishes to leave the school and go to Germany. Philip's uncle and the school's headmaster oppose Philip's desire to go to Germany, but eventually they give in and they allow him to go to Heidelberg for a year.
In Heidelberg, Philip lives at a boarding house with other foreigners and studies German, among other subjects. Philip enjoys his stay in Germany. At the boarding house he acquaints a fellow Englishman, Hayward, who has an interest in literature and who considers himself a poet. Philip also meets an unorthodox American named Weeks, who has a mutual dislike for Hayward and who thinks the man is superficial. Philip is intrigued by his long discourses with Hayward and Weeks and eventually becomes convinced that he need not believe in the Church of England. This is a heretofore unheard of idea to him as he has been brought up with staunch Christian values.
Philip returns to his uncle's house and meets a middle-aged family friend of his aunt and uncle named Miss Wilkinson, who is very flirtatious toward Philip. He is not particularly attracted to her and is uncomfortable about her age; but he likes the idea of having an affair with someone, so he pursues her. She says that she is in love with Philip and becomes very attached to him, and he pretends to be passionate about her; but he is relieved when she must return to Berlin. Miss Wilkinson writes letters to Philip from Berlin, to which he eventually stops responding.
Philip's guardians decide to take his matters into their own hands and convince him to move to London and take up an apprenticeship to become a chartered accountant. He does not fare well there as his coworkers resent him because they believe he is above them and is a "gentleman." Philip is desperately lonely in London and is humiliated by his lack of aptitude for the work. He begins thinking about studying art in Paris. He goes on a business trip with one of his managers to Paris and is inspired by this trip. Miss Wilkinson convinces Philip that he draws well enough to become a professional, and he moves to Paris to study art.
In Paris Philip attends art classes, makes a few friends among fellow art students and meets Miss Price, a poor talentless art student who does not get along well with people. Miss Price falls in love with Philip, but he does not return her feelings. After her funds run out, she commits suicide, leaving Philip to tend after her affairs.
Davis and Howard in the 1934 film version
Philip realizes that he will never be more than a mediocre artist; at the same time, he receives word that his aunt has died. He returns to his uncle's house, and eventually decides to go to London to pursue medicine, his late father's field. He struggles at medical school and comes across Mildred, a tawdry waitress at a local café. He falls desperately in love with her, although she does not show any emotion for him. Mildred tells Philip she is getting married, leaving him heartbroken; he subsequently enters into an affair with Norah Nesbitt, a kind and sensitive author of penny romance novels. Later, Mildred returns, pregnant, and confesses that the man for whom she had abandoned Philip had never married her. Philip breaks off his relationship with Norah and supports Mildred financially though he can ill afford to do so, but later she falls in love with a friend of Philip's and disappears.
Philip runs into Mildred again when she is so poor she has resorted to prostitution and, feeling sympathy for her, takes her in to do his housework, though he no longer loves her. When he rejects her advances, she becomes angry at him, leaves, and destroys his possessions, causing Philip to abandon that residence and move into cheaper housing. When Philip meets Mildred next, she is ill and prostituting herself again, and the baby has died.
While working at the hospital, Philip befriends family man Thorpe Athelny and is invited to his house every Sunday. Meanwhile, a stockbroker acquaintance of Philip advises him to invest in South African mines, and Philip is left with no money when the stock market crashes due to the vicissitudes of the Boer War. He wanders the streets aimlessly for a few days before the Athelnys take him in and find him a job at a retail store, which he hates. Eventually, his uncle's death leaves him enough money to go back to medical school, and he finishes his studies and becomes qualified. He takes on a temporary placement at a Dorsetshire fishing village with Dr South, an old, rancorous physician whose wife is dead and whose daughter has broken off contact with him. However, he takes a shine to Philip's humour and personableness, eventually making him an outstanding offer of a stake in his medical practice. Although flattered, Philip refuses as he is still eager to travel and returns to London.
He soon goes on a small summer vacation with the Athelnys at a village in the Kent countryside. There he finds that one of Athelny's daughters, Sally, likes him. They have an affair, and when she thinks she is pregnant, Philip decides to give up his long-cherished plans to travel to exotic lands, to accept Dr South's offer, and to propose to Sally instead. On learning that it was a false alarm, Philip is disappointed but proposes to her anyway; she accepts. Philip puts aside his lofty, complex artistic and philosophical ideals, coming to the conclusion that "the simplest pattern, that in which a man was born, worked, married, had children, and died, was likewise the most perfect".
Film versions
* Of Human Bondage (1934) – Leslie Howard as Philip, and Bette Davis as Mildred, the role that established her as a star.
* Of Human Bondage (1946) – Directed by Edmund Goulding, with Paul Henreid and Eleanor Parker in the lead roles.
* Of Human Bondage (1964) – Laurence Harvey and Kim Novak in the lead roles.
中學畢業後在德國海德堡大學肄業。1892年至1897年在倫敦學醫,並取得外科醫師資格。學醫期間,曾赴倫敦蘭貝斯貧民窟當了三個星期的助産士,這段經歷使他動了寫作的念頭。他的第一部長篇小說《蘭貝斯的麗莎》 (1897)即根據他作為貝可醫生在貧民區為産婦接生時的見聞用自由主義寫法寫成。一八九七年,他因染上肺疾,被送往法國南方裏維埃拉療養,開始接觸法國文學,特別是莫泊桑的作品。1892年初,他去德國海德堡大學學習了一年。在那兒,他接觸到德國哲學史傢昆諾·費希爾的哲學思想和以易卜生為代表的新戲劇潮流。同年返回英國,在倫敦一傢會計師事務所當了六個星期的練習生,隨後,在接受了坎特伯雷的國王中學和德國海德堡大學的教育之後,毛姆成為倫敦聖托馬斯醫院的實習醫生(1892-1897)。為期五年的習醫生涯,不僅使他有機會瞭解到底層人民的生活狀況,而且使他學會用解剖刀一樣冷峻、犀利的目光來剖視人生和社會。他的第一部小說《蘭貝斯的麗莎》,正是根據他從醫實習期間的所見所聞寫成的。
這本書出版後銷路很好,這使得毛姆下定了棄醫從文的决心。從1903年起,毛姆開始戲劇創作。
Plot summary
The action covers a period of roughly four months—from August to November—around the time of Queen Victoria's Jubilee. Liza Kemp is an 18-year-old factory worker and the youngest of 13 children, now living alone with her ageing and incompetent mother. Very popular with all the residents—both young and old—of Vere Street, Lambeth, she cannot really make up her mind as far as her love life is concerned. She very much likes Tom, a boy her age, but when he proposes to her she rejects him ("I don't love yer so as ter marry yer"). Nevertheless she is persuaded to join a party of 32 who make a coach trip (in a horse-drawn coach, of course) to a nearby village on the August Bank Holiday Monday. Some of the other members of the party are Tom; Liza's friend Sally and her boyfriend Harry; and Jim Blakeston, a 40-year-old father of nine who has recently moved to Vere Street with his large family, and his wife (while their eldest daughter, Polly, is taking care of her siblings). The outing is a lot of fun, and they all get more or less drunk on beer. On their way back, in the dark, Liza realizes that Jim Blakeston is making a pass at her by holding her hand. After their arrival back home, Jim manages to speak to her alone and to steal a kiss from her.
Seemingly without considering either the moral implications or the consequences of her actions, Liza feels attracted to Jim. They never appear together in public because they do not want the other residents of Vere Street or their workmates to start talking about them. One of Jim Blakeston's first steps to win Liza's heart is to go to a melodramatic play with her on Saturday night. Afterwards, he succeeds in seducing her (although we never learn where they do it—obviously in the open):
'Liza,' he said a whisper, 'will yer?'
'Will I wot?' she said, looking down.
'You know, Liza. Sy, will yer?'
'Na,' she said.
But in the end they do "slide down into the darkness of the passage". (The reader never learns whether at that time Liza is still a virgin or not.) Liza is overwhelmed by love. ("Thus began a time of love and joy.")
When autumn arrives and the nights get chillier, Liza's secret meetings with Jim become less comfortable and more trying. Lacking an indoor meeting place, they even spend their evenings together in the third class waiting room of Waterloo station. Also, to Liza's dismay, it turns out that people do start talking about them, in spite of the precautions they have taken. Only Liza's mother, who is a drunkard and a very simple sort of person, has no idea what is going on.
Liza's friend Sally gets married, has to stop working at the factory because her husband would not let his wife earn her own money, and soon becomes pregnant. Liza feels increasingly isolated, with Sally being married now and even Tom seemingly shunning her, but her love for Jim keeps her going. They do talk about their love affair though: about the possibility of Jim leaving his wife and children ("I dunno if I could get on without the kids"), about Liza not being able to leave her mother because the latter needs her help, about living somewhere else "as if we was married", about bigamy -- but, strangely, not about adultery.
The novel builds up to a sad climax when it gradually turns out that all men—maybe with the exception of Tom—are alike: They invariably beat their wives, especially when they have been drinking. Soon after their wedding Harry beats up Sally just because she has been away from home chatting with a female neighbour of theirs. What is more, he even hits Mrs Cooper, his mother-in-law. Liza, who happens to drop by and stays a little longer to comfort Sally is late for her meeting with Jim in front of a nearby pub. When she finally gets there Jim himself is aggressive towards her for being late. Without really intending to, he hits her across the face ("It wasn't the blow that 'urt me much; it was the wy you was talkin'"). Nevertheless on the following morning she has a black eye.
Soon the situation deteriorates completely. Mrs Blakeston, who is pregnant again, stops talking to her husband at home—this is her way of opposing his affair with Liza. Then she goes on to indirectly threaten Liza: She tells other people what she would do to Liza if she got hold of her, and the other people tell Liza. Liza, a "coward" according to the third person narrator, is frightened because Mrs Blakeston is strong whereas she herself is weak. One Saturday afternoon in November, when Liza is going home from work, she is confronted with an angry Mrs Blakeston. In the ensuing fight between the two women, Mrs Blakeston first spits in Liza's face and then attacks her physically. Quickly a group of spectators gather round the two women—none of them even tries to separate the fighting women ("The audience shouted and cheered and clapped their hands."). Eventually, both Tom and Jim stop the fight, and Tom walks Liza home. Liza is now publicly stigmatized as a "wrong one", a fact she herself admits to Tom ("Oh, but I 'ave treated yer bad. I'm a regular wrong 'un, I am"). Despite all her misbehaviour ("I couldn't 'elp it! [...] I did love 'im so!"), Tom still wants to marry Liza, but she tells him that "it's too lite now" because she thinks she is pregnant. Tom would even tolerate her condition if only she could decide to marry him, but she refuses again.
Meanwhile, at the Blakestones', Jim beats up his wife. Again people nearby—this time those who live in the same house and who are alarmed by Polly Blakeston—choose not to interfere in other people's domestic problems ("She'll git over it; an' p'raps she deserves it, for all you know").
When Mrs Kemp comes home and sees her daughter's injuries all she can contribute to mitigating the situation is to offer her daughter some alcohol (whisky or gin). In the course of the evening they both get drunk, in spite of Liza's pregnancy. During the following night, however, Liza has a miscarriage. Mr Hodges, who lives upstairs, fetches a doctor from the nearby hospital, who soon pronounces the hopelessness of Liza's condition. While her daughter is dying, Mrs Kemp has a long talk with Mrs Hodges, a midwife and sick-nurse. Liza's last visitor is Jim, but Liza is already in a coma. Mrs Kemp and Mrs Hodges have switched the subject and are talking about the funeral arrangements (!) when Liza's death rattle can be heard and the doctor, who is still present, declares that she is dead.
Major themes
Living conditions
Liza of Lambeth is clearly not a muckraking novel. People seem to be content with what they have; their poverty is not depicted as unbearable, and it does not prevent them from being fervent patriots ("Every man's fust duty is ter get as many children as 'e bloomin'well can") or from enjoying their spare time (which is often spent in pubs; also Liza drinks a lot). The scene at the theatre where Liza shouts out loud during the performance to warn one of the characters on stage is reminiscent of the Elizabethan theatre.
At one point the narrator deplores the "newish, three-storied buildings" of Vere Street which are "perfectly flat, without a bow window [...] to break the straightness of the line from one end of the street to the other". As the lodgings are rather crowded with people, the residents of Vere Street spend as much time as possible outside, in the street—something which has changed completely in the course of the last hundred years.
Working conditions and working hours
It is not mentioned what the factory Liza and Sally work at is producing. What we do learn though is that work at the factory starts at 8 a.m. If you are late you are shut out, do not get a token and, accordingly, do not get any pay for that day. On Saturdays, work is over around 2 p.m. The August Bank Holiday—the day of the excursion—enables the workers to have two days off in a row, something which is quite unusual for them.
The relationship between men and women
There is not even an allusion to the women's or at least the suffragette movement. Every character in the novel—both men and women—knows their place, and the traditional stereotypes of gender roles are repeated over and over again. For example, Sally is absolutely submissive and blames herself when she is beaten up by her husband Harry. Beating your wife seems like a national pastime.
Apart from Jim Blakeston's illicit affair with Liza Kemp, which is about to lead to an unwanted pregnancy, there is just one quick mention of illegitimate children, and no mention at all of abortions. The question of morality is not really pursued, neither by the characters in the novel nor by the third person narrator.
The value of human life
From an early 21st century point of view, the way the characters regard death could almost be called fatalistic. People do not believe there is anything they can do about sudden or premature deaths. Infant mortality is very high.
The use of language
The language used by the characters (i.e. everything in direct speech) is probably the most difficult aspect of the novel. This concerns both (a) the phonetic spelling (the typical Cockney phenomenon of "dropping the aitches" - and vice versa) and (b) the innumerable slang expressions.
Film, TV or theatrical adaptations
A musical based - albeit loosely - on the novel was written by Willie Rushton and Berny Stringle, with music by Cliff Adams. It opened at the Shaftesbury Theatre in London in June 1976, and ran for 110 performances. It was produced by Ben Arbeid, directed by Berny Stringle, musically directed by John Burrows, and starred Angela Richards (best known as a regular in the BBC's Secret Army) in the title role, Patricia Hayes, Ron Pember, Michael Robbins and Eric Shilling, among others.
The musical style is predominantly music hall, but the show includes a parody of Gilbert and Sullivan, a church choir arrangement with some completely incongruous lyrics (A Little Bit On The Side), and some touching ballads.
The Tart With A Heart of Gold was cut from the West End production, and is also missing from the original London cast recording (Thames THA 100), despite it describing the entire raison d'être of one of the main female characters.
The musical has not been officially published for amateur performance, but it is occasionally licensed for amateurs. The world amateur premiere was performed at the Erith Playhouse in Erith, Kent, in June 1977, and was attended by members of the London production team. The rights to this musical are currently held by Thames Music in London.
這本書出版後銷路很好,這使得毛姆下定了棄醫從文的决心。從1903年起,毛姆開始戲劇創作。
Plot summary
The action covers a period of roughly four months—from August to November—around the time of Queen Victoria's Jubilee. Liza Kemp is an 18-year-old factory worker and the youngest of 13 children, now living alone with her ageing and incompetent mother. Very popular with all the residents—both young and old—of Vere Street, Lambeth, she cannot really make up her mind as far as her love life is concerned. She very much likes Tom, a boy her age, but when he proposes to her she rejects him ("I don't love yer so as ter marry yer"). Nevertheless she is persuaded to join a party of 32 who make a coach trip (in a horse-drawn coach, of course) to a nearby village on the August Bank Holiday Monday. Some of the other members of the party are Tom; Liza's friend Sally and her boyfriend Harry; and Jim Blakeston, a 40-year-old father of nine who has recently moved to Vere Street with his large family, and his wife (while their eldest daughter, Polly, is taking care of her siblings). The outing is a lot of fun, and they all get more or less drunk on beer. On their way back, in the dark, Liza realizes that Jim Blakeston is making a pass at her by holding her hand. After their arrival back home, Jim manages to speak to her alone and to steal a kiss from her.
Seemingly without considering either the moral implications or the consequences of her actions, Liza feels attracted to Jim. They never appear together in public because they do not want the other residents of Vere Street or their workmates to start talking about them. One of Jim Blakeston's first steps to win Liza's heart is to go to a melodramatic play with her on Saturday night. Afterwards, he succeeds in seducing her (although we never learn where they do it—obviously in the open):
'Liza,' he said a whisper, 'will yer?'
'Will I wot?' she said, looking down.
'You know, Liza. Sy, will yer?'
'Na,' she said.
But in the end they do "slide down into the darkness of the passage". (The reader never learns whether at that time Liza is still a virgin or not.) Liza is overwhelmed by love. ("Thus began a time of love and joy.")
When autumn arrives and the nights get chillier, Liza's secret meetings with Jim become less comfortable and more trying. Lacking an indoor meeting place, they even spend their evenings together in the third class waiting room of Waterloo station. Also, to Liza's dismay, it turns out that people do start talking about them, in spite of the precautions they have taken. Only Liza's mother, who is a drunkard and a very simple sort of person, has no idea what is going on.
Liza's friend Sally gets married, has to stop working at the factory because her husband would not let his wife earn her own money, and soon becomes pregnant. Liza feels increasingly isolated, with Sally being married now and even Tom seemingly shunning her, but her love for Jim keeps her going. They do talk about their love affair though: about the possibility of Jim leaving his wife and children ("I dunno if I could get on without the kids"), about Liza not being able to leave her mother because the latter needs her help, about living somewhere else "as if we was married", about bigamy -- but, strangely, not about adultery.
The novel builds up to a sad climax when it gradually turns out that all men—maybe with the exception of Tom—are alike: They invariably beat their wives, especially when they have been drinking. Soon after their wedding Harry beats up Sally just because she has been away from home chatting with a female neighbour of theirs. What is more, he even hits Mrs Cooper, his mother-in-law. Liza, who happens to drop by and stays a little longer to comfort Sally is late for her meeting with Jim in front of a nearby pub. When she finally gets there Jim himself is aggressive towards her for being late. Without really intending to, he hits her across the face ("It wasn't the blow that 'urt me much; it was the wy you was talkin'"). Nevertheless on the following morning she has a black eye.
Soon the situation deteriorates completely. Mrs Blakeston, who is pregnant again, stops talking to her husband at home—this is her way of opposing his affair with Liza. Then she goes on to indirectly threaten Liza: She tells other people what she would do to Liza if she got hold of her, and the other people tell Liza. Liza, a "coward" according to the third person narrator, is frightened because Mrs Blakeston is strong whereas she herself is weak. One Saturday afternoon in November, when Liza is going home from work, she is confronted with an angry Mrs Blakeston. In the ensuing fight between the two women, Mrs Blakeston first spits in Liza's face and then attacks her physically. Quickly a group of spectators gather round the two women—none of them even tries to separate the fighting women ("The audience shouted and cheered and clapped their hands."). Eventually, both Tom and Jim stop the fight, and Tom walks Liza home. Liza is now publicly stigmatized as a "wrong one", a fact she herself admits to Tom ("Oh, but I 'ave treated yer bad. I'm a regular wrong 'un, I am"). Despite all her misbehaviour ("I couldn't 'elp it! [...] I did love 'im so!"), Tom still wants to marry Liza, but she tells him that "it's too lite now" because she thinks she is pregnant. Tom would even tolerate her condition if only she could decide to marry him, but she refuses again.
Meanwhile, at the Blakestones', Jim beats up his wife. Again people nearby—this time those who live in the same house and who are alarmed by Polly Blakeston—choose not to interfere in other people's domestic problems ("She'll git over it; an' p'raps she deserves it, for all you know").
When Mrs Kemp comes home and sees her daughter's injuries all she can contribute to mitigating the situation is to offer her daughter some alcohol (whisky or gin). In the course of the evening they both get drunk, in spite of Liza's pregnancy. During the following night, however, Liza has a miscarriage. Mr Hodges, who lives upstairs, fetches a doctor from the nearby hospital, who soon pronounces the hopelessness of Liza's condition. While her daughter is dying, Mrs Kemp has a long talk with Mrs Hodges, a midwife and sick-nurse. Liza's last visitor is Jim, but Liza is already in a coma. Mrs Kemp and Mrs Hodges have switched the subject and are talking about the funeral arrangements (!) when Liza's death rattle can be heard and the doctor, who is still present, declares that she is dead.
Major themes
Living conditions
Liza of Lambeth is clearly not a muckraking novel. People seem to be content with what they have; their poverty is not depicted as unbearable, and it does not prevent them from being fervent patriots ("Every man's fust duty is ter get as many children as 'e bloomin'well can") or from enjoying their spare time (which is often spent in pubs; also Liza drinks a lot). The scene at the theatre where Liza shouts out loud during the performance to warn one of the characters on stage is reminiscent of the Elizabethan theatre.
At one point the narrator deplores the "newish, three-storied buildings" of Vere Street which are "perfectly flat, without a bow window [...] to break the straightness of the line from one end of the street to the other". As the lodgings are rather crowded with people, the residents of Vere Street spend as much time as possible outside, in the street—something which has changed completely in the course of the last hundred years.
Working conditions and working hours
It is not mentioned what the factory Liza and Sally work at is producing. What we do learn though is that work at the factory starts at 8 a.m. If you are late you are shut out, do not get a token and, accordingly, do not get any pay for that day. On Saturdays, work is over around 2 p.m. The August Bank Holiday—the day of the excursion—enables the workers to have two days off in a row, something which is quite unusual for them.
The relationship between men and women
There is not even an allusion to the women's or at least the suffragette movement. Every character in the novel—both men and women—knows their place, and the traditional stereotypes of gender roles are repeated over and over again. For example, Sally is absolutely submissive and blames herself when she is beaten up by her husband Harry. Beating your wife seems like a national pastime.
Apart from Jim Blakeston's illicit affair with Liza Kemp, which is about to lead to an unwanted pregnancy, there is just one quick mention of illegitimate children, and no mention at all of abortions. The question of morality is not really pursued, neither by the characters in the novel nor by the third person narrator.
The value of human life
From an early 21st century point of view, the way the characters regard death could almost be called fatalistic. People do not believe there is anything they can do about sudden or premature deaths. Infant mortality is very high.
The use of language
The language used by the characters (i.e. everything in direct speech) is probably the most difficult aspect of the novel. This concerns both (a) the phonetic spelling (the typical Cockney phenomenon of "dropping the aitches" - and vice versa) and (b) the innumerable slang expressions.
Film, TV or theatrical adaptations
A musical based - albeit loosely - on the novel was written by Willie Rushton and Berny Stringle, with music by Cliff Adams. It opened at the Shaftesbury Theatre in London in June 1976, and ran for 110 performances. It was produced by Ben Arbeid, directed by Berny Stringle, musically directed by John Burrows, and starred Angela Richards (best known as a regular in the BBC's Secret Army) in the title role, Patricia Hayes, Ron Pember, Michael Robbins and Eric Shilling, among others.
The musical style is predominantly music hall, but the show includes a parody of Gilbert and Sullivan, a church choir arrangement with some completely incongruous lyrics (A Little Bit On The Side), and some touching ballads.
The Tart With A Heart of Gold was cut from the West End production, and is also missing from the original London cast recording (Thames THA 100), despite it describing the entire raison d'être of one of the main female characters.
The musical has not been officially published for amateur performance, but it is occasionally licensed for amateurs. The world amateur premiere was performed at the Erith Playhouse in Erith, Kent, in June 1977, and was attended by members of the London production team. The rights to this musical are currently held by Thames Music in London.
《刀鋒》(Therazor’sedge)(1944年)長篇小說
作品描述了美國青年飛行員拉裏·達雷爾在部隊結識了一位愛爾蘭戰友,在一次戰鬥中,這位戰友為救他犧牲了。為此他丟下一切遍遊世界,最後到了印度,終於對人生大徹大悟,返回美國,當上一個出租車司機,打算隱身人海,經終天年。
二次大戰爆發後,毛姆由尼斯避難到英國,繼而赴美國居住,直到戰爭結束後纔返回裏維埃拉的故居。在美國期間,他出版了《刀鋒》(一九四四年四月,英國版晚三個月);這是一部傑作,出版後不但受到廣大讀者歡迎,而且受到弗吉妮亞·伍爾芙夫人那個嚴峻的批評傢的稱許。《總結》(一九三八)雖然帶有自傳性質,但主要是敘述他的相當實事求是但不隨流俗的文學見解和人生哲學;這部書應和《一個作傢的筆記本》(一九四四)作姊妹篇讀。他死時九十一歲,造有一女。他的戲劇、小說和短篇小說有許多於他在世時都拍成電影;這在當代作傢中也是少見的。
《刀鋒》是用第一人稱寫的,而且這個人乾脆不再是作者慣用的阿辛登筆名,而是直接用了自己的真名實姓。小說寫一個參加第一次大戰的美國青年飛行員拉裏·達雷爾。在軍隊中,拉裏結識了一個愛爾蘭好友:這人平時是那樣一個生竜活虎般的置生死於度外的飛行員,但在一次遭遇戰中,因趨救拉裏而中彈犧牲。拉裏因此對人生感到迷惘,弄不懂世界上為什麽有惡和不幸(這也是毛姆在《總結》中提出過的)。復員後,拉裏既不肯進大學,也不肯就業,一心想探求人生的終極。為此,他丟下未婚妻來到巴黎;兩年後,和未婚妻解約,又從巴黎遍遊世界各地,最後到了印度,找到了印度的吠陀經哲學。於是了悟人生,把自己的一點薄産分散給親友,自己返回美國,當一個自食其力的出租汽車司機,打算隱身人海,以終天年。小說以拉裏為中心,描繪了許多美國男女,有拉裏的未婚妻,貪圖物質享受的伊莎貝兒;有以買賣古董起傢,一心想鑽進上流交際社會的艾略特·談波登;有頭腦簡單但心地忠厚的格雷·馬圖林,他原是百萬富翁的獨生子,但是一九二九年的經濟大崩潰使他破了産,他是個衹知道做生意發財的典型美國社會産物;有伊莎貝兒的同學,索菲·麥唐納,因丈夫和兒子在車禍中喪命,被夫傢放逐到巴黎來過着墮落的生活,終於被不逞之徒殺害;還有一個模特兒兼妓女的法國女子蘇姍·魯維埃,和拉裏與作者都相識,最後和法國一個外地廠商結婚而得到生活保障。作者本人在書中也擔任了一個重要角色;他既是演員,又是觀衆。背景多半是在法國,特別是巴黎。由於毛姆大半生是在法國度過的,而寫作本書時,正因戰爭避地美國,所以寫到巴黎時,特別流露出懷鄉情緒,如寫他在赴拉裏約會之前,穿過盧森堡博物館的公園時,描寫園中遊人的那一段回憶自己青年時期的描述,完全屬於自敘性質,和小說毫無關係。又如第六章論述萊辛的《貝蕾妮絲》,都是離開主題發揮自己的文學見解。書中的主要角色除掉蘇姍·魯維埃外,全都是美國人,使人想起一句調侃美國人的諺語:“人死後進天堂,美國人死後去巴黎。”但是,他們最後都死的死了,回國的回國了,連蘇姍·魯維埃也嫁到外地去,如作者所說,“在我的生命中也消失了。”當然,這個小圈子裏的人衹占據作者生活的很少一部分,但我們仍不免興一種落寞之感,仿佛作者是“珠箔飄燈獨自歸”。
正如作者在小說中交代的,他這本書並不想“闡述所謂《奧義書》的哲學體係。”“我懂得太少了,但即使懂得很多,這也不是闡述《奧義書》的地方……我想的衹是拉裏。”在本書結尾時,他又說,“我是個俗人,是塵世中人;我衹能對這類人中麟鳳的光輝形象表示景慕,沒法步他的後塵。”因此,他和剋裏斯朵夫·衣修午德不同,並不打算嚮西方推薦吠陀經哲學,或者提倡人人都學拉裏;單拿一點來說,不近女色,如果人人都象拉裏那樣奉行,豈不會造成滅種的災禍!毛姆的道德觀是如我國嵇康在《絶交書》中所主張的“四民有務,各得志為樂”。他把拉裏捧得很高,但並不把艾略特·談波登那個“大大的勢利鬼”貶得很低。他對放浪形骸的索菲·麥唐納衹有同情,對當模特兒兼妓女的蘇姍·魯維埃能夠有一個歸宿感到欣幸,對頭腦簡單的格雷·馬圖林,在他的筆下絶少挖苦,而往往突出他的忠厚和慈愛,但對伊莎貝兒則毫不徇情地揭露她蓄意破壞索菲和拉裏婚事的陰謀,儘管他很欣賞她的美,並且是她多年來的“知心”朋友。但他接着也寫伊莎貝兒獲悉拉裏分散自己財産,並且返回美國預備當司機的消息後,傷心啜泣的情景,從而讓讀者自己對伊莎貝兒作出結論。不妨說,伊莎貝兒的用心是狠毒的,但是,她破壞的是一個本來不可能有好結果的婚姻,因為如果索菲連伊莎貝兒佈置那點誘惑都抵禦不了,拉裏即使學會了瑜伽修道士的那點法力,能把她從自甘墮落的道路上拉得回轉嗎?
儘管作者在本書開頭聲稱,他幾乎沒有什麽故事可述,但是,他仍舊充分運用了敘事的技巧,從而抓住讀者的註意力。在翻譯本書的過程中,我時常碰到這樣的情形,即一面譯,一面盤算着不知他對這種鋪開的局面怎樣收拾法。但是,使我佩服的是他筆頭一轉,很快就結束掉;例如在第二章末尾,當伊莎貝兒告訴作者自己和拉裏解約的經過,以及作者給了伊莎貝兒忠告之後,他衹用兩三行文字就結束了他們精心策劃的漢普頓宮之遊:
雨仍舊下個不停,我們認為不去看漢普頓宮那些華貴建築,甚至伊麗莎白女王的床,伊莎貝兒也可以活下去,所以就坐車子回到倫敦。
我想如果有個金聖嘆的話,很可能在這一段後面插進一些雙行批語:“隨手收拾掉漢普頓宮,妙。蓋漢普頓官之遊不過是為了找個場合讓伊莎貝兒能嚮作者傾吐胸臆,現在目的已達,再敘述作者領她遊覽漢普頓宮便是呆鳥矣。”
但是,本書最成功的還是人物的塑造;不但幾個主要人物寫得非常成功,連些次要人物,如布雷德利太太,礦工考斯第,甚至土倫的警察局長,也都是有血有肉的人。小說從一九一九年開始,一直寫到三十年代中期,人物的性格當然不可能沒有發展和變化。索菲·麥唐納和作者在芝加哥初次見到的靦腆少女判若兩人,這不難做到;她自己的身世便是解釋。伊莎貝兒經過嫁格雷後的紙醉金迷生活,繼之以破産和二次來巴黎後依舅父艾略特居住,鍛煉成她那樣的尤物,作者是煞費了一番苦心的。艾略特·談波登的變化基本上不大,衹是一九二九年之後,排場變得闊綽了,但是,一直寫到他臨終前拿到愛德娜·諾維馬裏的請帖,親自寫那封口信之後,作者方纔完成這幅社會名流的畫像,真可以說是達到筆酣墨飽的地步。衹有拉裏·達雷爾自始至終好象變化不大,永遠是那樣一個閑雲野鶴似的人物,使人疑心是不是取材自真實生活。可是,一九五九年,卻被我無意中發現了拉裏的藍本,原來是劍橋大學新近逝世的哲學教授維特根斯坦。這位教授是奧地利人,在劍橋大學學工程學,偶然也研究一點哲學,聽過羅素和摩爾的課,但頗能發揮自己的獨特見解。第一次大戰開始,維特根斯坦擔任軍官並論為俘虜;戰後隱居奧國,當小學教師和修道院園丁。他的劍橋大學同學蘭姆賽和布裏斯威特在奧地利訪求到他,力勸他重新把哲學抓起來,維特根斯坦於是跟當時的維也納學派石裏剋等人稍稍往還;一九三○年,受聘為劍橋大學研究員。後來摩爾退休,維特根斯坦卻繼摩爾被任命為哲學教授。以一個外國人在英國的學術首府擔當這個職務,可以說是殊榮,但維特根斯坦卻引以為苦,經常勸他的學生不要在大學教書,尤其不能教哲學。一九四七年年紀不到六十就退職,一九五一年逝世。毛姆在一九四四年出版《刀鋒》時,維特根斯坦還活着,所以作者在小說開頭時說“書中角色的姓氏全都改過,並且務必寫得使人認不出是誰,免得那些還活在世上的人看了不安。”但是,不管作者怎樣改動,總有些蛛絲馬跡可尋;舉例說,小說開頭敘述拉裏在俱樂部圖書室裏死啃威廉·詹姆斯的《心理學原理》,而維特根斯坦講課時絶不引用別的哲學家的話,但卻時常提到威廉·詹姆斯;有一天,甚至告訴學生詹姆斯的《心理學原理》第××頁講的什麽,使學生們聽了都感覺詫異,這是一。其次,小說寫拉裏最後把自己的一點財産分散給人,維特根斯坦的父親死後,留給他一筆很優渥的財産,維特根斯坦全拿來分給富有的親朋,他的怪理由是富人得到纔可以免受金錢的腐蝕,而小說中也沒有提到拉裏散金的對象是些什麽人,這是二。還有,維特根斯坦平日絶少與人交往,凡是大學社交生活和哲學界各種活動都絶跡不參加,這和拉裏不喜歡社交活動也有相似之處。根據這幾方面的對照,再加上兩人性格上的轉變,都是因參加一次大戰後開始的,可以斷言小說中的拉裏就是寫的維特根斯坦。當然也有不盡相同之處,如拉裏告訴伊莎貝兒他讀希臘原文的《奧德修紀》所感到的興奮,但是,維特根斯坦卻是什麽文學作品都不讀,衹看偵探小說。但是,毛姆在《總結》中曾講過這樣的話:“喜歡聽故事和喜歡看跳舞和摹擬表演……同樣是人性的自然傾嚮。從偵探小說的流行可以看出這種愛好至今不衰,連第一流的知識分子也看它們,當然並不當回事,可是的確看它們;為什麽?還不是因為他們唯一放在眼裏的那些心理的,教育的,精神分析的小說不能滿足他們的這種特殊需要嗎!”毛姆這段話裏面的“第一流知識分子”原文是the most intellectual persons,所以不僅包括文學權威,也應包括其他學術權威在內。可以揣想,維特根斯坦喜歡看偵探小說,毛姆並不是不知道;而小說第五章作者從愛德娜·諾維馬裏的女秘書那裏為艾略特偷得請帖後,問女秘書她在化裝跳舞會上預備穿什麽服裝時,她的回答是,“我親愛的先生,我是個牧師的女兒,這種愚蠢的事,我留給上層階級去做。當我看見《先驅報》和《郵報》的那些代表吃了一頓好宵夜並且喝了一瓶我們的第二等最好的香檳酒之後,我的責任就結束了。我將回到我的臥室關起門來看一本偵探小說。”這一點描繪,我認為也是從維特根斯坦身上移植過來的。最後,還有維特根斯坦在戰後當的小學教師與修道院園丁工作,和拉裏回美國後預備當的卡車司機和開出租汽車同樣都是不求聞達的表現,毛姆衹是把他的藍本首尾倒置一下而已。
毛姆從不諱言他小說中的人物是從真實生活取材的,所以我的這點考證——如果並沒有被別人發現的話——並不足奇;問題倒是為什麽毛姆挑中維特根斯坦這樣一個人作為他小說的主角。《刀鋒》出版於一九四四年,是他一九四○年來美國後的第一部小說。人們可以想象得出在他流寓美國期間,盤算和估量——特別是從大西洋彼岸——他所經歷的兩次大戰之間這段時期,以他閱歷之深,接觸面之廣,而選擇了維特根斯坦,一定是經過反復考慮的。現在,我們可以看出,拉裏這個人確是一次大戰的産物,而他反映的時代 ——兩次大戰之間的時代——則是歐洲中心主義的黃昏時代。在這個時期,世界文化中心雖則仍在歐洲,而歐洲的文化中心,在毛姆看來,無疑在法國,但它已經不能給來此尋求人生真諦的人以滿意的回答了。拉裏在巴黎博覽群書,學會了幾種語言,但是,巴黎和法國衹成為他的中途島;他最後帶回去的,既不是恩夏姆神甫要把他當迷途羔羊圈回去的天主教,也不是他想從波蘭礦工考斯第口中探聽的神秘主義,而是印度的吠陀經哲學。小說中無一語涉及納粹的興起,但是,小說反映的歐洲的精神空虛,已足夠說明為什麽納粹主義能夠乘虛而入了。
小說不是歷史,不需要反映一個時代的全貌,但它反映的那一部分,特別是其中的人物,必須給人以真實感,不能衹是影子。有時候,由於文學修養差,欣賞不了作傢所創造的人物,這情形是有的。我當學生時,對莎士比亞的黎耶王形象就不能欣賞,後來讀了A.C.布雷德利的《莎士比亞悲劇》纔發現自己的文學修養不足。但是,有些名傢筆下的人物,如最近我讀到的狄更斯的《小杜麗》,就衹能說是概念的産物了。毛姆的《刀鋒》之所以可貴,就在於為我們提供了兩次大戰之間那個時期的一個人物畫廊。
The Razor’s Edge tells the story of an American fighter pilot (Larry Darrell) traumatized by his experiences in World War I, who sets off in search of some transcendent meaning in his life. The novel is supposed to be based on the life of Guy Hague, an American mining engineer.
The story begins through the eyes of Larry’s friends and acquaintances as they witness his personality change after the War. His rejection of conventional life and search for meaningful experience allows him to thrive while the more materialistic characters suffer reversals of fortune. The book was twice adapted into film, first in 1946 starring Tyrone Power and Gene Tierney, and Herbert Marshall as Maugham, and then a 1984 adaptation starring Bill Murray, with Tibet replacing India as the place of Larry’s enlightenment (the monastery to which Larry travels in the 1984 movie adaptation is in Ladakh, an Indian-ruled region sometimes called "Little Tibet").
Plot
Maugham begins by characterizing his story as not really a novel but a thinly veiled true account. He includes himself as a minor character, a writer who drifts in and out of the lives of the major players. Larry Darrell’s lifestyle is contrasted throughout the book with that of his fiancée’s uncle, Elliott Templeton, an American expatriate living in Paris and a shallow and unrepentant yet generous snob. For example, while Templeton's Catholicism embraces the hierarchical trappings of the Church, Larry's proclivities tend towards the 13th century Flemish mystic and saint John of Ruysbroeck.
Wounded and traumatized by the death of a comrade in the War, Larry returns to Chicago, Illinois and his fiancée, Isabel Bradley, only to announce that he does not plan to work and instead will "loaf" on his small inheritance. He wants to delay their marriage and refuses to take up a job as a stockbroker offered to him by the father of his friend Gray, Henry Maturin. Meanwhile, Larry’s childhood friend, Sophie, settles into a happy marriage, only later tragically losing her husband and baby in a car accident.
Larry moves to Paris and immerses himself in study and bohemian life. After two years of this "loafing," Isabel visits and Larry asks her to join his life of wandering and searching, living in Paris and traveling with little money. She cannot accept his vision of life and breaks their engagement to go back to Chicago. There she marries the millionaire Gray, who provides her a rich family life. Meanwhile, Larry begins a sojourn through Europe, taking a job at a coal mine in Lens, France, where he befriends a former Polish army officer named Kosti. Kosti's influence encourages Larry to look toward things spiritual for his answers rather than in books. Larry and Kosti leave the coal mine and travel together for a time before parting ways. Larry then meets a Benedictine monk named Father Ensheim in Bonn, Germany while Father Ensheim is on leave from his monastery doing academic research. After spending several months with the Benedictines and being unable to reconcile their conception of God with his own reason, Larry takes a job on an ocean liner and finds himself in Bombay.
Larry has significant spiritual adventures in India and comes back to Paris. What he actually found in India and what he finally concluded are held back from the reader for a considerable time until, in a scene late in the book, Maugham discusses India and spirituality with Larry in a café long into the evening.
The 1929 stock market crash has ruined Gray, and he and Isabel are invited to live in her uncle Elliott Templeton’s grand Parisian house. Gray is often incapacitated with agonizing migraines due to a general nervous collapse. Larry is able to help him using an Indian form of hypnotic suggestion. Sophie has also drifted to the French capital, where her friends find her reduced to alcohol, opium, and promiscuity — empty and dangerous liaisons that seem to help her to bury her pain. Larry first sets out to save her and then decides to marry her, a plan that displeases Isabel, who is still in love with him.
Isabel tempts Sophie off the wagon with a bottle of Żubrówka, and she disappears from Paris. Maugham deduces this after seeing Sophie in Toulon, where she has returned to smoking opium and promiscuity. He is drawn back into the tale when police interrogate him after Sophie has been found murdered with an inscribed book from him in her room (along with volumes by Baudelaire and Rimbaud).
Meanwhile in Antibes, Elliott Templeton, who has compulsively throughout his life sought out aristocratic society, is on his deathbed. None of his titled friends come to see him, which makes him alternately morose and irate, though his outlook on death is somewhat positive: "I have always moved in the best society in Europe, and I have no doubt that I shall move in the best society in heaven."
Isabel inherits his fortune, but genuinely grieves for her uncle. Maugham confronts her about Sophie, having figured out Isabel’s role in Sophie’s downfall. Isabel’s only punishment will be that she will never get Larry, who has decided to return to America and live as a common working man. He is uninterested in the rich and glamorous world that Isabel will move in. Maugham ends his narrative by suggesting that all the characters got what they wanted in the end: "Elliott social eminence; Isabel an assured position; ... Sophie death; and Larry happiness."
Influences and critical reception
Maugham, like Hermann Hesse, was remarkably prescient, anticipating an embrace of Eastern culture by Americans and Europeans almost a decade before the Beats were to popularize it. Maugham himself visited Sri Ramana Ashram, where he had a direct interaction with Ramana Maharshi in Tamil Nadu, India in 1938.. Maugham’s suggestion that he "invented nothing" was a source of annoyance for Christopher Isherwood, who helped him translate a verse from the Upanishads for the novel’s epigraph.[citation needed] Many thought Isherwood, who had built his own literary reputation by then and was studying Indian philosophy, was the basis for the book’s hero. Isherwood went so far as to write Time magazine denying this speculation. A more likely inspiration for the Larry Darrell charater was American mining engineer Guy Hague, who'd spent time in Sri Ramana Maharshi's ashram.
作品描述了美國青年飛行員拉裏·達雷爾在部隊結識了一位愛爾蘭戰友,在一次戰鬥中,這位戰友為救他犧牲了。為此他丟下一切遍遊世界,最後到了印度,終於對人生大徹大悟,返回美國,當上一個出租車司機,打算隱身人海,經終天年。
二次大戰爆發後,毛姆由尼斯避難到英國,繼而赴美國居住,直到戰爭結束後纔返回裏維埃拉的故居。在美國期間,他出版了《刀鋒》(一九四四年四月,英國版晚三個月);這是一部傑作,出版後不但受到廣大讀者歡迎,而且受到弗吉妮亞·伍爾芙夫人那個嚴峻的批評傢的稱許。《總結》(一九三八)雖然帶有自傳性質,但主要是敘述他的相當實事求是但不隨流俗的文學見解和人生哲學;這部書應和《一個作傢的筆記本》(一九四四)作姊妹篇讀。他死時九十一歲,造有一女。他的戲劇、小說和短篇小說有許多於他在世時都拍成電影;這在當代作傢中也是少見的。
《刀鋒》是用第一人稱寫的,而且這個人乾脆不再是作者慣用的阿辛登筆名,而是直接用了自己的真名實姓。小說寫一個參加第一次大戰的美國青年飛行員拉裏·達雷爾。在軍隊中,拉裏結識了一個愛爾蘭好友:這人平時是那樣一個生竜活虎般的置生死於度外的飛行員,但在一次遭遇戰中,因趨救拉裏而中彈犧牲。拉裏因此對人生感到迷惘,弄不懂世界上為什麽有惡和不幸(這也是毛姆在《總結》中提出過的)。復員後,拉裏既不肯進大學,也不肯就業,一心想探求人生的終極。為此,他丟下未婚妻來到巴黎;兩年後,和未婚妻解約,又從巴黎遍遊世界各地,最後到了印度,找到了印度的吠陀經哲學。於是了悟人生,把自己的一點薄産分散給親友,自己返回美國,當一個自食其力的出租汽車司機,打算隱身人海,以終天年。小說以拉裏為中心,描繪了許多美國男女,有拉裏的未婚妻,貪圖物質享受的伊莎貝兒;有以買賣古董起傢,一心想鑽進上流交際社會的艾略特·談波登;有頭腦簡單但心地忠厚的格雷·馬圖林,他原是百萬富翁的獨生子,但是一九二九年的經濟大崩潰使他破了産,他是個衹知道做生意發財的典型美國社會産物;有伊莎貝兒的同學,索菲·麥唐納,因丈夫和兒子在車禍中喪命,被夫傢放逐到巴黎來過着墮落的生活,終於被不逞之徒殺害;還有一個模特兒兼妓女的法國女子蘇姍·魯維埃,和拉裏與作者都相識,最後和法國一個外地廠商結婚而得到生活保障。作者本人在書中也擔任了一個重要角色;他既是演員,又是觀衆。背景多半是在法國,特別是巴黎。由於毛姆大半生是在法國度過的,而寫作本書時,正因戰爭避地美國,所以寫到巴黎時,特別流露出懷鄉情緒,如寫他在赴拉裏約會之前,穿過盧森堡博物館的公園時,描寫園中遊人的那一段回憶自己青年時期的描述,完全屬於自敘性質,和小說毫無關係。又如第六章論述萊辛的《貝蕾妮絲》,都是離開主題發揮自己的文學見解。書中的主要角色除掉蘇姍·魯維埃外,全都是美國人,使人想起一句調侃美國人的諺語:“人死後進天堂,美國人死後去巴黎。”但是,他們最後都死的死了,回國的回國了,連蘇姍·魯維埃也嫁到外地去,如作者所說,“在我的生命中也消失了。”當然,這個小圈子裏的人衹占據作者生活的很少一部分,但我們仍不免興一種落寞之感,仿佛作者是“珠箔飄燈獨自歸”。
正如作者在小說中交代的,他這本書並不想“闡述所謂《奧義書》的哲學體係。”“我懂得太少了,但即使懂得很多,這也不是闡述《奧義書》的地方……我想的衹是拉裏。”在本書結尾時,他又說,“我是個俗人,是塵世中人;我衹能對這類人中麟鳳的光輝形象表示景慕,沒法步他的後塵。”因此,他和剋裏斯朵夫·衣修午德不同,並不打算嚮西方推薦吠陀經哲學,或者提倡人人都學拉裏;單拿一點來說,不近女色,如果人人都象拉裏那樣奉行,豈不會造成滅種的災禍!毛姆的道德觀是如我國嵇康在《絶交書》中所主張的“四民有務,各得志為樂”。他把拉裏捧得很高,但並不把艾略特·談波登那個“大大的勢利鬼”貶得很低。他對放浪形骸的索菲·麥唐納衹有同情,對當模特兒兼妓女的蘇姍·魯維埃能夠有一個歸宿感到欣幸,對頭腦簡單的格雷·馬圖林,在他的筆下絶少挖苦,而往往突出他的忠厚和慈愛,但對伊莎貝兒則毫不徇情地揭露她蓄意破壞索菲和拉裏婚事的陰謀,儘管他很欣賞她的美,並且是她多年來的“知心”朋友。但他接着也寫伊莎貝兒獲悉拉裏分散自己財産,並且返回美國預備當司機的消息後,傷心啜泣的情景,從而讓讀者自己對伊莎貝兒作出結論。不妨說,伊莎貝兒的用心是狠毒的,但是,她破壞的是一個本來不可能有好結果的婚姻,因為如果索菲連伊莎貝兒佈置那點誘惑都抵禦不了,拉裏即使學會了瑜伽修道士的那點法力,能把她從自甘墮落的道路上拉得回轉嗎?
儘管作者在本書開頭聲稱,他幾乎沒有什麽故事可述,但是,他仍舊充分運用了敘事的技巧,從而抓住讀者的註意力。在翻譯本書的過程中,我時常碰到這樣的情形,即一面譯,一面盤算着不知他對這種鋪開的局面怎樣收拾法。但是,使我佩服的是他筆頭一轉,很快就結束掉;例如在第二章末尾,當伊莎貝兒告訴作者自己和拉裏解約的經過,以及作者給了伊莎貝兒忠告之後,他衹用兩三行文字就結束了他們精心策劃的漢普頓宮之遊:
雨仍舊下個不停,我們認為不去看漢普頓宮那些華貴建築,甚至伊麗莎白女王的床,伊莎貝兒也可以活下去,所以就坐車子回到倫敦。
我想如果有個金聖嘆的話,很可能在這一段後面插進一些雙行批語:“隨手收拾掉漢普頓宮,妙。蓋漢普頓官之遊不過是為了找個場合讓伊莎貝兒能嚮作者傾吐胸臆,現在目的已達,再敘述作者領她遊覽漢普頓宮便是呆鳥矣。”
但是,本書最成功的還是人物的塑造;不但幾個主要人物寫得非常成功,連些次要人物,如布雷德利太太,礦工考斯第,甚至土倫的警察局長,也都是有血有肉的人。小說從一九一九年開始,一直寫到三十年代中期,人物的性格當然不可能沒有發展和變化。索菲·麥唐納和作者在芝加哥初次見到的靦腆少女判若兩人,這不難做到;她自己的身世便是解釋。伊莎貝兒經過嫁格雷後的紙醉金迷生活,繼之以破産和二次來巴黎後依舅父艾略特居住,鍛煉成她那樣的尤物,作者是煞費了一番苦心的。艾略特·談波登的變化基本上不大,衹是一九二九年之後,排場變得闊綽了,但是,一直寫到他臨終前拿到愛德娜·諾維馬裏的請帖,親自寫那封口信之後,作者方纔完成這幅社會名流的畫像,真可以說是達到筆酣墨飽的地步。衹有拉裏·達雷爾自始至終好象變化不大,永遠是那樣一個閑雲野鶴似的人物,使人疑心是不是取材自真實生活。可是,一九五九年,卻被我無意中發現了拉裏的藍本,原來是劍橋大學新近逝世的哲學教授維特根斯坦。這位教授是奧地利人,在劍橋大學學工程學,偶然也研究一點哲學,聽過羅素和摩爾的課,但頗能發揮自己的獨特見解。第一次大戰開始,維特根斯坦擔任軍官並論為俘虜;戰後隱居奧國,當小學教師和修道院園丁。他的劍橋大學同學蘭姆賽和布裏斯威特在奧地利訪求到他,力勸他重新把哲學抓起來,維特根斯坦於是跟當時的維也納學派石裏剋等人稍稍往還;一九三○年,受聘為劍橋大學研究員。後來摩爾退休,維特根斯坦卻繼摩爾被任命為哲學教授。以一個外國人在英國的學術首府擔當這個職務,可以說是殊榮,但維特根斯坦卻引以為苦,經常勸他的學生不要在大學教書,尤其不能教哲學。一九四七年年紀不到六十就退職,一九五一年逝世。毛姆在一九四四年出版《刀鋒》時,維特根斯坦還活着,所以作者在小說開頭時說“書中角色的姓氏全都改過,並且務必寫得使人認不出是誰,免得那些還活在世上的人看了不安。”但是,不管作者怎樣改動,總有些蛛絲馬跡可尋;舉例說,小說開頭敘述拉裏在俱樂部圖書室裏死啃威廉·詹姆斯的《心理學原理》,而維特根斯坦講課時絶不引用別的哲學家的話,但卻時常提到威廉·詹姆斯;有一天,甚至告訴學生詹姆斯的《心理學原理》第××頁講的什麽,使學生們聽了都感覺詫異,這是一。其次,小說寫拉裏最後把自己的一點財産分散給人,維特根斯坦的父親死後,留給他一筆很優渥的財産,維特根斯坦全拿來分給富有的親朋,他的怪理由是富人得到纔可以免受金錢的腐蝕,而小說中也沒有提到拉裏散金的對象是些什麽人,這是二。還有,維特根斯坦平日絶少與人交往,凡是大學社交生活和哲學界各種活動都絶跡不參加,這和拉裏不喜歡社交活動也有相似之處。根據這幾方面的對照,再加上兩人性格上的轉變,都是因參加一次大戰後開始的,可以斷言小說中的拉裏就是寫的維特根斯坦。當然也有不盡相同之處,如拉裏告訴伊莎貝兒他讀希臘原文的《奧德修紀》所感到的興奮,但是,維特根斯坦卻是什麽文學作品都不讀,衹看偵探小說。但是,毛姆在《總結》中曾講過這樣的話:“喜歡聽故事和喜歡看跳舞和摹擬表演……同樣是人性的自然傾嚮。從偵探小說的流行可以看出這種愛好至今不衰,連第一流的知識分子也看它們,當然並不當回事,可是的確看它們;為什麽?還不是因為他們唯一放在眼裏的那些心理的,教育的,精神分析的小說不能滿足他們的這種特殊需要嗎!”毛姆這段話裏面的“第一流知識分子”原文是the most intellectual persons,所以不僅包括文學權威,也應包括其他學術權威在內。可以揣想,維特根斯坦喜歡看偵探小說,毛姆並不是不知道;而小說第五章作者從愛德娜·諾維馬裏的女秘書那裏為艾略特偷得請帖後,問女秘書她在化裝跳舞會上預備穿什麽服裝時,她的回答是,“我親愛的先生,我是個牧師的女兒,這種愚蠢的事,我留給上層階級去做。當我看見《先驅報》和《郵報》的那些代表吃了一頓好宵夜並且喝了一瓶我們的第二等最好的香檳酒之後,我的責任就結束了。我將回到我的臥室關起門來看一本偵探小說。”這一點描繪,我認為也是從維特根斯坦身上移植過來的。最後,還有維特根斯坦在戰後當的小學教師與修道院園丁工作,和拉裏回美國後預備當的卡車司機和開出租汽車同樣都是不求聞達的表現,毛姆衹是把他的藍本首尾倒置一下而已。
毛姆從不諱言他小說中的人物是從真實生活取材的,所以我的這點考證——如果並沒有被別人發現的話——並不足奇;問題倒是為什麽毛姆挑中維特根斯坦這樣一個人作為他小說的主角。《刀鋒》出版於一九四四年,是他一九四○年來美國後的第一部小說。人們可以想象得出在他流寓美國期間,盤算和估量——特別是從大西洋彼岸——他所經歷的兩次大戰之間這段時期,以他閱歷之深,接觸面之廣,而選擇了維特根斯坦,一定是經過反復考慮的。現在,我們可以看出,拉裏這個人確是一次大戰的産物,而他反映的時代 ——兩次大戰之間的時代——則是歐洲中心主義的黃昏時代。在這個時期,世界文化中心雖則仍在歐洲,而歐洲的文化中心,在毛姆看來,無疑在法國,但它已經不能給來此尋求人生真諦的人以滿意的回答了。拉裏在巴黎博覽群書,學會了幾種語言,但是,巴黎和法國衹成為他的中途島;他最後帶回去的,既不是恩夏姆神甫要把他當迷途羔羊圈回去的天主教,也不是他想從波蘭礦工考斯第口中探聽的神秘主義,而是印度的吠陀經哲學。小說中無一語涉及納粹的興起,但是,小說反映的歐洲的精神空虛,已足夠說明為什麽納粹主義能夠乘虛而入了。
小說不是歷史,不需要反映一個時代的全貌,但它反映的那一部分,特別是其中的人物,必須給人以真實感,不能衹是影子。有時候,由於文學修養差,欣賞不了作傢所創造的人物,這情形是有的。我當學生時,對莎士比亞的黎耶王形象就不能欣賞,後來讀了A.C.布雷德利的《莎士比亞悲劇》纔發現自己的文學修養不足。但是,有些名傢筆下的人物,如最近我讀到的狄更斯的《小杜麗》,就衹能說是概念的産物了。毛姆的《刀鋒》之所以可貴,就在於為我們提供了兩次大戰之間那個時期的一個人物畫廊。
The Razor’s Edge tells the story of an American fighter pilot (Larry Darrell) traumatized by his experiences in World War I, who sets off in search of some transcendent meaning in his life. The novel is supposed to be based on the life of Guy Hague, an American mining engineer.
The story begins through the eyes of Larry’s friends and acquaintances as they witness his personality change after the War. His rejection of conventional life and search for meaningful experience allows him to thrive while the more materialistic characters suffer reversals of fortune. The book was twice adapted into film, first in 1946 starring Tyrone Power and Gene Tierney, and Herbert Marshall as Maugham, and then a 1984 adaptation starring Bill Murray, with Tibet replacing India as the place of Larry’s enlightenment (the monastery to which Larry travels in the 1984 movie adaptation is in Ladakh, an Indian-ruled region sometimes called "Little Tibet").
Plot
Maugham begins by characterizing his story as not really a novel but a thinly veiled true account. He includes himself as a minor character, a writer who drifts in and out of the lives of the major players. Larry Darrell’s lifestyle is contrasted throughout the book with that of his fiancée’s uncle, Elliott Templeton, an American expatriate living in Paris and a shallow and unrepentant yet generous snob. For example, while Templeton's Catholicism embraces the hierarchical trappings of the Church, Larry's proclivities tend towards the 13th century Flemish mystic and saint John of Ruysbroeck.
Wounded and traumatized by the death of a comrade in the War, Larry returns to Chicago, Illinois and his fiancée, Isabel Bradley, only to announce that he does not plan to work and instead will "loaf" on his small inheritance. He wants to delay their marriage and refuses to take up a job as a stockbroker offered to him by the father of his friend Gray, Henry Maturin. Meanwhile, Larry’s childhood friend, Sophie, settles into a happy marriage, only later tragically losing her husband and baby in a car accident.
Larry moves to Paris and immerses himself in study and bohemian life. After two years of this "loafing," Isabel visits and Larry asks her to join his life of wandering and searching, living in Paris and traveling with little money. She cannot accept his vision of life and breaks their engagement to go back to Chicago. There she marries the millionaire Gray, who provides her a rich family life. Meanwhile, Larry begins a sojourn through Europe, taking a job at a coal mine in Lens, France, where he befriends a former Polish army officer named Kosti. Kosti's influence encourages Larry to look toward things spiritual for his answers rather than in books. Larry and Kosti leave the coal mine and travel together for a time before parting ways. Larry then meets a Benedictine monk named Father Ensheim in Bonn, Germany while Father Ensheim is on leave from his monastery doing academic research. After spending several months with the Benedictines and being unable to reconcile their conception of God with his own reason, Larry takes a job on an ocean liner and finds himself in Bombay.
Larry has significant spiritual adventures in India and comes back to Paris. What he actually found in India and what he finally concluded are held back from the reader for a considerable time until, in a scene late in the book, Maugham discusses India and spirituality with Larry in a café long into the evening.
The 1929 stock market crash has ruined Gray, and he and Isabel are invited to live in her uncle Elliott Templeton’s grand Parisian house. Gray is often incapacitated with agonizing migraines due to a general nervous collapse. Larry is able to help him using an Indian form of hypnotic suggestion. Sophie has also drifted to the French capital, where her friends find her reduced to alcohol, opium, and promiscuity — empty and dangerous liaisons that seem to help her to bury her pain. Larry first sets out to save her and then decides to marry her, a plan that displeases Isabel, who is still in love with him.
Isabel tempts Sophie off the wagon with a bottle of Żubrówka, and she disappears from Paris. Maugham deduces this after seeing Sophie in Toulon, where she has returned to smoking opium and promiscuity. He is drawn back into the tale when police interrogate him after Sophie has been found murdered with an inscribed book from him in her room (along with volumes by Baudelaire and Rimbaud).
Meanwhile in Antibes, Elliott Templeton, who has compulsively throughout his life sought out aristocratic society, is on his deathbed. None of his titled friends come to see him, which makes him alternately morose and irate, though his outlook on death is somewhat positive: "I have always moved in the best society in Europe, and I have no doubt that I shall move in the best society in heaven."
Isabel inherits his fortune, but genuinely grieves for her uncle. Maugham confronts her about Sophie, having figured out Isabel’s role in Sophie’s downfall. Isabel’s only punishment will be that she will never get Larry, who has decided to return to America and live as a common working man. He is uninterested in the rich and glamorous world that Isabel will move in. Maugham ends his narrative by suggesting that all the characters got what they wanted in the end: "Elliott social eminence; Isabel an assured position; ... Sophie death; and Larry happiness."
Influences and critical reception
Maugham, like Hermann Hesse, was remarkably prescient, anticipating an embrace of Eastern culture by Americans and Europeans almost a decade before the Beats were to popularize it. Maugham himself visited Sri Ramana Ashram, where he had a direct interaction with Ramana Maharshi in Tamil Nadu, India in 1938.. Maugham’s suggestion that he "invented nothing" was a source of annoyance for Christopher Isherwood, who helped him translate a verse from the Upanishads for the novel’s epigraph.[citation needed] Many thought Isherwood, who had built his own literary reputation by then and was studying Indian philosophy, was the basis for the book’s hero. Isherwood went so far as to write Time magazine denying this speculation. A more likely inspiration for the Larry Darrell charater was American mining engineer Guy Hague, who'd spent time in Sri Ramana Maharshi's ashram.
《戲院》 (Theatre)(1937年)長篇小說
朱莉婭·蘭伯特正值盛年,英格蘭一代紅伶。臺上,她是拿捏情感的行傢裏手,臺下,她卻厭倦了她的丈夫,不復剋製她的行為。她先是為一個羞澀又野心勃勃的年輕戲迷的殷勤而歡欣,又因其執著而激顫,最終狂熱而危險地陷入愛河。
這部小說是毛姆自稱在十分歡暢的心情下寫下的自己特別心愛的一部作品,1937年在美國和英國同時出版,轟動一時。著名評論傢伯納德·德·沃托在《星期六文學評論》上贊譽它“精美絶倫,是當代優秀小說的範本”。
毛姆用戲謔和嘲諷,“無情地解剖感情,不加憐憫地描述他所看到的這個沒有憐憫的世界”。英國小說傢伊麗莎白·鮑恩稱他的《劇院風情》是一部“尖刻的悲喜劇”。
雖然毛姆多以其小說傢的身份而蜚聲文壇,但最初卻是以其劇作而司名。《劇院風情》既是毛姆嚮他從中隱退的那個世界的致敬,也是他的戲劇與舞臺熱情最具說服力的明證。
朱莉婭·蘭伯特正值盛年,英格蘭一代紅伶。臺上,她是拿捏情感的行傢裏手,臺下,她卻厭倦了她的丈夫,不復剋製她的行為。她先是為一個羞澀又野心勃勃的年輕戲迷的殷勤而歡欣,又因其執著而激顫,最終狂熱而危險地陷入愛河。
這部小說是毛姆自稱在十分歡暢的心情下寫下的自己特別心愛的一部作品,1937年在美國和英國同時出版,轟動一時。著名評論傢伯納德·德·沃托在《星期六文學評論》上贊譽它“精美絶倫,是當代優秀小說的範本”。
毛姆用戲謔和嘲諷,“無情地解剖感情,不加憐憫地描述他所看到的這個沒有憐憫的世界”。英國小說傢伊麗莎白·鮑恩稱他的《劇院風情》是一部“尖刻的悲喜劇”。
雖然毛姆多以其小說傢的身份而蜚聲文壇,但最初卻是以其劇作而司名。《劇院風情》既是毛姆嚮他從中隱退的那個世界的致敬,也是他的戲劇與舞臺熱情最具說服力的明證。
聖彼得教堂下午有一場洗禮,所以奧伯特·愛德瓦還穿着他的司事長袍。他總是把新袍子放在做喪禮或婚禮的時候纔穿(哪些講究時髦的人總是選聖彼得教堂來舉行這些典禮),所以,現在他所穿的衹是稍微次一等的。穿這袍子,他感到自傲,因為這是他職位尊嚴的標志。這位子來之不易。摺叠和熨燙袍子的事情他總是要親手幹。在這傢教堂當了十六年的司事,這樣的袍子,已經有過好多件,但他從來都不肯將穿舊的袍子扔掉,所有的袍子都用牛皮紙整齊地包好,存放在臥室衣櫥下面的抽屜裏。
司事現在是在小禮堂等着牧師結束他的儀式,這樣他就能將這裏收拾整齊,然後回傢。
“他還在那裏磨蹭什麽呀?”司事自言自語地說。“他難道不知道我也該回去喝杯茶了。”
這位牧師是最近纔任命的,四十來歲,紅光滿面,是個精力充沛的人。而奧伯特·愛德瓦還是為先前的牧師感到遺憾,那是一個舊派的教士,從不大驚小怪,不像現在這位,樣樣事情都要插上一手。
不久,他看到牧師走了過來。
“佛曼,您能到小教堂裏來一會兒嗎,我有些事情要同你說說。”
“好的,閣下。”
他們一起沿着教堂走去,牧師將奧伯特·愛德瓦領進了小教堂。奧伯特·愛德瓦看到這裏還有兩位教堂執事,有一點兒驚訝,他並沒有看到他們進來。他們對他和善地點了點頭。
“下午好,我的大人。下午好,閣下。”他一個一個地同他們打招呼。
兩位都是長者,他們當教堂執事幾乎和奧伯特·愛德瓦當司事一樣長。他們現在坐在原先的牧師許多年前從意大利弄來的精緻的桌子旁邊,牧師坐到他們中間空出的椅子上。奧伯特面對着他們,桌子在他與他們之間,心裏有些不自在地猜想着這是怎麽一回事。他還記得彈風琴的人惹出的麻煩,後來費了不少力纔把事情平息了。在聖彼得教堂這樣的地方是不允許有醜聞的。牧師的臉上是一團和氣,而另外兩位卻表現出些微的慌亂。
“他是想要他們做某件事,但是他們卻不太願意。”司事對自己說。“準是如此,你可以記住我的話。”
但是奧伯特並沒有將他的想法顯露在臉上。他以一種謙恭而又尊嚴的姿態站着。在當司事之前他當過僕人,但是都是在非常體面的人傢。開始是在一個富商傢當跟班,在一位寡居的貴夫人傢他升到了管傢的職位,在聖彼得教堂司事職位出現空缺時他已經在一位退職的大使傢裏當總管,手下有了兩個人。他高大,瘦削,沉穩而自尊。看起來,不說是個公爵,但至少也是老派戲班裏專門扮演公爵的演員。他老成,堅定,自信。
牧師神彩奕奕地開口了。
“佛曼,有些事情我們實在有些不太願意對你開口。你已經在這裏幹了這麽多年了,而且令人滿意地履行了你的責任。”
兩位執事點着頭。
“但是有一天我瞭解到一件非同尋常的事情,我覺得有責任要將這事情告知我們的執事。我不勝驚訝地發覺你竟然既不能讀也不能寫。”
司事的臉上沒有顯露出任何窘睏的神色。
“以前的牧師知道這事,閣下。”他回答說。“他說這無關緊要,他經常說,以他的品味,有時候這個世界教育得也太過分了。”
“這是我生以來聽到的最令人驚訝的事情了,”執事們喊叫了起來。“你的意思是說,你當了這個教堂的司事十六年,卻從來不會讀也不會寫?”
“閣下,我從十二歲起就當了差。開頭那傢廚師曾經想要教我,但我好像在這方面實在不開竅。此後我再也沒有時間,我也從來沒有真的想着要學。”
“但是,你就不想瞭解外界的事情?”另一位執事說。“你從來都沒有寫過信?”
“沒有,閣下,沒有這些,好像也很好呀。現在報紙上有的是圖片,所以我對一切情況都很瞭解呀。如果我想要寫信,我可以讓我妻子幫我寫嘛。”
“兩位執事無可奈何地瞧了一眼牧師,然後就低頭看着桌子。
“好吧,佛曼,我同兩位先生討論過這事,他們同我一樣,認為這實在是匪夷所思。像聖彼得這樣的教堂裏不能有一個既不能讀又不能寫的司事。”
奧伯特·愛德瓦瘦削而蒼白的臉漲紅了,他不自在地跺動着腳,但卻沒有答話。
“不過,佛曼,你不是可以去學習麽?”執事中的一位問道。
“不,閣下。事到如今,我恐怕不行了。你看我已經不再年輕,既然我不能在孩童的時候將這些文字塞進我的頭腦裏去的話,我想,到如今也不會有這樣的機會。”
“佛曼,不是我們要苛求於你,”牧師說,“但是我同執事們已經拿定了主意。我們給你三個月時間,到那時你要是還不能讀、不能寫,那恐怕就得叫你走人。”
奧伯特從來就不喜歡這個牧師,一開始他就說,他們把聖彼得交給他是一個錯誤。他知道他的價值,現在他覺得自己放鬆了一點。
“我感到非常抱歉,閣下,我恐怕要說,這對我沒有任何好處。我是一條再也不能學新花招的老狗了。不會讀不會寫,好多年來我也活得很好,就算我還能學會,我也不會說我想要去學了。”
“這麽說,佛曼,我衹好說你得走人。”
“好的,閣下,我懂, 衹要一找到能頂替我的人,我就會樂意遞上我的辭職書的。”
但是,當奧伯特·愛德瓦以他通常的禮貌在牧師和執事們離開後關上了教堂的門以後,他再也無法保持住那種莊重的氣氛了,他的嘴唇顫抖着。他回到小禮堂將司事的袍子挂到了木砧上。想起他在這裏看到的那麽多葬禮和婚禮的場面,他嘆息着。他把一切都整理好,穿上了他的夾剋,帽子拿在手裏,走出了教堂。他把身後教堂的門鎖上,漫步穿過廣場,在深深的憂傷中,他沒有走嚮那條往傢走的路,傢裏有又濃又好的茶在等待着他,他卻轉錯了方向。他走得很緩慢。他的心情非常沉重。他不知道自己究竟該怎麽做。重新去做人傢的僕人的念頭他是不願意去想的。已經自主了這麽多年,他不再能伺候人。他積攢下了一筆錢,但還不足以坐享終生,生活的費用每年都在增加。他從來沒有想到會遭遇這樣的麻煩。聖彼得教堂的司事,就如同羅馬的教皇,是終其一生的呀。奧伯特不抽煙,也不飲酒,但稍有通融,就是說,在正餐時也可以喝杯啤酒,在覺得勞累的時候也可以抽根把煙。就在此刻,他覺得要是有支煙抽,或許會給他一點安慰。既然他從不帶煙,他就四下裏尋找着,看哪裏可以買一盒。他沒有看到賣煙的店鋪,於是就往下走去。這是一條長長的道路,有各式各樣的店鋪,可就沒有能買到香煙的店鋪。
“這真有點兒怪,”奧伯特·愛德瓦說。
為了確信,他又重新在街上走了一遍。沒有,確實不用懷疑。他停觀察,翻來覆去思索。
“我不會是唯一一位在這條街上走過而想到要抽煙的人的,”他說。“如果哪個傢夥在這裏開爿小店,我是說,煙草,糖果之類的,準能賺錢。”
他為此遽然一震。
“這就是念頭,”他說,“真是奇怪,事情就是在你最沒有想的時候這樣來了。”
他轉過身,走回傢,喝了他的茶。
“奧伯特,你今天下午怎麽這麽一聲不吭?”他的妻子說。
“我在思索。”他說。
他將這件事情左思右想了一番,第二天他去了那條街,而且很幸運地找到了一傢出租的店鋪。二十四小時後,他將這傢店鋪拿了下來,一個月以後,一爿賣香煙和書報的店鋪就開張了。他的妻子稱這件事是他自從當上聖彼得教堂司事以後最糟糕的失落,但是他回答說,人必須跟着時代變,再說,教堂也不再是以前的樣子了。
奧伯特幹得很不差。他幹得的確不錯,因為過了一年左右,他突然開竅,他想,為何不再開第二傢商店,找個人來經管。於是他又去尋找長長的,還沒有香煙店的街道,果然找到這樣的街道,還有可以出租的店鋪,他又拿了下來。這次他又成功了。這麽說,既然能開兩傢,就能開五六傢。他開始走遍全倫敦,衹要找到一條長長的,還沒有香煙店但有店鋪出租的街道,他就拿下來。這樣,在十年時間裏,他一連開了不下十傢店鋪,賺到了大筆錢財。每個星期一,他自己就到各傢店鋪去,將一個星期收到的錢統統收攏起來存到銀行去。
有一天早晨,正當他在將一紮紮鈔票和一大口袋銀幣交進銀行的時候,一位銀行出納告訴他說,他們的經理想要見他。他被引進一間辦公室,經理同他握手。
“佛曼先生,我想同你談談你存進我們銀行的這些錢。你知道他們到底有多少嗎?”
“雖然不能準確到一磅二磅,但也大體不離十,閣下。”
“除了今天早上你所存進來的,已經稍微超過三萬磅了。這是很大一筆錢存款了,最好是用它來投資。”
“我可不想冒任何的風險,閣下。我知道,放在銀行裏很保險。”
“你無須有絲毫的擔心,我們會幫你轉換成絶對可靠的證券的。這樣會比銀行所付的利息高得多。”
佛曼先生富態的臉上出現了疑慮。“我從來沒有接觸過股票和分紅,我衹是想要把這些錢存放在你的手裏就行了。”
經理笑了。“所有的一切我們都會幫你做的。你以後衹要在傳票上簽名就行了。”
“這我倒能做,”奧伯特不無疑慮地說。“不過,我怎麽知道到底簽的是什麽呀?”
“我想你總應該會閱讀吧,”經理以玩笑的口吻激烈地說。
佛曼先生給了他一個解除疑慮的微笑。
“哦,閣下,事情正是如此。我知道這聽起來很好笑,但是我真的不能讀也不能寫,我衹會簽自己的名字,而這也是我在經營了生意以後才學會的。”
經理大吃一驚,從他的椅子上跳了起來。
“這是我平生所聽說的最不尋常的事情。”經理呆呆地盯着他,仿佛他是一個史前的怪物。
“你是說,你建立了這麽重要的生意,賺了三萬磅的財富,卻不會讀也不會寫?我的天吶,我的好人,如果你要會讀會寫,那你現在還會成什麽樣啊?”
“我可以告訴你,閣下,”佛曼先生說,一絲笑容浮上了他依然高貴的面龐。“那我就還是內維爾廣場聖彼得教堂的司事。”
司事現在是在小禮堂等着牧師結束他的儀式,這樣他就能將這裏收拾整齊,然後回傢。
“他還在那裏磨蹭什麽呀?”司事自言自語地說。“他難道不知道我也該回去喝杯茶了。”
這位牧師是最近纔任命的,四十來歲,紅光滿面,是個精力充沛的人。而奧伯特·愛德瓦還是為先前的牧師感到遺憾,那是一個舊派的教士,從不大驚小怪,不像現在這位,樣樣事情都要插上一手。
不久,他看到牧師走了過來。
“佛曼,您能到小教堂裏來一會兒嗎,我有些事情要同你說說。”
“好的,閣下。”
他們一起沿着教堂走去,牧師將奧伯特·愛德瓦領進了小教堂。奧伯特·愛德瓦看到這裏還有兩位教堂執事,有一點兒驚訝,他並沒有看到他們進來。他們對他和善地點了點頭。
“下午好,我的大人。下午好,閣下。”他一個一個地同他們打招呼。
兩位都是長者,他們當教堂執事幾乎和奧伯特·愛德瓦當司事一樣長。他們現在坐在原先的牧師許多年前從意大利弄來的精緻的桌子旁邊,牧師坐到他們中間空出的椅子上。奧伯特面對着他們,桌子在他與他們之間,心裏有些不自在地猜想着這是怎麽一回事。他還記得彈風琴的人惹出的麻煩,後來費了不少力纔把事情平息了。在聖彼得教堂這樣的地方是不允許有醜聞的。牧師的臉上是一團和氣,而另外兩位卻表現出些微的慌亂。
“他是想要他們做某件事,但是他們卻不太願意。”司事對自己說。“準是如此,你可以記住我的話。”
但是奧伯特並沒有將他的想法顯露在臉上。他以一種謙恭而又尊嚴的姿態站着。在當司事之前他當過僕人,但是都是在非常體面的人傢。開始是在一個富商傢當跟班,在一位寡居的貴夫人傢他升到了管傢的職位,在聖彼得教堂司事職位出現空缺時他已經在一位退職的大使傢裏當總管,手下有了兩個人。他高大,瘦削,沉穩而自尊。看起來,不說是個公爵,但至少也是老派戲班裏專門扮演公爵的演員。他老成,堅定,自信。
牧師神彩奕奕地開口了。
“佛曼,有些事情我們實在有些不太願意對你開口。你已經在這裏幹了這麽多年了,而且令人滿意地履行了你的責任。”
兩位執事點着頭。
“但是有一天我瞭解到一件非同尋常的事情,我覺得有責任要將這事情告知我們的執事。我不勝驚訝地發覺你竟然既不能讀也不能寫。”
司事的臉上沒有顯露出任何窘睏的神色。
“以前的牧師知道這事,閣下。”他回答說。“他說這無關緊要,他經常說,以他的品味,有時候這個世界教育得也太過分了。”
“這是我生以來聽到的最令人驚訝的事情了,”執事們喊叫了起來。“你的意思是說,你當了這個教堂的司事十六年,卻從來不會讀也不會寫?”
“閣下,我從十二歲起就當了差。開頭那傢廚師曾經想要教我,但我好像在這方面實在不開竅。此後我再也沒有時間,我也從來沒有真的想着要學。”
“但是,你就不想瞭解外界的事情?”另一位執事說。“你從來都沒有寫過信?”
“沒有,閣下,沒有這些,好像也很好呀。現在報紙上有的是圖片,所以我對一切情況都很瞭解呀。如果我想要寫信,我可以讓我妻子幫我寫嘛。”
“兩位執事無可奈何地瞧了一眼牧師,然後就低頭看着桌子。
“好吧,佛曼,我同兩位先生討論過這事,他們同我一樣,認為這實在是匪夷所思。像聖彼得這樣的教堂裏不能有一個既不能讀又不能寫的司事。”
奧伯特·愛德瓦瘦削而蒼白的臉漲紅了,他不自在地跺動着腳,但卻沒有答話。
“不過,佛曼,你不是可以去學習麽?”執事中的一位問道。
“不,閣下。事到如今,我恐怕不行了。你看我已經不再年輕,既然我不能在孩童的時候將這些文字塞進我的頭腦裏去的話,我想,到如今也不會有這樣的機會。”
“佛曼,不是我們要苛求於你,”牧師說,“但是我同執事們已經拿定了主意。我們給你三個月時間,到那時你要是還不能讀、不能寫,那恐怕就得叫你走人。”
奧伯特從來就不喜歡這個牧師,一開始他就說,他們把聖彼得交給他是一個錯誤。他知道他的價值,現在他覺得自己放鬆了一點。
“我感到非常抱歉,閣下,我恐怕要說,這對我沒有任何好處。我是一條再也不能學新花招的老狗了。不會讀不會寫,好多年來我也活得很好,就算我還能學會,我也不會說我想要去學了。”
“這麽說,佛曼,我衹好說你得走人。”
“好的,閣下,我懂, 衹要一找到能頂替我的人,我就會樂意遞上我的辭職書的。”
但是,當奧伯特·愛德瓦以他通常的禮貌在牧師和執事們離開後關上了教堂的門以後,他再也無法保持住那種莊重的氣氛了,他的嘴唇顫抖着。他回到小禮堂將司事的袍子挂到了木砧上。想起他在這裏看到的那麽多葬禮和婚禮的場面,他嘆息着。他把一切都整理好,穿上了他的夾剋,帽子拿在手裏,走出了教堂。他把身後教堂的門鎖上,漫步穿過廣場,在深深的憂傷中,他沒有走嚮那條往傢走的路,傢裏有又濃又好的茶在等待着他,他卻轉錯了方向。他走得很緩慢。他的心情非常沉重。他不知道自己究竟該怎麽做。重新去做人傢的僕人的念頭他是不願意去想的。已經自主了這麽多年,他不再能伺候人。他積攢下了一筆錢,但還不足以坐享終生,生活的費用每年都在增加。他從來沒有想到會遭遇這樣的麻煩。聖彼得教堂的司事,就如同羅馬的教皇,是終其一生的呀。奧伯特不抽煙,也不飲酒,但稍有通融,就是說,在正餐時也可以喝杯啤酒,在覺得勞累的時候也可以抽根把煙。就在此刻,他覺得要是有支煙抽,或許會給他一點安慰。既然他從不帶煙,他就四下裏尋找着,看哪裏可以買一盒。他沒有看到賣煙的店鋪,於是就往下走去。這是一條長長的道路,有各式各樣的店鋪,可就沒有能買到香煙的店鋪。
“這真有點兒怪,”奧伯特·愛德瓦說。
為了確信,他又重新在街上走了一遍。沒有,確實不用懷疑。他停觀察,翻來覆去思索。
“我不會是唯一一位在這條街上走過而想到要抽煙的人的,”他說。“如果哪個傢夥在這裏開爿小店,我是說,煙草,糖果之類的,準能賺錢。”
他為此遽然一震。
“這就是念頭,”他說,“真是奇怪,事情就是在你最沒有想的時候這樣來了。”
他轉過身,走回傢,喝了他的茶。
“奧伯特,你今天下午怎麽這麽一聲不吭?”他的妻子說。
“我在思索。”他說。
他將這件事情左思右想了一番,第二天他去了那條街,而且很幸運地找到了一傢出租的店鋪。二十四小時後,他將這傢店鋪拿了下來,一個月以後,一爿賣香煙和書報的店鋪就開張了。他的妻子稱這件事是他自從當上聖彼得教堂司事以後最糟糕的失落,但是他回答說,人必須跟着時代變,再說,教堂也不再是以前的樣子了。
奧伯特幹得很不差。他幹得的確不錯,因為過了一年左右,他突然開竅,他想,為何不再開第二傢商店,找個人來經管。於是他又去尋找長長的,還沒有香煙店的街道,果然找到這樣的街道,還有可以出租的店鋪,他又拿了下來。這次他又成功了。這麽說,既然能開兩傢,就能開五六傢。他開始走遍全倫敦,衹要找到一條長長的,還沒有香煙店但有店鋪出租的街道,他就拿下來。這樣,在十年時間裏,他一連開了不下十傢店鋪,賺到了大筆錢財。每個星期一,他自己就到各傢店鋪去,將一個星期收到的錢統統收攏起來存到銀行去。
有一天早晨,正當他在將一紮紮鈔票和一大口袋銀幣交進銀行的時候,一位銀行出納告訴他說,他們的經理想要見他。他被引進一間辦公室,經理同他握手。
“佛曼先生,我想同你談談你存進我們銀行的這些錢。你知道他們到底有多少嗎?”
“雖然不能準確到一磅二磅,但也大體不離十,閣下。”
“除了今天早上你所存進來的,已經稍微超過三萬磅了。這是很大一筆錢存款了,最好是用它來投資。”
“我可不想冒任何的風險,閣下。我知道,放在銀行裏很保險。”
“你無須有絲毫的擔心,我們會幫你轉換成絶對可靠的證券的。這樣會比銀行所付的利息高得多。”
佛曼先生富態的臉上出現了疑慮。“我從來沒有接觸過股票和分紅,我衹是想要把這些錢存放在你的手裏就行了。”
經理笑了。“所有的一切我們都會幫你做的。你以後衹要在傳票上簽名就行了。”
“這我倒能做,”奧伯特不無疑慮地說。“不過,我怎麽知道到底簽的是什麽呀?”
“我想你總應該會閱讀吧,”經理以玩笑的口吻激烈地說。
佛曼先生給了他一個解除疑慮的微笑。
“哦,閣下,事情正是如此。我知道這聽起來很好笑,但是我真的不能讀也不能寫,我衹會簽自己的名字,而這也是我在經營了生意以後才學會的。”
經理大吃一驚,從他的椅子上跳了起來。
“這是我平生所聽說的最不尋常的事情。”經理呆呆地盯着他,仿佛他是一個史前的怪物。
“你是說,你建立了這麽重要的生意,賺了三萬磅的財富,卻不會讀也不會寫?我的天吶,我的好人,如果你要會讀會寫,那你現在還會成什麽樣啊?”
“我可以告訴你,閣下,”佛曼先生說,一絲笑容浮上了他依然高貴的面龐。“那我就還是內維爾廣場聖彼得教堂的司事。”
『譯者按:英國近代著名小說傢毛姆於1920年遊歷中國,並乘舢板千裏迢迢逆長江而上,到重慶拜訪當時中國最大的儒傢辜鴻銘。在1922年所著的<<中國遊記>>一書中,毛姆以“哲學家”為題記載了他和這位哲學家的會面。』
真想象不出這麽大的一座城市會出現在這麽偏遠的一個地方。當夕陽西下的時侯,登上城門上遠遠望去,你可以看到喜馬拉亞那白雪皚皚的山脈。這是一座人口衆多的城市,你衹有走在城墻上纔不會覺得擁擠;這是一座占地廣阔的城市,你就是走得再快,繞城走上一圈也要花上三個小時。距這座城市方園一千公裏以內見不到一條鐵路,順城而下的河流很淺,衹有載重很輕的船衹纔可以通行。坐舢板從楊子江下遊到達這裏要花上五天的時間。在這種環境裏有時你難免會捫心自問:我們日常生活中所依賴的火車和蒸氣船是不是生存所必不可少的?在這裏,數以百萬計的人們生於斯,長於斯,老死於斯;在這裏,數以百萬計的人們創造著財富,創造著藝術,創造著思想。
而且在這裏還住著一位著名的哲學家,前去拜會這位哲學家是我這次可算是艱苦跋涉的旅途的目的之一。他是中國最大的儒學權威。據說他的英文和德文說得都很流利。他曾做過皇太後著名總督之一的秘書多年,但是現在已經退休。然而,在一年四季,每周固定的日子裏,他的門總是嚮那些渴求知識的人們打開著。他有一群,但人數並不是很多。他的學生們大都喜歡他那簡樸的住宅和他對外國大學奢侈的建築及野蠻人實用科學的深刻批判:同他談論這些題目衹會遭到嘲諷。通過這些傳聞我斷定他是一位滿有個性的人。
當我表示想去拜會這位著名的紳士時,我的主人馬上答應這我安排這次會面;可是很多天過去了,我還沒有得到一點消息。我終於忍不住嚮主人詢問,他聳了聳肩,說道:“我早就派人送了張便條給他,讓他到這裏來一趟。我不知道他為什麽到現在還沒有來。他這個人很不通情理。”
我不認為用如此傲慢的態度去接近一個哲學家是合適的;他不理會這樣隨隨便便的呼召絲毫沒有使我感到意外。我用我能夠找到的最謙卑的言辭寫了封信給他,嚮他詢問是否可以允許我拜訪他。信送出還不到兩個小時,我就接到了他的回信,約好第二天上午十點見面。
我是坐著轎子去的。前去拜訪他的路似乎很長。我們穿過的街道有的擁擠不堪,有的卻不見人影。最後我們來到了一條寂靜、空曠的街道,在一面長長的白色墻壁上有一扇小門,轎夫在那裏把我放了下來。一個轎夫前去叩門,過了很長的一段時間,門上的監視孔打開了,我們看到一雙黑色的眼睛在嚮外張望。經過簡短的交涉,我得到了進去的許可。一位衣著破舊、面色蒼白而又乾枯的年輕人示意我跟著他進去。我不知道這個年輕人是一個僕人還是這位哲學家的第子。我穿過一個破舊的院子,被領著進入了一個又低又長的房間。房間裏僅有幾件簡單的傢具:一張美國式的帶蓋的桌子,幾把黑檀木做的椅子和兩張茶几。靠墻擺著的是書架,書架上擺滿子各種各樣的書籍:毫無疑問,最多的是中國書籍,但也有許多英文、法文和德文的哲學與科學書籍。此外還有數以百計尚未裝訂的學術書籍雜志。在書架與書架的空格處,挂滿了各種各樣的書法條幅,我猜想條幅上寫的定是孔子的語錄。地上沒有地毯。這是一間陰冷、沒有裝飾、十分不舒服的房間。桌子上一隻長長的花瓶裏所插的黃色菊花是這個毫無格調的房間裏的唯一點綴。
我坐在這個房間裏等了一會兒,那位領我進來的年輕人擺上來一壺茶、兩衹茶杯和一包弗吉尼亞産的香煙。他剛出去,那位哲學家跟著就進來了。我馬上站起來對他給我這個機會拜訪他表示感謝。他指給我一把椅子,給我倒上了一杯茶。
“你想來見我真使我感到三生有幸,”他說,“你們英國人衹與苦力和買辦打交道;所以你們認為中國人衹有兩種:不是苦力定是買辦。”
我想表示。但是我還沒有弄明白他講這番話的真正意圖。他靠在椅子裏,用嘲弄的目光看著我。
“你們認為衹要隨便召喚我們就得隨叫隨到。”
這時我纔弄明白他對我朋友以那種方式與他聯絡仍耿耿與懷。我不知道該怎樣回答。衹得隨口說了幾句恭維的話。
他是一位老人,個子很高,留著一條灰色的細長辨子,大而明亮的眼睛下面已長出很重的眼袋。他的牙齒已參差不齊,也不再潔白。他出奇的瘦,兩衹手又細又小,蒼白沒有血色,看起來象鷹爪。我聽說他抽大煙。他身穿一件破舊的黑色長袍,頭戴一頂黑色的帽子,長袍和帽子都是穿了很多年,業已褪色。一條長褲在腳裸處紮了起來。他在觀察我。他還沒有搞清楚應該用什麽方式待我,你可以看出他保持著一種警戒的態度。而我則可以說是有備而來的,我清楚地知道應該如何同哲學家打交道。在那些關心靈界諸事的人們心目中,哲學家擁有至榮的地位。我們自己的哲學家本傑明。迪斯纍裏早就講過應該把哲人奉為神明。我說了很多恭維的話。我註意到他開始有些放鬆下來。他坐在那裏象準備好讓人傢拍照一樣擺好了姿式,等到聽到快門的響聲後立即放鬆下來恢復了原本的樣子。他指給我看他的著作。
“你知道我是在柏林拿的哲學博士,”他說,“那兒以後我又在牛津大學做過一段時間的研究。但是英國人對哲學實在是沒有很大的胃口,如果你不介意我這樣說的話。”
雖然他是用略表歉意的語調來發表這些評論的,但是很明顯一點點不同的表示都會引起他的不悅。
“可是我們也有過對人類社會思想界多少産生過影響的哲學家呀,”我提醒道。
“你是說休謨和柏剋萊?可是我在牛津的時侯那裏的哲學家們更為關心的並不是哲學問題,而是如何才能不冒犯他們的神學同事。如果他們思考所得出的邏輯結果可能會危及他們在大學社會裏的地位的話,他們寧願放棄。”
“您研究過當代哲學在美國的發展嗎?”我問道。
“你是說實用主義?實用主義是那些相信不可信之物的人們的最後避難所。比起美國的哲學來,我還是更喜歡他們的石油。”
他的評論很是尖酸刻薄。我們又坐了下來喝了一杯茶。他開始滔滔不絶地講了起來。他說著一口多少有些拘泥形式但卻是道地的英語,時不時地夾雜著一些德文。如些看來,他這個性格頑固,難以被影響的人還是被德國影響了。德國人的行為方式以及德國人的勤奮刻苦在他心中留下很深的印象。當一位勤奮的德國教授在一份著名的雜志上發表了一篇關於這位哲學家的著作的論文時,他也看到了德國人哲學的敏銳。
“我發表過二十本著作,”他說,“而這是整個歐洲出版界對我的成果所施予的唯一關註。”
但是他研究西方哲學的唯一目地就是為了佐證他的一貫觀點:即儒傢學說已經囊括了所有的智慧。他對儒傢哲學深信不疑。儒傢哲學已經滿足了他所有的精神需求,這就使得所有的西方學問變得毫無價值可言。我對這一點十分感興趣,因為它證明了我的一個觀點:哲學與其說是關於邏輯的學說還不如說是關於性情的學說:哲學家所信仰的並不是證據,而是他們自己的性情;他們相信自己的本能,本能認為是對的就是正確的,他們的哲學思考不過就是使已經確定下來的“真理”合理化而已。孔子學說所以能夠深深地植根於中國人當中,不過是因為它解釋並表達了中國人的性情而已。其它學派則沒有做到這一點。
我的主人點燃了一支煙。開始時他講話的聲音很細,也顯得很疲憊無力;可是隨著他對所講的題目性趣增大,他的聲音也變得宏亮起來。他滿有地講著。此時的哲學家已不再有那哲人特有的寧靜。他成了一個善辯者和鬥士。他對當代關於自由主義的呼聲深惡痛决。對他來講社會是一個團體,而家庭則是這個團體的根基。他捍衛古老的中國,古老的學說,傳統的帝製,和孔教嚴格的教條。當他談到那些剛剛從國外大學學成歸來的人們用他們滿是褻瀆的雙手在無情在撕毀這個世界上最古老的文明時,他的情緒變得異常激動,眼裏充滿了悲憤。
“可是你知道你們在做什麽嗎?”他憤憤地說道,“你們有什麽理由認為你們的東西就比我們的好?你們在藝術或文學上超過了我們嗎?我們的思想傢沒有你們的博大精深嗎?我們的文明不如你們的完整,全面,優秀嗎?當你們還在居山洞,穿獸皮,過著茹毛飲血的生活時,我們就已經是文明開化的民族了。你知不知道我們曾進行過人類歷史上空前絶後的實驗?我們曾尋求用智慧,而不是武力來治理這個偉大的國傢。而且在許多個世紀裏我們是成功了的。可是你們白種人為什麽瞧不起我們黃種人?需要我來告訴你嗎?就是因為你們發明了機關槍。這是你們的優勢。我們是一個不設防的民族,你們可以靠武力把我們這個種族滅絶。我們的哲學家曾有過用法律和秩序治理國傢的夢想,你們卻用槍炮把這一夢想打得粉碎。現在你們又來嚮我們的青年人傳輸你們的經驗。你們將你們的發明強加給我們。可是你們難道不知道我們是一個對機械有著天賦的民族嗎?難道你們不知道我們擁有四萬萬世界上最講實效,最為勤奮的人們嗎?難道你們真的認為我們需要很久的時間才能學會你們的技術嗎?當黃種人也可以製造出同樣精良的槍炮並迎面嚮你們開火時,你們白種人還會剩下什麽優勢嗎?你們求助於機關槍,可是到最終你們將在槍口下接受審判。”
就是這時我們的談話被打斷了。一個小女孩悄悄地走進來,偎依在老人的身旁。她用好奇的眼光打量著我。老人告訴我這是他最小的女兒。老人把女兒攬在懷裏,邊與她輕聲談話邊親吻她。小女孩穿著一件黑色的上衣,黑色的褲子剛剛長及腳裸,一條長長的辨子墜在腦後。小女孩是有辛亥的當天出生的。那場成功地廢黜了皇帝。
“我想她的出生預示了一個新時代春天的到來,”他說,“她是我們這個偉大民族秋天裏的最後一隻花朵。”
從他書桌的抽屜裏老人拿出一些零用錢遞給小女孩,打發她出去了。
“你看我留著一條辨子,”他把一邊用手縷著辨子,一邊說道,”它是一個象徵。我是古老中國的最後一個代表。“
接著他用更為平和的語調同我談起很久以前的哲學家。那時他們同周遊列國,嚮可以教化的人們宣傳自己的學說。各國的國王很是善待他們,或是邀請他們出將入相,或是任命他們主治一方。他學識淵博,談鋒犀利,講起他這個國傢的歷史事件來繪聲繪色,娓娓動聽。我禁不住想他是一個悲劇性人物:他覺得自己有能力治理這個國傢,可是卻不再有皇帝能夠任用他;他覺得自己才高八鬥,有能力施教誨之責,他渴望人們會成群地追隨他,更渴望把自己的知識傳授給他們,可是前來聽講的卻寥寥無幾,而且還都是些窮睏潦倒,食不果腹,呆頭笨腦的鄉下人。
有那麽一二刻直覺告訴我該是告辭的時侯了,可是他卻沒有要我走的意思。最後我不得不嚮他告辭。我站起來,拉住了我的手。
“你來拜訪中國的最後一個哲學家,我該送你點什麽留作記念纔是。可是我是一個窮人,我不知道送點什麽值得你接受的東西。”
我連忙說什麽都不用送,這次拜訪的記憶本身就是最好的記念。他笑了。
“在這個墮落的年代裏,人們的記憶都變得短暫了,我還是應該送給你一件有形的東西。我想送給你一本我的拙作,可是你又不能讀中文。”
他帶著睏惑但友善的神情望著我。突然間我有了一個主意。
“能不能給我一份您的書法作品?”我問道。
“你喜歡書法作品?”他笑了。“我年輕時侯的書法在人們的眼裏還遠不是一無是處呢。”
他在書桌邊坐了下來,他拿出一張宣紙,展放在桌上。他在硯臺上滴了幾滴水,拿起墨在上面研好了墨,然後便拿起筆開始寫了起來。我站在一旁邊看他寫字,邊想著關於他的一些不大風光的傳聞。據傳這位老先生,無論何時衹要手頭積攢一點錢,總是要揮霍在煙花巷裏。他的大兒子是這個城市裏一個頗有身份的人。對其父的行為感到惱火,覺得受了屈辱,若不是由於這種父子關係的存在,他早就會對這種浪當行為大張撻伐了。在我看來,這種不檢點的行為對於其子來說是一件滿難於啓齒的醜事,但是對於研究人類本性的學者們來說則是一件需以平常心來對待的事情。哲學家們個個都極善於在研究中闡明自己的理論,並根據別人的生活經驗得出結論;可是在我看來,哲學們若能夠親身經歷人生的各種事情,他們所寫的著作會更有價值。對於我自己,我是能以寬容的心來對待這位老人背地裏所過的放蕩生活。或許他衹是在尋求去闡述人類幻想裏最不可思義的事情。
他寫完了。為了使墨能盡快些幹涸他撒了些灰在紙上面,然後伸手遞給我。
“你寫的什麽?”我問道。
我看到他的眼裏飄過一絲幸災樂禍的神情。
“我冒昧送給你自己作的兩首小詩。”
“我不知道您還是一位詩人。”
“當中國還是一個未開化的民族的時候,”他挖苦道,“所有受過教育的人就能夠寫出優美的詩句了。”
我拿起紙來看了看上面的中國字。唯一能看明白的就是上面的字是相當有序地排列著的。
“您能不能告訴我一下上面寫的是什麽?”
“對不起,我不能,”他回答道,“你不能指望我背叛自己。還是請你的英國朋友幫這個忙吧。那些自以為瞭解中國的人實際上什麽也不瞭解,但我想你至少會找到人嚮你解釋一下這兩首詩的大概意思。”
我嚮他道了別,他則非常客氣地一直送我上轎。後來我有機會遇到一位從事漢學研究的朋友,我請他把這兩道詩翻譯了出來。我不得不承認,每當我讀到這兩首詩,就不免想起和那位哲學家的會面。
第一首詩
當初你不愛我
你的聲音是那麽甜美
你的眼裏充滿了笑意
你的雙手纖細溫柔
後來你愛上了我
你的聲音變得苦澀
你的眼裏充滿了淚水
你的雙手僵硬乾涸
這是多麽的令人悲傷
因為愛使你變得
不再可愛
第二首詩
我曾乞求歲月匆匆
帶走你明亮的雙眼
你如桃花般嬌嫩的皮膚
和你迷人的青春朝氣
那樣我就可以獨自愛你
你也會在乎我的愛
歲月真的匆匆過了
帶走了你明亮的眼睛
你如桃花般嬌嫩的皮膚
和你迷人的青春朝氣
可是我卻不再愛你
也不再在乎你的愛
真想象不出這麽大的一座城市會出現在這麽偏遠的一個地方。當夕陽西下的時侯,登上城門上遠遠望去,你可以看到喜馬拉亞那白雪皚皚的山脈。這是一座人口衆多的城市,你衹有走在城墻上纔不會覺得擁擠;這是一座占地廣阔的城市,你就是走得再快,繞城走上一圈也要花上三個小時。距這座城市方園一千公裏以內見不到一條鐵路,順城而下的河流很淺,衹有載重很輕的船衹纔可以通行。坐舢板從楊子江下遊到達這裏要花上五天的時間。在這種環境裏有時你難免會捫心自問:我們日常生活中所依賴的火車和蒸氣船是不是生存所必不可少的?在這裏,數以百萬計的人們生於斯,長於斯,老死於斯;在這裏,數以百萬計的人們創造著財富,創造著藝術,創造著思想。
而且在這裏還住著一位著名的哲學家,前去拜會這位哲學家是我這次可算是艱苦跋涉的旅途的目的之一。他是中國最大的儒學權威。據說他的英文和德文說得都很流利。他曾做過皇太後著名總督之一的秘書多年,但是現在已經退休。然而,在一年四季,每周固定的日子裏,他的門總是嚮那些渴求知識的人們打開著。他有一群,但人數並不是很多。他的學生們大都喜歡他那簡樸的住宅和他對外國大學奢侈的建築及野蠻人實用科學的深刻批判:同他談論這些題目衹會遭到嘲諷。通過這些傳聞我斷定他是一位滿有個性的人。
當我表示想去拜會這位著名的紳士時,我的主人馬上答應這我安排這次會面;可是很多天過去了,我還沒有得到一點消息。我終於忍不住嚮主人詢問,他聳了聳肩,說道:“我早就派人送了張便條給他,讓他到這裏來一趟。我不知道他為什麽到現在還沒有來。他這個人很不通情理。”
我不認為用如此傲慢的態度去接近一個哲學家是合適的;他不理會這樣隨隨便便的呼召絲毫沒有使我感到意外。我用我能夠找到的最謙卑的言辭寫了封信給他,嚮他詢問是否可以允許我拜訪他。信送出還不到兩個小時,我就接到了他的回信,約好第二天上午十點見面。
我是坐著轎子去的。前去拜訪他的路似乎很長。我們穿過的街道有的擁擠不堪,有的卻不見人影。最後我們來到了一條寂靜、空曠的街道,在一面長長的白色墻壁上有一扇小門,轎夫在那裏把我放了下來。一個轎夫前去叩門,過了很長的一段時間,門上的監視孔打開了,我們看到一雙黑色的眼睛在嚮外張望。經過簡短的交涉,我得到了進去的許可。一位衣著破舊、面色蒼白而又乾枯的年輕人示意我跟著他進去。我不知道這個年輕人是一個僕人還是這位哲學家的第子。我穿過一個破舊的院子,被領著進入了一個又低又長的房間。房間裏僅有幾件簡單的傢具:一張美國式的帶蓋的桌子,幾把黑檀木做的椅子和兩張茶几。靠墻擺著的是書架,書架上擺滿子各種各樣的書籍:毫無疑問,最多的是中國書籍,但也有許多英文、法文和德文的哲學與科學書籍。此外還有數以百計尚未裝訂的學術書籍雜志。在書架與書架的空格處,挂滿了各種各樣的書法條幅,我猜想條幅上寫的定是孔子的語錄。地上沒有地毯。這是一間陰冷、沒有裝飾、十分不舒服的房間。桌子上一隻長長的花瓶裏所插的黃色菊花是這個毫無格調的房間裏的唯一點綴。
我坐在這個房間裏等了一會兒,那位領我進來的年輕人擺上來一壺茶、兩衹茶杯和一包弗吉尼亞産的香煙。他剛出去,那位哲學家跟著就進來了。我馬上站起來對他給我這個機會拜訪他表示感謝。他指給我一把椅子,給我倒上了一杯茶。
“你想來見我真使我感到三生有幸,”他說,“你們英國人衹與苦力和買辦打交道;所以你們認為中國人衹有兩種:不是苦力定是買辦。”
我想表示。但是我還沒有弄明白他講這番話的真正意圖。他靠在椅子裏,用嘲弄的目光看著我。
“你們認為衹要隨便召喚我們就得隨叫隨到。”
這時我纔弄明白他對我朋友以那種方式與他聯絡仍耿耿與懷。我不知道該怎樣回答。衹得隨口說了幾句恭維的話。
他是一位老人,個子很高,留著一條灰色的細長辨子,大而明亮的眼睛下面已長出很重的眼袋。他的牙齒已參差不齊,也不再潔白。他出奇的瘦,兩衹手又細又小,蒼白沒有血色,看起來象鷹爪。我聽說他抽大煙。他身穿一件破舊的黑色長袍,頭戴一頂黑色的帽子,長袍和帽子都是穿了很多年,業已褪色。一條長褲在腳裸處紮了起來。他在觀察我。他還沒有搞清楚應該用什麽方式待我,你可以看出他保持著一種警戒的態度。而我則可以說是有備而來的,我清楚地知道應該如何同哲學家打交道。在那些關心靈界諸事的人們心目中,哲學家擁有至榮的地位。我們自己的哲學家本傑明。迪斯纍裏早就講過應該把哲人奉為神明。我說了很多恭維的話。我註意到他開始有些放鬆下來。他坐在那裏象準備好讓人傢拍照一樣擺好了姿式,等到聽到快門的響聲後立即放鬆下來恢復了原本的樣子。他指給我看他的著作。
“你知道我是在柏林拿的哲學博士,”他說,“那兒以後我又在牛津大學做過一段時間的研究。但是英國人對哲學實在是沒有很大的胃口,如果你不介意我這樣說的話。”
雖然他是用略表歉意的語調來發表這些評論的,但是很明顯一點點不同的表示都會引起他的不悅。
“可是我們也有過對人類社會思想界多少産生過影響的哲學家呀,”我提醒道。
“你是說休謨和柏剋萊?可是我在牛津的時侯那裏的哲學家們更為關心的並不是哲學問題,而是如何才能不冒犯他們的神學同事。如果他們思考所得出的邏輯結果可能會危及他們在大學社會裏的地位的話,他們寧願放棄。”
“您研究過當代哲學在美國的發展嗎?”我問道。
“你是說實用主義?實用主義是那些相信不可信之物的人們的最後避難所。比起美國的哲學來,我還是更喜歡他們的石油。”
他的評論很是尖酸刻薄。我們又坐了下來喝了一杯茶。他開始滔滔不絶地講了起來。他說著一口多少有些拘泥形式但卻是道地的英語,時不時地夾雜著一些德文。如些看來,他這個性格頑固,難以被影響的人還是被德國影響了。德國人的行為方式以及德國人的勤奮刻苦在他心中留下很深的印象。當一位勤奮的德國教授在一份著名的雜志上發表了一篇關於這位哲學家的著作的論文時,他也看到了德國人哲學的敏銳。
“我發表過二十本著作,”他說,“而這是整個歐洲出版界對我的成果所施予的唯一關註。”
但是他研究西方哲學的唯一目地就是為了佐證他的一貫觀點:即儒傢學說已經囊括了所有的智慧。他對儒傢哲學深信不疑。儒傢哲學已經滿足了他所有的精神需求,這就使得所有的西方學問變得毫無價值可言。我對這一點十分感興趣,因為它證明了我的一個觀點:哲學與其說是關於邏輯的學說還不如說是關於性情的學說:哲學家所信仰的並不是證據,而是他們自己的性情;他們相信自己的本能,本能認為是對的就是正確的,他們的哲學思考不過就是使已經確定下來的“真理”合理化而已。孔子學說所以能夠深深地植根於中國人當中,不過是因為它解釋並表達了中國人的性情而已。其它學派則沒有做到這一點。
我的主人點燃了一支煙。開始時他講話的聲音很細,也顯得很疲憊無力;可是隨著他對所講的題目性趣增大,他的聲音也變得宏亮起來。他滿有地講著。此時的哲學家已不再有那哲人特有的寧靜。他成了一個善辯者和鬥士。他對當代關於自由主義的呼聲深惡痛决。對他來講社會是一個團體,而家庭則是這個團體的根基。他捍衛古老的中國,古老的學說,傳統的帝製,和孔教嚴格的教條。當他談到那些剛剛從國外大學學成歸來的人們用他們滿是褻瀆的雙手在無情在撕毀這個世界上最古老的文明時,他的情緒變得異常激動,眼裏充滿了悲憤。
“可是你知道你們在做什麽嗎?”他憤憤地說道,“你們有什麽理由認為你們的東西就比我們的好?你們在藝術或文學上超過了我們嗎?我們的思想傢沒有你們的博大精深嗎?我們的文明不如你們的完整,全面,優秀嗎?當你們還在居山洞,穿獸皮,過著茹毛飲血的生活時,我們就已經是文明開化的民族了。你知不知道我們曾進行過人類歷史上空前絶後的實驗?我們曾尋求用智慧,而不是武力來治理這個偉大的國傢。而且在許多個世紀裏我們是成功了的。可是你們白種人為什麽瞧不起我們黃種人?需要我來告訴你嗎?就是因為你們發明了機關槍。這是你們的優勢。我們是一個不設防的民族,你們可以靠武力把我們這個種族滅絶。我們的哲學家曾有過用法律和秩序治理國傢的夢想,你們卻用槍炮把這一夢想打得粉碎。現在你們又來嚮我們的青年人傳輸你們的經驗。你們將你們的發明強加給我們。可是你們難道不知道我們是一個對機械有著天賦的民族嗎?難道你們不知道我們擁有四萬萬世界上最講實效,最為勤奮的人們嗎?難道你們真的認為我們需要很久的時間才能學會你們的技術嗎?當黃種人也可以製造出同樣精良的槍炮並迎面嚮你們開火時,你們白種人還會剩下什麽優勢嗎?你們求助於機關槍,可是到最終你們將在槍口下接受審判。”
就是這時我們的談話被打斷了。一個小女孩悄悄地走進來,偎依在老人的身旁。她用好奇的眼光打量著我。老人告訴我這是他最小的女兒。老人把女兒攬在懷裏,邊與她輕聲談話邊親吻她。小女孩穿著一件黑色的上衣,黑色的褲子剛剛長及腳裸,一條長長的辨子墜在腦後。小女孩是有辛亥的當天出生的。那場成功地廢黜了皇帝。
“我想她的出生預示了一個新時代春天的到來,”他說,“她是我們這個偉大民族秋天裏的最後一隻花朵。”
從他書桌的抽屜裏老人拿出一些零用錢遞給小女孩,打發她出去了。
“你看我留著一條辨子,”他把一邊用手縷著辨子,一邊說道,”它是一個象徵。我是古老中國的最後一個代表。“
接著他用更為平和的語調同我談起很久以前的哲學家。那時他們同周遊列國,嚮可以教化的人們宣傳自己的學說。各國的國王很是善待他們,或是邀請他們出將入相,或是任命他們主治一方。他學識淵博,談鋒犀利,講起他這個國傢的歷史事件來繪聲繪色,娓娓動聽。我禁不住想他是一個悲劇性人物:他覺得自己有能力治理這個國傢,可是卻不再有皇帝能夠任用他;他覺得自己才高八鬥,有能力施教誨之責,他渴望人們會成群地追隨他,更渴望把自己的知識傳授給他們,可是前來聽講的卻寥寥無幾,而且還都是些窮睏潦倒,食不果腹,呆頭笨腦的鄉下人。
有那麽一二刻直覺告訴我該是告辭的時侯了,可是他卻沒有要我走的意思。最後我不得不嚮他告辭。我站起來,拉住了我的手。
“你來拜訪中國的最後一個哲學家,我該送你點什麽留作記念纔是。可是我是一個窮人,我不知道送點什麽值得你接受的東西。”
我連忙說什麽都不用送,這次拜訪的記憶本身就是最好的記念。他笑了。
“在這個墮落的年代裏,人們的記憶都變得短暫了,我還是應該送給你一件有形的東西。我想送給你一本我的拙作,可是你又不能讀中文。”
他帶著睏惑但友善的神情望著我。突然間我有了一個主意。
“能不能給我一份您的書法作品?”我問道。
“你喜歡書法作品?”他笑了。“我年輕時侯的書法在人們的眼裏還遠不是一無是處呢。”
他在書桌邊坐了下來,他拿出一張宣紙,展放在桌上。他在硯臺上滴了幾滴水,拿起墨在上面研好了墨,然後便拿起筆開始寫了起來。我站在一旁邊看他寫字,邊想著關於他的一些不大風光的傳聞。據傳這位老先生,無論何時衹要手頭積攢一點錢,總是要揮霍在煙花巷裏。他的大兒子是這個城市裏一個頗有身份的人。對其父的行為感到惱火,覺得受了屈辱,若不是由於這種父子關係的存在,他早就會對這種浪當行為大張撻伐了。在我看來,這種不檢點的行為對於其子來說是一件滿難於啓齒的醜事,但是對於研究人類本性的學者們來說則是一件需以平常心來對待的事情。哲學家們個個都極善於在研究中闡明自己的理論,並根據別人的生活經驗得出結論;可是在我看來,哲學們若能夠親身經歷人生的各種事情,他們所寫的著作會更有價值。對於我自己,我是能以寬容的心來對待這位老人背地裏所過的放蕩生活。或許他衹是在尋求去闡述人類幻想裏最不可思義的事情。
他寫完了。為了使墨能盡快些幹涸他撒了些灰在紙上面,然後伸手遞給我。
“你寫的什麽?”我問道。
我看到他的眼裏飄過一絲幸災樂禍的神情。
“我冒昧送給你自己作的兩首小詩。”
“我不知道您還是一位詩人。”
“當中國還是一個未開化的民族的時候,”他挖苦道,“所有受過教育的人就能夠寫出優美的詩句了。”
我拿起紙來看了看上面的中國字。唯一能看明白的就是上面的字是相當有序地排列著的。
“您能不能告訴我一下上面寫的是什麽?”
“對不起,我不能,”他回答道,“你不能指望我背叛自己。還是請你的英國朋友幫這個忙吧。那些自以為瞭解中國的人實際上什麽也不瞭解,但我想你至少會找到人嚮你解釋一下這兩首詩的大概意思。”
我嚮他道了別,他則非常客氣地一直送我上轎。後來我有機會遇到一位從事漢學研究的朋友,我請他把這兩道詩翻譯了出來。我不得不承認,每當我讀到這兩首詩,就不免想起和那位哲學家的會面。
第一首詩
當初你不愛我
你的聲音是那麽甜美
你的眼裏充滿了笑意
你的雙手纖細溫柔
後來你愛上了我
你的聲音變得苦澀
你的眼裏充滿了淚水
你的雙手僵硬乾涸
這是多麽的令人悲傷
因為愛使你變得
不再可愛
第二首詩
我曾乞求歲月匆匆
帶走你明亮的雙眼
你如桃花般嬌嫩的皮膚
和你迷人的青春朝氣
那樣我就可以獨自愛你
你也會在乎我的愛
歲月真的匆匆過了
帶走了你明亮的眼睛
你如桃花般嬌嫩的皮膚
和你迷人的青春朝氣
可是我卻不再愛你
也不再在乎你的愛
如果你看了原文,就可以看出作者的思路,月亮是美好,純潔的代名詞,便士是金錢社會的代名詞.主人公原來是一個富有的上層人士,在經歷了空虛的前半生後,他開始了真正的理想追求,他的一生都在追求純粹的美,震撼的美.而用月亮來詮釋他的追求是最合適的.對一般人來說,月亮高不可求,但這正好反映了主人公執著的追求和高潔的人格.相比周圍的配角,他們沒有也不想脫離現實的欲望,因此用便士來形容他們所在的世界是在合適不過了,至於作者用六這個數字,實際上沒有什麽特別的意義,毛姆的很多作品裏都有一些隨意的東西(也可以說是創意或者個性標榜),我們不用在這個數字上透析.
我記得讀這本小說已經很久了。記憶不在清晰,蒙朧的回憶是中痛苦的殘記。但我仍要推薦這本小說。我的眼光一直是另類的眼光,但我對文本的讀法也許本身就有屬於我的記憶。我不想說是我誤讀了毛姆。因為作品一旦被創造出就不屬於作者自己,也許作品有時候衹屬於作者自己!外來的讀法是種主觀的想法。
我記得錢鐘書先生决定寫《圍城》時就是因為受到毛姆的刺激。錢先生的學問是沒有人與之可以媲美的。別的不再多說。話說多了會惹出麻煩的。錢鐘書先生說:毛姆都能寫出那樣的小說。讀者直多是無法計算的。毛姆當時確實是炙手可熱的人物。於是乎《圍城》橫空出世!關於《圍城》它可以說是藉着錢先生的才華融多傢與一體的傑作。其中可以看出很多歐美小說名傢的影子,以為錢先生學貫中西的才華《圍城》被寫成了一部傑作!
閑話說的已經多了,下面我談談自己對《月亮和六便士》的看法:毛姆以前是個醫生,而當醫生的這段經歷為他日後的創作提供了大量的材料。但《月亮和六便士》的原型是法國印象派畫傢高更。
高更的畫本身就很有價值,這部以他為原形的小說風靡後,高更的繪畫藝術和作品受到了更大的關註,高更印象派宗師的地位得到確立。同時,塔希提島-----高更隱居的小島也名揚與世,成了旅遊勝地。
根據高更的著作《馬裏歐的古代信仰》,知道女人是月神希納,男人是地神法脫。大地之神主宰人世的生成和輪轉,乃是必然的毀滅。月之女神長官永遠的豐收和不朽。
這個關於這個作品的題外話,而真正的文學內涵遠非如此簡單的解讀。我自己的看法是:這個本小說遠遠超過毛姆自己的解讀。因為我發現其實這本小說寫的是關於天才的事情!天才是個殘酷的字眼,人們根本不願意承認天才!因為我們總相信:天才出於勤奮!事實上並非如此。尤其在文學領域。真正的優秀的藝術傢是天才。文學不過是藝術中最上乘的精品!我知道的這個就是我讀《月亮和六便士》的感悟!我作下我殘酷的决定放棄化學從而轉嚮文學就是因為這個緣故。我也許更適合搞文學。
我感激我在大一那次靈魂的顫慄!《月亮和六便士》主人公思特裏剋蘭德那“曠野的呼喊”終於讓我認識到了自我。
作傢就是這樣的一種人,他們把人類的智慧發現後用作品表現出來。我自己是學習化學的。我自己很難均衡文科與理科的思維。理科講的是科學。科學真的是個很麻煩的詞語。嚴格意義上說衹有能用數學公式表達的東西纔是科學。科學越來越教我懷疑?懷疑所謂的科學?所謂的科學根本解决不了人類的問題!我不想藉文學來闡釋科學。我多言了。
房子裏的光綫特別暗,仿佛是,他突然走入了一個神的世界;蒙蒙朧朧中,他好象覺得自己正置於一個原始森林中,大樹下倘徉着一些赤身裸體的人。特拉斯醫生幾乎連呼吸都停止了,過了一會兒他纔知道,他看到的是四壁上巨大的壁畫。他心中出現了一種既無法理解又不能分析的感情。這幅畫具有壓人的氣勢,它既是肉欲的,又充滿無限熱情,與此同時又含着某種恐懼成分......繪製這幅巨作的人已經深入到大自然的隱秘中,知道了一般人所不知道的事物。他畫的是某種原始的令人震懾的東西,既美的驚人,又污穢邪惡,他的畫奇異而荒誕,好像宇宙初創時的圖景----伊甸園,亞當和夏娃……
“上帝啊,這是天才” 特拉斯醫生掩口驚呼。
這個原文的話,感謝作者道出了真理的話,藝術是屬於天才的!這個是震撼靈魂的話語!
有兩本相似的小說《月亮和六便士》和塞林格的《麥田的守望者》。這兩個小說的主人公有着驚人的相似。
《月亮和六便士》不乏精彩的句子。如:
“世界是冷酷無情的、殘酷的。我們生到人世間沒有人知道為了什麽,我們死後沒有人知道到何處去。我們必須自甘卑屈。我們必須看到冷清寂寥的美妙。在生活中我們一定不要出風頭、露頭角,惹起命運對我們註目。讓我們去尋求那些淳樸、敦厚的人的愛情吧。他們的愚昧遠比我們的知識更為可貴。讓我們保持着沉默,滿足於自己小小的天地,像他們一樣平易溫順吧。這就是生活的智慧。”
“在愛這種感情中主要成分是溫柔。愛情中需要有一種軟弱無力的感覺,要有體貼愛護的要求,有幫助別人、取悅別人的熱情——如果不是無私,起碼是巧妙地遮掩起來的自私;愛情包含着某種程度的靦腆怯懦。……愛情要占據一個人莫大的精力,它要一個人離開自己的生活專門去做一個愛人。即使頭腦最清晰的人,從道理上他可能知道,在實際中卻不會承認愛情有一天會走到盡頭。愛情賦予他明知是虛幻的事物以實質形體,他明知道這一切不過是鏡花水月,愛它卻遠遠超過喜愛真實。它使一個人比原來的自我更豐富了一些,同時又使他比原來的自我更狹小了一些。他不再是一個人,他成了追求某一個他不瞭解的目的的一件事物、一個工具。……”
“我們每個人生在世界上都是孤獨的。每個人都被囚禁在一座鐵塔裏,衹能靠一些符號同別人傳達自己的思想;而這些符號並沒有共同的價值,因此它們的意義是模糊的、不確定的。我們非常可憐地想把自己心中的財富傳送給別人,但是他們卻沒有接受這些財富的能力。因此我們衹能孤獨地行走,儘管身體互相依傍卻並不在一起,既不瞭解別的人也不能為別人所瞭解。我們好像住在異國的人,對於這個國傢的語言懂得非常少,雖然我們有各種美妙的、深奧的事情要說,卻衹能局限於會話手册上那幾句陳腐、平庸的話。我們的腦子裏充滿了各種思想,而我們能說得衹不過是像‘園丁的姑母有一把傘在屋子裏’這類話。”
張賢亮在〈緑化樹〉中說:“凡是出現兩次的事物必有某種意義,那就是命運!”
文學,文學真的是很難言的東西,它如此另人費解,它不是靠智力,不是靠理性可以把握的。科學最大的弊端是可以模仿。即使你很笨,你仍然可以在科學上做出成績,尤其是化學!而文學則不然!這個也許就是文學的魅力!它如此令我癡迷!尼采說:“模仿無疑於自殺”。科學的本質正是模仿。
Plot summary
The novel is written largely from the point of view of the narrator, who is first introduced to the character of Strickland through his (Strickland's) wife and strikes him (the narrator) as unremarkable. Certain chapters are entirely composed of the stories or narrations of others which the narrator himself is recalling from memory (selectively editing or elaborating on certain aspects of dialogue, particularly Strickland's, as Strickland is said by the narrator to be limited in his use of verbiage and tended to use gestures in his expression).
Strickland, a well-off, middle-class stock broker in London some time in the late 19th or the first half of the 20th century. Early in the novel, he leaves his wife and children and goes to Paris, living a destitute but defiantly content life there as an artist (specifically a painter), lodging in run-down hotels and falling prey to both illness and hunger. Strickland, in his drive to express through his art what appears to continually possess and compel him inside, cares nothing for physical comfort and is generally ignorant to his surroundings, but is generously supported while in Paris by a commercially successful yet unexceptional Dutch painter, Dirk Stroeve, a friend of the narrator's, who immediately recognizes Strickland's genius. After helping Strickland recover from a life-threatening condition, Stroeve is repaid by having his wife, Blanche, abandon him for Strickland. Strickland later discards the wife (all he really sought from Blanche was a model to paint, not serious companionship, and it is hinted in the novel's dialogue that he indicated this to her and she took the risk anyway), who then commits suicide - yet another human casualty (the first ones being his own established life and those of his wife and children) in Strickland's single-minded pursuit of Art and Beauty.
After the Paris episode, the story continues in Tahiti. Strickland has already died, and the narrator attempts to piece together his life there from the recollections of others. He finds that Strickland had taken up with a native woman, had at least one child by her (only a son is directly referenced) and started painting profusely. We learn that Strickland had settled for a short while in the French port of Marseilles before traveling to Tahiti, where he lived for a few years before finally dying of leprosy. Strickland left behind numerous paintings, but his magnum opus, which he painted on the walls of his hut in a half-crazed state of leprosy-induced blindness, was burnt down after his death by his wife by his dying orders.
Inspiration
The inspiration for this story, Gauguin, is considered to be the founder of primitivism in art. The main differences between Gauguin and Strickland are that Gauguin was French rather than English, and whilst Maugham describes the character of Strickland as being largely ignorant of his contemporaries in Modern art (as well as largely ignorant of other artists in general), Gauguin himself was well acquainted with Van Gogh. How many of the details of the story are based on fact is not known. However, Maugham had visited the place where Gauguin lived in Tahiti, and purchased some glass panels painted by Gauguin in his final days.
About the title
According to some sources, the title, the meaning of which is not explicitly revealed in the book, was taken from a review of Of Human Bondage in which the novel's protagonist, Philip Carey, is described as "so busy yearning for the moon that he never saw the sixpence at his feet." Presumably Strickland's "moon" is the idealistic realm of Art and Beauty, while the "sixpence" represents human relationships and the ordinary pleasures of life.
Adaptations
The book was filmed by Albert Lewin in 1943. The film stars George Sanders as Charles Strickland.
The novel served as the basis for an opera, also titled The Moon and Sixpence, by John Gardner to a libretto by Patrick Terry; it was premiered at Covent Garden in 1958.
Writer S Lee Pogostin adapted it for American TV in 1959. It starred Laurence Olivier
In popular culture
In the opening scene of Francois Truffaut's cinematic adaptation of Fahrenheit 451, several firemen are preparing books for burning. In the crowd of onlookers is a little boy who picks up one of the books and thumbs through it before his father takes it from him and throws it on the pile with the rest. That book is The Moon and Sixpence.
我記得讀這本小說已經很久了。記憶不在清晰,蒙朧的回憶是中痛苦的殘記。但我仍要推薦這本小說。我的眼光一直是另類的眼光,但我對文本的讀法也許本身就有屬於我的記憶。我不想說是我誤讀了毛姆。因為作品一旦被創造出就不屬於作者自己,也許作品有時候衹屬於作者自己!外來的讀法是種主觀的想法。
我記得錢鐘書先生决定寫《圍城》時就是因為受到毛姆的刺激。錢先生的學問是沒有人與之可以媲美的。別的不再多說。話說多了會惹出麻煩的。錢鐘書先生說:毛姆都能寫出那樣的小說。讀者直多是無法計算的。毛姆當時確實是炙手可熱的人物。於是乎《圍城》橫空出世!關於《圍城》它可以說是藉着錢先生的才華融多傢與一體的傑作。其中可以看出很多歐美小說名傢的影子,以為錢先生學貫中西的才華《圍城》被寫成了一部傑作!
閑話說的已經多了,下面我談談自己對《月亮和六便士》的看法:毛姆以前是個醫生,而當醫生的這段經歷為他日後的創作提供了大量的材料。但《月亮和六便士》的原型是法國印象派畫傢高更。
高更的畫本身就很有價值,這部以他為原形的小說風靡後,高更的繪畫藝術和作品受到了更大的關註,高更印象派宗師的地位得到確立。同時,塔希提島-----高更隱居的小島也名揚與世,成了旅遊勝地。
根據高更的著作《馬裏歐的古代信仰》,知道女人是月神希納,男人是地神法脫。大地之神主宰人世的生成和輪轉,乃是必然的毀滅。月之女神長官永遠的豐收和不朽。
這個關於這個作品的題外話,而真正的文學內涵遠非如此簡單的解讀。我自己的看法是:這個本小說遠遠超過毛姆自己的解讀。因為我發現其實這本小說寫的是關於天才的事情!天才是個殘酷的字眼,人們根本不願意承認天才!因為我們總相信:天才出於勤奮!事實上並非如此。尤其在文學領域。真正的優秀的藝術傢是天才。文學不過是藝術中最上乘的精品!我知道的這個就是我讀《月亮和六便士》的感悟!我作下我殘酷的决定放棄化學從而轉嚮文學就是因為這個緣故。我也許更適合搞文學。
我感激我在大一那次靈魂的顫慄!《月亮和六便士》主人公思特裏剋蘭德那“曠野的呼喊”終於讓我認識到了自我。
作傢就是這樣的一種人,他們把人類的智慧發現後用作品表現出來。我自己是學習化學的。我自己很難均衡文科與理科的思維。理科講的是科學。科學真的是個很麻煩的詞語。嚴格意義上說衹有能用數學公式表達的東西纔是科學。科學越來越教我懷疑?懷疑所謂的科學?所謂的科學根本解决不了人類的問題!我不想藉文學來闡釋科學。我多言了。
房子裏的光綫特別暗,仿佛是,他突然走入了一個神的世界;蒙蒙朧朧中,他好象覺得自己正置於一個原始森林中,大樹下倘徉着一些赤身裸體的人。特拉斯醫生幾乎連呼吸都停止了,過了一會兒他纔知道,他看到的是四壁上巨大的壁畫。他心中出現了一種既無法理解又不能分析的感情。這幅畫具有壓人的氣勢,它既是肉欲的,又充滿無限熱情,與此同時又含着某種恐懼成分......繪製這幅巨作的人已經深入到大自然的隱秘中,知道了一般人所不知道的事物。他畫的是某種原始的令人震懾的東西,既美的驚人,又污穢邪惡,他的畫奇異而荒誕,好像宇宙初創時的圖景----伊甸園,亞當和夏娃……
“上帝啊,這是天才” 特拉斯醫生掩口驚呼。
這個原文的話,感謝作者道出了真理的話,藝術是屬於天才的!這個是震撼靈魂的話語!
有兩本相似的小說《月亮和六便士》和塞林格的《麥田的守望者》。這兩個小說的主人公有着驚人的相似。
《月亮和六便士》不乏精彩的句子。如:
“世界是冷酷無情的、殘酷的。我們生到人世間沒有人知道為了什麽,我們死後沒有人知道到何處去。我們必須自甘卑屈。我們必須看到冷清寂寥的美妙。在生活中我們一定不要出風頭、露頭角,惹起命運對我們註目。讓我們去尋求那些淳樸、敦厚的人的愛情吧。他們的愚昧遠比我們的知識更為可貴。讓我們保持着沉默,滿足於自己小小的天地,像他們一樣平易溫順吧。這就是生活的智慧。”
“在愛這種感情中主要成分是溫柔。愛情中需要有一種軟弱無力的感覺,要有體貼愛護的要求,有幫助別人、取悅別人的熱情——如果不是無私,起碼是巧妙地遮掩起來的自私;愛情包含着某種程度的靦腆怯懦。……愛情要占據一個人莫大的精力,它要一個人離開自己的生活專門去做一個愛人。即使頭腦最清晰的人,從道理上他可能知道,在實際中卻不會承認愛情有一天會走到盡頭。愛情賦予他明知是虛幻的事物以實質形體,他明知道這一切不過是鏡花水月,愛它卻遠遠超過喜愛真實。它使一個人比原來的自我更豐富了一些,同時又使他比原來的自我更狹小了一些。他不再是一個人,他成了追求某一個他不瞭解的目的的一件事物、一個工具。……”
“我們每個人生在世界上都是孤獨的。每個人都被囚禁在一座鐵塔裏,衹能靠一些符號同別人傳達自己的思想;而這些符號並沒有共同的價值,因此它們的意義是模糊的、不確定的。我們非常可憐地想把自己心中的財富傳送給別人,但是他們卻沒有接受這些財富的能力。因此我們衹能孤獨地行走,儘管身體互相依傍卻並不在一起,既不瞭解別的人也不能為別人所瞭解。我們好像住在異國的人,對於這個國傢的語言懂得非常少,雖然我們有各種美妙的、深奧的事情要說,卻衹能局限於會話手册上那幾句陳腐、平庸的話。我們的腦子裏充滿了各種思想,而我們能說得衹不過是像‘園丁的姑母有一把傘在屋子裏’這類話。”
張賢亮在〈緑化樹〉中說:“凡是出現兩次的事物必有某種意義,那就是命運!”
文學,文學真的是很難言的東西,它如此另人費解,它不是靠智力,不是靠理性可以把握的。科學最大的弊端是可以模仿。即使你很笨,你仍然可以在科學上做出成績,尤其是化學!而文學則不然!這個也許就是文學的魅力!它如此令我癡迷!尼采說:“模仿無疑於自殺”。科學的本質正是模仿。
Plot summary
The novel is written largely from the point of view of the narrator, who is first introduced to the character of Strickland through his (Strickland's) wife and strikes him (the narrator) as unremarkable. Certain chapters are entirely composed of the stories or narrations of others which the narrator himself is recalling from memory (selectively editing or elaborating on certain aspects of dialogue, particularly Strickland's, as Strickland is said by the narrator to be limited in his use of verbiage and tended to use gestures in his expression).
Strickland, a well-off, middle-class stock broker in London some time in the late 19th or the first half of the 20th century. Early in the novel, he leaves his wife and children and goes to Paris, living a destitute but defiantly content life there as an artist (specifically a painter), lodging in run-down hotels and falling prey to both illness and hunger. Strickland, in his drive to express through his art what appears to continually possess and compel him inside, cares nothing for physical comfort and is generally ignorant to his surroundings, but is generously supported while in Paris by a commercially successful yet unexceptional Dutch painter, Dirk Stroeve, a friend of the narrator's, who immediately recognizes Strickland's genius. After helping Strickland recover from a life-threatening condition, Stroeve is repaid by having his wife, Blanche, abandon him for Strickland. Strickland later discards the wife (all he really sought from Blanche was a model to paint, not serious companionship, and it is hinted in the novel's dialogue that he indicated this to her and she took the risk anyway), who then commits suicide - yet another human casualty (the first ones being his own established life and those of his wife and children) in Strickland's single-minded pursuit of Art and Beauty.
After the Paris episode, the story continues in Tahiti. Strickland has already died, and the narrator attempts to piece together his life there from the recollections of others. He finds that Strickland had taken up with a native woman, had at least one child by her (only a son is directly referenced) and started painting profusely. We learn that Strickland had settled for a short while in the French port of Marseilles before traveling to Tahiti, where he lived for a few years before finally dying of leprosy. Strickland left behind numerous paintings, but his magnum opus, which he painted on the walls of his hut in a half-crazed state of leprosy-induced blindness, was burnt down after his death by his wife by his dying orders.
Inspiration
The inspiration for this story, Gauguin, is considered to be the founder of primitivism in art. The main differences between Gauguin and Strickland are that Gauguin was French rather than English, and whilst Maugham describes the character of Strickland as being largely ignorant of his contemporaries in Modern art (as well as largely ignorant of other artists in general), Gauguin himself was well acquainted with Van Gogh. How many of the details of the story are based on fact is not known. However, Maugham had visited the place where Gauguin lived in Tahiti, and purchased some glass panels painted by Gauguin in his final days.
About the title
According to some sources, the title, the meaning of which is not explicitly revealed in the book, was taken from a review of Of Human Bondage in which the novel's protagonist, Philip Carey, is described as "so busy yearning for the moon that he never saw the sixpence at his feet." Presumably Strickland's "moon" is the idealistic realm of Art and Beauty, while the "sixpence" represents human relationships and the ordinary pleasures of life.
Adaptations
The book was filmed by Albert Lewin in 1943. The film stars George Sanders as Charles Strickland.
The novel served as the basis for an opera, also titled The Moon and Sixpence, by John Gardner to a libretto by Patrick Terry; it was premiered at Covent Garden in 1958.
Writer S Lee Pogostin adapted it for American TV in 1959. It starred Laurence Olivier
In popular culture
In the opening scene of Francois Truffaut's cinematic adaptation of Fahrenheit 451, several firemen are preparing books for burning. In the crowd of onlookers is a little boy who picks up one of the books and thumbs through it before his father takes it from him and throws it on the pile with the rest. That book is The Moon and Sixpence.