100多年前，一撮龙骨中发现了甲骨文，这就是已经发展成熟的三千多年前的汉字。与汉字并称为世界三大古文字的埃及圣书字和苏美尔楔形文字早在公元前 4世纪就已经消亡，唯独中国汉字生生不息延续至今。汉字传承了数千年，从古代汉字到现代汉字，在不断的演变中也实现着其生命的超越。如今，面对我们已经熟悉的汉字究竟有何秘可探？
　　
　　　　要想破解汉字，就要知道汉字的始意，也就必须找到识别最早的字形。如“自”的现代字形好像和眼睛有关系。有人说“自”像眼睛加上一撇眉毛。但“自”的甲骨文是鼻子的象形，鼻子是呼吸的外在器官，我们先人认为气是生命之本。而气息一旦受阻，人的生命就会有危险。就是今天，人们试探某个人死没死，还沿袭古老的方式，手放他鼻孔处，看有没有出气。所以，像呼吸一样正常的状态就是“自然”的本意。而“自然”所引发出的多么高深的哲学思想，都是在追求人的一种正常舒服的状态，这也是自己的生命状态，他人无法模仿替代。“自从”、“自由”、“自己”、“自然”的来历及与“自”相关的字。
　　
　　　　破解汉字对重读汉文经典的意义，比如，“海内存知己，天涯若比邻”。对于王勃这联诗我们都通晓：“只要四海之内还有一个知己朋友，虽然远隔天涯，也好似近在邻居。”你如果知道其中一个字“存”的全部，再读此联诗，其意境就和原来不同。“存”现在发现最早的字形由“才”和“了”构成。“才”指草木初生，“子”指人的初生。人见幼小总生爱怜之心，所以“存”本义是“牵挂、相念、思恋、恤问”等意思。再看这联诗，“存知己”，“有”知己和“思念”知己，诗的意境有天壤之别。正因为相互思念，双方可洞穿时间和空间的无限距离，心神相通，“若比邻”。
　　
　　　　从上面例证可以看出，重识汉字，能使经典重读出“新”意。其实是原有的旧意，只是因为我们对汉字识得不全面，不深刻。而要全面深刻地识别汉字，离不开分析研究汉字最早的字形。

　　邓小平同志讲过“科学技术是第一生产力。”今天一切发达的现代文明能够有这样伟大的成就，科学技术的飞速发展是最根本的因素。我们作考古的习惯追溯人类历史的根源，那么追溯科学技术发展的根源，就应该归结到古代的人类发明文字。很明显，有了文字，才能够把文化知识与科学技术记载下来，通过不断的积累与创新，发展科技，推动社会生产力的迅速发展，才能达到今天的文明程度。古代简牍的出土成为二十世纪最重要的考古发现之一。可以说，每一次重要的简牍发现，都引发一次国际汉学界的地震。在近一百年的时间中，已经发掘出土了100多批古代简牍，它们都得到了很好的保护与研究。从春秋战国时期直至晋代的简牍材料，反映了近千年的古代历史。有人统计过，到二十世纪末，出土的简牍总数大约有二十万枚。这里面有很多内容丰富，影响巨大的发现。石刻是一种全世界都曾经使用过的文字载体。相对来说，中国大量使用石刻的时间要晚一些，从现有材料看是在汉代才开始，但是后来居上，中国的石刻不仅数量多，而且使用的范围十分广泛，成为中国古代文化的又一个重要载体。
　　
　　　　文字是文明发展的根本因素。讲座中概要介绍中国古代文明中重要的文字传播工具——出土发现的简牍与石刻。包括它们的形状、内容、主要的发现情况与数量，以及它们在古代文明与考古学研究中的价值。另外列举几个例子分别说明一下简牍文书对历史研究的作用，墓志外形在古代思想史的意义，新发现的古代石刻在研究古代学术、中外交通上的作用。大致顺序为：
　　
　　　　1、 介绍古代文明中使用的各种书写材料。
　　
　　　　2、 使用简牍的历史。
　　
　　　　3、 简牍的发现与研究，从孔壁古书到二十世纪末的长沙吴简。
　　
　　　　4、 石刻的类型与发现。
　　
　　　　5、 墓志在思想史上的意义。
　　
　　　　6、 石经与王玄策题记的发现。

　　历代学者都曾对汉字进行过探赜索隐的研究，但多限于对形、?、义的考释，本书则另辟蹊径，从汉字的文化底蕴角度出发，以故事为载体，对近三百个常用汉字作了较为深入的探讨；尤其是对汉字同汉民族的传统文化、风俗习惯、社会制度、审美情趣及心理、思维习惯诸方面的关系作了阐述。该书为研究晦涩的古文字及其文化内涵开辟了一个新的向度，也使深奥的古文字从此步入寻常百姓家。

　　"Dictionary" referred to as "the text says," is the first systematic analysis of Chinese characters and the etymology of the word elegant book. Xu Shen a, as in the construction of light Andi first year (121 years). The original fourteen, a Syrian head, body, mainly by Seal Script to close 9353 words, and classical, Zhou Wen and other variants with the text of 1163 words to explain the thirteen thousand words. In the popular book by channeling chaos in the stack, now quite different from the original book. First book, Radical layout method, followed the letter of the word for future generations. Book of ancient texts, ancient literature and ancient history of contribution to the great. Research in the Qing Dynasty, "said the text" has become specialized knowledge, it's there for dozens of note.
　　"Dictionary" - basic information
　　Title: "Dictionary" (the "Shuo Wen")
　　Author: (Chinese) Xu Shen essays, (Song) Calibration Xu Xuan
　　Publisher: Zhonghua Book Company
　　Publishing time :2004-2-1
　　Pages: 390
　　"Dictionary" - Author
　　Xu Shen Xu Shen (about 58 years - about 147 years), Zi Shu weight, Han Runan Shaoling (now in Henan Yancheng Xian) people, the "Five Warriors by Xu Shu Zhong" of appreciation. He is known by scientists Han, text scientists, linguists, is the pioneer of Chinese Characters. In AD 100 (Han Yong-yuan Dili ten year) the "Dictionary", is the first dictionary.
　　House has served as Qiu Xu Shen Ji Jiu, where he studied classics master Jiakui. 21 years after his book into the "Dictionary", sum 540 radicals of Chinese characters. Xu Shen also with a "different meaning of the Five Classics", "explanations of Huainan Honglie" and other books, has been lost. Xu Jinjing said: Uncle severe, were cautious, Runan Shaoling people. Of pure Benedict, less erudite classics, often pushing Jingzhi Ma Rong, the language of the time people said: "" Five Classics "Hsu Shu Zhong unparalleled." Attack Cao for the county, held Xiaolian, then moved inter Xiao long. Died at home. Early, be careful of "Five Classics" legend rank different, so essays for "Five by objection." Yong Yuan Shi Youer years (100), before making the "Dictionary", order said: "In ancient package of Wangtian Xia Xi's also, saith the elephant in the day, overlooking the view of law in the land, as the birds Articles and to the wish of the last taken from the body, so before making the "easy" gossip, like to hang Constitution. and rope for the governance of Shennong system the event, Shu industry of its complex, decorated for the initiation. Huangdi of the positions Jie, see traces of distant hooves of animals and birds, can be known relative to other points of different reasons are, first made the book contract. "hundred public to qe, million products to detect, cover come from the husband," "Fu Yang Yu Ting." Man who made missionary Ming court of the king, a gentleman so Shi Lu, and the world, ranking Germany and the bogey as well. Changjei for the beginning of the book, covered by class of pictographic, so that the text. then shaped pan benefits, namely that the word . Man who of the images are; character who has made more than Ziru the Baptist. with all the books in the Bamboo and Silk, who like the book too. and until the Three Kings and Five Emperors of Shi, Gaiyi various body. sealed with seven persons in Taishan second generation, have the same extravagant Yan. "
　　Construction light year (121), book into. Received nine thousand three hundred and fifty three words; heavy paper one thousand one hundred and sixty three, points in the five hundred and forty. Disease when the offer was published at the Emperor Qian Zi Chong. Death, burial Yancheng Xian Xu Ji Shi Township, Village East. Gao tomb has five feet ten, forty a diameter of eight feet. Local people said: "Japan will move a PCT, three feet long night." Absurd also, anything too get out of the mound. "Han" Chan said: "Sven has not hills, but also have bearing. Tu Do triage, specialized and Hing. Jing Shu Shu will, through Ae phase sign. Golden without, who clarified origin." To clear, the age of Zhong Ding months after the date of the magistrate, school official to the memorial tomb of Master Xu, line three call-in ceremony of kneeling. Forty six of Kangxi (1707), Yancheng Xian magistrate Wende Yu Li, "Hau Lim Hui Tomb of the public," the monument. Dynasty period (1875-1908), Yan Cheng Li Wang Fengsen magistrate, "Master Xu monument from the Temple worship." Thirty-seven years after the founding of New China (1985), Xu Shen of the first meeting, the legislature, "Xu Shen gravestone rehabilitation in mind." Shiyou Er Zhi Bai hundred and eighty strains, this deposit has three hundred and fifty, the March of the few also. Currently, Xu Shen shrine located in Yancheng District, Luohe Xu Shen Road, Luohe four high (former Yancheng a high, Provincial Yan in the) next.
　　Chinese is the world's most ancient text, is the oldest hieroglyphics. Today, it is found that the ease of character entered into the computer, is the world unmatched by any kind of text, when people began to keen to study Chinese characters, the first thought of Xu Shen.
　　"Dictionary" - Book Description
　　"Dictionary", referred to as "the text says," is the first systematic analysis of the glyph and the etymology of the word elegant book. Text book included Zhuanwen received (ie Xiaozhuan), (Ancient wall in the book), Zhou Wen (Seal), or body, customs body. "Culture" refers to the overall pictographic ideogram, "word" refers to the guitar body shaped table with the table fit the sound of the word, so Xu Shen a "Dictionary" as the title, and their offspring are often referred to as "the text said" . Jian Xu Shen in Eastern Han Andi Light year (121) written. It laid the basis of ancient Chinese characters the book.
　　The original fourteen, a Syrian target. The main body of the Xiaozhuan, received nine thousand three hundred and fifty words, but also other classical ﹑ Zhouwen weight paper one thousand one hundred and sixty different words, interpreting the word one hundred thirty-three thousand four hundred and forty. Spread in the book, many times from channeling chaos, now the school is determined by Xu Xuan Song, and many out of the original book, Xu Zhi heavy to articles will each be divided into upper and lower volumes in a total of thirty volumes, revenue nine thousand four hundred and thirty word, re-word the text one thousand two hundred seventy-nine, explain one hundred twenty-two thousand six hundred ninety-nine words. The book changed the week ﹑ Qinzhi Han compilation method of the book of words, word about the closing statement prepared for the four forms of ﹑ Seven Rhyme, the first arrangement of the radical method, divided into five hundred and forty. Hsu has summed up the former "Six" theory, creating a systematic approach to explain the text, to explain the meaning of words, sub-analysis of physical structure, and then explain the pronunciation. Shape analysis method, is not the letter of the word before. The filing of the ancient book of ancient literature and ancient history have a significant contribution to research. But that solution is also complex and subjective assumptions and superstitions, need to refer to bones ﹑ ﹑ stone wood simple validation of text discussions. "Said the text" This a great book, the struggle is generated by the school. New Text Classics and Classical Learning Han academic dispute is the most important areas of thought a debate. Qin previous books are used when the text written by the six countries, six countries, said Han language as a "classical" by the books written by classical as Classical. Qin Shi Huang for the needs of obscurantism, these ancient words written with "Poetry", "book" and other books burned. Western Han Dynasty, some older scholars dictated from memory the Pentateuch to the disciples, disciples down with the official script. Han official script is the text passage, saying "New Text", with New Text written by the book, called New Text. Have been discovered by the ancient text was written by the book. So that scholars in the Han New Text to be divided into the classical scholars and scribes. The difference between the two factions is not just based on the performance of classical studies and text in different versions, but more importantly showed how to make the classics of the feudal rule of service. New Text scholars of classics like far-fetched explanation for the spread superstition and science of divination; Ancient scribes stressed to read classics, and truly understand the essence of Confucianism, and Explanations of Things for this focus, attention to linguistic facts, more concise simplicity. Xu Shen belongs to the Classical School, he edited "the text says," is to use language as a weapon, and expand Classical Learning in the political and academic impact.
　　"Dictionary" - Concept Development
　　From a historical point of view
　　1, the text originated early. Although the pottery unearthed there something like the early text, but what does it really belongs to the era, how to know, remains to be further study. Therefore, today can see the earliest records of systematic Chinese writing is Oracle. From the Oracle development to the text on the bronze inscriptions. Spring and Autumn period to the six so-called classical: early Zhou Wen Qin, money on the text, the text on the pottery and more. To the era of Qin Shi Huang, the Qin Zhou Wen simple as Xiao Zhuan. Then developed into official script, cursive, running, really the book (that is, regular script, is the book.)
　　From the point of writing style
　　Xu Shen monument to the development of character deformation and potential changes. Deformation of the shape has changed; potential change has changed the writing strokes. Deformation such as the Ancient Bronze with six very different
　　, Xiaozhuan compared with the inscriptions, there has been a great change. Seal is a round pen mostly Xiaozhuan has been little change in official script changed dramatically, the round pen into a square pen. "Big," "Day" into a box shape from the circle. This development on the one hand about the complex tends to trade, simplification, such as the Seal, Zhou Wen to Xiaozhuan; the other hand can be seen by the monomer into a fit, with different phonetic radical become words. Tend to write about on the complex easy to reproduce on the word meaning from the shape to form the phonetic direction. Representative of the earliest pictures first, the image of the picture as a text becomes simplified pictograph. Also refers to things, "said the text" move "on" and "down" for example, because nothing can be like, so it means something. There knowing, knowing is generally fit, such as "phase", is composed of two independent synthesis of knowing. This method is sometimes the poor, was made to phonetic development therefore has shaped the direction of the sound. You You turn injection, under the guise of, together several previous six books. Explanatory, "Wen said Syria" talk "building class a, .. always test it." There are various different interpretations of their predecessors. More accurate is the Liu arch of the argument: "From the Meaning of Health figures that the transfer note, to the word photo number meaning that the pretext; with the tone _set_ words, that the transfer note in accordance with sound in mind the word that the pretext." Zhen, Duan speaking turn is the Mutual Notes
　　, No, not the text Ziru each method of training. Defined in the Private legislation under the guise of not words, homonyms under the guise of, take a word, two different words. Transcription is the phonetic
　　, The name is phonetic, so the meaning is shaped to form the phonetic direction. Word use, word polymorphic
　　(Or body, the different wording of a word) slowly tend to fixed. Historically, the ancient words of the other characters present.
　　Finals of evolution. Should first understand the sound, rhyme is a system (system), is not chaotic. A language of initials, finals, there are several sub-classes of the number; Finals with a regular, is the system. For example: Modern Chinese ordinary '.. some with iy (iy medial or rhyme) juxtaposition, not juxtaposition with the AO. Finals of evolution is some development in this change within the system. Or from the simple to the complex evolution, such as the ancient "end through the _set_," under certain conditions, the development of "knowledge Toru Cheng" and "according to wear bed." Or from complex and simple such as "blue" is to the mother and the "prison" is to see the mother, the ancient voice calls are consonant consonant clusters
　　kl2. Why ancient consonant clusters? Such examples are not the individual. For example: "shu" from such sound. A word can have two pronunciations, such as the "rate" shuài, lǜ, the first two consonants, under certain conditions, the development of some preserved in front of consonants (such as "prison"), some preserved after the consonant (such as "Blue"). In addition to harmonic sound, the comparison from the Sino-Tibetan cognate can also be seen ancient consonant clusters. People do not agree with this. Fujian Dialect different. Due to political, economic, there are different times.
　　Phonological system from the Chinese perspective of the development of voice
　　Can be divided into several stages (p eriod): ancient, medieval, early modern, modern, modern. Ancient and can be divided into early (proto-Chinese), late (archaic Chinese). Time
　　To some stretching before and after behalf, this is a trend. , For the ancient pre-Shang Ming, cross cultural relations in all aspects, Dialect differences gradually by the integration, tends to a not general. Should be classified in different stages of the history of Yuan and Qing is the sound of modern party There are ancient, and is one of the earliest Chinese language, the dialect but the difference is the ancient Zhou and Qin late; if more than the ancient Zhou and Qin Now for the modern. REN, the ancient Han Dynasty can be said to be the later. For the Middle Wei, Tang, Song for the Late Antiquity branch only. Some American scholars believe that the Min dialect of Chinese is not the same with the early
　　, Have their own native language original of Min. Yue, Wu, then the north is the evolution from one of the early Chinese. Because a language can not be
　　To compare just from the voice, depends on its grammar and vocabulary. Min Dialect is also a syllable language, not a lot of form (p hono log2
　　ical) changes, grammatical structure is consistent with other Chinese dialects, tones can be related. Glossary of evidence for more, but some words if not the north. Between different ethnic groups and there are issues that affect each other, absorb some of the other national languages ​​vocabulary. Language development is also uneven, and some faster, some slower. Dialect development is staggered, and some consistency. The same is relative, not absolute. Entering the North, then in general no, but if there Shanxi Tone, tone is different, and some have five, six tones.
　　In short, to build on the phonological evolution of two concepts: one is the different ancient and modern times, one side sounds different.
　　The development of semantic
　　The meaning of the text has the original meaning of a change in meaning. The original meaning of the text from the early form that reflected on the image is taken and what it represents meaning. Variable defined using the text in the table means that played by the development and changes. Change is multifaceted, escape, metaphors, by the righteousness of the original meaning changes in terms of meaning. Of semantics, can not be seen in isolation. First, look at the word in the earliest literature is how to tell the (the first appearance), some can not see from the shape alone. Second, we must root
　　"Dictionary" - the main content
　　"Dictionary" is the first great impact on future generations and a dictionary, but also China's first Chinese dictionary arranged by radicals. This book was written in Dili Yongyuan years (100), to build light Andi first year (121). Original has been lost. Spread to most of today's version of the Song Dynasty, or annotated version Duan Qing Dynasty. Original to Xiaozhuan writing, verbatim interpretation of the font source. Xu Shen writing, the dedicated to the Emperor Han'an. The book is divided into 540 radicals, to close the word 9353, while "heavy paper" that variant 1163, a total of 10,516 words.
　　"Dictionary" Xu Shen explained the title:
　　CJ is also the beginning for the book, covered by class of pictographic, so that the text. Subsequently shaped pan benefits, namely that of the word. Man those images of this; character who has made more than Ziru the Baptist.
　　"Dictionary" Book Film (Pavilion Books Pingjin this)
　　"Dictionary" of 15 volumes, including Volume 1 sequence present. Xu Shen in the "Dictionary" elaborated in the system of Chinese characters defined in the Private Law - Six.
　　"Dictionary" is listed first Xiaozhuan the style, if different from classical and Zhou Wen, listed in the back. Then explain the meaning of the word, and then solid shape with the words or the relationship between pronunciation. "Dictionary" is arranged according to radicals in the body similar to the principle of similar meaning, or arranged.
　　Xiao Zhuan as the main book to analyze the shape structure, depending on the radical, the separation for the 514, started the "one" part, and finally, "Hai" department. Where the radical or stroke font characters are attributed to a close, give the radical a first home. Arranged in the order of the Ministry and the Ministry of strokes and radicals in general to the physical structure is similar to the guidelines on the sequence of strokes with similar structures. Xu 514 part 14 books, not as a head end of this brochure and Syria, it is 15. The arrangement of each word in a three main principles:
　　① the meaning of the text in the application is good, good in front of the column are derogatory, bad columns in the back;
　　② are specifically within the terms of a column in front of the term belonging to the ordinary things listed in the back;
　　③ within a word, meaning a similar ordinal classes together in order to spider. Zhuanwen made under the first meaning of each, then made physical structure, or that the last time, if a.
　　"Dictionary" - the value of contributions
　　"Dictionary" is the first systematic analysis of Chinese characters and learn the source of the word elegant book is the most widely circulated Chinese language will be borrowed books.
　　This book summarizes the Qin and Han literature results, to save the Chinese people's shape, sound and meaning, is the study of Oracle, inscriptions and ancient sound, and training essential to visit the bridge. In particular, "said the text" on the interpretation of the meaning of words generally save the most ancient meaning, the meaning of understanding of ancient books more helpful.
　　"Said the text" outstanding contributions to the book can be summarized as the following four points:
　　1. Xu Shen create radical is one of the great creation. Chinese characters are represented with physical meaning, therefore, to analyze Chinese Symbols, Chinese characters are all characters to be classified by their righteousness, which is the work of Chinese scientists, the work by Xu Shen was first completed. "Said Wen," was divided into 540, in addition to individual radicals can also be combined with the adjustment, in general, that are reasonable and are in line with created characters intent. Xu Shen in the arrangement of the order of 540 taken great pains to form rows with similar or similar, which is equal to 540 is divided into several categories, which can help readers gain a deeper understanding of the meaning of character, a more accurate understanding of the meaning of words. Each word belongs to the arrangement is not chaotic, but according to the principle of phase from class. Specifically, in three ways: First, words of similar meaning row together; second, meaning the top is the positive side, in the back row are negative; Third, the top edge of proper nouns, common nouns ranked behind. 540 Xu Shen created the word radical and an arrangement among the various methods, are learning from the perspective of the text, this method can reflect the arrangement of radicals and the radicals, the meaning between words link, which Law and later the word from the prosecution point of the segment and classified by the number of strokes is very different.
　　4. Six of the characters. Before the Xu Shen, a basis for the Six CJ defined legends. Argue that the modern text, the book is the sixth rule summary Chinese Character, rather than before the birth of Chinese characters defined in the Private mode. Before the Xu Shen, only the name of the Six: pictographs, indicatives, knowing, shape the sound, turn injection, under the guise of, not specifically addressed, but not for large numbers of Chinese characters. Xu Shen's theory of the development of six books, six books clearly defined and put into practice six books, one by one analysis, "said Man," which included the 9353 Chinese characters, the history of the development and research in the history of Chinese characters has a carrying forward significance, thus establishing the character of the national style, national characteristics.
　　"Dictionary" - its influence
　　Two thousand years, "Dictionary" is the first text book on science is the most authoritative book, it's the name of Xu Shen and his descendants to read ancient masterpiece as to explore the ancient culture of classical must essential bridges and key.
　　"Said the text" We Duan, "said the text" came later, and soon attracted the attention of scholars at that time, the classic often cited in the comment, "said Wen." Such as: Li Zheng Xuan Note III, Ying Shao, Jin Zhuo Note "Han", have invoked "the text says," to prove the meaning of words. "To the Northern and Southern Dynasties era, scholars have," said the text "has been more comprehensive understanding of the system. Provisions of the Tang Dynasty Imperial Examination to test, "said Wen." Since the Tang Dynasty, all the words book, phonology and exegetical notes in the book are based on the meaning of words, "said Wen."
　　"Said the text" came later, researchers uprisings. Qing Dynasty is, "said the text" of the peak period. Qing study, "said Wen," the scholar no less than 200 people, including dozens of experts who claim to many. Qing Dynasty, "said the text" of science, can be divided into four categories: First, is the collation and research work, such as strict to all ", said Wen school discussion", the money goblets of "Shuo Wen Jie Zi BOOKS COLLATION AND STUDIES interpretation," and so on; Second, on, "said the text" to remedy, such as the home of the wide hole, "said Wen doubt suspect," Yu Yue's "children Shan Lu," and so on; the Third, "said the text" a comprehensive research, such as Duan's "Shuo Wen Jie Zi Note, "Gui Fu's" Shuo Wen Jie Zi Explanation ", Jun Zhu sound," said Wen Tong training given sound, "Wang Jun", said textual reading "; its four predecessors or contemporaries Supplements scholars," said the text " research works, such as Yan Fu's chapter, "said Wen proposed school meeting," Wang Shaolan ", said Wen Duan _set_ up" and so on. The third most important of which, the four also claimed that "the text says Four." Each of the past to keep neighbor Dingfu, "said Wen," the books and other deals, "said Wen," the writing and the Oracle, inscriptions of the material and the "Explanatory Shuo Wen Jie Zi", and then compiled as a collection of left Yat "Supplement" is the book notes of the pool.